101
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Davis TR, Champion C, Coleman MA. Climate refugia for kelp within an ocean warming hotspot revealed by stacked species distribution modelling. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 166:105267. [PMID: 33601331 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Canopy forming macroalgae are declining globally due to climate change and the identification of refuges for these habitats is crucial for their conservation. This is particularly pertinent in ocean warming hotspots where significant range contractions of kelp have occurred and are projected to continue. We developed a stacked urchin-kelp species distribution model (SDM) to predict climate refugia for kelp (Ecklonia radiata) in an ocean warming hotspot, south-eastern Australia. The optimal stacked-SDM incorporated biotic and abiotic explanatory covariates and was validated using an independent dataset. Density of the urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii, summer bottom temperature and photosynthetically available radiation at the seabed were significant predictors of kelp cover, highlighting the physiological and ecological influence of these variables on the distribution of kelp. Our optimal stacked-SDM predicted three spatially distinct refuge areas, where kelp occurs in deeper waters than surrounding seascapes. The presence of kelp at two of these refuge areas was confirmed using independent data. The identification of these refuge areas is crucial for conservation, as they are likely to facilitate the persistence of ecologically and economically important kelp forests as waters warm in shallow areas and kelp retreat to depth under climate change. Furthermore, identification of refugia will enable proactive spatial planning that prioritises new locations for protection to ensure that key kelp habitats can persist in a future of increasing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Davis
- Fisheries Research, Marine Ecosystems, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia; National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, Australia.
| | - C Champion
- Fisheries Research, Marine Ecosystems, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia; National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - M A Coleman
- Fisheries Research, Marine Ecosystems, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 4321, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia; National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, Australia
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102
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McPherson ML, Finger DJI, Houskeeper HF, Bell TW, Carr MH, Rogers-Bennett L, Kudela RM. Large-scale shift in the structure of a kelp forest ecosystem co-occurs with an epizootic and marine heatwave. Commun Biol 2021; 4:298. [PMID: 33674760 PMCID: PMC7935997 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01827-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is responsible for increased frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme events, such as marine heatwaves (MHWs). Within eastern boundary current systems, MHWs have profound impacts on temperature-nutrient dynamics that drive primary productivity. Bull kelp (Nereocystis luetkeana) forests, a vital nearshore habitat, experienced unprecedented losses along 350 km of coastline in northern California beginning in 2014 and continuing through 2019. These losses have had devastating consequences to northern California communities, economies, and fisheries. Using a suite of in situ and satellite-derived data, we demonstrate that the abrupt ecosystem shift initiated by a multi-year MHW was preceded by declines in keystone predator population densities. We show strong evidence that northern California kelp forests, while temporally dynamic, were historically resilient to fluctuating environmental conditions, even in the absence of key top predators, but that a series of coupled environmental and biological shifts between 2014 and 2016 resulted in the formation of a persistent, altered ecosystem state with low primary productivity. Based on our findings, we recommend the implementation of ecosystem-based and adaptive management strategies, such as (1) monitoring the status of key ecosystem attributes: kelp distribution and abundance, and densities of sea urchins and their predators, (2) developing management responses to threshold levels of these attributes, and (3) creating quantitative restoration suitability indices for informing kelp restoration efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L McPherson
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | - Dennis J I Finger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Henry F Houskeeper
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Department of Geography, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tom W Bell
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
- Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Carr
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Laura Rogers-Bennett
- Coastal Marine Science Institute, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California Davis and California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, CA, USA
| | - Raphael M Kudela
- Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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103
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Hoffmann AA, Miller AD, Weeks AR. Genetic mixing for population management: From genetic rescue to provenancing. Evol Appl 2021; 14:634-652. [PMID: 33767740 PMCID: PMC7980264 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and plant species around the world are being challenged by the deleterious effects of inbreeding, loss of genetic diversity, and maladaptation due to widespread habitat destruction and rapid climate change. In many cases, interventions will likely be needed to safeguard populations and species and to maintain functioning ecosystems. Strategies aimed at initiating, reinstating, or enhancing patterns of gene flow via the deliberate movement of genotypes around the environment are generating growing interest with broad applications in conservation and environmental management. These diverse strategies go by various names ranging from genetic or evolutionary rescue to provenancing and genetic resurrection. Our aim here is to provide some clarification around terminology and to how these strategies are connected and linked to underlying genetic processes. We draw on case studies from the literature and outline mechanisms that underlie how the various strategies aim to increase species fitness and impact the wider community. We argue that understanding mechanisms leading to species decline and community impact is a key to successful implementation of these strategies. We emphasize the need to consider the nature of source and recipient populations, as well as associated risks and trade-offs for the various strategies. This overview highlights where strategies are likely to have potential at population, species, and ecosystem scales, but also where they should probably not be attempted depending on the overall aims of the intervention. We advocate an approach where short- and long-term strategies are integrated into a decision framework that also considers nongenetic aspects of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ary A. Hoffmann
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
| | - Adam D. Miller
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesCentre for Integrative EcologyDeakin UniversityWarrnamboolVic.Australia
- Deakin Genomics CentreDeakin UniversityGeelongVic.Australia
| | - Andrew R. Weeks
- School of BioSciencesBio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
- cesar Pty LtdParkvilleVic.Australia
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104
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Berry HD, Mumford TF, Christiaen B, Dowty P, Calloway M, Ferrier L, Grossman EE, VanArendonk NR. Long-term changes in kelp forests in an inner basin of the Salish Sea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0229703. [PMID: 33596204 PMCID: PMC7888675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kelp forests form an important biogenic habitat that responds to natural and human drivers. Global concerns exist about threats to kelp forests, yet long-term information is limited and research suggests that trends are geographically distinct. We examined distribution of the bull kelp Nereocystis luetkeana over 145 years in South Puget Sound (SPS), a semi-protected inner basin in a fjord estuary complex in the northeast Pacific Ocean. We synthesized 48 historical and modern Nereocystis surveys and examined presence/absence within 1-km segments along 452 km of shoreline. Compared to the earliest baseline in 1878, Nereocystis extent in 2017 decreased 63%, with individual sub-basins showing up to 96% loss. Losses have persisted for decades, across a range of climate conditions. In recent decades, Nereocystis predominantly occurred along shorelines with intense currents and mixing, where temperature and nutrient concentrations did not reach thresholds for impacts to Nereocystis performance, and high current speeds likely excluded grazers. Losses predominated in areas with elevated temperature, lower nutrient concentrations, and relatively low current velocities. The pattern of long-term losses in SPS contrasts with stability in floating kelp abundance during the last century in an area of the Salish Sea with greater wave exposure and proximity to oceanic conditions. These findings support the hypothesis that kelp beds along wave-sheltered shorelines exhibit greater sensitivity to environmental stressors. Additionally, shorelines with strong currents and deep-water mixing may provide refugia within sheltered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen D. Berry
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Bart Christiaen
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, United States of America
| | - Pete Dowty
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, United States of America
| | - Max Calloway
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, United States of America
| | - Lisa Ferrier
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, United States of America
| | - Eric E. Grossman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
| | - Nathan R. VanArendonk
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America
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105
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Harvey BP, Allen R, Agostini S, Hoffmann LJ, Kon K, Summerfield TC, Wada S, Hall-Spencer JM. Feedback mechanisms stabilise degraded turf algal systems at a CO 2 seep site. Commun Biol 2021; 4:219. [PMID: 33594188 PMCID: PMC7901039 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human activities are rapidly changing the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems. Large-scale replacement of kelp forests and coral reefs with turf algal mats is resulting in homogenous habitats that have less ecological and human value. Ocean acidification has strong potential to substantially favour turf algae growth, which led us to examine the mechanisms that stabilise turf algal states. Here we show that ocean acidification promotes turf algae over corals and macroalgae, mediating new habitat conditions that create stabilising feedback loops (altered physicochemical environment and microbial community, and an inhibition of recruitment) capable of locking turf systems in place. Such feedbacks help explain why degraded coastal habitats persist after being initially pushed past the tipping point by global and local anthropogenic stressors. An understanding of the mechanisms that stabilise degraded coastal habitats can be incorporated into adaptive management to better protect the contribution of coastal systems to human wellbeing. Ben Harvey et al. use the gradient provided by a natural CO2 seep off Shikine Island, Japan and lab microcosm experiments to determine how ocean acidification promotes turf algal habitat conditions that create stabilizing feedback loops and hysteresis capable of locking turf systems in place. These results further our understanding of feedback loops initiated by ocean acidification, and can assist in the management of coastal habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan.
| | - Ro Allen
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan
| | - Linn J Hoffmann
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Koetsu Kon
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan
| | | | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, Shizuoka, 415-0025, Japan.,School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
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106
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Schoenrock KM, McHugh TA, Krueger-Hadfield SA. Revisiting the 'bank of microscopic forms' in macroalgal-dominated ecosystems. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:14-29. [PMID: 33135166 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical ecological models, such as succession and facilitation, were defined in terrestrial habitats, and subsequently applied to marine and freshwater habitats in intertidal and then subtidal realms. One such model is the soil seed bank, defined as all viable seeds (or fruits) found near the soil surface that facilitate community restoration/recovery. "Banks of microscopic forms" have been hypothesized in aquatic habitats and recent work from aquaculture has highlighted dormancy in algal life cycle stages. To reinvigorate the discussions about these algal banks, we discuss differences in life cycles, dispersal, and summarize research on banks of macroalgal stages in aquatic ecosystems that may be easier to explore with modern advances in molecular technology. With focus on seminal work in global kelp forest ecosystems, we present a pilot study in northern California as proof of concept that Nereocystis luetkeana and Alaria marginata stages can be detected within kelp forests in the biofilm of rocks and bedrock using targeted primers long after zoospore release. Considering the increased interest in algae as an economic resource, [blue] carbon sink, and as ecosystem engineers, the potential for "banking" macroalgal forms could be a mechanism of resilience and recovery in aquatic populations that have complex life cycles and environmental cues for reproduction. Molecular barcoding is becoming an important tool for identifying banks of macroalgal forms in marine communities. Understanding banks of macroalgal stages, especially in deforested habitats with intense disturbance and grazer pressure, will allow researchers and marine resource managers to facilitate this natural process in recovery of the aquatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Schoenrock
- Department of Zoology, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Rd., Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Tristin Anoush McHugh
- Long Marine Laboratory, Reef Check Foundation, 115 McAllister Road, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA
| | - Stacy A Krueger-Hadfield
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Campbell Hall, Room 464, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
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107
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Fraser KM, Lefcheck JS, Ling SD, Mellin C, Stuart-Smith RD, Edgar GJ. Production of mobile invertebrate communities on shallow reefs from temperate to tropical seas. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201798. [PMID: 33352078 PMCID: PMC7779515 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary productivity of marine ecosystems is largely driven by broad gradients in environmental and ecological properties. By contrast, secondary productivity tends to be more variable, influenced by bottom-up (resource-driven) and top-down (predatory) processes, other environmental drivers, and mediation by the physical structure of habitats. Here, we use a continental-scale dataset on small mobile invertebrates (epifauna), common on surfaces in all marine ecosystems, to test influences of potential drivers of temperature-standardized secondary production across a large biogeographic range. We found epifaunal production to be remarkably consistent along a temperate to tropical Australian latitudinal gradient of 28.6°, spanning kelp forests to coral reefs (approx. 3500 km). Using a model selection procedure, epifaunal production was primarily related to biogenic habitat group, which explained up to 45% of total variability. Production was otherwise invariant to predictors capturing primary productivity, the local biomass of fishes (proxy for predation pressure), and environmental, geographical, and human impacts. Highly predictable levels of epifaunal productivity associated with distinct habitat groups across continental scales should allow accurate modelling of the contributions of these ubiquitous invertebrates to coastal food webs, thus improving understanding of likely changes to food web structure with ocean warming and other anthropogenic impacts on marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Fraser
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania 7053, Australia
| | - J. S. Lefcheck
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network, MarineGEO, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - S. D. Ling
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania 7053, Australia
| | - C. Mellin
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania 7053, Australia
- The Environment Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - R. D. Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania 7053, Australia
| | - G. J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Taroona, Tasmania 7053, Australia
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108
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Marine protected areas do not prevent marine heatwave-induced fish community structure changes in a temperate transition zone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21081. [PMID: 33273514 PMCID: PMC7712829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute climate events like marine heatwaves have the potential to temporarily or permanently alter community structure with effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services. We aimed to quantify the magnitude and consistency of climate driven community shifts inside and outside Marine Protected Areas before and after a marine heatwave using a kelp forest fish community dataset in southern California, USA. Abundance, biomass, diversity and recruitment of warm-water affinity species during the marine heatwave were significantly greater compared with prior years yet cool-water affinity species did not show commensurate declines. Fish communities inside MPAs were not buffered from these community shifts. This result is likely because the particular species most responsible for the community response to environmental drivers, were not fisheries targets. Resource managers working to preserve biodiversity in a changing climate will need to consider additional management tools and strategies in combination with protected areas to mitigate the effect of warming on marine communities.
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109
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Impacts of sub-micrometer sediment particles on early-stage growth and survival of the kelp Ecklonia bicyclis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20689. [PMID: 33244042 PMCID: PMC7693333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine forests have declined in many urbanized regions in recent years. One cause is the inflow of fine particles into coastal rocky shores. We examined the influence of sub-micrometre (sub-micro) particles on the early growth stages of the large brown macrophyte Ecklonia bicyclis. The percentage of substrate attachment of zoospores decreased with an increase in sub-micro sediments. As the size of the particles decreased, the negative effect became greater. There was an increase in poor levels of gametophyte survival and growth as more and smaller sediment was deposited. We consider that the causes of these phenomena owing to increasing amounts of sediment is a decrease in availability of substrate for zoospore attachment and that of area for substance exchange on the gametophytes. We also evaluated the effects in sea areas, based on the amount and size distribution of seabed sediment in the algal communities deforested by particles, and found that the inhibition of zoospore attachment and gametophyte growth by sub-micro particles was remarkably large. The sub-micro sediment on the substrate has seriously negative effects on the early stages of macrophytes. Inflow of very fine particles to natural marine forests may result in severe degradation of rocky reef ecosystems.
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110
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Fraser KM, Stuart‐Smith RD, Ling SD, Edgar GJ. Small invertebrate consumers produce consistent size spectra across reef habitats and climatic zones. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Fraser
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Taroona TAS Australia
| | - R. D. Stuart‐Smith
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Taroona TAS Australia
| | - S. D. Ling
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Taroona TAS Australia
| | - G. J. Edgar
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Taroona TAS Australia
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111
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Beas-Luna R, Micheli F, Woodson CB, Carr M, Malone D, Torre J, Boch C, Caselle JE, Edwards M, Freiwald J, Hamilton SL, Hernandez A, Konar B, Kroeker KJ, Lorda J, Montaño-Moctezuma G, Torres-Moye G. Geographic variation in responses of kelp forest communities of the California Current to recent climatic changes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6457-6473. [PMID: 32902090 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The changing global climate is having profound effects on coastal marine ecosystems around the world. Structure, functioning, and resilience, however, can vary geographically, depending on species composition, local oceanographic forcing, and other pressures from human activities and use. Understanding ecological responses to environmental change and predicting changes in the structure and functioning of whole ecosystems require large-scale, long-term studies, yet most studies trade spatial extent for temporal duration. We address this shortfall by integrating multiple long-term kelp forest monitoring datasets to evaluate biogeographic patterns and rates of change of key functional groups (FG) along the west coast of North America. Analysis of data from 469 sites spanning Alaska, USA, to Baja California, Mexico, and 373 species (assigned to 18 FG) reveals regional variation in responses to both long-term (2006-2016) change and a recent marine heatwave (2014-2016) associated with two atmospheric and oceanographic anomalies, the "Blob" and extreme El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Canopy-forming kelps appeared most sensitive to warming throughout their range. Other FGs varied in their responses among trophic levels, ecoregions, and in their sensitivity to heatwaves. Changes in community structure were most evident within the southern and northern California ecoregions, while communities in the center of the range were more resilient. We report a poleward shift in abundance of some key FGs. These results reveal major, ongoing region-wide changes in productive coastal marine ecosystems in response to large-scale climate variability, and the potential loss of foundation species. In particular, our results suggest that coastal communities that are dependent on kelp forests will be more impacted in the southern portion of the California Current region, highlighting the urgency of implementing adaptive strategies to sustain livelihoods and ensure food security. The results also highlight the value of multiregional integration and coordination of monitoring programs for improving our understanding of marine ecosystems, with the goal of informing policy and resource management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - C Brock Woodson
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Mark Carr
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Dan Malone
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jorge Torre
- Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C., La Paz, Mexico
| | - Charles Boch
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - Jan Freiwald
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Reef Check California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Hamilton
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, San Jose State University, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julio Lorda
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, Mexico
- Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, Imperial Beach, CA, USA
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112
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de Caralt S, Verdura J, Vergés A, Ballesteros E, Cebrian E. Differential effects of pollution on adult and recruits of a canopy-forming alga: implications for population viability under low pollutant levels. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17825. [PMID: 33082390 PMCID: PMC7575554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine macroalgal forests are highly productive and iconic ecosystems, which are seriously threatened by number of factors such as habitat destruction, overgrazing, ocean warming, and pollution. The effect of chronic, but low levels of pollutants on the long-term survival of the canopy-forming algae is not well understood. Here we test the effects of low concentrations (found in good quality water-bodies) of nitrates, heavy metals copper (Cu) and lead (Pb), and herbicides (glyphosate) on both adults and recruits of Carpodesmia crinita, a Mediterranean canopy forming macroalga. We show that although adult biomass, height and photosynthetic yield remain almost unaffected in all the assays, low Cu levels of 30 µg/L completely suppress adult fertility. In addition, all the assays have a strong and negative impact on the survival and growth of recruits; in particular, glyphosate concentrations above 1 µg/L almost totally inhibit their survival. These results suggest that the long-term viability of C. crinita may be severely compromised by low pollutant levels that are not affecting adult specimens. Our results provide important data for a better understanding of the present-day threats to marine canopy-forming macroalgae and for the design of future management actions aimed at preserving macroalgal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia de Caralt
- GRMAR, Institute of Aquatic Ecology (IEA), University of Girona (UdG), c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Jana Verdura
- GRMAR, Institute of Aquatic Ecology (IEA), University of Girona (UdG), c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Alba Vergés
- GRMAR, Institute of Aquatic Ecology (IEA), University of Girona (UdG), c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Enric Ballesteros
- Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/ d'accés a la Cala St Francesc 14, 17300, Blanes, Spain
| | - Emma Cebrian
- GRMAR, Institute of Aquatic Ecology (IEA), University of Girona (UdG), c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
- Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), c/ d'accés a la Cala St Francesc 14, 17300, Blanes, Spain.
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113
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Shelamoff V, Layton C, Tatsumi M, Cameron MJ, Wright J JT, Edgar GJ, Johnson CR. High kelp density attracts fishes except for recruiting cryptobenthic species. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105127. [PMID: 32889445 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As foundation species, kelp support productive and species rich communities; however, the effects of kelp structure on mobile species within these complex natural systems are often difficult to assess. We used artificial reefs with transplanted kelp to quantify the influence of kelp patch size and density on fish assemblages including the arrival of recruiting cryptobenthic species. Large patches with dense kelp supported the highest abundance, species richness, and diversity of fishes, with the addition of dense kelp tripling biomass and doubling richness. The abundance of recruits in artificial collectors declined with patch size and was halved on reefs with sparse kelp compared to reefs with dense kelp or no kelp. These results highlight the importance of dense kelp cover in facilitating biodiversity and indicate that kelp addition could support the recovery of degraded coastal ecosystems. Kelp also apparently drives complex interactions affecting the recruitment/behaviour of some cryptobenthic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Shelamoff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7004, Australia.
| | - Cayne Layton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Masayuki Tatsumi
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Matthew J Cameron
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T Wright J
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Graham J Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - Craig R Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, 7004, Australia
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114
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Zarco‐Perello S, Carroll G, Vanderklift M, Holmes T, Langlois TJ, Wernberg T. Range‐extending tropical herbivores increase diversity, intensity and extent of herbivory functions in temperate marine ecosystems. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Zarco‐Perello
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA Australia
| | - Gemma Carroll
- Institute of Marine Sciences University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA
- Environmental Research Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Monterey CA USA
| | - Mat Vanderklift
- Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre Crawley WA Australia
| | - Thomas Holmes
- Marine Science Program, Biodiversity and Conservation Science Division Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsKensington WA Australia
| | - Tim J. Langlois
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute The University of Western Australia Crawley (Perth) WA Australia
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115
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Distribution of Harmful Algal Growth-Limiting Bacteria on Artificially Introduced Ulva and Natural Macroalgal Beds. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The intensity and frequency of harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased, posing a threat to human seafood resources due to massive kills of cultured fish and toxin contamination of bivalves. In recent years, bacteria that inhibit the growth of HAB species were found to be densely populated on the biofilms of some macroalgal species, indicating the possible biological control of HABs by the artificial introduction of macroalgal beds. In this study, an artificially created Ulva pertusa bed using mobile floating cages and a natural macroalgal bed were studied to elucidate the distribution of algal growth-limiting bacteria (GLB). The density of GLB affecting fish-killing raphidophyte Chattonella antiqua, and two harmful dinoflagellates, were detected between 106 and 107 CFU g−1 wet weight on the biofilm of artificially introduced U. pertusa and 10 to 102 CFU mL−1 from adjacent seawater; however, GLB found from natural macroalgal species targeted all tested HAB species (five species), ranging between 105 and 106 CFU g−1 wet weight in density. These findings provide new ecological insights of GLB at macroalgal beds, and concurrently demonstrate the possible biological control of HABs by artificially introduced Ulva beds.
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116
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McAfee D, Larkin C, Connell SD. Multi‐species restoration accelerates recovery of extinguished oyster reefs. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic McAfee
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Environment Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Catherine Larkin
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Sean D. Connell
- School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Environment Institute The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
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117
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Filbee-Dexter K, Wernberg T, Grace SP, Thormar J, Fredriksen S, Narvaez CN, Feehan CJ, Norderhaug KM. Marine heatwaves and the collapse of marginal North Atlantic kelp forests. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13388. [PMID: 32770015 PMCID: PMC7414212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70273-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme climatic events including marine heatwaves (MHWs) are becoming more frequent and severe in the Anthropocene. However, our understanding of how these events affect population dynamics of ecologically important species is limited, in part because extreme events are rare and difficult to predict. Here, we quantified the occurrence and severity of MHWs over 60 years in warm range edge kelp forests on both sides of the North Atlantic. The cumulative annual intensity of MHWs increased two- to four-fold during this period, coinciding with the disappearance of kelps. We experimentally demonstrated a relationship between strong and severe 2018 heatwaves and high kelp mortality in both regions. Patterns of kelp mortality were strongly linked to maximum temperature anomalies, which crossed lethal thresholds in both regions. Translocation and tagging experiments revealed similar kelp mortality rates on reefs dominated by healthy kelp forests and degraded sediment-laden algal 'turfs', indicating equal vulnerability to extreme events. These results suggest a mechanistic link between MHWs and broad-scale kelp loss, and highlight how warming can make ecosystem boundaries unstable, forcing shifts to undesirable ecosystem states under episodically extreme climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Filbee-Dexter
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway.
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - T Wernberg
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - S P Grace
- Department of Biology and Werth Center for Coastal and Marine Studies, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, 06515, USA
| | - J Thormar
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
| | - S Fredriksen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, PO Box 1066, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - C N Narvaez
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - C J Feehan
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, 07043, USA
| | - K M Norderhaug
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
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118
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Détrée C, Navarro JM, Font A, Gonzalez M. Species vulnerability under climate change: Study of two sea urchins at their distribution margin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138850. [PMID: 32570334 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop powerful predictions on the impact of climate change on marine organisms, it is critical to understand how abiotic drivers such as temperature can directly and indirectly affect marine organisms. Here, we evaluated and compared the physiological vulnerability of the leading-edge populations of two species of sea urchins Loxechinus albus and Pseudechinus magellanicus in response to predicted ocean warming and food limitation. After exposing sea urchins to a 60-day experimental period to contrasting temperature (1 °C, 7 °C and 14 °C corresponding respectively to the actual average summer temperature in Antarctica, the control treatment temperature and the predicted future temperature in the Strait of Magellan) and diet levels (ad libitum or food limitation), sea urchin stress tolerance was assessed. Sea urchins' physiology was measured at the organismal and sub-cellular level by studying the organisms energy balance (behavior, growth, gonad index, ingestion rate, O2 uptake, energy reserves) and the expression of genes associated with aerobic metabolism. Our results showed that at their distribution edge, and despite their distinct geographical repartition, both species might be resilient to ocean warming. However, the combination of ocean warming and food limitation reduced the stress tolerance of sea urchins. In a warming ocean, another strategy could be to migrate toward the pole to a cooler environment but incubation at 1 °C resulted in a diminution of both species' aerobic scope. Overall, if these engineer species are unable to acclimate to food limitation under future climate, population fitness could be affected with ecological and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Détrée
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro Font
- Scientific Department, Chilean Antarctic Institute, Plaza Muñoz Gamero Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Marcelo Gonzalez
- Scientific Department, Chilean Antarctic Institute, Plaza Muñoz Gamero Punta Arenas, Chile
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119
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Bué M, Smale DA, Natanni G, Marshall H, Moore PJ. Multiple‐scale interactions structure macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with kelp understory algae. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bué
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth UK
| | - Dan A. Smale
- The Laboratory Marine Biological Association Plymouth UK
| | - Giulia Natanni
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth UK
| | - Helen Marshall
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth UK
| | - Pippa J. Moore
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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120
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Díaz-Tapia P, Ly M, Verbruggen H. Extensive cryptic diversity in the widely distributed Polysiphonia scopulorum (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta): Molecular species delimitation and morphometric analyses. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 152:106909. [PMID: 32702527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of seaweed diversity and biogeography still largely relies on information derived from morphological identifications, but the use of molecular tools is revealing that cryptic diversity is common among algae. Polysiphonia scopulorum is a turf-forming red alga widely reported in tropical and temperate coasts worldwide. The only study based on material collected from its Australian type locality and the Iberian Peninsula indicates that it is a species complex, but the extent of cryptic diversity across its geographical range is not known. To investigate the species diversity in P. scopulorum, the geographical distribution of species-level lineages and their morphological characterization, we collected 135 specimens from Australia, South Africa and southern Europe. Two gene datasets (cox1 and rbcL) were used to delimit species using three methods (GMYC, PTP, ABGD), leading to a consensus result that our collections of the P. scopulorum complex comprise 12 species. Five of these species were resolved in a highly supported clade, while the other seven species were related to other taxonomically accepted species or in unresolved parts of the tree. Morphometric and statistical analysis of a set of ten quantitative characters showed that there are no clear morphological correlates of species boundaries, demonstrating true cryptic diversity in the P. scopulorum complex. Distribution patterns of the 12 species were variable, ranging from species only known from a single site to species with a wide distribution spanning three continents. Our study indicates that a significant level of undiscovered cryptic diversity is likely to be found in algal turfs, a type of seaweed community formed by small entangled species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Díaz-Tapia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Coastal Biology Research Group, Faculty of Sciences and Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), University of A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de A Coruña, Aptdo. 130, 15080 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Monica Ly
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Heroen Verbruggen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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121
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Murie KA, Bourdeau PE. Fragmented kelp forest canopies retain their ability to alter local seawater chemistry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11939. [PMID: 32686725 PMCID: PMC7371639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kelp forests support some of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on Earth, and their ability to uptake dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) allows them to modify local seawater chemistry, creating gradients in carbon, pH, and oxygen in their vicinity. By taking up both bicarbonate and CO2 as a carbon source for photosynthesis, kelp forests can act as carbon sinks, reducing nearby acidity and increasing dissolved oxygen; creating conditions conducive to calcification. Recent stressors, however, have reduced kelp forest canopies globally; converting once large and persistent forests to fragmented landscapes of small kelp patches. In a two-year study, we determined whether fragmented kelp patches retained the ability to alter local seawater chemistry. We found that diel fluctuations of multiple parameters of carbonate chemistry were greater in the kelp canopy than in the kelp benthos and in adjacent urchin barrens, consistent with metabolic activity by the kelp. Further, kelp fragments increased pH and aragonite saturation and decreased pCO2 during the day to a similar degree as large, intact kelp forests. We conclude that small kelp patches could mitigate OA stress and serve as spatial and temporal refugia for canopy-dwelling organisms, though this effect is temporary and confined to daylight hours during the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindall A Murie
- Telonicher Marine Laboratory, Humboldt State University, Trinidad, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, USA.
| | - Paul E Bourdeau
- Telonicher Marine Laboratory, Humboldt State University, Trinidad, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, USA
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122
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Cattano C, Agostini S, Harvey BP, Wada S, Quattrocchi F, Turco G, Inaba K, Hall-Spencer JM, Milazzo M. Changes in fish communities due to benthic habitat shifts under ocean acidification conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138501. [PMID: 32298893 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification will likely change the structure and function of coastal marine ecosystems over coming decades. Volcanic carbon dioxide seeps generate dissolved CO2 and pH gradients that provide realistic insights into the direction and magnitude of these changes. Here, we used fish and benthic community surveys to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of fish community properties off CO2 seeps in Japan. Adding to previous evidence from ocean acidification ecosystem studies conducted elsewhere, our findings documented shifts from calcified to non-calcified habitats with reduced benthic complexity. In addition, we found that such habitat transition led to decreased diversity of associated fish and to selection of those fish species better adapted to simplified ecosystems dominated by algae. Our data suggest that near-future projected ocean acidification levels will oppose the ongoing range expansion of coral reef-associated fish due to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Cattano
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 20-22, 90123 Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa (Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sylvain Agostini
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ben P Harvey
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeki Wada
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Federico Quattrocchi
- IRBIM - Istituto per le Risorse Biologiche e le Biotecnologie Marine, CNR - National Research Council, Via Luigi Vaccara 61, 91026 Mazara del Vallo, TP, Italy
| | - Gabriele Turco
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 20-22, 90123 Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa (Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
| | - Kazuo Inaba
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jason M Hall-Spencer
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, 5-10-1 Shimoda, 415-0025 Shizuoka, Japan; Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, via Archirafi 20-22, 90123 Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa (Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Rome, Italy
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123
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Morris RL, Hale R, Strain EMA, Reeves SE, Vergés A, Marzinelli EM, Layton C, Shelamoff V, Graham TDJ, Chevalier M, Swearer SE. Key Principles for Managing Recovery of Kelp Forests through Restoration. Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThere is increasing interest in mitigating the loss of kelp forests through restoration, but this has received scant attention relative to other coastal habitats. We evaluate current knowledge centered on key restoration principles to provide guidelines for best practice in kelp restoration. The cause and scale of degradation is fundamental in determining if kelp can be restored and the methods required to promote reestablishment. Removal of stressors may be adequate to achieve restoration goals where degradation is not too widespread or acute. Extensive losses of kelp forests will often require active reseeding of areas because of the low dispersal ability of many kelp species. Restoration efforts have generally taken a trial-and-error approach at experimental scales to develop techniques for establishing individuals. Furthermore, studies that inform cost–benefit analysis and the appropriate spatial scales for restoration of sustainable kelp forests are urgently needed for prioritizing and scaling up restoration efforts globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Morris
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia during this work
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, in Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Elisabeth M A Strain
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Adriana Vergés
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences at the University of New South Wales, in Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ezequiel M Marzinelli
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Australia
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Sydney, Australia
- EMM is also affiliated with the University of Sydney's School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Coastal and Marine Ecosystems, in Sydney, Australia, and with the Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, at Nanyang Technological University, in Singapore. Mathilde Chevalier is affiliated with Agrocampus Ouest, in Rennes, France
| | - Cayne Layton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Australia
| | - Victor Shelamoff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Australia
| | - Tristan D J Graham
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mathilde Chevalier
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate at the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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124
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Giraldo-Ospina A, Kendrick GA, Hovey RK. Depth moderates loss of marine foundation species after an extreme marine heatwave: could deep temperate reefs act as a refuge? Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200709. [PMID: 32517616 PMCID: PMC7341917 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have been documented around the world, causing widespread mortality of numerous benthic species on shallow reefs (less than 15 m depth). Deeper habitats are hypothesized to be a potential refuge from environmental extremes, though we have little understanding of the response of deeper benthic communities to MHWs. Here, we show how increasing depth moderates the response of seaweed- and coral-dominated benthic communities to an extreme MHW across a subtropical–temperate biogeographical transition zone. Benthic community composition and key habitat-building species were characterized across three depths (15, 25 and 40 m) before and several times after the 2011 Western Australian MHW to assess resistance during and recovery after the heatwave. We found high natural variability in benthic community composition along the biogeographic transition zone and across depths with a clear shift in the composition after the MHW in shallow (15 m) sites but a lot less in deeper communities (40 m). Most importantly, key habitat-building seaweeds such as Ecklonia radiata and Syctothalia dorycarpa which had catastrophic losses on shallow reefs, remained and were less affected in deeper communities. Evidently, deep reefs have the potential to act as a refuge during MHWs for the foundation species of shallow reefs in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Giraldo-Ospina
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 64 Fairway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 64 Fairway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Renae K Hovey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 64 Fairway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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125
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Britton D, Schmid M, Noisette F, Havenhand JN, Paine ER, McGraw CM, Revill AT, Virtue P, Nichols PD, Mundy CN, Hurd CL. Adjustments in fatty acid composition is a mechanism that can explain resilience to marine heatwaves and future ocean conditions in the habitat-forming seaweed Phyllospora comosa (Labillardière) C.Agardh. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:3512-3524. [PMID: 32105368 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Marine heatwaves are extreme events that can have profound and lasting impacts on marine species. Field observations have shown seaweeds to be highly susceptible to marine heatwaves, but the physiological drivers of this susceptibility are poorly understood. Furthermore, the effects of marine heatwaves in conjunction with ocean warming and acidification are yet to be investigated. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a laboratory culture experiment in which we tested the growth and physiological responses of Phyllospora comosa juveniles from the southern extent of its range (43-31°S) to marine heatwaves, ocean warming and acidification. We used a 'collapsed factorial design' in which marine heatwaves were superimposed on current (today's pH and temperature) and future (pH and temperature projected by 2100) ocean conditions. Responses were tested both during the heatwaves, and after a 7-day recovery period. Heatwaves reduced net photosynthetic rates in both current and future conditions, while respiration rates were elevated under heatwaves in the current conditions only. Following the recovery period, there was little evidence of heatwaves having lasting negative effects on growth, photosynthesis or respiration. Exposure to heatwaves, future ocean conditions or both caused an increase in the degree of saturation of fatty acids. This adjustment may have counteracted negative effects of elevated temperatures by decreasing membrane fluidity, which increases at higher temperatures. Furthermore, P. comosa appeared to down-regulate the energetically expensive carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism in the future conditions with a reduction in δ13 C values detected in these treatments. Any saved energy arising from this down-regulation was not invested in growth and was likely invested in the adjustment of fatty acid composition. This adjustment is a mechanism by which P. comosa and other seaweeds may tolerate the negative effects of ocean warming and marine heatwaves through benefits arising from ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Britton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Fanny Noisette
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan N Havenhand
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Ellie R Paine
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Christina M McGraw
- Department of Chemistry, NIWA/University of Otago Research Centre for Oceanography, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Patti Virtue
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tas., Australia
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems, Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Peter D Nichols
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Craig N Mundy
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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126
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Low Diversity of Intertidal Canopy-Forming Macroalgae at Urbanized Areas along the North Portuguese Coast. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12060211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Canopy-forming macroalgae are the main component in some of the most diverse and productive coastal habitats around the world. However, canopy-forming macroalgae are very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances. In coastal urban areas, intertidal organisms are exposed to the interactive effect of several anthropogenic disturbances that can modify the community’s structure and diversity. Along the North-East Atlantic shores, many studies explored the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on canopy-forming macroalgae, but mainly focused on kelps and fucoids. However, along the intertidal rocky shores of the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, the most abundant and frequent canopy-forming macroalgae belong to the family Sargassaceae. To explore the effect of urbanization on these intertidal canopy-forming species the diversity and assemblage structure of canopy species were compared between four urban and four non-urban shores in the north of Portugal. Intertidal canopy assemblages on urban shores were dominated by the non-indigenous Sargassum muticum that was the only canopy-forming species on three of the four studied urban shores. Canopy assemblages on all non-urban shores were more diverse. Moreover, stands of canopy-forming species on urban shores were always monospecific, while at non-urban shores multi-specific stands were common. Therefore, results suggest that urbanization reduces canopy´s biodiversity.
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127
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Brooks SJ, Georgantzopoulou A, Johansen JT, Mengede M. Determining the risk of calcium oxide (CaO) particle exposure to marine organisms. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 156:104917. [PMID: 32174337 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calcium oxide (CaO) is being considered as a possible treatment for both the control of echinoderm populations and the treatment against sea lice infestation in Norwegian salmon farms. CaO particles produce an exothermal reaction when in contact with water, which can cause epidermal burns and lesions to certain target organisms leading to death. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of fine (<0.8 mm) and coarse (<2.5 mm) CaO particles to a range of marine species from different taxonomic groups: two echinoderms (Asterias ruben and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis); two crustaceans (Carcinus maenas and Tisbe battagliai); two molluscs (Mytilus edulis and Hinia reticulata); a polychaete (Nereis pelagica); a fish (Cyclopterus sp.); and seaweed germlings (Fucus vesiculosus). Overall, the fine CaO particles were more toxic to the selected marine species than the coarse particles. Coarse CaO particle effects were only observed in four of the nine species tested (A. rubens, S. droebachiensis, N. pelagica, T. battagliai) with similar LC50 values between 207 and 268 g/m2. For the fine CaO particles, the lowest LC50 was for the epibenthic copepod (T. battagliai) at 3.14 g/m2, followed by the sea urchin (20.1 g/m2), starfish (22.2 g/m2), ragworm (29.6 g/m2), and netted dog whelk (41.9 g/m2). Lump sucker fish exhibited significant mortalities only at the highest fine CaO concentration tested (320 g/m2) and recorded an LC50 of 226 g/m2. The toxicity data were used to generate species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for both fine and coarse CaO particles. The hazard concentrations for 5% of the species (HC5) calculated from the SSDs, based on NOEC values, for the coarse and fine particles were 35.5 and 1.5 g/m2 respectively. Using a recommended assessment factor of 5, the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) was calculated as 7.1 and 0.3 g/m2 for coarse and fine CaO particles respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Brooks
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | - Martin Mengede
- Franzefoss Minerals AS, Olav Ingstads vei 5, NO-1309 Rud, Norway
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128
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Ng CA, Micheli F. Short-term effects of hypoxia are more important than effects of ocean acidification on grazing interactions with juvenile giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). Sci Rep 2020; 10:5403. [PMID: 32214142 PMCID: PMC7096494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Species interactions are crucial for the persistence of ecosystems. Within vegetated habitats, early life stages of plants and algae must survive factors such as grazing to recover from disturbances. However, grazing impacts on early stages, especially under the context of a rapidly changing climate, are largely unknown. Here we examine interaction strengths between juvenile giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) and four common grazers under hypoxia and ocean acidification using short-term laboratory experiments and field data of grazer abundances to estimate population-level grazing impacts. We found that grazing is a significant source of mortality for juvenile kelp and, using field abundances, estimate grazers can remove on average 15.4% and a maximum of 73.9% of juveniles per m2 per day. Short-term exposure to low oxygen, not acidification, weakened interaction strengths across the four species and decreased estimated population-level impacts of grazing threefold, from 15.4% to 4.0% of juvenile kelp removed, on average, per m2 per day. This study highlights potentially high juvenile kelp mortality from grazing. We also show that the effects of hypoxia are stronger than the effects of acidification in weakening these grazing interactions over short timescales, with possible future consequences for the persistence of giant kelp and energy flow through these highly productive food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Ng
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
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129
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Friedlander AM, Ballesteros E, Bell TW, Caselle JE, Campagna C, Goodell W, Hüne M, Muñoz A, Salinas-de-León P, Sala E, Dayton PK. Kelp forests at the end of the earth: 45 years later. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229259. [PMID: 32160219 PMCID: PMC7065750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kelp forests of southern South America are some of the least disturbed on the planet. The remoteness of this region has, until recently, spared it from many of the direct anthropogenic stressors that have negatively affected these ecosystems elsewhere. Re-surveys of 11 locations at the easternmost extent of Tierra del Fuego originally conducted in 1973 showed no significant differences in the densities of adult and juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera kelp or kelp holdfast diameter between the two survey periods. Additionally, sea urchin assemblage structure at the same sites were not significantly different between the two time periods, with the dominant species Loxechinus albus accounting for 66.3% of total sea urchin abundance in 2018 and 61.1% in 1973. Time series of Landsat imagery of the region from 1998 to 2018 showed no long-term trends in kelp canopy over the past 20 years. However, ~ 4-year oscillations in canopy fraction were observed and were strongly and negatively correlated with the NOAA Multivariate ENSO index and sea surface temperature. More extensive surveying in 2018 showed significant differences in benthic community structure between exposed and sheltered locations. Fish species endemic to the Magellanic Province accounted for 73% of all nearshore species observed and from 98-100% of the numerical abundance enumerated at sites. Fish assemblage structure varied significantly among locations and wave exposures. The recent creation of the Yaganes Marine Park is an important step in protecting this unique and biologically rich region; however, the nearshore waters of the region are currently not included in this protection. There is a general lack of information on changes in kelp forests over long time periods, making a global assessment difficult. A complete picture of how these ecosystems are responding to human pressures must also include remote locations and locations with little to no impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāneʻohe, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | | | - Tom W. Bell
- Earth Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Caselle
- Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | | | - Whitney Goodell
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, Kāneʻohe, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | | | - Alex Muñoz
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Pelayo Salinas-de-León
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador
| | - Enric Sala
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Paul K. Dayton
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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130
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McAfee D, Connell SD. Cuing oyster recruitment with shell and rock: implications for timing reef restoration. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic McAfee
- Southern Seas Ecology LaboratoriesSchool of Biological Sciences Adelaide SA Australia
- The Environment InstituteThe University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Sean D. Connell
- Southern Seas Ecology LaboratoriesSchool of Biological Sciences Adelaide SA Australia
- The Environment InstituteThe University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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131
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Fredriksen S, Filbee-Dexter K, Norderhaug KM, Steen H, Bodvin T, Coleman MA, Moy F, Wernberg T. Green gravel: a novel restoration tool to combat kelp forest decline. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3983. [PMID: 32132550 PMCID: PMC7055217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kelp forests are in decline globally and large-scale intervention could be required to halt the loss of these valuable ecosystems. To date kelp forest restoration has had limited success and been expensive and unable to address the increasing scale of ecosystem deterioration. Here we developed and tested a new approach: "green gravel". Small rocks were seeded with kelp and reared in the laboratory until 2-3 cm, before out-planting to the field. The out-planted kelp had high survival and growth over 9 months, even when dropped from the surface. This technique is cheap, simple, and does not require scuba diving or highly trained field workers. It can be up-scaled to treat large areas or even used to introduce genes from more resilient kelp populations onto vulnerable reefs. Green gravel thus overcomes some of the current major limitations of kelp restoration and provides a promising new defense against kelp forest decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein Fredriksen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway.
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
- UWA Oceans Institute & School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Henning Steen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
| | - Torjan Bodvin
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
| | - Melinda A Coleman
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Coffs Harbour, Australia
| | - Frithjof Moy
- Institute of Marine Research, Nye Flødevigveien 20, 4817, His, Norway
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute & School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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132
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Gorman D, Horta P, Flores AAV, Turra A, Berchez FADS, Batista MB, Lopes Filho ES, Melo MS, Ignacio BL, Carneiro IM, Villaça RC, Széchy MTM. Decadal losses of canopy-forming algae along the warm temperate coastline of Brazil. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1446-1457. [PMID: 31833116 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The loss of canopy-forming seaweeds from urbanized coasts has intensified in response to warming seas and non-climatic pressures such as population growth and declining water quality. Surprisingly, there has been little information on the extent of historical losses in the South-western Atlantic, which limits our ability to place this large marine ecosystem in a global context. Here, we use meta-analysis to examine long-term (1969-2017) changes to the cover and biomass of Sargassum spp. and structurally simple algal turfs along more than 1,000 kilometres of Brazil's warm temperate coastline. Analysis revealed major declines in canopy cover that were independent of season (i.e., displaying similar trends for both summer and winter) but varied with coastal environmental setting, whereby sheltered bays experienced greater losses than coastal locations. On average, covers of Sargassum spp. declined by 2.6% per year, to show overall losses of 52% since records began (ranging from 20% to 89%). This contrasted with increases in the cover of filamentous turfs (24% over the last 27 years) which are known to proliferate along human-impacted coasts. To test the relative influence of climatic versus non-climatic factors as drivers of this apparent canopy-to-turf shift, we examined how well regional warming trends (decadal changes to sea surface temperature) and local proxies of coastal urbanization (population density, thermal pollution, turbidity and nutrient inputs) were able to predict the changes in seaweed communities. Our results revealed that the most pronounced canopy losses over the past 50 years were at sites exhibiting the greatest degree of coastal warming, the highest population growth and those located in semi-enclosed sheltered bays. These findings contribute knowledge on the drivers of canopy loss in the South-western Atlantic and join with global efforts to understand and mitigate declines of marine keystone species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gorman
- Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Paulo Horta
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Augusto A V Flores
- Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Alexander Turra
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Manuela B Batista
- Laboratório de Ficologia, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana S Melo
- Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ivan M Carneiro
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto C Villaça
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa M Széchy
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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133
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Medrano A, Hereu B, Cleminson M, Pagès‐Escolà M, Rovira G, Solà J, Linares C. From marine deserts to algal beds:
Treptacantha elegans
revegetation to reverse stable degraded ecosystems inside and outside a No‐Take marine reserve. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Medrano
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO)University of Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Bernat Hereu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO)University of Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Maria Cleminson
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO)University of Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Pagès‐Escolà
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO)University of Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Graciel·la Rovira
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO)University of Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Solà
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO)University of Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC) and Computational Biosciences Research Center (CBRC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cristina Linares
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBIO)University of Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain
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134
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Fernández PA, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Leal PP, Schmid M, Revill AT, Hurd CL. Nitrogen sufficiency enhances thermal tolerance in habitat-forming kelp: implications for acclimation under thermal stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3186. [PMID: 32081970 PMCID: PMC7035356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Local and global changes associated with anthropogenic activities are impacting marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Macroalgae, especially habitat-forming species like kelp, play critical roles in temperate coastal ecosystems. However, their abundance and distribution patterns have been negatively affected by warming in many regions around the globe. Along with global change, coastal ecosystems are also impacted by local drivers such as eutrophication. The interaction between global and local drivers might modulate kelp responses to environmental change. This study examines the regulatory effect of NO3− on the thermal plasticity of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. To do this, thermal performance curves (TPCs) of key temperature-dependant traits–growth, photosynthesis, NO3− assimilation and chlorophyll a fluorescence–were examined under nitrate replete and deplete conditions in a short-term incubation. We found that thermal plasticity was modulated by NO3− but different thermal responses were observed among traits. Our study reveals that nitrogen, a local driver, modulates kelp responses to high seawater temperatures, ameliorating the negative impacts on physiological performance (i.e. growth and photosynthesis). However, this effect might be species-specific and vary among biogeographic regions – thus, further work is needed to determine the generality of our findings to other key temperate macroalgae that are experiencing temperatures close to their thermal tolerance due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Fernández
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Casilla 557, Chile. .,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, 7004, TAS, Australia.
| | - Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Pablo P Leal
- Departamento de Repoblación y Cultivo, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Balmaceda 252, Puerto Montt, Casilla 665, Chile
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, 7004, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrew T Revill
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, 7004, TAS, Australia
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135
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Hanley ME, Bouma TJ, Mossman HL. The gathering storm: optimizing management of coastal ecosystems in the face of a climate-driven threat. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:197-212. [PMID: 31837218 PMCID: PMC6996050 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of rising sea levels and increased likelihood of extreme storm events poses a major threat to our coastlines and as a result, many ecosystems recognized and valued for their important contribution to coastal defence face increased damage from erosion and flooding. Nevertheless, only recently have we begun to examine how plant species and communities, respond to, and recover from, the many disturbances associated with storm events. SCOPE We review how the threats posed by a combination of sea level rise and storms affects coastal sub-, inter- and supra-tidal plant communities. We consider ecophysiological impacts at the level of the individual plant, but also how ecological interactions at the community level, and responses at landscape scale, inform our understanding of how and why an increasing frequency and intensity of storm damage are vital to effective coastal management. While noting how research is centred on the impact of hurricanes in the US Gulf region, we take a global perspective and consider how ecosystems worldwide (e.g. seagrass, kelp forests, sand dunes, saltmarsh and mangroves) respond to storm damage and contribute to coastal defence. CONCLUSIONS The threats posed by storms to coastal plant communities are undoubtedly severe, but, beyond this obvious conclusion, we highlight four research priority areas. These call for studies focusing on (1) how storm disturbance affects plant reproduction and recruitment; (2) plant response to the multiple stressors associated with anthropogenic climate change and storm events; (3) the role of ecosystem-level interactions in dictating post-disturbance recovery; and (4) models and long-term monitoring to better predict where and how storms and other climate change-driven phenomena impact coastal ecosystems and services. In so doing, we argue how plant scientists must work with geomorphologists and environmental agencies to protect the unique biodiversity and pivotal contribution to coastal defence delivered by maritime plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick E Hanley
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - Tjeerd J Bouma
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Korringaweg, Yerseke, The Netherlands
- Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah L Mossman
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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136
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Ainsworth TD, Hurd CL, Gates RD, Boyd PW. How do we overcome abrupt degradation of marine ecosystems and meet the challenge of heat waves and climate extremes? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:343-354. [PMID: 31873988 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Extreme heat wave events are now causing ecosystem degradation across marine ecosystems. The consequences of this heat-induced damage range from the rapid loss of habitat-forming organisms, through to a reduction in the services that ecosystems support, and ultimately to impacts on human health and society. How we tackle the sudden emergence of ecosystem-wide degradation has not yet been addressed in the context of marine heat waves. An examination of recent marine heat waves from around Australia points to the potential important role that respite or refuge from environmental extremes can play in enabling organismal survival. However, most ecological interventions are being devised with a target of mid to late-century implementation, at which time many of the ecosystems, that the interventions are targeted towards, will have already undergone repeated and widespread heat wave induced degradation. Here, our assessment of the merits of proposed ecological interventions, across a spectrum of approaches, to counter marine environmental extremes, reveals a lack preparedness to counter the effects of extreme conditions on marine ecosystems. The ecological influence of these extremes are projected to continue to impact marine ecosystems in the coming years, long before these interventions can be developed. Our assessment reveals that approaches which are technologically ready and likely to be socially acceptable are locally deployable only, whereas those which are scalable-for example to features as large as major reef systems-are not close to being testable, and are unlikely to obtain social licence for deployment. Knowledge of the environmental timescales for survival of extremes, via respite or refuge, inferred from field observations will help test such intervention tools. The growing frequency of extreme events such as marine heat waves increases the urgency to consider mitigation and intervention tools that support organismal and ecosystem survival in the immediate future, while global climate mitigation and/or intervention are formulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy D Ainsworth
- Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Ruth D Gates
- Hawaii Institute for Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, Manoa, HI, USA
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
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137
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Smale DA. Impacts of ocean warming on kelp forest ecosystems. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1447-1454. [PMID: 31400287 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Kelp forests represent some of the most diverse and productive habitats on Earth, and provide a range of ecosystem goods and services on which human populations depend. As the distribution and ecophysiology of kelp species is strongly influenced by temperature, recent warming trends in many regions have been linked with concurrent changes in kelp populations, communities and ecosystems. Over the past decade, the number of reports of ocean warming impacts on kelp forests has risen sharply. Here, I synthesise recent studies to highlight general patterns and trends. While kelp responses to climate change vary greatly between ocean basins, regions and species, there is compelling evidence to show that ocean warming poses an unequivocal threat to the persistence and integrity of kelp forest ecosystems in coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Smale
- The Laboratory, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
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138
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Glasby TM, Gibson PT. Decadal dynamics of subtidal barrens habitat. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 154:104869. [PMID: 31928986 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rocky reef barrens that are devoid of macroalgae can be created by various mechanisms, and are often maintained in the long-term by grazing urchins. The persistence of barrens varies greatly among locations, although few studies have investigated the stability of this habitat over multiple decades, particularly at large spatial scales. We used aerial images to test for differences in temporal trajectories of shallow (2-10 m) barrens at 21 sites (average size 12 ha) over 30 years across 500 km of coastline in New South Wales, Australia. Longer-term (40-68 yr) trajectories of barrens cover were documented for five of the sites and these generally reflected the 30-year patterns. Averaged across all sites, barrens area increased at a rate of 19.9 ± 8.4 m2 per year per hectare of reef from 1980s-2010s. Importantly, however, 55% of sites had stable or fluctuating (±10% cover) barrens over this period, rather than displaying continual increases. Although the extent of shallow barrens increases with latitude, the temporal dynamics of barrens did not differ among three latitudinal regions where barrens are the most extensive. Associations between variability in barrens cover and environmental variables indicated that reef topography might pay a role in influencing barrens. Examples of such long-term persistence of extensive barrens are relatively rare and potential reasons for this and possible future changes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim M Glasby
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW, 2316, Australia.
| | - Peter T Gibson
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute, Taylors Beach, NSW, 2316, Australia
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139
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A Horizon Scan of Emerging Global Biological Conservation Issues for 2020. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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140
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Shelamoff V, Layton C, Tatsumi M, Cameron MJ, Edgar GJ, Wright JT, Johnson CR. Kelp patch size and density influence secondary productivity and diversity of epifauna. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Shelamoff
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Cayne Layton
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Masayuki Tatsumi
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Matthew J. Cameron
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Graham J. Edgar
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wright
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Craig R. Johnson
- Inst. for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Univ. of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
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141
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Florez JZ, Camus C, Hengst MB, Marchant F, Buschmann AH. Structure of the epiphytic bacterial communities of Macrocystis pyrifera in localities with contrasting nitrogen concentrations and temperature. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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142
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Tebbett SB, Bellwood DR. Algal turf sediments on coral reefs: what's known and what's next. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110542. [PMID: 31542595 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Algal turfs are likely to rise in prominence on coral reefs in the Anthropocene. In these ecosystems the sediments bound within algal turfs will shape ecosystem functions and the services humanity can obtain from reefs. However, while interest is growing in the role of algal turf sediments, studies remain limited. In this review we provide an overview of our knowledge to-date concerning algal turf sediments on coral reefs. Specifically, we highlight what algal turf sediments are, their role in key ecosystem processes, the potential importance of algal turf sediments on Anthropocene reefs, and key knowledge gaps for future research. The evidence suggests that the management of algal turf sediments will be critically important if we are to sustain key functions and services on highly-altered, Anthropocene coral reef configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling B Tebbett
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
| | - David R Bellwood
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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143
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Zarco-Perello S, Langlois TJ, Holmes T, Vanderklift MA, Wernberg T. Overwintering tropical herbivores accelerate detritus production on temperate reefs. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20192046. [PMID: 31744442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropicalization of temperate marine ecosystems can lead to increased herbivory rates, reducing the standing stock of seaweeds and potentially causing increases in detritus production. However, long-term studies analysing these processes associated with the persistence of tropical herbivores in temperate reefs are lacking. We assessed the seasonal variation in abundances, macrophyte consumption, feeding modes and defecation rates of the range-extending tropical rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens and the temperate silver drummer Kyphosus sydneyanus and herring cale Olisthops cyanomelas on tropicalized reefs of Western Australia. Rabbitfish overwintered in temperate reefs, consumed more kelp and other macrophytes in all feeding modes, and defecated more during both summer and winter than the temperate herbivores. Herbivory and defecation increased with rabbitfish abundance, but this was dependent on temperature, with higher rates attained by big schools during summer and lower rates in winter. Still, rabbitfish surpassed temperate herbivores, leading to a fivefold acceleration in the transformation of macrophyte standing stock to detritus, a function usually attributed to sea urchins in kelp forests. Our results suggest that further warming and tropicalization will not only increase primary consumption and affect the habitat structure of temperate reefs but also increase detritus production, with the potential to modify energy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Zarco-Perello
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Tim J Langlois
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Holmes
- Marine Science Program, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mathew A Vanderklift
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), Western Australia 6009, Australia.,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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144
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Dijkstra JA, Litterer A, Mello K, O'Brien BS, Rzhanov Y. Temperature, phenology, and turf macroalgae drive seascape change: Connections to mid‐trophic level species. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Dijkstra
- Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
- School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire03824USA
| | - Amber Litterer
- Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
| | - Kristen Mello
- Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
| | - Brandon S. O'Brien
- Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
| | - Yuri Rzhanov
- Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire 03824 USA
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145
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Piñeiro-Corbeira C, Barreiro R, Franco JN, Cremades J, Cunha J, Arenas F. Unexpected nutrient influence on the thermal ecophysiology of seaweeds that recently followed opposite abundance shifts. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 151:104747. [PMID: 31230707 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
World's oceans are warming, and recent studies suggest that the Iberian upwelling system may be weakening. To understand the potential consequences of both trends, six intertidal seaweeds that recently followed opposite upward and downward abundance shifts in the Iberian upwelling region were exposed for six weeks to conditions simulating present and warmed scenarios, combined with nutrient treatments emulating the influence and absence of the upwelling. Unlike expectations, a high nutrient supply did not ameliorate the effects of warming. Instead, warming slowed down growth in four seaweeds and accelerated the photosynthesis of downward seaweeds only if nutrients were abundant. In a weakened upwelling scenario, nutrient limitation might more strongly influence the performance of both upward and downward seaweeds than warming. With a normally functioning upwelling, warming might be more detrimental to the performance of some downward seaweeds as they might would lose their ability to benefit from the extra nutrient input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Piñeiro-Corbeira
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidad de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Rodolfo Barreiro
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidad de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - João N Franco
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Javier Cremades
- BioCost Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidad de A Coruña, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jacinto Cunha
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Francisco Arenas
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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146
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Shelamoff V, Layton C, Tatsumi M, Cameron MJ, Wright JT, Johnson CR. Ecosystem engineering by a canopy‐forming kelp facilitates the recruitment of native oysters. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Shelamoff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Cayne Layton
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Masayuki Tatsumi
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Matthew J. Cameron
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Jeffrey T. Wright
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
| | - Craig R. Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania Hobart TAS 7004 Australia
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147
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Rodil IF, Attard KM, Norkko J, Glud RN, Norkko A. Estimating Respiration Rates and Secondary Production of Macrobenthic Communities Across Coastal Habitats with Contrasting Structural Biodiversity. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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148
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Coleman MA, Goold HD. Harnessing synthetic biology for kelp forest conservation 1. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:745-751. [PMID: 31152453 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and climatic change is outpacing the ability of organisms to adapt, at an unprecedented level, resulting in range contractions and global ecosystem shifts to novel states. At the same time, scientific advances continue to accelerate, providing never-before imagined solutions to current and emerging environmental problems. Synthetic biology, the creation of novel and engineered genetic variation, is perhaps the fastest developing and transformative scientific field. Its application to solve extant and emerging environmental problems is vast, at times controversial, and technological advances have outpaced the social, ethical, and practical considerations of its use. Here, we discuss the potential direct and indirect applications of synthetic biology to kelp forest conservation. Rather than advocate or oppose its use, we identify where and when it may play a role in halting or reversing global kelp loss and discuss challenges and identify pathways of research needed to bridge the gap between technological advances and organismal biology and ecology. There is a pressing need for prompt collaboration and dialogue among synthetic biologists, ecologists, and conservationists to identify opportunities for use and ensure that extant research directions are set on trajectories to allow these currently disparate fields to converge toward practical environmental solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Coleman
- Department of Primary Industries, NSW Fisheries, National Marine Science Centre, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, 2450, Australia
- Southern Cross University, National Marine Science Centre, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, 2450, Australia
- University of Western Australia Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Hugh D Goold
- Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, New South Wales, 2568, Australia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
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149
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Starko S, Soto Gomez M, Darby H, Demes KW, Kawai H, Yotsukura N, Lindstrom SC, Keeling PJ, Graham SW, Martone PT. A comprehensive kelp phylogeny sheds light on the evolution of an ecosystem. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 136:138-150. [PMID: 30980936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructing phylogenetic topologies and divergence times is essential for inferring the timing of radiations, the appearance of adaptations, and the historical biogeography of key lineages. In temperate marine ecosystems, kelps (Laminariales) drive productivity and form essential habitat but an incomplete understanding of their phylogeny has limited our ability to infer their evolutionary origins and the spatial and temporal patterns of their diversification. Here, we reconstruct the diversification of habitat-forming kelps using a global genus-level phylogeny inferred primarily from organellar genome datasets, and investigate the timing of kelp radiation. We resolve several important phylogenetic features, including relationships among the morphologically simple kelp families and the broader radiation of complex kelps, demonstrating that the initial radiation of the latter resulted from an increase in speciation rate around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. This burst in speciation rate is consistent with a possible role of recent climatic cooling in triggering the kelp radiation and pre-dates the origin of benthic-foraging carnivores. Historical biogeographical reconstructions point to a northeast Pacific origin of complex kelps, with subsequent colonization of new habitats likely playing an important role in driving their ecological diversification. We infer that complex morphologies associated with modern kelp forests (e.g. branching, pneumatocysts) evolved several times over the past 15-20 MY, highlighting the importance of morphological convergence in establishing modern upright kelp forests. Our phylogenomic findings provide new insights into the geographical and ecological proliferation of kelps and provide a timeline along which feedbacks between kelps and their food-webs could have shaped the structure of temperate ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Starko
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield V0R 1B0, Canada; Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Quadra Island, Canada.
| | - Marybel Soto Gomez
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hayley Darby
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kyle W Demes
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Kawai
- Department of Biology, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 657-8501, Japan
| | - Norishige Yotsukura
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Sandra C Lindstrom
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sean W Graham
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany & Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield V0R 1B0, Canada; Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, Quadra Island, Canada
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150
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Alsuwaiyan NA, Mohring MB, Cambridge M, Coleman MA, Kendrick GA, Wernberg T. A review of protocols for the experimental release of kelp (Laminariales) zoospores. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8387-8398. [PMID: 31380097 PMCID: PMC6662330 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kelps (order Laminariales) are foundation species in temperate and arctic seas globally, but they are in decline in many places. Laminarian kelp have an alternation of generations and this poses challenges for experimental studies due to the difficulties in achieving zoospore release and gametophyte growth. Here, we review and synthesize the protocols that have been used to induce zoospore release in kelps to identify commonalities and provide guidance on best practices. We found 171 papers, where zoospore release was induced in four kelp families from 35 different ecoregions. The most commonly treated family was Laminariaceae, followed by Lessoniaceae and the most studied ecoregion was Central Chile, followed by the Southern California Bight. Zoospore release generally involved three steps: a pretreatment which included cleaning of the reproductive tissue to eliminate epiphytic organisms, followed by desiccation of the tissue, and finally a postdesiccation immersion of the reproductive material in a seawater medium for zoospore release. Despite these commonalities, there was a high degree of variation in the detail within each of these steps, even among studies within genera and from the same ecoregions. This suggests either that zoospore release may be relatively insensitive across the Laminariales or that little methods optimization has been undertaken. We suggest that greater attention to standardization of protocols and reporting of methodology and optimization would improve comparisons of kelp zoospore release across species and locations and facilitate a broader understanding of this key, but understudied life history stage. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0kh1f8j.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahlah A. Alsuwaiyan
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of BiologyUnaizah College of Sciences and Arts, Qassim UniversityUnaizahSaudi Arabia
| | - Margaret B. Mohring
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- Department of Parks and WildlifeKensingtonWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Marion Cambridge
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Melinda A. Coleman
- National Marine Science CentreSouthern Cross UniversityCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Primary IndustriesNational Marine Science CentreCoffs HarbourNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Gary A. Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Oceans InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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