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Cheng L, Tang X, Vance CP, White PJ, Zhang F, Shen J. Interactions between light intensity and phosphorus nutrition affect the phosphate-mining capacity of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2995-3003. [PMID: 24723402 PMCID: PMC4071820 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity affects photosynthetic carbon (C) fixation and the supply of carbon to roots. To evaluate interactions between carbon supply and phosphorus (P) supply, effects of light intensity on sucrose accumulation, root growth, cluster root formation, carboxylate exudation, and P uptake capacity were studied in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) grown hydroponically with either 200 µmol m(-2) s(-1) or 600 µmol m(-2) s(-1) light and a sufficient (50 µM P) or deficient (1 µM P) P supply. Plant biomass and root:shoot ratio increased with increasing light intensity, particularly when plants were supplied with sufficient P. Both low P supply and increasing light intensity increased the production of cluster roots and citrate exudation. Transcripts of a phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase gene (LaPEPC3) in cluster roots (which is related to the exudation of citrate), transcripts of a phosphate transporter gene (LaPT1), and P uptake all increased with increasing light intensity, under both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Across all four experimental treatments, increased cluster root formation and carboxylate exudation were associated with lower P concentration in the shoot and greater sucrose concentration in the roots. It is suggested that C in excess of shoot growth capabilities is translocated to the roots as sucrose, which serves as both a nutritional signal and a C-substrate for carboxylate exudation and cluster root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Cheng
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Carroll P Vance
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Philip J White
- Ecological Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Shen
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
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102
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Kang J, Yu H, Tian C, Zhou W, Li C, Jiao Y, Liu D. Suppression of Photosynthetic Gene Expression in Roots Is Required for Sustained Root Growth under Phosphate Deficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1156-1170. [PMID: 24868033 PMCID: PMC4081329 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants cope with inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiencies in their environment by adjusting their developmental programs and metabolic activities. For Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the developmental responses include the inhibition of primary root growth and the enhanced formation of lateral roots and root hairs. Pi deficiency also inhibits photosynthesis by suppressing the expression of photosynthetic genes. Early studies showed that photosynthetic gene expression was also suppressed in Pi-deficient roots, a nonphotosynthetic organ; however, the biological relevance of this phenomenon remains unknown. In this work, we characterized an Arabidopsis mutant, hypersensitive to Pi starvation7 (hps7), that is hypersensitive to Pi deficiency; the hypersensitivity includes an increased inhibition of root growth. HPS7 encodes a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase. Accumulation of HPS7 proteins in root tips is enhanced by Pi deficiency. Comparative RNA sequencing analyses indicated that the expression of many photosynthetic genes is activated in roots of hps7. Under Pi deficiency, the expression of photosynthetic genes in hps7 is further increased, which leads to enhanced accumulation of chlorophyll, starch, and sucrose. Pi-deficient hps7 roots also produce a high level of reactive oxygen species. Previous research showed that the overexpression of GOLDEN-like (GLK) transcription factors in transgenic Arabidopsis activates photosynthesis in roots. The GLK overexpressing (GLK OX) lines also exhibit increased inhibition of root growth under Pi deficiency. The increased inhibition of root growth in hps7 and GLK OX lines by Pi deficiency was completely reversed by growing the plants in the dark. Based on these results, we propose that suppression of photosynthetic gene expression is required for sustained root growth under Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Haopeng Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Caihuan Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Wenkun Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Chuanyou Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Yuling Jiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
| | - Dong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China (J.K., D.L.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (H.Y., C.T., W.Z., C.L., Y.J.)
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103
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Murakawa M, Shimojima M, Shimomura Y, Kobayashi K, Awai K, Ohta H. Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthesis in the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts is required for enhanced growth under sucrose supplementation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:280. [PMID: 25002864 PMCID: PMC4066442 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant galactolipid synthesis on the outer envelope membranes of chloroplasts is an important biosynthetic pathway for sustained growth under conditions of phosphate (Pi) depletion. During Pi starvation, the amount of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is increased to substitute for the phospholipids that are degraded for supplying Pi. An increase in DGDG concentration depends on an adequate supply of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), which is a substrate for DGDG synthesis and is synthesized by a type-B MGDG synthase, MGD3. Recently, sucrose was suggested to be a global regulator of plant responses to Pi starvation. Thus, we analyzed expression levels of several genes involved in lipid remodeling during Pi starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana and found that the abundance of MGD3 mRNA increased when sucrose was exogenously supplied to the growth medium. Sucrose supplementation retarded the growth of the Arabidopsis MGD3 knockout mutant mgd3 but enhanced the growth of transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MGD3 compared with wild type, indicating the involvement of MGD3 in plant growth under sucrose-replete conditions. Although most features such as chlorophyll content, photosynthetic activity, and Pi content were comparable between wild-type and the transgenic plants overexpressing MGD3, sucrose content in shoot tissues decreased and incorporation of exogenously supplied carbon to DGDG was enhanced in the MGD3-overexpressing plants compared with wild type. Our results suggest that MGD3 plays an important role in supplying DGDG as a component of extraplastidial membranes to support enhanced plant growth under conditions of carbon excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Murakawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimomura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Awai
- Graduate School of Science, Shizuoka UniversityShizuoka, Japan
- JST PRESTTokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyYokohama, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan
- JST CRESTTokyo, Japan
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104
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Dasgupta K, Khadilkar AS, Sulpice R, Pant B, Scheible WR, Fisahn J, Stitt M, Ayre BG. Expression of Sucrose Transporter cDNAs Specifically in Companion Cells Enhances Phloem Loading and Long-Distance Transport of Sucrose but Leads to an Inhibition of Growth and the Perception of a Phosphate Limitation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:715-731. [PMID: 24777345 PMCID: PMC4044860 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose (Suc) is the predominant form of carbon transported through the phloem from source to sink organs and is also a prominent sugar for short-distance transport. In all streptophytes analyzed, Suc transporter genes (SUTs or SUCs) form small families, with different subgroups evolving distinct functions. To gain insight into their capacity for moving Suc in planta, representative members of each clade were first expressed specifically in companion cells of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tested for their ability to rescue the phloem-loading defect caused by the Suc transporter mutation, Atsuc2-4. Sequence similarity was a poor indicator of ability: Several genes with high homology to AtSUC2, some of which have phloem-loading functions in other eudicot species, did not rescue the Atsuc2-4 mutation, whereas a more distantly related gene, ZmSUT1 from the monocot Zea mays, did restore phloem loading. Transporter complementary DNAs were also expressed in the companion cells of wild-type Arabidopsis, with the aim of increasing productivity by enhancing Suc transport to growing sink organs and reducing Suc-mediated feedback inhibition on photosynthesis. Although enhanced Suc loading and long-distance transport was achieved, growth was diminished. This growth inhibition was accompanied by increased expression of phosphate (P) starvation-induced genes and was reversed by providing a higher supply of external P. These experiments suggest that efforts to increase productivity by enhancing sugar transport may disrupt the carbon-to-P homeostasis. A model for how the plant perceives and responds to changes in the carbon-to-P balance is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Dasgupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Aswad S Khadilkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Bikram Pant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Scheible
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Joachim Fisahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Mark Stitt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
| | - Brian G Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (K.D., A.S.K., B.G.A.);Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (R.S., J.F., M.S.); andThe Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Plant Biology Division, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401 (B.P., W.-R.S.)
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105
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Lin WY, Huang TK, Leong SJ, Chiou TJ. Long-distance call from phosphate: systemic regulation of phosphate starvation responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1817-27. [PMID: 24368506 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) is an essential nutrient for plants but is normally fixed in soil, which limits plant growth and reproduction. In response to low availability of Pi, shoots and roots react differently but cooperatively to improve Pi acquisition from the rhizosphere and adjust Pi distribution and metabolism within plants. Shoot and root responses are coordinated by the trafficking of various kinds of systemic signals through the vasculature. Mutual communication between different tissues is necessary to integrate the environmental stimuli with the internal cues at the whole-plant level. Different approaches have been used to monitor or manipulate components in the vascular stream to reveal several candidates of systemic signals from roots or shoots, including photosynthates, phytohormones, microRNAs, and Pi. In addition, the downstream signalling pathways mediated by these signals have been discovered. The crosstalk among different signalling pathways has been revealed, showing the complexity of the Pi signalling network. In this review, we summarize the approaches used for studying systemic signalling and discuss recent progress and challenges in investigating the systemic signalling pathway that integrates Pi starvation responses to maintain Pi at physiological concentrations. Knowledge gained from this study may help improve the phosphorus use efficiency of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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106
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Karthikeyan AS, Jain A, Nagarajan VK, Sinilal B, Sahi SV, Raghothama KG. Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lpsi reveals impairment in the root responses to local phosphate availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 77:60-72. [PMID: 24561248 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) deficiency triggers local Pi sensing-mediated inhibition of primary root growth and development of root hairs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Generation of activation-tagged T-DNA insertion pools of Arabidopsis expressing the luciferase gene (LUC) under high-affinity Pi transporter (Pht1;4) promoter, is an efficient approach for inducing genetic variations that are amenable for visual screening of aberrations in Pi deficiency responses. Putative mutants showing altered LUC expression during Pi deficiency were identified and screened for impairment in local Pi deficiency-mediated inhibition of primary root growth. An isolated mutant was analyzed for growth response, effects of Pi deprivation on Pi content, primary root growth, root hair development, and relative expression levels of Pi starvation-responsive (PSR) genes, and those implicated in starch metabolism and Fe and Zn homeostasis. Pi deprived local phosphate sensing impaired (lpsi) mutant showed impaired primary root growth and attenuated root hair development. Although relative expression levels of PSR genes were comparable, there were significant increases in relative expression levels of IRT1, BAM3 and BAM5 in Pi deprived roots of lpsi compared to those of the wild-type. Better understanding of molecular responses of plants to Pi deficiency or excess will help to develop suitable remediation strategies for soils with excess Pi, which has become an environmental concern. Hence, lpsi mutant will serve as a valuable tool in identifying molecular mechanisms governing adaptation of plants to Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Jain
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Vinay K Nagarajan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA
| | - Bhaskaran Sinilal
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA
| | - Shivendra V Sahi
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1080, USA
| | - Kashchandra G Raghothama
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1165, USA.
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107
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Zhang Z, Liao H, Lucas WJ. Molecular mechanisms underlying phosphate sensing, signaling, and adaptation in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:192-220. [PMID: 24417933 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As an essential plant macronutrient, the low availability of phosphorus (P) in most soils imposes serious limitation on crop production. Plants have evolved complex responsive and adaptive mechanisms for acquisition, remobilization and recycling of phosphate (Pi) to maintain P homeostasis. Spatio-temporal molecular, physiological, and biochemical Pi deficiency responses developed by plants are the consequence of local and systemic sensing and signaling pathways. Pi deficiency is sensed locally by the root system where hormones serve as important signaling components in terms of developmental reprogramming, leading to changes in root system architecture. Root-to-shoot and shoot-to-root signals, delivered through the xylem and phloem, respectively, involving Pi itself, hormones, miRNAs, mRNAs, and sucrose, serve to coordinate Pi deficiency responses at the whole-plant level. A combination of chromatin remodeling, transcriptional and posttranslational events contribute to globally regulating a wide range of Pi deficiency responses. In this review, recent advances are evaluated in terms of progress toward developing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular events underlying control over P homeostasis. Application of this knowledge, in terms of developing crop plants having enhanced attributes for P use efficiency, is discussed from the perspective of agricultural sustainability in the face of diminishing global P supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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108
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Nakabayashi R, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Urano K, Suzuki M, Yamada Y, Nishizawa T, Matsuda F, Kojima M, Sakakibara H, Shinozaki K, Michael AJ, Tohge T, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Enhancement of oxidative and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis by overaccumulation of antioxidant flavonoids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:367-79. [PMID: 24274116 PMCID: PMC4282528 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The notion that plants use specialized metabolism to protect against environmental stresses needs to be experimentally proven by addressing the question of whether stress tolerance by specialized metabolism is directly due to metabolites such as flavonoids. We report that flavonoids with radical scavenging activity mitigate against oxidative and drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Metabolome and transcriptome profiling and experiments with oxidative and drought stress in wild-type, single overexpressors of MYB12/PFG1 (PRODUCTION OF FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES1) or MYB75/PAP1 (PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1), double overexpressors of MYB12 and PAP1, transparent testa4 (tt4) as a flavonoid-deficient mutant, and flavonoid-deficient MYB12 or PAP1 overexpressing lines (obtained by crossing tt4 and the individual MYB overexpressor) demonstrated that flavonoid overaccumulation was key to enhanced tolerance to such stresses. Antioxidative activity assays using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, methyl viologen, and 3,3'-diaminobenzidine clearly showed that anthocyanin overaccumulation with strong in vitro antioxidative activity mitigated the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in vivo under oxidative and drought stress. These data confirm the usefulness of flavonoids for enhancing both biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University1-8-1 Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Keiko Yonekura-Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kaoru Urano
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishizawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- †Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University1-5 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Anthony J Michael
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- ‡Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University1-8-1 Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University1-8-1 Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
- *(e-mail )
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109
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López-Arredondo DL, Leyva-González MA, González-Morales SI, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L. Phosphate nutrition: improving low-phosphate tolerance in crops. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:95-123. [PMID: 24579991 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient that is required for all major developmental processes and reproduction in plants. It is also a major constituent of the fertilizers required to sustain high-yield agriculture. Levels of phosphate--the only form of phosphorus that can be assimilated by plants--are suboptimal in most natural and agricultural ecosystems, and when phosphate is applied as fertilizer in soils, it is rapidly immobilized owing to fixation and microbial activity. Thus, cultivated plants use only approximately 20-30% of the applied phosphate, and the rest is lost, eventually causing water eutrophication. Recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms by which wild and cultivated species adapt to low-phosphate stress and the implementation of alternative bacterial pathways for phosphorus metabolism have started to allow the design of more effective breeding and genetic engineering strategies to produce highly phosphate-efficient crops, optimize fertilizer use, and reach agricultural sustainability with a lower environmental cost. In this review, we outline the current advances in research on the complex network of plant responses to low-phosphorus stress and discuss some strategies used to manipulate genes involved in phosphate uptake, remobilization, and metabolism to develop low-phosphate-tolerant crops, which could help in designing more efficient crops.
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110
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Shi MZ, Xie DY. Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2014; 8:47-60. [PMID: 24354533 PMCID: PMC4036305 DOI: 10.2174/1872208307666131218123538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is the first model plant, the genome of which has been sequenced. In general, intensive studies on this model plant over the past nearly 30 years have led to many new revolutionary understandings in every single aspect of plant biology. Here, we review the current understanding of anthocyanin biosynthesis in this model plant. Although the investigation of anthocyanin structures in this model plant was not performed until 2002, numerous studies over the past three decades have been conducted to understand the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. To date, it appears that all pathway genes of anthocyanins have been molecularly, genetically and biochemically characterized in this plant. These fundamental accomplishments have made Arabidopsis an ideal model to understand the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin pathway. Several studies have revealed that the biosynthesis of anthocyanins is controlled by WD40-bHLH-MYB (WBM) transcription factor complexes under lighting conditions. However, how different regulatory complexes coordinately and specifically regulate the pathway genes of anthocyanins remains unclear. In this review, we discuss current progresses and findings including structural diversity, regulatory properties and metabolic engineering of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Park BS, Seo JS, Chua NH. NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION recruits PHOSPHATE2 to target the phosphate transporter PT2 for degradation during the regulation of Arabidopsis phosphate homeostasis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:454-64. [PMID: 24474629 PMCID: PMC3963589 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTION (NLA) gene was initially shown to function in nitrogen limitation responses; however, recent work shows that the nla mutant hyperaccumulates Pi, phenocopying the Pi signaling mutant pho2. PHO2 encodes a putative E2 conjugase, UBC24. Here, we show that NLA is an E3 ligase that specifically requires UBC24 for polyubiquitination in Arabidopsis thaliana. Among five members of the Pht1 Pi-transporter family tested, NLA associates only with PT2 (Pht1;4). The NLA-UBC24 pair mediates polyubiquitination of PT2 but not PT1. Posttranslational decay of PT2 at high Pi is blocked in pho2 and inhibited by MG132, indicating the requirement of UBC24 and 26S proteasomes. Consistent with NLA/UBC24 function, induced NLA expression causes a UBC24-dependent decrease in PT2 levels. Confocal microscopy of fusion proteins revealed an NLA/PT2 interaction at the plasma membrane. Collectively, these results show that under Pi-replete conditions, NLA and UBC24 target the PT2 transporter for destruction. During the Pi deprivation response, NLA and PHO2 transcripts are cleaved by miR399 and miR827, respectively, and our results suggest that this downregulation relieves the posttranslational repression of PT2, allowing it to accumulate and participate in Pi uptake. Our work provides additional molecular details describing Pi signaling/homeostasis regulation by identifying NLA and UBC24 as partners and PT2 as one of their downstream targets.
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112
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Fusconi A. Regulation of root morphogenesis in arbuscular mycorrhizae: what role do fungal exudates, phosphate, sugars and hormones play in lateral root formation? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 113:19-33. [PMID: 24227446 PMCID: PMC3864729 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMs) form a widespread root-fungus symbiosis that improves plant phosphate (Pi) acquisition and modifies the physiology and development of host plants. Increased branching is recognized as a general feature of AM roots, and has been interpreted as a means of increasing suitable sites for colonization. Fungal exudates, which are involved in the dialogue between AM fungi and their host during the pre-colonization phase, play a well-documented role in lateral root (LR) formation. In addition, the increased Pi content of AM plants, in relation to Pi-starved controls, as well as changes in the delivery of carbohydrates to the roots and modulation of phytohormone concentration, transport and sensitivity, are probably involved in increasing root system branching. SCOPE This review discusses the possible causes of increased branching in AM plants. The differential root responses to Pi, sugars and hormones of potential AM host species are also highlighted and discussed in comparison with those of the non-host Arabidopsis thaliana. CONCLUSIONS Fungal exudates are probably the main compounds regulating AM root morphogenesis during the first colonization steps, while a complex network of interactions governs root development in established AMs. Colonization and high Pi act synergistically to increase root branching, and sugar transport towards the arbusculated cells may contribute to LR formation. In addition, AM colonization and high Pi generally increase auxin and cytokinin and decrease ethylene and strigolactone levels. With the exception of cytokinins, which seem to regulate mainly the root:shoot biomass ratio, these hormones play a leading role in governing root morphogenesis, with strigolactones and ethylene blocking LR formation in the non-colonized, Pi-starved plants, and auxin inducing them in colonized plants, or in plants grown under high Pi conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fusconi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Turin, Italy
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113
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Huang GQ, Li E, Ge FR, Li S, Wang Q, Zhang CQ, Zhang Y. Arabidopsis RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 are important for FERONIA-mediated developmental but not environmental regulation of root hair growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:1089-101. [PMID: 23915272 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a genetic pathway in root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana, involving the receptor-like kinase FERONIA (FER), two guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ROPs (RopGEF4 and RopGEF10), and the small GTPase Rho of plants (ROPs). Loss- and gain-of-function analyses demonstrated distinct roles of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 such that RopGEF4 is only important for root hair elongation, while RopGEF10 mainly contributes to root hair initiation. Domain dissection by truncation and domain-swapping experiments indicated that their functional distinctions were mainly contributed by the noncatalytic domains. Using fluorescent ratio imaging, we showed that functional loss of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 additively reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments demonstrated that RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 had the same interaction specificity as ROPs, suggesting common downstream components. We further showed that the promoting effects of environmental cues such as exogenous auxin and phosphate limitation on root hair development depended on FER. However, although functional loss of RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 largely abolished FER-induced ROS production, it did not compromise the responses to FER-mediated environmental cues on root hair development. Our results demonstrated that RopGEF4 and RopGEF10 are genetic components in FER-mediated, developmentally (but not environmentally) regulated, root hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
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114
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Arabidopsis EDM2 promotes IBM1 distal polyadenylation and regulates genome DNA methylation patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:527-32. [PMID: 24248388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is important for the silencing of transposons and other repetitive elements in many higher eukaryotes. However, plant and mammalian genomes have evolved to contain repetitive elements near or inside their genes. How these genes are kept from being silenced by DNA methylation is not well understood. A forward genetics screen led to the identification of the putative chromatin regulator Enhanced Downy Mildew 2 (EDM2) as a cellular antisilencing factor and regulator of genome DNA methylation patterns. EDM2 contains a composite Plant Homeo Domain that recognizes both active and repressive histone methylation marks at the intronic repeat elements in genes such as the Histone 3 lysine 9 demethylase gene Increase in BONSAI Methylation 1 (IBM1) and is necessary for maintaining the expression of these genes by promoting mRNA distal polyadenylation. Because of its role in maintaining IBM1 expression, EDM2 is required for preventing CHG methylation in the bodies of thousands of genes. Our results thus increase the understanding of antisilencing, genome methylation patterns, and regulation of alternative RNA processing by intronic heterochromatin.
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115
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Bender KW, Rosenbaum DM, Vanderbeld B, Ubaid M, Snedden WA. The Arabidopsis calmodulin-like protein, CML39, functions during early seedling establishment. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:634-47. [PMID: 24033804 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
During Ca(2+) signal transduction, Ca(2+)-binding proteins known as Ca(2+) sensors function to decode stimulus-specific Ca(2+) signals into downstream responses. Plants possess extended families of unique Ca(2+) sensors termed calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs) whose cellular roles are not well understood. CML39 encodes a predicted Ca(2+) sensor whose expression is strongly increased in response to diverse external stimuli. In the present study, we explored the biochemical properties of recombinant CML39, and used a reverse genetics approach to investigate its physiological role. Our data indicate that Ca(2+) binding by CML39 induces a conformational change in the protein that results in an increase in exposed-surface hydrophobicity, a property that is consistent with its predicted function as a Ca(2+) sensor. Loss-of-function cml39 mutants resemble wild-type plants under normal growth conditions but exhibit persistent arrest at the seedling stage if grown in the absence of sucrose or other metabolizable carbon sources. Under short-day conditions, cml39 mutants display increased sucrose-induced hypocotyl elongation. When grown in the dark, cml39 mutants show impaired hypocotyl elongation in the absence of sucrose. Promoter-reporter data indicate that CML39 expression is prominent in the apical hook in dark-grown seedlings. Collectively, our data suggest that CML39 functions in Arabidopsis as a Ca(2+) sensor that plays an important role in the transduction of light signals that promote seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Bender
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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116
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Secco D, Jabnoune M, Walker H, Shou H, Wu P, Poirier Y, Whelan J. Spatio-temporal transcript profiling of rice roots and shoots in response to phosphate starvation and recovery. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4285-304. [PMID: 24249833 PMCID: PMC3875719 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Using rice (Oryza sativa) as a model crop species, we performed an in-depth temporal transcriptome analysis, covering the early and late stages of Pi deprivation as well as Pi recovery in roots and shoots, using next-generation sequencing. Analyses of 126 paired-end RNA sequencing libraries, spanning nine time points, provided a comprehensive overview of the dynamic responses of rice to Pi stress. Differentially expressed genes were grouped into eight sets based on their responses to Pi starvation and recovery, enabling the complex signaling pathways involved in Pi homeostasis to be untangled. A reference annotation-based transcript assembly was also generated, identifying 438 unannotated loci that were differentially expressed under Pi starvation. Several genes also showed induction of unannotated splice isoforms under Pi starvation. Among these, PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2), a key regulator of Pi homeostasis, displayed a Pi starvation-induced isoform, which was associated with increased translation activity. In addition, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles after long-term Pi starvation in roots and shoots were assessed, identifying 20 miRNA families that were not previously associated with Pi starvation, such as miR6250. In this article, we present a comprehensive spatio-temporal transcriptome analysis of plant responses to Pi stress, revealing a large number of potential key regulators of Pi homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Secco
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
- Address correspondence to
| | - Mehdi Jabnoune
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Hayden Walker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Huixia Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Joint Research Laboratory in Genomics and Nutriomics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Joint Research Laboratory in Genomics and Nutriomics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yves Poirier
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - James Whelan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
- Joint Research Laboratory in Genomics and Nutriomics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Botany, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia
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117
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Grønlund M, Albrechtsen M, Johansen IE, Hammer EC, Nielsen TH, Jakobsen I. The interplay between P uptake pathways in mycorrhizal peas: a combined physiological and gene-silencing approach. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:234-48. [PMID: 23387980 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a key role in plant phosphate (Pi) uptake by their efficient capture of soil phosphorus (P) that is transferred to the plant via Pi transporters in the root cortical cells. The activity of this mycorrhizal Pi uptake pathway is often associated with downregulation of Pi transporter genes in the direct Pi uptake pathway. As the total Pi taken up by the plant is determined by the combined activity of mycorrhizal and direct pathways, it is important to understand the interplay between these, in particular the actual activity of the pathways. To study this interplay we modulated the delivery of Pi via the mycorrhizal pathway in Pisum sativum by two means: (1) Partial downregulation by virus-induced gene silencing of PsPT4, a putative Pi transporter gene in the mycorrhizal pathway. This resulted in decreased fungal development in roots and soil and led to reduced plant Pi uptake. (2) Changing the percentage of AMF-colonized root length by using non-, half-mycorrhizal or full-mycorrhizal split-root systems. The combination of split roots, use of ³²P and ³³P isotopes and partial silencing of PsPT4 enabled us to show that the expression of PsPT1, a putative Pi transporter gene in the direct pathway, was negatively correlated with increasing mycorrhizal uptake capacity of the plant, both locally and systemically. However, transcript changes in PsPT1 were not translated into corresponding, systemic changes in actual direct Pi uptake. Our results suggest that AMF have a limited long-distance impact on the direct pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Grønlund
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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118
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RNA-binding protein regulates plant DNA methylation by controlling mRNA processing at the intronic heterochromatin-containing gene IBM1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15467-72. [PMID: 24003136 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315399110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation is a conserved mechanism of epigenetic silencing of transposons and other repeat elements in many higher eukaryotes. Genes adjacent to repetitive elements are often also subjected to this epigenetic silencing. Consequently, plants have evolved antisilencing mechanisms such as active DNA demethylation mediated by the REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1) family of 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylases to protect these genes from silencing. Some transposons and other repeat elements have found residence in the introns of genes. It is unclear how these intronic repeat elements-containing genes are regulated. We report here the identification of ANTI-SILENCING 1 (ASI1), a bromo-adjacent homology domain and RNA recognition motif-containing protein, from a forward genetic screen for cellular antisilencing factors in Arabidopsis thaliana. ASI1 is required to prevent promoter DNA hypermethylation and transcriptional silencing of some transgenes. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals that ASI1 has a similar role to that of the histone H3K9 demethylase INCREASE IN BONSAI METHYLATION 1 (IBM1) in preventing CHG methylation in the bodies of thousands of genes. We found that ASI1 is an RNA-binding protein and ensures the proper expression of IBM1 full-length transcript by associating with an intronic heterochromatic repeat element of IBM1. Through mRNA sequencing, we identified many genes containing intronic transposon elements that require ASI1 for proper expression. Our results suggest that ASI1 associates with intronic heterochromatin and binds the gene transcripts to promote their 3' distal polyadenylation. The study thus reveals a unique mechanism by which higher eukaryotes deal with the collateral effect of silencing intronic repeat elements.
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119
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Lemoine R, Camera SL, Atanassova R, Dédaldéchamp F, Allario T, Pourtau N, Bonnemain JL, Laloi M, Coutos-Thévenot P, Maurousset L, Faucher M, Girousse C, Lemonnier P, Parrilla J, Durand M. Source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:272. [PMID: 23898339 PMCID: PMC3721551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Source-to-sink transport of sugar is one of the major determinants of plant growth and relies on the efficient and controlled distribution of sucrose (and some other sugars such as raffinose and polyols) across plant organs through the phloem. However, sugar transport through the phloem can be affected by many environmental factors that alter source/sink relationships. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge about the phloem transport mechanisms and review the effects of several abiotic (water and salt stress, mineral deficiency, CO2, light, temperature, air, and soil pollutants) and biotic (mutualistic and pathogenic microbes, viruses, aphids, and parasitic plants) factors. Concerning abiotic constraints, alteration of the distribution of sugar among sinks is often reported, with some sinks as roots favored in case of mineral deficiency. Many of these constraints impair the transport function of the phloem but the exact mechanisms are far from being completely known. Phloem integrity can be disrupted (e.g., by callose deposition) and under certain conditions, phloem transport is affected, earlier than photosynthesis. Photosynthesis inhibition could result from the increase in sugar concentration due to phloem transport decrease. Biotic interactions (aphids, fungi, viruses…) also affect crop plant productivity. Recent breakthroughs have identified some of the sugar transporters involved in these interactions on the host and pathogen sides. The different data are discussed in relation to the phloem transport pathways. When possible, the link with current knowledge on the pathways at the molecular level will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Lemoine
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Sylvain La Camera
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Thierry Allario
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bonnemain
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Maryse Laloi
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Pierre Coutos-Thévenot
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Mireille Faucher
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Christine Girousse
- Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Unités Mixtes de RechercheClermont Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Lemonnier
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Jonathan Parrilla
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
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120
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Niu YF, Chai RS, Jin GL, Wang H, Tang CX, Zhang YS. Responses of root architecture development to low phosphorus availability: a review. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:391-408. [PMID: 23267006 PMCID: PMC3698383 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth and development but it is often a limiting nutrient in soils. Hence, P acquisition from soil by plant roots is a subject of considerable interest in agriculture, ecology and plant root biology. Root architecture, with its shape and structured development, can be considered as an evolutionary response to scarcity of resources. SCOPE This review discusses the significance of root architecture development in response to low P availability and its beneficial effects on alleviation of P stress. It also focuses on recent progress in unravelling cellular, physiological and molecular mechanisms in root developmental adaptation to P starvation. The progress in a more detailed understanding of these mechanisms might be used for developing strategies that build upon the observed explorative behaviour of plant roots. CONCLUSIONS The role of root architecture in alleviation of P stress is well documented. However, this paper describes how plants adjust their root architecture to low-P conditions through inhibition of primary root growth, promotion of lateral root growth, enhancement of root hair development and cluster root formation, which all promote P acquisition by plants. The mechanisms for activating alterations in root architecture in response to P deprivation depend on changes in the localized P concentration, and transport of or sensitivity to growth regulators such as sugars, auxins, ethylene, cytokinins, nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and abscisic acid (ABA). In the process, many genes are activated, which in turn trigger changes in molecular, physiological and cellular processes. As a result, root architecture is modified, allowing plants to adapt effectively to the low-P environment. This review provides a framework for understanding how P deficiency alters root architecture, with a focus on integrated physiological and molecular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fang Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ru Shan Chai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gu Lei Jin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cai Xian Tang
- Centre for AgriBioscience/Department of Agricultural Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic 3086, Australia
| | - Yong Song Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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121
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Marzec M, Muszynska A, Gruszka D. The role of strigolactones in nutrient-stress responses in plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9286-304. [PMID: 23629665 PMCID: PMC3676783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are a new group of plant hormones, which have been intensively investigated during the last few years. The wide spectrum of SLs actions, including the regulation of shoot/root architecture, and the stimulation of the interactions between roots and fungi or bacteria, as well as the stimulation of germination of parasitic plants, indicates that this group of hormones may play an important role in the mechanisms that control soil exploration, and the root-mediated uptake of nutrients. Current studies have shown that SLs might be factors that have an influence on the plant response to a deficiency of macronutrients. Experimental data from the last four years have confirmed that the biosynthesis and exudation of SLs are increased under phosphorus and nitrogen deficiency. All these data suggest that SLs may regulate the complex response to nutrient stress, which include not only the modification of the plant developmental process, but also the cooperation with other organisms in order to minimize the effects of threats. In this paper the results of studies that indicate that SLs play an important role in the response to nutrient stress are reviewed and the consequences of the higher biosynthesis and exudation of SLs in response to phosphorus and nitrogen deficiency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Marzec
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice 40-032, Poland; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +48-32-2009-482; Fax: +48-32-2009-361
| | - Aleksandra Muszynska
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben 06466, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Damian Gruszka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, Katowice 40-032, Poland; E-Mail:
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122
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Alexova R, Millar AH. Proteomics of phosphate use and deprivation in plants. Proteomics 2013; 13:609-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralitza Alexova
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology; The University of Western Australia; WA Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks; The University of Western Australia; WA Australia
| | - A. Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology; The University of Western Australia; WA Australia
- Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks; The University of Western Australia; WA Australia
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123
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Smith AP. Systemic Signaling in the Maintenance of Phosphate Homeostasis. LONG-DISTANCE SYSTEMIC SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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124
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Xu W, Ding G, Yokawa K, Baluška F, Li QF, Liu Y, Shi W, Liang J, Zhang J. An improved agar-plate method for studying root growth and response of Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1273. [PMID: 23429403 PMCID: PMC3572446 DOI: 10.1038/srep01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is a widely used model plant for plant biology research. Under traditional agar-plate culture system (TPG, traditional plant-growing), both plant shoots and roots are exposed to illumination, and roots are grown in sucrose-added medium. This is not a natural environment for the roots and may cause artifact responses. We have developed an improved agar-plate culture system (IPG, improved plant-growing) where shoots are illuminated but roots are grown in darkness without sucrose addition. Compared to TPG, IPG produced plants with significantly less total root length, lateral root length and root hair density, although their primary roots were longer. Root gravitropism, PIN2 (an auxin efflux carrier) abundance, H⁺ efflux or Ca²⁺ influx in root apexes, were weaker in IPG-grown roots than those in TPG-grown roots. We conclude that IPG offers a more natural way to study the root growth and response of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Guochang Ding
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Qian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yinggao Liu
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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125
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Schlüter U, Mascher M, Colmsee C, Scholz U, Bräutigam A, Fahnenstich H, Sonnewald U. Maize source leaf adaptation to nitrogen deficiency affects not only nitrogen and carbon metabolism but also control of phosphate homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1384-406. [PMID: 22972706 PMCID: PMC3490595 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Crop plant development is strongly dependent on the availability of nitrogen (N) in the soil and the efficiency of N utilization for biomass production and yield. However, knowledge about molecular responses to N deprivation derives mainly from the study of model species. In this article, the metabolic adaptation of source leaves to low N was analyzed in maize (Zea mays) seedlings by parallel measurements of transcriptome and metabolome profiling. Inbred lines A188 and B73 were cultivated under sufficient (15 mM) or limiting (0.15 mM) nitrate supply for up to 30 d. Limited availability of N caused strong shifts in the metabolite profile of leaves. The transcriptome was less affected by the N stress but showed strong genotype- and age-dependent patterns. N starvation initiated the selective down-regulation of processes involved in nitrate reduction and amino acid assimilation; ammonium assimilation-related transcripts, on the other hand, were not influenced. Carbon assimilation-related transcripts were characterized by high transcriptional coordination and general down-regulation under low-N conditions. N deprivation caused a slight accumulation of starch but also directed increased amounts of carbohydrates into the cell wall and secondary metabolites. The decrease in N availability also resulted in accumulation of phosphate and strong down-regulation of genes usually involved in phosphate starvation response, underlining the great importance of phosphate homeostasis control under stress conditions.
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126
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Leyva-González MA, Ibarra-Laclette E, Cruz-Ramírez A, Herrera-Estrella L. Functional and transcriptome analysis reveals an acclimatization strategy for abiotic stress tolerance mediated by Arabidopsis NF-YA family members. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48138. [PMID: 23118940 PMCID: PMC3485258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) is a heterotrimeric complex formed by NF-YA/NF-YB/NF-YC subunits that binds to the CCAAT-box in eukaryotic promoters. In contrast to other organisms, in which a single gene encodes each subunit, in plants gene families of over 10 members encode each of the subunits. Here we report that five members of the Arabidopsis thaliana NF-YA family are strongly induced by several stress conditions via transcriptional and miR169-related post-transcriptional mechanisms. Overexpression of NF-YA2, 7 and 10 resulted in dwarf late-senescent plants with enhanced tolerance to several types of abiotic stress. These phenotypes are related to alterations in sucrose/starch balance and cell elongation observed in NF-YA overexpressing plants. The use of transcriptomic analysis of transgenic plants that express miR169-resistant versions of NF-YA2, 3, 7, and 10 under an estradiol inducible system, as well as a dominant-repressor version of NF-YA2 revealed a set of genes, whose promoters are enriched in NF-Y binding sites (CCAAT-box) and that may be directly regulated by the NF-Y complex. This analysis also suggests that NF-YAs could participate in modulating gene regulation through positive and negative mechanisms. We propose a model in which the increase in NF-YA transcript levels in response to abiotic stress is part of an adaptive response to adverse environmental conditions in which a reduction in plant growth rate plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados Irapuato, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
- * E-mail:
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127
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Xu W, Shi W, Jia L, Liang J, Zhang J. TFT6 and TFT7, two different members of tomato 14-3-3 gene family, play distinct roles in plant adaption to low phosphorus stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1393-406. [PMID: 22335781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
14-3-3 proteins are a large family of proteins but exact roles of their members in plant response to abiotic stresses are not clear, especially under nutrient deficiency. We investigated the expressions of all the tomato 14-3-3 gene family members (TFT1-TFT12) under low phosphorus stress (LP) and found that TFT6 belongs to the later responsive gene while TFT7 belongs to the early responsive gene. When the two genes were separately introduced into Arabidopsis and overexpressed, their plant growth under LP was much enhanced compared with wild-type plant. TFT6 overexpressing plants showed reduced starch synthase activity, reduced starch content but enhanced sucrose loading into phloem in the shoot under LP. TFT7 overexpressing plants had much enhanced H⁺ flux along their root tip and activity of plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase in the roots under LP. Our results suggest that TFT6 and TFT7 play different roles in plant adaption to LP. TFT6 acts mainly in leaves and is involved in the systemic response to LP by regulating leaf carbon allocation and increasing phloem sucrose transport to promote root growth, while TFT7 directly functions in root by activating root plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase to release more protons under LP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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128
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Wang L, Dong J, Gao Z, Liu D. The Arabidopsis gene hypersensitive to phosphate starvation 3 encodes ethylene overproduction 1. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1093-105. [PMID: 22623414 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
When plants are subjected to a deficiency in inorganic phosphate (Pi), they exhibit an array of responses to cope with this nutritional stress. In this work, we have characterized two Arabidopsis mutants, hps3-1 and hps3-2 (hypersensitive to Pi starvation 3), that have altered expression of Pi starvation-induced (PSI) genes and enhanced production of acid phosphatase (APase) when grown under either Pi sufficiency or deficiency conditions. hps3-1 and hps3-2, however, accumulate less anthocyanin than the wild type when grown on a Pi-deficient medium. Molecular cloning indicated that the phenotypes of hps3 mutants were caused by mutations within the ETO1 (ETHYLENE OVERPRODUCTION 1) gene. In Arabidopsis, ETO1 encodes a negative regulator of ethylene biosynthesis, and mutation of ETO1 causes Arabidopsis seedlings to overproduce ethylene. The ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor aminoethoxyvinyl glycine or the ethylene perception inhibitor Ag(+) suppressed all the mutant phenotypes of hps3. Taken together, these results provide further genetic evidence that ethylene is an important regulator of multiple plant responses to Pi starvation. Furthermore, we found that a change in ethylene level has differential effects on the expression of PSI genes, maintenance of Pi homeostasis, production of APase and accumulation of anthocyanin. We also demonstrated that ethylene signaling mainly regulates the activity of root surface-associated APases rather than total APase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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129
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Gaxiola RA, Sanchez CA, Paez-Valencia J, Ayre BG, Elser JJ. Genetic manipulation of a "vacuolar" H(+)-PPase: from salt tolerance to yield enhancement under phosphorus-deficient soils. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:3-11. [PMID: 22434041 PMCID: PMC3375966 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Gaxiola
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501, USA.
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130
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Secco D, Wang C, Arpat BA, Wang Z, Poirier Y, Tyerman SD, Wu P, Shou H, Whelan J. The emerging importance of the SPX domain-containing proteins in phosphate homeostasis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 193:842-51. [PMID: 22403821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are strongly influenced by the availability of nutrients in the soil solution. Among them, phosphorus (P) is one of the most essential and most limiting macro-elements for plants. In the environment, plants are often confronted with P starvation as a result of extremely low concentrations of soluble inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the soil. To cope with these conditions, plants have developed a wide spectrum of mechanisms aimed at increasing P use efficiency. At the molecular level, recent studies have shown that several proteins carrying the SPX domain are essential for maintaining Pi homeostasis in plants. The SPX domain is found in numerous eukaryotic proteins, including several proteins from the yeast PHO regulon, involved in maintaining Pi homeostasis. In plants, proteins harboring the SPX domain are classified into four families based on the presence of additional domains in their structure, namely the SPX, SPX-EXS, SPX-MFS and SPX-RING families. In this review, we highlight the recent findings regarding the key roles of the proteins containing the SPX domain in phosphate signaling, as well as providing further research directions in order to improve our knowledge on P nutrition in plants, thus enabling the generation of plants with better P use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Secco
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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131
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Oropeza-Aburto A, Cruz-Ramírez A, Acevedo-Hernández GJ, Pérez-Torres CA, Caballero-Pérez J, Herrera-Estrella L. Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis PLDZ2 promoter reveals an evolutionarily conserved low-Pi-responsive transcriptional enhancer element. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2189-202. [PMID: 22210906 PMCID: PMC3295404 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a plethora of responses to cope with phosphate (Pi) deficiency, including the transcriptional activation of a large set of genes. Among Pi-responsive genes, the expression of the Arabidopsis phospholipase DZ2 (PLDZ2) is activated to participate in the degradation of phospholipids in roots in order to release Pi to support other cellular activities. A deletion analysis was performed to identify the regions determining the strength, tissue-specific expression, and Pi responsiveness of this regulatory region. This study also reports the identification and characterization of a transcriptional enhancer element that is present in the PLDZ2 promoter and able to confer Pi responsiveness to a minimal, inactive 35S promoter. This enhancer also shares the cytokinin and sucrose responsive properties observed for the intact PLDZ2 promoter. The EZ2 element contains two P1BS motifs, each of which is the DNA binding site of transcription factor PHR1. Mutation analysis showed that the P1BS motifs present in EZ2 are necessary but not sufficient for the enhancer function, revealing the importance of adjacent sequences. The structural organization of EZ2 is conserved in the orthologous genes of at least eight families of rosids, suggesting that architectural features such as the distance between the two P1BS motifs are also important for the regulatory properties of this enhancer element.
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132
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Wippel K, Sauer N. Arabidopsis SUC1 loads the phloem in suc2 mutants when expressed from the SUC2 promoter. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:669-79. [PMID: 22021573 PMCID: PMC3254675 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Active loading of sucrose into phloem companion cells (CCs) is an essential process in apoplastic loaders, such as Arabidopsis or tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), and is even used by symplastic loaders such as melon (Cucumis melo) under certain stress conditions. Reduction of the amount or complete removal of the transporters catalysing this transport step results in severe developmental defects. Here we present analyses of two Arabidopsis lines, suc2-4 and suc2-5, that carry a null allele of the SUC2 gene which encodes the Arabidopsis phloem loader. These lines were complemented with constructs expressing either the Arabidopsis SUC1 or the Ustilago maydis srt1 cDNA from the SUC2 promoter. Both SUC1 and Srt1 are energy-dependent sucrose/H(+) symporters and differ in specific kinetic properties from the SUC2 protein. Transgene expression was confirmed by RT-PCRs, the subcellular localization of Srt1 in planta with an Srt1-RFP fusion, and the correct CC-specific localization of the recombinant proteins by immunolocalization with anti-Srt1 and anti-SUC1 antisera. The transport capacity of Srt1 was studied in Srt1-GFP expressing Arabidopsis protoplasts. Although both proteins were found exclusively in CCs, only SUC1 complemented the developmental defects of suc2-4 and suc2-5 mutants. As SUC1 and Srt1 are well characterized, this result provides an insight into the properties that are essential for sucrose transporters to load the phloem successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Wippel
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center of Plant Science (ECROPS), Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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133
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Nussaume L, Kanno S, Javot H, Marin E, Pochon N, Ayadi A, Nakanishi TM, Thibaud MC. Phosphate Import in Plants: Focus on the PHT1 Transporters. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:83. [PMID: 22645553 PMCID: PMC3355772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The main source of phosphorus for plants is inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is characterized by its poor availability and low mobility. Uptake of this element from the soil relies heavily upon the PHT1 transporters, a specific family of plant plasma membrane proteins that were identified by homology with the yeast PHO84 Pi transporter. Since the discovery of PHT1 transporters in 1996, various studies have revealed that their function is controlled by a highly complex network of regulation. This review will summarize the current state of research on plant PHT1 multigenic families, including physiological, biochemical, molecular, cellular, and genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Nussaume
- IBEB-SBVME Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, UMR6191 CNRS-Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Cadarache, Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Satomi Kanno
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-kuTokyo, Japan 113-8657
| | - Hélène Javot
- IBEB-SBVME Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, UMR6191 CNRS-Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Cadarache, Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Elena Marin
- IBEB-SBVME Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, UMR6191 CNRS-Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Cadarache, Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Nathalie Pochon
- IBEB-SBVME Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, UMR6191 CNRS-Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Cadarache, Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Amal Ayadi
- IBEB-SBVME Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, UMR6191 CNRS-Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Cadarache, Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
| | - Tomoko M. Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-kuTokyo, Japan 113-8657
| | - Marie-Christine Thibaud
- IBEB-SBVME Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, UMR6191 CNRS-Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Cadarache, Université Aix-Marseille, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-DuranceFrance
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134
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Lei M, Liu D. Sucrose regulates plant responses to deficiencies in multiple nutrients. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1247-9. [PMID: 21701258 PMCID: PMC3260736 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.8.16378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis mutant hps1 that over-accumulates sucrose has enhanced sensitivity in almost all the aspects of plant responses to phosphate starvation. The detailed characterization of hps1 has led to the conclusion that sucrose is a global regulator of plant phosphate responses. Here, we show that hps1 is also hypersensitive to nitrogen and potassium deprivation, as well as to decreased levels of overall macronutrients. These results suggest that sucrose regulates plant deficiency responses to multiple nutrients and is part of a general response to nutrient deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Lei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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135
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Hammond JP, White PJ. Sugar signaling in root responses to low phosphorus availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1033-40. [PMID: 21487049 PMCID: PMC3135921 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.175380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John P Hammond
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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136
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Cheng L, Bucciarelli B, Liu J, Zinn K, Miller S, Patton-Vogt J, Allan D, Shen J, Vance CP. White lupin cluster root acclimation to phosphorus deficiency and root hair development involve unique glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1131-48. [PMID: 21464471 PMCID: PMC3135957 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
White lupin (Lupinus albus) is a legume that is very efficient in accessing unavailable phosphorus (Pi). It develops short, densely clustered tertiary lateral roots (cluster/proteoid roots) in response to Pi limitation. In this report, we characterize two glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GPX-PDE) genes (GPX-PDE1 and GPX-PDE2) from white lupin and propose a role for these two GPX-PDEs in root hair growth and development and in a Pi stress-induced phospholipid degradation pathway in cluster roots. Both GPX-PDE1 and GPX-PDE2 are highly expressed in Pi-deficient cluster roots, particularly in root hairs, epidermal cells, and vascular bundles. Expression of both genes is a function of both Pi availability and photosynthate. GPX-PDE1 Pi deficiency-induced expression is attenuated as photosynthate is deprived, while that of GPX-PDE2 is strikingly enhanced. Yeast complementation assays and in vitro enzyme assays revealed that GPX-PDE1 shows catalytic activity with glycerophosphocholine while GPX-PDE2 shows highest activity with glycerophosphoinositol. Cell-free protein extracts from Pi-deficient cluster roots display GPX-PDE enzyme activity for both glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoinositol. Knockdown of expression of GPX-PDE through RNA interference resulted in impaired root hair development and density. We propose that white lupin GPX-PDE1 and GPX-PDE2 are involved in the acclimation to Pi limitation by enhancing glycerophosphodiester degradation and mediating root hair development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carroll P. Vance
- Department of Plant Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China (L.C., J.S.); Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics (L.C., B.B., J.L., S.M., C.P.V.) and Department of Soil, Water, and Climate (J.L., K.Z., D.A.), University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108; United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 (B.B., S.M., C.P.V.); Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282 (J.P.-V.)
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137
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Smith SE, Jakobsen I, Grønlund M, Smith FA. Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant phosphorus nutrition: interactions between pathways of phosphorus uptake in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots have important implications for understanding and manipulating plant phosphorus acquisition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1050-7. [PMID: 21467213 PMCID: PMC3135927 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.174581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Smith
- Soils Group, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
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