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Llorente B, D’Andrea L, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Evolutionary Recycling of Light Signaling Components in Fleshy Fruits: New Insights on the Role of Pigments to Monitor Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:263. [PMID: 27014289 PMCID: PMC4780243 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Besides an essential source of energy, light provides environmental information to plants. Photosensory pathways are thought to have occurred early in plant evolution, probably at the time of the Archaeplastida ancestor, or perhaps even earlier. Manipulation of individual components of light perception and signaling networks in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) affects the metabolism of ripening fruit at several levels. Most strikingly, recent experiments have shown that some of the molecular mechanisms originally devoted to sense and respond to environmental light cues have been re-adapted during evolution to provide plants with useful information on fruit ripening progression. In particular, the presence of chlorophylls in green fruit can strongly influence the spectral composition of the light filtered through the fruit pericarp. The concomitant changes in light quality can be perceived and transduced by phytochromes (PHYs) and PHY-interacting factors, respectively, to regulate gene expression and in turn modulate the production of carotenoids, a family of metabolites that are relevant for the final pigmentation of ripe fruits. We raise the hypothesis that the evolutionary recycling of light-signaling components to finely adjust pigmentation to the actual ripening stage of the fruit may have represented a selective advantage for primeval fleshy-fruited plants even before the extinction of dinosaurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briardo Llorente
- *Correspondence: Briardo Llorente, ; Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción,
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102
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Esparza-Araiza MJ, Bañuelos-Hernández B, Argüello-Astorga GR, Lara-Ávila JP, Goodwin PH, Isordia-Jasso MI, Castillo-Collazo R, Rougon-Cardoso A, Alpuche-Solís ÁG. Evaluation of a SUMO E2 Conjugating Enzyme Involved in Resistance to Clavibacter michiganensis Subsp. michiganensis in Solanum peruvianum, Through a Tomato Mottle Virus VIGS Assay. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1019. [PMID: 26734014 PMCID: PMC4681775 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato. Currently, no Solanum lycopersicum resistant varieties are commercially available, but some degree of Cmm resistance has been identified in Solanum peruvianum. Previous research showed up-regulation of a SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme (SCEI) transcript in S. peruvianum compared to S. lycopersicum following infection with Cmm. In order to test the role of SCEI in resistance to Cmm, a fragment of SCEI from S. peruvianum was cloned into a novel virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) vector based on the geminivirus, Tomato Mottle Virus (ToMoV). Using biolistic inoculation, the ToMoV-based VIGS vector was shown to be effective in S. peruvianum by silencing the magnesium chelatase gene, resulting in leaf bleaching. VIGS with the ToMoV_SCEI construct resulted in ~61% silencing of SCEI in leaves of S. peruvianum as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. The SCEI-silenced plants showed unilateral wilting (15 dpi) and subsequent death (20 dpi) of the entire plant after Cmm inoculation, whereas the empty vector-treated plants only showed wilting in the Cmm-inoculated leaf. The SCEI-silenced plants showed higher Cmm colonization and an average of 4.5 times more damaged tissue compared to the empty vector control plants. SCEI appears to play an important role in the innate immunity of S. peruvianum against Cmm, perhaps through the regulation of transcription factors, leading to expression of proteins involved in salicylic acid-dependent defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra J. Esparza-Araiza
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Gerardo R. Argüello-Astorga
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - José P. Lara-Ávila
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San LuisSan Luis Potosí, México
| | - Paul H. Goodwin
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - María I. Isordia-Jasso
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Rosalba Castillo-Collazo
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Alejandra Rougon-Cardoso
- Laboratory of Agrogenomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, ENES-LeónLeón, México
| | - Ángel G. Alpuche-Solís
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.San Luis Potosí, México
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103
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Zhirnov IV, Trifonova EA, Kochetov AV, Shumny VK. Virus-induced silencing as a method for studying gene functions in higher plants. RUSS J GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795415050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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104
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Kadomura-Ishikawa Y, Miyawaki K, Takahashi A, Masuda T, Noji S. Light and abscisic acid independently regulated FaMYB10 in Fragaria × ananassa fruit. PLANTA 2015; 241:953-65. [PMID: 25534946 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light and ABA independently regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis via activation of FaMYB10 expression. FaMYB10 accelerated anthocyanin synthesis of pelargonidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside during strawberry fruit ripening. Light is an integral factor in fruit ripening. Ripening in non-climacteric fruit is also effected by the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). However, how light and/or ABA regulate fruit ripening processes, such as strawberry color development remains elusive. Results of the present study showed light and ABA regulated strawberry fruit coloration via activation of FaMYB10 expression, an R2R3 MYB transcription factor. Light exposure increased FaMYB10 transcript levels, flavonoid pathway genes, and anthocyanin content. Exogenous ABA promoted FaMYB10 expression, and anthocyanin content, accompanied by increased ABA-responsive transcript levels and flavonoid pathway genes. ABA biosynthesis inhibitor treatment, and RNAi-mediated down-regulation of the ABA biosynthetic gene (9-cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase: FaNCED1), and ABA receptor (magnesium chelatase H subunit: FaCHLH/ABAR) showed inverse ABA effects. Furthermore, additive effects were observed in anthocyanin accumulation under combined light and ABA, indicating independent light and ABA signaling pathways. FaMYB10 down-regulation by Agrobacterium-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) in strawberry fruits showed decreased pelargonidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside levels, accompanied by consistent flavonoid pathway gene expression levels. FaMYB10 over-expression showed opposite FaMYB10 RNAi phenotypes, particularly cyanidin 3-glucoside synthesis by FaMYB10, which was correlated with FaF3'H transcript levels. These data provided evidence that light and ABA promoted FaMYB10 expression, resulting in anthocyanin accumulation via acceleration of flavonoid pathway gene expression. Finally, our results suggested FaMYB10 serves a role as a signal transduction mediator from light and ABA perception to anthocyanin synthesis in strawberry fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kadomura-Ishikawa
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan,
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105
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Bian ZH, Yang QC, Liu WK. Effects of light quality on the accumulation of phytochemicals in vegetables produced in controlled environments: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:869-77. [PMID: 24930957 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemicals in vegetables are important for human health, and their biosynthesis, metabolism and accumulation are affected by environmental factors. Light condition (light quality, light intensity and photoperiod) is one of the most important environmental variables in regulating vegetable growth, development and phytochemical accumulation, particularly for vegetables produced in controlled environments. With the development of light-emitting diode (LED) technology, the regulation of light environments has become increasingly feasible for the provision of ideal light quality, intensity and photoperiod for protected facilities. In this review, the effects of light quality regulation on phytochemical accumulation in vegetables produced in controlled environments are identified, highlighting the research progress and advantages of LED technology as a light environment regulation tool for modifying phytochemical accumulation in vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Hua Bian
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, 100081, Beijing, P.R. China; Key Lab. of Energy Conservation and Waste Management of Agricultural Structures, Ministry of Agriculture, 100081, Beijing, P.R China
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106
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González CV, Fanzone ML, Cortés LE, Bottini R, Lijavetzky DC, Ballaré CL, Boccalandro HE. Fruit-localized photoreceptors increase phenolic compounds in berry skins of field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 110:46-57. [PMID: 25514818 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight exposure has multiple effect on fruits, as it affects the light climate perceived by fruit photoreceptors and fruit tissue temperature. In grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), light exposure can have a strong effect on fruit quality and commercial value; however, the mechanisms of light action are not well understood. The role of fruit-localized photoreceptors in the control of berry quality traits was evaluated under field conditions in a commercial vineyard in Mendoza (Argentina). Characterization of the diurnal dynamics of the fruit light environment in a vertical trellis system indicated that clusters were shaded by leaves during most of the photoperiod. Supplementation of the fruit light environment from 20 days before veraison until technological harvest showed that red (R, 660 nm) and blue (B, 470 nm) light strongly increased total phenolic compound levels at harvest in the berry skins without affecting sugar content, acidity or berry size. Far-red (FR, 730 nm) and green (G, 560 nm) light supplementation had relatively small effects. The stimulation of berry phytochromes and cryptochromes favored accumulation of flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds, including anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, phenolic acids and stilbenes. These results demonstrate that the chemical composition of grape berries is modulated by the light quality received by the clusters under field conditions, and that fruit photoreceptors are not saturated even in areas of high insolation and under management systems that are considered to result in a relatively high exposure of fruits to solar radiation. Therefore, manipulation of the light environment or the light sensitivity of fruits could have significant effects on critical grape quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Verónica González
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, 5505 Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Martín Leandro Fanzone
- Laboratorio de Aromas y Sustancias Naturales, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, San Martin 3853, 5507, Mayor Drummond, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Leandro Emanuel Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, 5505 Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Rubén Bottini
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, 5505 Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Diego Claudio Lijavetzky
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, 5505 Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Carlos Luis Ballaré
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura, Universidad de Buenos Aires, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Hernán Esteban Boccalandro
- Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, 5505 Chacras de Coria, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Ciudad Universitaria, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
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107
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Gerszberg A, Hnatuszko-Konka K, Kowalczyk T. In vitro regeneration of eight cultivars of Brassica oleracea var. capitata. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 2015; 51:80-87. [PMID: 25774081 DOI: 10.1007/s11240-014-0664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Eight cultivars of Brassica oleracea var. capitata and two types of explant (hypocotyl and cotyledon) were tested for their potential to regenerate under in vitro conditions. Hypocotyl and cotyledon explants from 10-d-old seedlings were subcultured onto different callus induction media based on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 1% sucrose and different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators. Hypocotyl explants were found to be more suitable for callus induction and organogenesis than cotyledon explants for all cultivars tested. In terms of regeneration, the cv. 'Amager' was significantly more responsive than the other cultivars tested and produced the highest number of shoots/buds per explant. Moreover, among five types of media tested, MS + 8.88 μM 6-benzyloaminopurine (BAP) + 0.53 μM α-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) was most effective for shoot regeneration. Rooting was achieved within 10-15 d on all the rooting media, but MS medium containing 5.37 μM NAA produced the maximum number of strong and healthy roots. Plantlets (95%) were subsequently established in the greenhouse, and no phenotypic variations were observed among regenerated plants. This plant regeneration protocol could be suitable for a wide range of cabbage cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gerszberg
- Department of Genetics Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hnatuszko-Konka
- Department of Genetics Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Genetics Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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108
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Liu L, Shao Z, Zhang M, Wang Q. Regulation of carotenoid metabolism in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:28-39. [PMID: 25578270 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids serve diverse functions in vastly different organisms that both produce and consume them. Enhanced carotenoid accumulation is of great importance in the visual and functional properties of fruits and vegetables. Significant progress has been achieved in recent years in our understanding of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using biochemical and genetics approaches. The carotenoid metabolic network is temporally and spatially controlled, and plants have evolved strategic tactics to regulate carotenoid metabolism in response to various developmental and environmental factors. In this review, we summarize the current status of studies on transcription factors and phytohormones that regulate carotenoid biosynthesis, catabolism, and storage capacity in plastids, as well as the responses of carotenoid metabolism to environmental cues in tomato fruits. Transcription factors function either in cooperation with or independently of phytohormone signaling to regulate carotenoid metabolism, providing novel approaches for metabolic engineering of carotenoid composition and content in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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109
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Photo-biotechnology as a tool to improve agronomic traits in crops. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 33:53-63. [PMID: 25532679 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are photosensory phosphoproteins with crucial roles in plant developmental responses to light. Functional studies of individual phytochromes have revealed their distinct roles in the plant's life cycle. Given the importance of phytochromes in key plant developmental processes, genetically manipulating phytochrome expression offers a promising approach to crop improvement. Photo-biotechnology refers to the transgenic expression of phytochrome transgenes or variants of such transgenes. Several studies have indicated that crop cultivars can be improved by modulating the expression of phytochrome genes. The improved traits include enhanced yield, improved grass quality, shade-tolerance, and stress resistance. In this review, we discuss the transgenic expression of phytochrome A and its hyperactive mutant (Ser599Ala-PhyA) in selected crops, such as Zoysia japonica (Japanese lawn grass), Agrostis stolonifera (creeping bentgrass), Oryza sativa (rice), Solanum tuberosum (potato), and Ipomea batatas (sweet potato). The transgenic expression of PhyA and its mutant in various plant species imparts biotechnologically useful traits. Here, we highlight recent advances in the field of photo-biotechnology and review the results of studies in which phytochromes or variants of phytochromes were transgenically expressed in various plant species. We conclude that photo-biotechnology offers an excellent platform for developing crops with improved properties.
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110
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Liu Y, Zeng S, Sun W, Wu M, Hu W, Shen X, Wang Y. Comparative analysis of carotenoid accumulation in two goji (Lycium barbarum L. and L. ruthenicum Murr.) fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:269. [PMID: 25511605 PMCID: PMC4276078 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The traditional Chinese medicinal plants Lycium barbarum L. and L. ruthenicum Murr. are valued for the abundance of bioactive carotenoids and anthocyanins in their fruits, respectively. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to their species-specific bioactive profiles remain poorly understood. RESULTS In this study, the red fruit (RF) of L. barbarum was found to accumulate high levels of carotenoids (primarily zeaxanthin), while they were undetectable in the black fruit (BF) of L. ruthenicum. Cytological and gene transcriptional analyses revealed that the chromoplast differentiation that occurs in the chloroplast during fruit ripening only occurs in RF, indicating that the lack of chromoplast biogenesis in BF leads to no sink for carotenoid storage and the failure to synthesize carotenoids. Similar enzyme activities of phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1), chromoplast-specific lycopene β-cyclase (CYC-B) and β-carotene hydroxylase 2 (CRTR-B2) were observed in both L. ruthenicum and L. barbarum, suggesting that the undetectable carotenoid levels in BF were not due to the inactivation of carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes. The transcript levels of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes, particularly PSY1, phytoene desaturase (PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), CYC-B and CRTR-B2, were greatly increased during RF ripening, indicating increased zeaxanthin biosynthesis. Additionally, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) was expressed at much higher levels in BF than in RF, suggesting continuous carotenoid degradation in BF. CONCLUSIONS The failure of the chromoplast development in BF causes low carotenoid biosynthesis levels and continuous carotenoid degradation, which ultimately leads to undetectable carotenoid levels in ripe BF. In contrast, the successful chromoplast biogenesis in RF furnishes the sink necessary for carotenoid storage. Based on this observation, the abundant zeaxanthin accumulation in RF is primarily determined via both the large carotenoid biosynthesis levels and the lack of carotenoid degradation, which are regulated at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liu
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China
- />University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shaohua Zeng
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650 China
| | - Wei Sun
- />Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Min Wu
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650 China
| | - Weiming Hu
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China
- />University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China
- />University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Ying Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074 China
- />Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650 China
- />Northwest Center for Agrobiotechnology (Ningxia), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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111
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Mao K, Jiang L, Bo W, Xu F, Wu R. Cloning of the cryptochrome-encoding PeCRY1 gene from Populus euphratica and functional analysis in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115201. [PMID: 25503486 PMCID: PMC4264880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue/UV-A light receptors that evolved from photolyases. In plants, cryptochromes regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. Despite of their involvement in the control of important plant traits, however, most studies on cryptochromes have focused on lower plants and herbaceous crops, and no data on cryptochrome function are available for forest trees. In this study, we isolated a cryptochrome gene, PeCRY1, from Euphrates poplar (Populus euphratica), and analyzed its structure and function in detail. The deduced PeCRY1 amino acid sequence contained a conserved N-terminal photolyase-homologous region (PHR) domain as well as a C-terminal DQXVP-acidic-STAES (DAS) domain. Secondary and tertiary structure analysis showed that PeCRY1 shares high similarity with AtCRY1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. PeCRY1 expression was upregulated at the mRNA level by light. Using heterologous expression in Arabidopsis, we showed that PeCRY1 overexpression rescued the cry1 mutant phenotype. In addition, PeCRY1 overexpression inhibited hypocotyl elongation, promoted root growth, and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in wild-type background seedlings grown under blue light. Furthermore, we examined the interaction between PeCRY1 and AtCOP1 using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFc) assay. Our data provide evidence for the involvement of PeCRY1 in the control of photomorphogenesis in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Mao
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhao Bo
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- * E-mail:
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112
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Cocaliadis MF, Fernández-Muñoz R, Pons C, Orzaez D, Granell A. Increasing tomato fruit quality by enhancing fruit chloroplast function. A double-edged sword? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4589-98. [PMID: 24723405 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fruits are generally regarded as photosynthate sinks as they rely on energy provided by sugars transported from leaves to carry out the highly demanding processes of development and ripening; eventually these imported photosynthates also contribute to the fruit organoleptic properties. Three recent reports have revealed, however, that transcriptional factors enhancing chloroplast development in fruit may result in higher contents not only of tomato fruit-specialized metabolites but also of sugars. In addition to suggesting new ways to improve fruit quality by fortifying fruit chloroplasts and plastids, these results prompted us to re-evaluate the importance of the contribution of chloroplasts/photosynthesis to fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Cocaliadis
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, E-29750 Algarrobo-Costa (Málaga), Spain
| | - Clara Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n E-46022 Valencia, Spain
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Gupta SK, Sharma S, Santisree P, Kilambi HV, Appenroth K, Sreelakshmi Y, Sharma R. Complex and shifting interactions of phytochromes regulate fruit development in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1688-702. [PMID: 24433205 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruit ripening is a complex metabolic process regulated by a genetical hierarchy. A subset of this process is also modulated by light signalling, as mutants encoding negative regulators of phytochrome signal transduction show higher accumulation of carotenoids. In tomato, phytochromes are encoded by a multi-gene family, namely PHYA, PHYB1, PHYB2, PHYE and PHYF; however, their contribution to fruit development and ripening has not been examined. Using single phytochrome mutants phyA, phyB1 and phyB2 and multiple mutants phyAB1, phyB1B2 and phyAB1B2, we compared the on-vine transitory phases of ripening until fruit abscission. The phyAB1B2 mutant showed accelerated transitions during ripening, with shortest time to fruit abscission. Comparison of transition intervals in mutants indicated a phase-specific influence of different phytochrome species either singly or in combination on the ripening process. Examination of off-vine ripened fruits indicated that ripening-specific carotenoid accumulation was not obligatorily dependent upon light and even dark-incubated fruits accumulated carotenoids. The accumulation of transcripts and carotenoids in off-vine and on-vine ripened mutant fruits indicated a complex and shifting phase-dependent modulation by phytochromes. Our results indicate that, in addition to regulating carotenoid levels in tomato fruits, phytochromes also regulate the time required for phase transitions during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Gupta
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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Dhar MK, Sharma R, Koul A, Kaul S. Development of fruit color in Solanaceae: a story of two biosynthetic pathways. Brief Funct Genomics 2014; 14:199-212. [PMID: 24916164 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the major differences between the regulation of two important pathways namely anthocyanin and carotenoid pathways, responsible for fruit color generation in Solanaceae mediated by transcription factors (TFs). The anthocyanin pathway is regulated by a common set of TFs (MYB, MYC and WD40) belonging to specific families of DNA-binding proteins. Their regulation is aimed at controlling the type and amount of pigments produced and the physiological conditions (like pH) at which they are finally stored. In the carotenoid pathway, the color diversity depends on the quantity of pigment produced and the point where the pathway is arrested. TFs in the latter case are accordingly found to influence the sequestration and degradation of these pigments, which determines their final concentration in the tissue. TFs (phytochrome interacting factors, MADS-BOX, HB-ZIP and B-ZIP) also regulate important rate-determining steps, which decide the direction in which the pathway proceeds and the point at which it is terminated. In the absence of a clear pattern of TF-mediated regulation, it is suggested that the carotenoid pathway is more significantly influenced by other regulatory methods which need to be explored. It is expected that common factors affecting these pathways are the ones acting much before the initiation of the biosynthesis of respective pigments.
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115
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Mattoo AK. Translational research in agricultural biology-enhancing crop resistivity against environmental stress alongside nutritional quality. Front Chem 2014; 2:30. [PMID: 24926479 PMCID: PMC4046571 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Autar K. Mattoo
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, The Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research ServiceBeltsville, MD, USA
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Leduc N, Roman H, Barbier F, Péron T, Huché-Thélier L, Lothier J, Demotes-Mainard S, Sakr S. Light Signaling in Bud Outgrowth and Branching in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 3:223-50. [PMID: 27135502 PMCID: PMC4844300 DOI: 10.3390/plants3020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Branching determines the final shape of plants, which influences adaptation, survival and the visual quality of many species. It is an intricate process that includes bud outgrowth and shoot extension, and these in turn respond to environmental cues and light conditions. Light is a powerful environmental factor that impacts multiple processes throughout plant life. The molecular basis of the perception and transduction of the light signal within buds is poorly understood and undoubtedly requires to be further unravelled. This review is based on current knowledge on bud outgrowth-related mechanisms and light-mediated regulation of many physiological processes. It provides an extensive, though not exhaustive, overview of the findings related to this field. In parallel, it points to issues to be addressed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Leduc
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - Hanaé Roman
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - François Barbier
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Thomas Péron
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
| | - Lydie Huché-Thélier
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Beaucouzé F-49070, France
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Université d’Angers, L’Université Nantes Angers Le Mans, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (H.R.); (J.L.)
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sabine Demotes-Mainard
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Beaucouzé F-49070, France
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- SFR 4207 Qualité et Santé du Végétal, Angers F-49000, France; E-Mails: (F.B.); (T.P.); (L.H.-T.); (S.D.-M.); (S.S.)
- Agrocampus-Ouest, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1345 IRHS, Angers F-49000, France
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117
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Tang K, Shen Q, Yan T, Fu X. Transgenic approach to increase artemisinin content in Artemisia annua L. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:605-15. [PMID: 24413765 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin, the endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone, is an effective antimalarial drug isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant Artemisia annua L. Due to its effectiveness against multi-drug-resistant cerebral malaria, it becomes the essential components of the artemisinin-based combination therapies which are recommended by the World Health Organization as the preferred choice for malaria tropica treatments. To date, plant A. annua is still the main commercial source of artemisinin. Although semi-synthesis of artemisinin via artemisinic acid in yeast is feasible at present, another promising approach to reduce the price of artemisinin is using plant metabolic engineering to obtain a higher content of artemisinin in transgenic plants. In the past years, an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system of A. annua has been established by which a number of genes related to artemisinin biosynthesis have been successfully transferred into A. annua plants. In this review, the progress on increasing artemisinin content in A. annua by transgenic approach and its future prospect are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China,
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Gupta N, Prasad VBR, Chattopadhyay S. LeMYC2 acts as a negative regulator of blue light mediated photomorphogenic growth, and promotes the growth of adult tomato plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:38. [PMID: 24483714 PMCID: PMC3922655 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabidopsis ZBF1/MYC2bHLH transcription factor is a repressor of photomorphogenesis, and acts as a point of cross talk in light, abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways. MYC2 also functions as a positive regulator of lateral root development and flowering time under long day conditions. However, the function of MYC2 in growth and development remains unknown in crop plants. RESULTS Here, we report the functional analyses of LeMYC2 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The amino acid sequence of LeMYC2 showed extensive homology with Arabidopsis MYC2, containing the conserved bHLH domain. To study the function of LeMYC2 in tomato, overexpression and RNA interference (RNAi) LeMYC2 tomato transgenic plants were generated. Examination of seedling morphology, physiological responses and light regulated gene expression has revealed that LeMYC2 works as a negative regulator of blue light mediated photomorphogenesis. Furthermore, LeMYC2 specifically binds to the G-box of LeRBCS-3A promoter. Overexpression of LeMYC2 has led to increased root length with more number of lateral roots. The tomato plants overexpressing LeMYC2 have reduced internode distance with more branches, and display the opposite morphology to RNAi transgenic lines. Furthermore, this study shows that LeMYC2 promotes ABA and JA responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this study highlights that working in light, ABA and JA signaling pathways LeMYC2 works as an important regulator for growth and development in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Gupta
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, India
| | | | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur 713209, India
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119
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Zoratti L, Karppinen K, Luengo Escobar A, Häggman H, Jaakola L. Light-controlled flavonoid biosynthesis in fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:534. [PMID: 25346743 PMCID: PMC4191440 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light is one of the most important environmental factors affecting flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. The absolute dependency of light to the plant development has driven evolvement of sophisticated mechanisms to sense and transduce multiple aspects of the light signal. Light effects can be categorized in photoperiod (duration), intensity (quantity), direction and quality (wavelength) including UV-light. Recently, new information has been achieved on the regulation of light-controlled flavonoid biosynthesis in fruits, in which flavonoids have a major contribution on quality. This review focuses on the effects of the different light conditions on the control of flavonoid biosynthesis in fruit producing plants. An overview of the currently known mechanisms of the light-controlled flavonoid accumulation is provided. R2R3 MYB transcription factors are known to regulate by differential expression the biosynthesis of distinct flavonoids in response to specific light wavelengths. Despite recent advances, many gaps remain to be understood in the mechanisms of the transduction pathway of light-controlled flavonoid biosynthesis. A better knowledge on these regulatory mechanisms is likely to be useful for breeding programs aiming to modify fruit flavonoid pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zoratti
- Department of Biology, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | | | - Ana Luengo Escobar
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de la FronteraTemuco, Chile
| | - Hely Häggman
- Department of Biology, University of OuluOulu, Finland
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Bioforsk Nord HoltTromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Laura Jaakola, Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Holtveien 62, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway e-mail:
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120
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Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are photolyase-like flavoproteins that have been found in all evolutionary lineages. Plant and animal CRYs are no longer DNA-repairing enzymes but they apparently gained other biochemical functions in evolution. Plant CRYs are UV-A/blue-light photoreceptors and play a pivotal role in plant growth and development, whereas animal CRYs act as either photoreceptors or transcription regulators. The first CRY gene was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, which regulates stem growth, flowering time, stomatal opening, circadian clock, and other light responses. CRYs are also found in all major crops investigated, with additional functions discovered, such as seed germination, leaf senescence, and stress responses. In this chapter, we will review some aspects of CRY-mediated light responses in plants. Readers are referred to other review articles for photochemistry and signal transduction mechanism of plant CRYs (Liu et al., 2010, 2011; Fankhauser and Ulm, 2011) [1-3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- The Basic Forestry and Biotechnology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Qin Wang
- The Basic Forestry and Biotechnology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paula Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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121
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Berenschot AS, Quecini V. A reverse genetics approach identifies novel mutants in light responses and anthocyanin metabolism in petunia. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:1-13. [PMID: 24554834 PMCID: PMC3925473 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-013-0212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flower color and plant architecture are important commercially valuable features for ornamental petunias (Petunia x hybrida Vilm.). Photoperception and light signaling are the major environmental factors controlling anthocyanin and chlorophyll biosynthesis and shade-avoidance responses in higher plants. The genetic regulators of these processes were investigated in petunia by in silico analyses and the sequence information was used to devise a reverse genetics approach to probe mutant populations. Petunia orthologs of photoreceptor, light-signaling components and anthocyanin metabolism genes were identified and investigated for functional conservation by phylogenetic and protein motif analyses. The expression profiles of photoreceptor gene families and of transcription factors regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis were obtained by bioinformatic tools. Two mutant populations, generated by an alkalyting agent and by gamma irradiation, were screened using a phenotype-independent, sequence-based method by high-throughput PCR-based assay. The strategy allowed the identification of novel mutant alleles for anthocyanin biosynthesis (CHALCONE SYNTHASE) and regulation (PH4), and for light signaling (CONSTANS) genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Berenschot
- />Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Genéticos, Instituto Agronômico, Caixa Postal 28, 13001-970 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - Vera Quecini
- />Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Rua Livramento, 515, 95700-000 Bento Gonçalves, RS Brazil
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122
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Bergougnoux V. The history of tomato: From domestication to biopharming. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:170-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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123
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Zoratti L, Karppinen K, Luengo Escobar A, Häggman H, Jaakola L. Light-controlled flavonoid biosynthesis in fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:534. [PMID: 25346743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.005341996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light is one of the most important environmental factors affecting flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. The absolute dependency of light to the plant development has driven evolvement of sophisticated mechanisms to sense and transduce multiple aspects of the light signal. Light effects can be categorized in photoperiod (duration), intensity (quantity), direction and quality (wavelength) including UV-light. Recently, new information has been achieved on the regulation of light-controlled flavonoid biosynthesis in fruits, in which flavonoids have a major contribution on quality. This review focuses on the effects of the different light conditions on the control of flavonoid biosynthesis in fruit producing plants. An overview of the currently known mechanisms of the light-controlled flavonoid accumulation is provided. R2R3 MYB transcription factors are known to regulate by differential expression the biosynthesis of distinct flavonoids in response to specific light wavelengths. Despite recent advances, many gaps remain to be understood in the mechanisms of the transduction pathway of light-controlled flavonoid biosynthesis. A better knowledge on these regulatory mechanisms is likely to be useful for breeding programs aiming to modify fruit flavonoid pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zoratti
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Ana Luengo Escobar
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de la Frontera Temuco, Chile
| | - Hely Häggman
- Department of Biology, University of Oulu Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Climate laboratory Holt, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø, Norway ; Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Bioforsk Nord Holt Tromsø, Norway
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124
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Kadomura-Ishikawa Y, Miyawaki K, Noji S, Takahashi A. Phototropin 2 is involved in blue light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Fragaria x ananassa fruits. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:847-57. [PMID: 23982948 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are widespread, essential secondary metabolites in higher plants during color development in certain flowers and fruits. In strawberries, anthocyanins are also key contributors to fruit antioxidant capacity and nutritional value. However, the effects of different light qualities on anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa, cv. Sachinoka) fruits remain elusive. In the present study, we showed the most efficient increase in anthocyanin content occurred by blue light irradiation. Light sensing at the molecular level was investigated by isolation of two phototropin (FaPHOT1 and FaPHOT2), two cryptochrome (FaCRY1 and FaCRY2), and two phytochrome (FaPHYA and FaPHYB) homologs. Expression analysis revealed only FaPHOT2 transcripts markedly increased depending on fruit developmental stage, and a corresponding increase in anthocyanin content was detected. FaPHOT2 knockdown resulted in decreased anthocyanin content; however, overexpression increased anthocyanin content. These findings suggested blue light induced anthocyanin accumulation, and FaPHOT2 may play a role in sensing blue light, and mediating anthocyanin biosynthesis in strawberry fruits. This is the first report to find a relationship between visible light sensing, and color development in strawberry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Kadomura-Ishikawa
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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125
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Fantini E, Falcone G, Frusciante S, Giliberto L, Giuliano G. Dissection of tomato lycopene biosynthesis through virus-induced gene silencing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:986-98. [PMID: 24014574 PMCID: PMC3793073 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.224733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene biosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits has been proposed to proceed through a poly-cis pathway catalyzed by phytoene synthase (PSY), two desaturases (phytoene desaturase [PDS] and ζ-carotene desaturase [ZDS]), and two cis-trans isomerases (ζ-carotene isomerase [ZISO] and prolycopene isomerase [CrtISO]). The mechanism of action of these enzymes has been studied in Escherichia coli, but a systematic study of their in vivo function is lacking. We studied the function of nine candidate genes (PSY1, PSY2, PSY3, PDS, ZDS, ZISO, CrtISO, CrtISO-Like1, and CrtISO-Like2) using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) coupled to high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and mass spectrometry, which allowed the identification and quantitation of 45 different carotenoid isomers, including linear xanthophylls. The data confirm the confinement of the VIGS signal to the silenced fruits and the similarity of the phenotypes of PSY1- and CrtISO-silenced fruits with those of the yellow flesh and tangerine mutants. Light was able to restore lycopene biosynthesis in ZISO-silenced fruits. Isomeric composition of fruits silenced at different metabolic steps suggested the existence of three functional units, comprising PSY1, PDS/ZISO, and ZDS/CrtISO, and responsible for the synthesis of 15-cis-phytoene, 9,9'-di-cis-ζ-carotene, and all-trans-lycopene, respectively. Silencing of a desaturase (PDS or ZDS) resulted in the induction of the isomerase in the same functional unit (ZISO or CrtISO, respectively). All-trans-ζ-carotene was detectable in nonsilenced fruits, greatly increased in ZDS-silenced ones, and disappeared in CrtISO-Like1-/CrtISO-Like2-silenced ones, suggesting the existence of a metabolic side branch, comprising this compound and initiated by the latter enzymes.
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126
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Zhou Y, Gao L, Wang B, Wang T. Molecular cloning and characterization of three cryptochrome genes from the fern Asplenium yunnanense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:71-76. [PMID: 23545204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue light sensing photoreceptors involved in regulating various growth and developmental responses in plants. Using degenerate PCR, genome-walking and RT-PCR approaches, three full-length genomic sequences of cryptochrome genes (CRY1, 2 and 4) were isolated from the fern Asplenium yunnanense. These genes encode proteins with 581, 665 and 697 amino acids and are similar to Adiantum capillus-veneris blue-light photoreceptor AcCRY1, AcCRY2 and AcCRY4 proteins in identity at 83%, 81% and 77%, respectively. Sequence and structure analysis indicate that these proteins possess the typical PHR and CCT domains characteristic of other higher plant CRYs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three CRYs were grouped together with the CRYs from A. capillus-veneris, which comprise two distinct groups that cluster separately from other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Speciality Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China.
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Li YY, Mao K, Zhao C, Zhang RF, Zhao XY, Zhang HL, Shu HR, Zhao YJ. Molecular cloning of cryptochrome 1 from apple and its functional characterization in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 67:169-177. [PMID: 23570872 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are blue-light photoreceptors involved in regulating many aspects of plant growth and development. Investigations of cryptochromes in plants have largely focused on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), rice (Oryza sativa) and pea (Pisum sativum). Here, we isolated the cryptochrome 1 gene from apple (Malus domestica) (MdCRY1) and analyzed its function in transgenic Arabidopsis. The predicted MdCRY1 protein was most closely homologous to strawberry CRY1. In terms of transcript levels, MdCRY1 expression was up-regulated by light. The function of MdCRY1 was analyzed through heterologous expression in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of MdCRY1 in Arabidopsis is able to rescue the cry1 mutant phenotype, inhibit hypocotyl elongation, promote root growth, and enhance anthocyanin accumulation in wild-type seedlings under blue light. These data provide functional evidence for a role of MdCRY1 in controlling photomorphogenesis under blue light and indicate that CRY1 function is conserved between Arabidopsis and apple. Furthermore, we found that MdCRY1 interacts with AtCOP1 in both yeast and onion cells. This interaction may represent an important regulatory mechanism in blue-light signaling pathway in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ke Mao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Rui-Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xian-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hua-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Huai-Rui Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yu-Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China; College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China.
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Wang Y, Folta KM. Contributions of green light to plant growth and development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:70-8. [PMID: 23281393 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Light passing through or reflected from adjacent foliage provides a developing plant with information that is used to guide specific genetic and physiological processes. Changes in gene expression underlie adaptation to, or avoidance of, the light-compromised environment. These changes have been well described and are mostly attributed to a decrease in the red light to far-red light ratio and/or a reduction in blue light fluence rate. In most cases, these changes rely on the integration of red/far-red/blue light signals, leading to changes in phytohormone levels. Studies over the last decade have described distinct responses to green light and/or a shift of the blue-green, or red-green ratio. Responses to green light are typically low-light responses, suggesting that they may contribute to the adaptation to growth under foliage or within close proximity to other plants. This review summarizes the growth responses in artificially manipulated light environments with an emphasis on the roles of green wavebands. The information may be extended to understanding the influence of green light in shade avoidance responses as well as other plant developmental and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihai Wang
- Graduate Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
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Baek GY, Kim MH, Kim CH, Choi EG, Jin BO, Son JE, Kim HT. The Effect of LED light combination on the anthocyanin expression of lettuce. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3182/20130327-3-jp-3017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Facella P, Daddiego L, Perrotta G. CRY1a influences the diurnal transcription of photoreceptor genes in tomato plants after gibberellin treatment. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:1034-1036. [PMID: 22827952 PMCID: PMC3474674 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Light is one of the most important environmental signal for plants. Involvement of hormones, such as gibberellic acid, in light regulated development has been known for many years, though the molecular mechanisms remain still largely unknown. To shed light on possible interactions between phyto-hormones and photoperceptive photoreceptors of tomato, in a recent work we investigated the molecular effects of exogenous gibberellin to cryptochrome and phytochrome transcripts in wild type tomato as well as in a mutant genotype with a non-functional cryptochrome 1a and in a transgenic line overexpressing cryptochrome 2. Results highlight that following addition of gibberellin, cryptochrome and phytochrome transcription patterns are strongly modified, especially in cryptochrome 1a deficient plants. Our results suggest that cryptochrome mediated light responses can be modulated by gibberellin accumulation level, in tomato plants.
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131
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Lopez L, Carbone F, Bianco L, Giuliano G, Facella P, Perrotta G. Tomato plants overexpressing cryptochrome 2 reveal altered expression of energy and stress-related gene products in response to diurnal cues. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:994-1012. [PMID: 22082487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to sense and respond to the fluctuating light conditions, higher plants possess several families of photoreceptors, such as phytochromes (PHYs), cryptochromes (CRYs) and phototropins. CRYs are responsible for photomorphogenesis and play a role in circadian, developmental and adaptive growth regulation of plants. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), CRY2 controls vegetative development, flowering time, fruit antioxidant content as well as the diurnal transcription of several other photoreceptor genes. We applied large-scale molecular approaches to identify altered transcripts and proteins in tomato wild-type (WT) versus a CRY2 overexpressing transgenic genotype, under a diurnal rhythm. Our results showed that tomato CRY2 profoundly affects both gene and protein expression in response to daily light cycle. Particularly altered molecular pathways are related to biotic/abiotic stress, photosynthesis, including components of the light and dark reactions and of starch and sucrose biosynthesis, as well as to secondary metabolism, such as phenylpropanoid, phenolic and flavonoid/anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways. One of the most interesting results is the coordinated up-regulation, in the transgenic genotype, of a consistent number of transcripts and proteins involved in photorespiration and photosynthesis. It is conceivable that light modulates the energetic metabolism of tomato through a fine CRY2-mediated transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Lopez
- ENEA, Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella (MT), Italy ENEA, Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
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132
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Pan Z, Zeng Y, An J, Ye J, Xu Q, Deng X. An integrative analysis of transcriptome and proteome provides new insights into carotenoid biosynthesis and regulation in sweet orange fruits. J Proteomics 2012; 75:2670-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Facella P, Daddiego L, Giuliano G, Perrotta G. Gibberellin and auxin influence the diurnal transcription pattern of photoreceptor genes via CRY1a in tomato. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30121. [PMID: 22272283 PMCID: PMC3260215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant photoreceptors, phytochromes and cryptochromes, regulate many aspects of development and growth, such as seed germination, stem elongation, seedling de-etiolation, cotyledon opening, flower induction and circadian rhythms. There are several pieces of evidence of interaction between photoreceptors and phyto-hormones in all of these physiological processes, but little is known about molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying hormone-photoreceptor crosstalk. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work, we investigated the molecular effects of exogenous phyto-hormones to photoreceptor gene transcripts of tomato wt, as well as transgenic and mutant lines with altered cryptochromes, by monitoring day/night transcript oscillations. GA and auxin alter the diurnal expression level of different photoreceptor genes in tomato, especially in mutants that lack a working form of cryptochrome 1a: in those mutants the expression of some (IAA) or most (GA) photoreceptor genes is down regulated by these hormones. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results highlight the presence of molecular relationships among cryptochrome 1a protein, hormones, and photoreceptors' gene expression in tomato, suggesting that manipulation of cryptochromes could represent a good strategy to understand in greater depth the role of phyto-hormones in the plant photoperceptive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Facella
- Italian National Agency for New Technologues, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENA), Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Loretta Daddiego
- Italian National Agency for New Technologues, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENA), Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Giovanni Giuliano
- Italian National Agency for New Technologues, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENA), Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaetano Perrotta
- Italian National Agency for New Technologues, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENA), Trisaia Research Center, Rotondella, Italy
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134
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Ghorbani R, Poozesh V, Khorramdel S. Tomato Production for Human Health, Not Only for Food. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4113-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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135
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Lytovchenko A, Eickmeier I, Pons C, Osorio S, Szecowka M, Lehmberg K, Arrivault S, Tohge T, Pineda B, Anton MT, Hedtke B, Lu Y, Fisahn J, Bock R, Stitt M, Grimm B, Granell A, Fernie AR. Tomato fruit photosynthesis is seemingly unimportant in primary metabolism and ripening but plays a considerable role in seed development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1650-63. [PMID: 21972266 PMCID: PMC3327185 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.186874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Fruit of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), like those from many species, have been characterized to undergo a shift from partially photosynthetic to truly heterotrophic metabolism. While there is plentiful evidence for functional photosynthesis in young tomato fruit, the rates of carbon assimilation rarely exceed those of carbon dioxide release, raising the question of its role in this tissue. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of lines exhibiting a fruit-specific reduction in the expression of glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (GSA). Despite the fact that these plants contained less GSA protein and lowered chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic activity, they were characterized by few other differences. Indeed, they displayed almost no differences in fruit size, weight, or ripening capacity and furthermore displayed few alterations in other primary or intermediary metabolites. Although GSA antisense lines were characterized by significant alterations in the expression of genes associated with photosynthesis, as well as with cell wall and amino acid metabolism, these changes were not manifested at the phenotypic level. One striking feature of the antisense plants was their seed phenotype: the transformants displayed a reduced seed set and altered morphology and metabolism at early stages of fruit development, although these differences did not affect the final seed number or fecundity. Taken together, these results suggest that fruit photosynthesis is, at least under ambient conditions, not necessary for fruit energy metabolism or development but is essential for properly timed seed development and therefore may confer an advantage under conditions of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lytovchenko
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | | | - Clara Pons
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Marek Szecowka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Kerstin Lehmberg
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Stephanie Arrivault
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Benito Pineda
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Maria Teresa Anton
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Boris Hedtke
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Yinghong Lu
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Joachim Fisahn
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Antonio Granell
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (A.L., I.E., S.O., M.S., K.L., S.A., T.T., Y.L., J.F., R.B., M.S., A.R.F.); Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain (C.P., B.P., M.T.A., A.G.); Humboldt University, Institute of Biology, Plant Physiology, 10115 Berlin, Germany (B.H., B.G.)
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Liu H, Liu B, Zhao C, Pepper M, Lin C. The action mechanisms of plant cryptochromes. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:684-91. [PMID: 21983106 PMCID: PMC3277817 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRY) are blue-light receptors that mediate various light responses in plants. The photoexcited CRY molecules undergo several biophysical and biochemical changes, including electron transfer, phosphorylation and ubiquitination, resulting in conformational changes to propagate light signals. Two modes of CRY signal transduction have recently been discovered: the cryptochrome-interacting basic-helix-loop-helix 1 (CIB)-dependent CRY2 regulation of transcription; and the SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA1/CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (SPA1/COP1)-dependent cryptochrome regulation of proteolysis. Both CRY signaling pathways rely on blue light-dependent interactions between the CRY photoreceptor and its signaling proteins to modulate gene expression changes in response to blue light, leading to altered developmental programs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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137
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Farré G, Bai C, Twyman RM, Capell T, Christou P, Zhu C. Nutritious crops producing multiple carotenoids--a metabolic balancing act. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:532-40. [PMID: 21900035 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants and microbes produce multiple carotenoid pigments with important nutritional roles in animals. By unraveling the basis of carotenoid biosynthesis it has become possible to modulate the key metabolic steps in plants and thus increase the nutritional value of staple crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays) and potato (Solanum tuberosum). Multigene engineering has been used to modify three different metabolic pathways simultaneously, producing maize seeds with higher levels of carotenoids, folate and ascorbate. This strategy may allow the development of nutritionally enhanced staples providing adequate amounts of several unrelated nutrients. By focusing on different steps in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway, it is also possible to generate plants with enhanced levels of several nutritionally-beneficial carotenoid molecules simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Farré
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-CRA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, Lleida 25198, Spain
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138
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Carvalho RF, Aidar ST, Azevedo RA, Dodd IC, Peres LEP. Enhanced transpiration rate in the high pigment 1 tomato mutant and its physiological significance. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:546-550. [PMID: 21489107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Tomato high pigment (hp) mutants represent an interesting horticultural resource due to their enhanced accumulation of carotenoids, flavonoids and vitamin C. Since hp mutants are known for their exaggerated light responses, the molecules accumulated are likely to be antioxidants, recruited to deal with light and others stresses. Further phenotypes displayed by hp mutations are reduced growth and an apparent disturbance in water loss. Here, we examined the impact of the hp1 mutation and its near isogenic line cv Micro-Tom (MT) on stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), CO(2) assimilation (A) and water use efficiency (WUE). Detached hp1 leaves lost water more rapidly than control leaves, but this behaviour was reversed by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA), indicating the ability of hp1 to respond to this hormone. Although attached hp1 leaves had enhanced gs, E and A compared to control leaves, genotypic differences were lost when water was withheld. Both instantaneous leaf-level WUE and long-term whole plant WUE did not differ between hp1 and MT. Our results indicate a link between exaggerated light response and water loss in hp1, which has important implications for the use of this mutant in both basic and horticultural research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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139
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McGloughlin MN. Modifying agricultural crops for improved nutrition. N Biotechnol 2010; 27:494-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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140
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Narukawa M, Watanabe K, Inoue Y. Light-induced root hair formation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) roots at low pH is brought by chlorogenic acid synthesis and sugar. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2010; 123:789-99. [PMID: 20437192 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-010-0328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that chlorogenic acid (CGA) facilitated root hair formation at pH 4.0 in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids). Light was essential for this process. In the present study, we determined relationships between CGA, light, and sugar during root hair formation in lettuce seedlings. The amount of CGA increased with white light in intact seedlings. Exogenously applied CGA restored root hair formation in dark-grown intact seedlings at pH 4.0. However, no root hair formation was induced in decapitated seedlings regardless of light exposure and CGA application. Application of sucrose or glucose induced both root hair formation and CGA synthesis in light-grown decapitated seedlings at pH 4.0. Blue light was the most effective for both root hair formation and CGA synthesis when supplied with sucrose to decapitated seedlings. Addition of sucrose and CGA together induced root hair formation at pH 4.0 in dark-grown decapitated seedlings. Results suggest that light induced CGA synthesis from sugar in the roots. Sugar was also required for root hair formation other than starting material of CGA synthesis. In addition, an unknown low pH-induced factor was essential for lettuce root hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Narukawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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141
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Yu X, Liu H, Klejnot J, Lin C. The Cryptochrome Blue Light Receptors. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0135. [PMID: 21841916 PMCID: PMC3155252 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue light receptors originally discovered in Arabidopsis but later found in other plants, microbes, and animals. Arabidopsis has two cryptochromes, CRY1 and CRY2, which mediate primarily blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic control of floral initiation, respectively. In addition, cryptochromes also regulate over a dozen other light responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root development, bacterial and viral pathogen responses, abiotic stress responses, cell cycles, programmed cell death, apical dominance, fruit and ovule development, seed dormancy, and magnetoreception. Cryptochromes have two domains, the N-terminal PHR (Photolyase-Homologous Region) domain that bind the chromophore FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), and the CCE (CRY C-terminal Extension) domain that appears intrinsically unstructured but critical to the function and regulation of cryptochromes. Most cryptochromes accumulate in the nucleus, and they undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation or ubiquitination. It is hypothesized that photons excite electrons of the flavin molecule, resulting in redox reaction or circular electron shuttle and conformational changes of the photoreceptors. The photoexcited cryptochrome are phosphorylated to adopt an open conformation, which interacts with signaling partner proteins to alter gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels and consequently the metabolic and developmental programs of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhong Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John Klejnot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chentao Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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142
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Enfissi EM, Barneche F, Ahmed I, Lichtlé C, Gerrish C, McQuinn RP, Giovannoni JJ, Lopez-Juez E, Bowler C, Bramley PM, Fraser PD. Integrative transcript and metabolite analysis of nutritionally enhanced DE-ETIOLATED1 downregulated tomato fruit. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1190-215. [PMID: 20435899 PMCID: PMC2879742 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.073866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fruit-specific downregulation of the DE-ETIOLATED1 (DET1) gene product results in tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum) containing enhanced nutritional antioxidants, with no detrimental effects on yield. In an attempt to further our understanding of how modulation of this gene leads to improved quality traits, detailed targeted and multilevel omic characterization has been performed. Metabolite profiling revealed quantitative increases in carotenoid, tocopherol, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and anthocyanidins. Qualitative differences could also be identified within the phenolics, including unique formation in fruit pericarp tissues. These changes resulted in increased total antioxidant content both in the polar and nonpolar fractions. Increased transcription of key biosynthetic genes is a likely mechanism producing elevated phenolic-based metabolites. By contrast, high levels of isoprenoids do not appear to result from transcriptional regulation but are more likely related to plastid-based parameters, such as increased plastid volume per cell. Parallel metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the widespread effects of DET1 downregulation on diverse sectors of metabolism and sites of synthesis. Correlation analysis of transcripts and metabolites independently indicated strong coresponses within and between related pathways/processes. Interestingly, despite the fact that secondary metabolites were the most severely affected in ripe tomato fruit, our integrative analyses suggest that the coordinated activation of core metabolic processes in cell types amenable to plastid biogenesis is the main effect of DET1 loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia M.A. Enfissi
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Fredy Barneche
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, 75005 Paris, France
- Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn,” Villa Comunale, I 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Ikhlak Ahmed
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christiane Lichtlé
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Christopher Gerrish
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan P. McQuinn
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, New York 14853
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University Campus, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Enrique Lopez-Juez
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Peter M. Bramley
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Fraser
- Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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143
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Calvenzani V, Martinelli M, Lazzeri V, Giuntini D, Dall'Asta C, Galaverna G, Tonelli C, Ranieri A, Petroni K. Response of wild-type and high pigment-1 tomato fruit to UV-B depletion: flavonoid profiling and gene expression. PLANTA 2010; 231:755-65. [PMID: 20033231 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The tomato high pigment-1 (hp-1) mutant is characterised by exaggerated photoresponsiveness and increased fruit pigmentation, and carries a mutation in the HP1/LeDDB1 gene, encoding the tomato homologue of the negative regulator of the light signal transduction DDB1a from Arabidopsis. Here, we investigated the molecular events underlying flavonoid accumulation in flesh and peel of wild-type and hp-1 fruits in presence or absence of UV-B light. In hp-1 peel, a twofold higher level of rutin and an earlier accumulation of flavonoids than in wild-type were observed, which correlated to the earlier activation of most flavonoid biosynthetic genes compared to wild-type. In hp-1 flesh, flavonoid content was up to 8.5-fold higher than in wild-type and correlated to the higher transcript level of flavonoid genes compared to wild-type. In both tissues, the expression of flavonoid genes was correlated with the anticipated and/or enhanced activation of the light signal transduction genes: LeCOP1LIKE, LeCOP1 and LeHY5. In wild-type, flavonoid content was severely reduced by UV-B depletion mostly in peel, whereas in hp-1 it was significantly increased in flesh. The activation of flavonoid and light signal transduction genes was UV-B dependent mostly at the mature green stage, whereas LeDDB1 expression was not regulated by UV-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Calvenzani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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144
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Genetic engineering to enhance crop-based phytonutrients (nutraceuticals) to alleviate diet-related diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 698:122-43. [PMID: 21520708 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7347-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition studies have provided unambiguous evidence that a number of human health maladies including chronic coronary artery, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer and age- and lifestyle-related diseases are associated with the diet. Several favorable and a few deleterious natural dietary ingredients have been identified that predispose human populations to various genetic and epigenetic based disorders. Media dissemination of this information has greatly raised public awareness of the beneficial effects due to increased consumption of fruit, vegetables and whole grain cereals-foods rich in phytonutrients, protein and fiber. However, the presence of intrinsically low levels of the beneficial phytonutrients in the available genotypes of crop plants is not always at par with the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for different phytonutrients (nutraceuticals). Molecular engineering of crop plants has offered a number of tools to markedly enhance intracellular concentrations of some of the beneficial nutrients, levels that, in some cases, are closer to the RDA threshold. This review brings together literature on various strategies utilized for bioengineering both major and minor crops to increase the levels of desirable phytonutrients while also decreasing the concentrations of deleterious metabolites. Some of these include increases in: protein level in potato; lysine in corn and rice; methionine in alfalfa; carotenoids (beta-carotene, phytoene, lycopene, zeaxanthin and lutein) in rice, potato, canola, tomato; choline in tomato; folates in rice, corn, tomato and lettuce; vitamin C in corn and lettuce; polyphenolics such as flavonol, isoflavone, resveratrol, chlorogenic acid and other flavonoids in tomato; anthocyanin levels in tomato and potato; alpha-tocopherol in soybean, oil seed, lettuce and potato; iron and zinc in transgenic rice. Also, molecular engineering has succeeded in considerably reducing the levels of the offending protein glutelin in rice, offering proof of concept and a new beginning for the development of super-low glutelin cereals for celiac disease patients.
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145
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Azari R, Tadmor Y, Meir A, Reuveni M, Evenor D, Nahon S, Shlomo H, Chen L, Levin I. Light signaling genes and their manipulation towards modulation of phytonutrient content in tomato fruits. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:108-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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146
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Adato A, Mandel T, Mintz-Oron S, Venger I, Levy D, Yativ M, Domínguez E, Wang Z, De Vos RCH, Jetter R, Schreiber L, Heredia A, Rogachev I, Aharoni A. Fruit-surface flavonoid accumulation in tomato is controlled by a SlMYB12-regulated transcriptional network. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000777. [PMID: 20019811 PMCID: PMC2788616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle covering plants' aerial surfaces is a unique structure that plays a key role in organ development and protection against diverse stress conditions. A detailed analysis of the tomato colorless-peel y mutant was carried out in the framework of studying the outer surface of reproductive organs. The y mutant peel lacks the yellow flavonoid pigment naringenin chalcone, which has been suggested to influence the characteristics and function of the cuticular layer. Large-scale metabolic and transcript profiling revealed broad effects on both primary and secondary metabolism, related mostly to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, particularly flavonoids. These were not restricted to the fruit or to a specific stage of its development and indicated that the y mutant phenotype is due to a mutation in a regulatory gene. Indeed, expression analyses specified three R2R3-MYB-type transcription factors that were significantly down-regulated in the y mutant fruit peel. One of these, SlMYB12, was mapped to the genomic region on tomato chromosome 1 previously shown to harbor the y mutation. Identification of an additional mutant allele that co-segregates with the colorless-peel trait, specific down-regulation of SlMYB12 and rescue of the y phenotype by overexpression of SlMYB12 on the mutant background, confirmed that a lesion in this regulator underlies the y phenotype. Hence, this work provides novel insight to the study of fleshy fruit cuticular structure and paves the way for the elucidation of the regulatory network that controls flavonoid accumulation in tomato fruit cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Adato
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Mandel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Mintz-Oron
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ilya Venger
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dorit Levy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Yativ
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Department of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ric C. H. De Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, and Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Spain
| | - Ilana Rogachev
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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147
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Li Q, Kubota C. Effects of supplemental light quality on growth and phytochemicals of baby leaf lettuce. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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148
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Abstract
Plant-based foods offer an array of nutrients that are essential for human nutrition and promote good health. However, the major staple crops of the world are often deficient in some of these nutrients. Traditional agricultural approaches can marginally enhance the nutritional value of some foods, but the advances in molecular biology are rapidly being exploited to engineer crops with enhanced key nutrients. Nutritional targets include elevated mineral content, improved fatty acid composition, increased amino acid levels, and heightened antioxidant levels. Unfortunately, in many cases the benefits of these "biofortified" crops to human nutrition have not been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal D Hirschi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX 77030-2600, USA.
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149
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Gupta V, Mathur S, Solanke AU, Sharma MK, Kumar R, Vyas S, Khurana P, Khurana JP, Tyagi AK, Sharma AK. Genome analysis and genetic enhancement of tomato. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:152-81. [PMID: 19319709 DOI: 10.1080/07388550802688870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Solanaceae is an important family of vegetable crops, ornamentals and medicinal plants. Tomato has served as a model member of this family largely because of its enriched cytogenetic, genetic, as well as physical, maps. Mapping has helped in cloning several genes of importance such as Pto, responsible for resistance against bacterial speck disease, Mi-1.2 for resistance against nematodes, and fw2.2 QTL for fruit weight. A high-throughput genome-sequencing program has been initiated by an international consortium of 10 countries. Since heterochromatin has been found to be concentrated near centromeres, the consortium is focusing on sequencing only the gene-rich euchromatic region. Genomes of the members of Solanaceae show a significant degree of synteny, suggesting that the tomato genome sequence would help in the cloning of genes for important traits from other Solanaceae members as well. ESTs from a large number of cDNA libraries have been sequenced, and microarray chips, in conjunction with wide array of ripening mutants, have contributed immensely to the understanding of the fruit-ripening phenomenon. Work on the analysis of the tomato proteome has also been initiated. Transgenic tomato plants with improved abiotic stress tolerance, disease resistance and insect resistance, have been developed. Attempts have also been made to develop tomato as a bioreactor for various pharmaceutical proteins. However, control of fruit quality and ripening remains an active and challenging area of research. Such efforts should pave the way to improve not only tomato, but also other solanaceous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Gupta
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Plant Genomics, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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150
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Composition and phylogenetic analysis of wheat cryptochrome gene family. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:825-32. [PMID: 19626459 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochrome (CRY) gene family encodes photoreceptors mediating developmental responses to blue light throughout the life of plants. We report here the characterization of CRY gene family in hexaploid wheat. Degenerate PCR amplification of the regions encoding the conserved flavin-binding domain of CRY proteins yielded seven bands, resulting from amplification of CRY1a, CRY1b and CRY2 homologous genes. Assignment of individual amplicons to subgenomes was accomplished by comparing their sequence compositions with those from the ancestor species of wheat. ESTs coding for CRY-DASH like proteins were identified in wheat EST database in GenBank. Southern blot showed that TaCRY1a, TaCRY1b and TaCRY2 are single copy genes. We mapped TaCRY1a and TaCRY2 to chromosomes of homoeologous group 6, TaCRY1b to group 2, and TaCRY-DASH to group 7. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CRY subfamily diversification occurred before the divergence of monocots and dicots. The regulatory and functional changes of CRY members within subfamily are discussed.
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