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Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis Uncovers Critical Genes and Pathways for Multiple Brain Regions in Parkinson's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6616434. [PMID: 33791366 PMCID: PMC7984900 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6616434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this study, we aimed to identify critical genes and pathways for multiple brain regions in Parkinson's disease (PD) by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). Methods From the GEO database, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were separately identified between the substantia nigra, putamen, prefrontal cortex area, and cingulate gyrus of PD and normal samples with the screening criteria of p value < 0.05 and ∣log2fold change (FC) | >0.585. Then, a coexpression network was presented by the WGCNA package. Gene modules related to PD were constructed. Then, PD-related DEGs were used for construction of PPI networks. Hub genes were determined by the cytoHubba plug-in. Functional enrichment analysis was then performed. Results DEGs were identified for the substantia nigra (17 upregulated and 52 downregulated genes), putamen (317 upregulated and 317 downregulated genes), prefrontal cortex area (39 upregulated and 72 downregulated genes), and cingulate gyrus (116 upregulated and 292 downregulated genes) of PD compared to normal samples. Gene modules were separately built for the four brain regions of PD. PPI networks revealed hub genes for the substantia nigra (SLC6A3, SLC18A2, and TH), putamen (BMP4 and SNAP25), prefrontal cortex area (SNAP25), and cingulate gyrus (CTGF, CDH1, and COL5A1) of PD. These DEGs in multiple brain regions were involved in distinct biological functions and pathways. GSEA showed that these DEGs were all significantly enriched in electron transport chain, proteasome degradation, and synaptic vesicle pathway. Conclusion Our findings revealed critical genes and pathways for multiple brain regions in PD, which deepened the understanding of PD-related molecular mechanisms.
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Bose K, Wagh A, Mishra V, Dutta S, Parui AL, Puja R, Mudrale SP, Kulkarni SS, Gai PB, Sarin R. Loss of GSK-3β mediated phosphorylation in HtrA2 contributes to uncontrolled cell death with Parkinsonian phenotype. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:97-111. [PMID: 33716130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HtrA2, a proapoptotic mitochondrial serine protease, promotes cellular protection against oxidative damage. Literature reports show positive correlation between loss of HtrA2 protease activity and Parkinson's Disease (PD) susceptibility. Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in murine-HtrA2, and when they rarely occur in humans result in severe neurodegeneration and infantile death. Here, we report a novel heterozygous pathogenic HTRA2 variant, c.725C > T (p.T242M) in Indian PD patients. Although, this mutation exhibits no significant conformational changes compared to the wild-type, functional studies with HtrA2-T242M transfected neurons reveal common features of PD pathogenesis such as dysfunction, altered morphology and mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Despite exhibiting two-fold decrease in enzyme activity, observation of excessive cell-death due to over-expression of the mutant has been correlated with it being constitutively active. This interesting behavioral anomaly has been attributed to the loss of phosphorylation-mediated regulatory checkpoint at the T242M mutation site that is otherwise controlled by glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). This study, with seamless amalgamation of biophysical and biomedical research unravels a mechanistic pathway of HtrA2 regulation and delineates its biological role in PD. Therefore, this investigation will not only prove beneficial toward devising therapeutic strategies against HtrA2-associated diseases mediated by GSK-3β but also suggest new avenues for treatment of Parkinsonian phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakoli Bose
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
| | - Ajay Wagh
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Vasudha Mishra
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Shubhankar Dutta
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Aasna L Parui
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Rashmi Puja
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Snehal Pandav Mudrale
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | | | - Pramod B Gai
- Karnataka Institute for DNA Research, Pavate Nagar, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Sarin
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, BARC Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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Liu J, Ting JP, Al-Azzam S, Ding Y, Afshar S. Therapeutic Advances in Diabetes, Autoimmune, and Neurological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062805. [PMID: 33802091 PMCID: PMC8001105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, 170 small molecules, 60 antibody-based entities, 12 peptides, and 15 gene- or cell-therapies have been approved by FDA for diverse disease indications. Recent advancement in medicine is facilitated by identification of new targets and mechanisms of actions, advancement in discovery and development platforms, and the emergence of novel technologies. Early disease detection, precision intervention, and personalized treatments have revolutionized patient care in the last decade. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of current and emerging therapeutic modalities developed in the recent years. We focus on nine diseases in three major therapeutics areas, diabetes, autoimmune, and neurological disorders. The pathogenesis of each disease at physiological and molecular levels is discussed and recently approved drugs as well as drugs in the clinic are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsha Liu
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Joey Paolo Ting
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Shams Al-Azzam
- Professional Scientific Services, Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories, Lancaster, PA 17605, USA;
| | - Yun Ding
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Protein Engineering, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (J.L.); (J.P.T.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence:
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104
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Schofield JH, Schafer ZT. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitophagy: A Complex and Nuanced Relationship. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:517-530. [PMID: 32079408 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria represent a major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. This is often a consequence of oxidative phosphorylation, which can produce ROS as a result of leakage from the electron transport chain. In addition, quality control mechanisms exist to protect cells from cytotoxic ROS production. One such mechanism is selective autophagic degradation of ROS-producing mitochondria, termed mitophagy, that ultimately results in elimination of mitochondria in the lysosome. Recent Advances: However, while the relationship between mitophagy and ROS production is clearly interwoven, it is yet to be fully untangled. In some circumstances, mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) are elevated as a consequence of mitophagy induction. Critical Issues: In this review, we discuss mtROS generation and their detrimental effects on cellular viability. In addition, we consider the cellular defense mechanisms that the eukaryotic cell uses to abrogate superfluous oxidative stress. In particular, we delve into the prominent mechanisms governing mitophagy induction that bear on oxidative stress. Future Directions: Finally, we examine the pathological conditions associated with defective mitophagy, where additional research may help to facilitate understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Schofield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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105
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Rosario D, Bidkhori G, Lee S, Bedarf J, Hildebrand F, Le Chatelier E, Uhlen M, Ehrlich SD, Proctor G, Wüllner U, Mardinoglu A, Shoaie S. Systematic analysis of gut microbiome reveals the role of bacterial folate and homocysteine metabolism in Parkinson's disease. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108807. [PMID: 33657381 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common progressive neurological disorder compromising motor functions. However, nonmotor symptoms, such as gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, precede those affecting movement. Evidence of an early involvement of the GI tract and enteric nervous system highlights the need for better understanding of the role of gut microbiota in GI complications in PD. Here, we investigate the gut microbiome of patients with PD using metagenomics and serum metabolomics. We integrate these data using metabolic modeling and construct an integrative correlation network giving insight into key microbial species linked with disease severity, GI dysfunction, and age of patients with PD. Functional analysis reveals an increased microbial capability to degrade mucin and host glycans in PD. Personalized community-level metabolic modeling reveals the microbial contribution to folate deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia observed in patients with PD. The metabolic modeling approach could be applied to uncover gut microbial metabolic contributions to PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorines Rosario
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Janis Bedarf
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Falk Hildebrand
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Digital Biology, Earlham Institute, Norwich, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UZ, Norfolk, UK
| | | | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Gordon Proctor
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK; Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, SE1 9RT London, UK; Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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106
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Kambey PA, Kanwore K, Ayanlaja AA, Nadeem I, Du Y, Buberwa W, Liu W, Gao D. Failure of Glial Cell-Line Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) in Clinical Trials Orchestrated By Reduced NR4A2 (NURR1) Transcription Factor in Parkinson's Disease. A Systematic Review. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:645583. [PMID: 33716718 PMCID: PMC7943926 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.645583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative maladies with unforeseen complex pathologies. While this neurodegenerative disorder’s neuropathology is reasonably well known, its etiology remains a mystery, making it challenging to aim therapy. Glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) remains an auspicious therapeutic molecule for treating PD. Neurotrophic factor derived from glial cell lines is effective in rodents and nonhuman primates, but clinical findings have been equivocal. Laborious exertions have been made over the past few decades to improve and assess GDNF in treating PD (clinical studies). Definitive clinical trials have, however, failed to demonstrate a survival advantage. Consequently, there seemed to be a doubt as to whether GDNF has merit in the potential treatment of PD. The purpose of this cutting edge review is to speculate as to why the clinical trials have failed to meet the primary endpoint. We introduce a hypothesis, “Failure of GDNF in clinical trials succumbed by nuclear receptor-related factor 1 (Nurr1) shortfall.” We demonstrate how Nurr1 binds to GDNF to induce dopaminergic neuron synthesis. Due to its undisputable neuro-protection aptitude, we display Nurr1 (also called Nr4a2) as a promising therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kouminin Kanwore
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Abiola Abdulrahman Ayanlaja
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Iqra Nadeem
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - YinZhen Du
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - WenYa Liu
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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107
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Hendrickx DM, Garcia P, Ashrafi A, Sciortino A, Schmit KJ, Kollmus H, Nicot N, Kaoma T, Vallar L, Buttini M, Glaab E. A New Synuclein-Transgenic Mouse Model for Early Parkinson's Reveals Molecular Features of Preclinical Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:576-602. [PMID: 32997293 PMCID: PMC8219584 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding Parkinson's disease (PD), in particular in its earliest phases, is important for diagnosis and treatment. However, human brain samples are collected post-mortem, reflecting mainly end-stage disease. Because brain samples of mouse models can be collected at any stage of the disease process, they are useful in investigating PD progression. Here, we compare ventral midbrain transcriptomics profiles from α-synuclein transgenic mice with a progressive, early PD-like striatal neurodegeneration across different ages using pathway, gene set, and network analysis methods. Our study uncovers statistically significant altered genes across ages and between genotypes with known, suspected, or unknown function in PD pathogenesis and key pathways associated with disease progression. Among those are genotype-dependent alterations associated with synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission, as well as mitochondria-related genes and dysregulation of lipid metabolism. Age-dependent changes were among others observed in neuronal and synaptic activity, calcium homeostasis, and membrane receptor signaling pathways, many of which linked to G-protein coupled receptors. Most importantly, most changes occurred before neurodegeneration was detected in this model, which points to a sequence of gene expression events that may be relevant for disease initiation and progression. It is tempting to speculate that molecular changes similar to those changes observed in our model happen in midbrain dopaminergic neurons before they start to degenerate. In other words, we believe we have uncovered molecular changes that accompany the progression from preclinical to early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Hendrickx
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Pierre Garcia
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Neuropathology Unit, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Amer Ashrafi
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Present Address: Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Alessia Sciortino
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Kristopher J. Schmit
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Heike Kollmus
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nathalie Nicot
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Kaoma
- Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Vallar
- Genomics Research Unit, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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108
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Silva V, Segura-Aguilar J. State and perspectives on flavonoid neuroprotection against aminochrome-induced neurotoxicity. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1797-1798. [PMID: 33510082 PMCID: PMC8328783 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juan Segura-Aguilar
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
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109
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van Gastel J, Leysen H, Boddaert J, Vangenechten L, Luttrell LM, Martin B, Maudsley S. Aging-related modifications to G protein-coupled receptor signaling diversity. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 223:107793. [PMID: 33316288 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a highly complex molecular process, affecting nearly all tissue systems in humans and is the highest risk factor in developing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. The intense complexity of the aging process creates an incentive to develop more specific drugs that attenuate or even reverse some of the features of premature aging. As our current pharmacopeia is dominated by therapeutics that target members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily it may be prudent to search for effective anti-aging therapeutics in this fertile domain. Since the first demonstration of GPCR-based β-arrestin signaling, it has become clear that an enhanced appreciation of GPCR signaling diversity may facilitate the creation of therapeutics with selective signaling activities. Such 'biased' ligand signaling profiles can be effectively investigated using both standard molecular biological techniques as well as high-dimensionality data analyses. Through a more nuanced appreciation of the quantitative nature across the multiple dimensions of signaling bias that drugs possess, researchers may be able to further refine the efficacy of GPCR modulators to impact the complex aberrations that constitute the aging process. Identifying novel effector profiles could expand the effective pharmacopeia and assist in the design of precision medicines. This review discusses potential non-G protein effectors, and specifically their potential therapeutic suitability in aging and age-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana van Gastel
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Boddaert
- Molecular Pathology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Vangenechten
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical and Veterinary Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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110
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Nikolakopoulou P, Rauti R, Voulgaris D, Shlomy I, Maoz BM, Herland A. Recent progress in translational engineered in vitro models of the central nervous system. Brain 2020; 143:3181-3213. [PMID: 33020798 PMCID: PMC7719033 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human brain poses a substantial challenge for the development of models of the CNS. Current animal models lack many essential human characteristics (in addition to raising operational challenges and ethical concerns), and conventional in vitro models, in turn, are limited in their capacity to provide information regarding many functional and systemic responses. Indeed, these challenges may underlie the notoriously low success rates of CNS drug development efforts. During the past 5 years, there has been a leap in the complexity and functionality of in vitro systems of the CNS, which have the potential to overcome many of the limitations of traditional model systems. The availability of human-derived induced pluripotent stem cell technology has further increased the translational potential of these systems. Yet, the adoption of state-of-the-art in vitro platforms within the CNS research community is limited. This may be attributable to the high costs or the immaturity of the systems. Nevertheless, the costs of fabrication have decreased, and there are tremendous ongoing efforts to improve the quality of cell differentiation. Herein, we aim to raise awareness of the capabilities and accessibility of advanced in vitro CNS technologies. We provide an overview of some of the main recent developments (since 2015) in in vitro CNS models. In particular, we focus on engineered in vitro models based on cell culture systems combined with microfluidic platforms (e.g. 'organ-on-a-chip' systems). We delve into the fundamental principles underlying these systems and review several applications of these platforms for the study of the CNS in health and disease. Our discussion further addresses the challenges that hinder the implementation of advanced in vitro platforms in personalized medicine or in large-scale industrial settings, and outlines the existing differentiation protocols and industrial cell sources. We conclude by providing practical guidelines for laboratories that are considering adopting organ-on-a-chip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Nikolakopoulou
- AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rossana Rauti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dimitrios Voulgaris
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iftach Shlomy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Herland
- AIMES, Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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111
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Thompson A, Farmer K, Rowe E, Hayley S. Erythropoietin modulates striatal antioxidant signalling to reduce neurodegeneration in a toxicant model of Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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112
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Fonseca-Fonseca LA, da Silva VDA, Wong-Guerra M, Ramírez-Sánchez J, Yaquis ASP, Ochoa-Rodríguez E, Verdecia-Reyes Y, de Araújo FM, Santana RC, Outeiro TF, Costa SL, Núñez-Figueredo Y. JM-20 protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in models of Parkinson's disease: Mitochondrial protection and antioxidant properties. Neurotoxicology 2020; 82:89-98. [PMID: 33232743 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that JM-20, a new chemical entity consisting of 1,5-benzodiazepine fused to a dihydropyridine moiety, protects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a novel hybrid molecule, named JM-20, in in vitro and in vivo models of PD induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). PC-12 cells were exposed to 6-OHDA and treated with JM-20. Protection against mitochondrial damage induced by 6-OHDA was also investigated using isolated rat brain mitochondria. We found that JM-20 protected PC-12 cells against cytotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA and inhibited hydrogen peroxide generation, mitochondrial swelling and membrane potential dissipation. For in vivo experiments, adult male Wistar rats were lesioned in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) by 6-OHDA administration. JM-20 was orally administered (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg), intragastric via gavage, 24 h after surgery and daily for seven days. Treatment with JM-20 significantly reduced the percentage of motor asymmetry and increased vertical exploration. It improved the redox state of the SNpc and the striatal tissue of these animals. Also, JM-20 reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein overexpression and increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cell number, both in SNpc. Altogether, these results demonstrate that JM-20 is a potential neuroprotective agent against 6-OHDA-induced damage in both in vitro and in vivo models. The mechanism underlying JM-20 neuroprotection against 6-OHDA appears to be associated with the control of oxidative injury and mitochondrial impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Arturo Fonseca-Fonseca
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos (CIDEM), Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Víctor Diogenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maylin Wong-Guerra
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos (CIDEM), Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Jeney Ramírez-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos (CIDEM), Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Alejandro Saúl Padrón Yaquis
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos (CIDEM), Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Estael Ochoa-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica de La Facultad de Química de La Universidad de La Habana (Zapata s/n entre G y Carlitos Aguirre, Vedado Plaza de la Revolución, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Yamila Verdecia-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica de La Facultad de Química de La Universidad de La Habana (Zapata s/n entre G y Carlitos Aguirre, Vedado Plaza de la Revolución, CP 10400, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Fillipe Mendes de Araújo
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rejane Conceição Santana
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Gottingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratório de Neuroquímica e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon s/n, Vale do Canela, CEP 41100-100, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Yanier Núñez-Figueredo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos (CIDEM), Ave 26, No. 1605 Boyeros y Puentes Grandes, CP 10600, La Habana, Cuba.
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Zhang M, He Q, Chen G, Li PA. Suppression of NLRP3 Inflammasome, Pyroptosis, and Cell Death by NIM811 in Rotenone-Exposed Cells as an in vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2020; 20:73-83. [PMID: 33176317 DOI: 10.1159/000511207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Recently, NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis were found to be associated with PD. Cyclosporine A (CsA), an immunosuppressant, reduces neuronal death in PD. However, CsA could hardly pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and high dose is associated with severe side effects and toxicity. N-methyl-4-isoleucine-cyclosporine (NIM811) is a CsA derivate that can pass through the BBB. However, little is known about its effect on PD. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to explore the mechanism of rotenone-induced cell damage and to examine the protective effects of NIM811 on the neurotoxicity of a Parkinson-like in vitro model induced by rotenone. METHODS Murine hippocampal HT22 cells were cultured with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone, a widely used pesticide that has been used for many years as a tool to induce a PD model in vitro and in vivo and proven to be reproducible. NIM811 was added to the culture media 3 h prior to the rotenone incubation. Cell viability was determined by resazurin assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by dihydroethidine (DHE), and mitochondrial membrane potential by tetramethyl rhodamine methyl ester (TMRM). TUNEL and caspase-1 immunofluorescent double staining was used to detect pyroptosis. NLRP3, caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, GSDMD, and interleukin-18 (IL-18) were measured using Western blotting after 24 h of rotenone incubation. The reactivity of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was determined by ELISA. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that rotenone caused more than 40% of cell death, increased ROS production, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, while NIM811 reversed these alterations. Immunofluorescent double staining showed that rotenone increased the percentage of caspase-1 and TUNEL double-labelled cells, an indication of pyroptosis, after 24 h of incubation. The protein expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-18, and IL-1β was significantly increased after 24 h of rotenone incubation. NIM811 suppressed rotenone-induced pyroptosis and downregulated the protein expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, GSDMD, IL-1β, and IL-18. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence that rotenone activates the NLRP3 inflammomere and induces pyroptosis. NIM811 protects the cell from rotenone-induced damage and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis. NIM811 might serve as a potential therapeutic drug in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingping He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guisheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - P Andy Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute Biotechnology Enterprise (BRITE), College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA,
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Asih PR, Prikas E, Stefanoska K, Tan ARP, Ahel HI, Ittner A. Functions of p38 MAP Kinases in the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:570586. [PMID: 33013322 PMCID: PMC7509416 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.570586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions of p38 MAP kinases in cells of the central nervous system. Unique and specific functions of the four mammalian p38 kinases are found in all major cell types in the brain. Mechanisms of p38 activation and downstream phosphorylation substrates in these different contexts are outlined and how they contribute to functions of p38 in physiological and under disease conditions. Results in different model organisms demonstrated that p38 kinases are involved in cognitive functions, including functions related to anxiety, addiction behavior, neurotoxicity, neurodegeneration, and decision making. Finally, the role of p38 kinases in psychiatric and neurological conditions and the current progress on therapeutic inhibitors targeting p38 kinases are covered and implicate p38 kinases in a multitude of CNS-related physiological and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prita R Asih
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emmanuel Prikas
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristie Stefanoska
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda R P Tan
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly I Ahel
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arne Ittner
- Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Acharya S, Salgado-Somoza A, Stefanizzi FM, Lumley AI, Zhang L, Glaab E, May P, Devaux Y. Non-Coding RNAs in the Brain-Heart Axis: The Case of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6513. [PMID: 32899928 PMCID: PMC7555192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder involving multiple genetic and environmental influences. Although a wide range of PD risk factors and clinical markers for the symptomatic motor stage of the disease have been identified, there are still no reliable biomarkers available for the early pre-motor phase of PD and for predicting disease progression. High-throughput RNA-based biomarker profiling and modeling may provide a means to exploit the joint information content from a multitude of markers to derive diagnostic and prognostic signatures. In the field of PD biomarker research, currently, no clinically validated RNA-based biomarker models are available, but previous studies reported several significantly disease-associated changes in RNA abundances and activities in multiple human tissues and body fluids. Here, we review the current knowledge of the regulation and function of non-coding RNAs in PD, focusing on microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. Since there is growing evidence for functional interactions between the heart and the brain, we discuss the benefits of studying the role of non-coding RNAs in organ interactions when deciphering the complex regulatory networks involved in PD progression. We finally review important concepts of harmonization and curation of high throughput datasets, and we discuss the potential of systems biomedicine to derive and evaluate RNA biomarker signatures from high-throughput expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Acharya
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio Salgado-Somoza
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Francesca Maria Stefanizzi
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Andrew I. Lumley
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lu Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; (E.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg; (S.A.); (A.S.-S.); (F.M.S.); (A.I.L.); (L.Z.)
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Białkowska K, Komorowski P, Bryszewska M, Miłowska K. Spheroids as a Type of Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures-Examples of Methods of Preparation and the Most Important Application. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6225. [PMID: 32872135 PMCID: PMC7503223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cultures are very important for testing materials and drugs, and in the examination of cell biology and special cell mechanisms. The most popular models of cell culture are two-dimensional (2D) as monolayers, but this does not mimic the natural cell environment. Cells are mostly deprived of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. A much better in vitro model is three-dimensional (3D) culture. Because many cell lines have the ability to self-assemble, one 3D culturing method is to produce spheroids. There are several systems for culturing cells in spheroids, e.g., hanging drop, scaffolds and hydrogels, and these cultures have their applications in drug and nanoparticles testing, and disease modeling. In this paper we would like to present methods of preparation of spheroids in general and emphasize the most important applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Białkowska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St. Building D, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.); (K.M.)
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, “Bionanopark” Ldt., 114/116 Dubois St., 93-465 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Piotr Komorowski
- Molecular and Nanostructural Biophysics Laboratory, “Bionanopark” Ldt., 114/116 Dubois St., 93-465 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Materials Science, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego St., 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St. Building D, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Miłowska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St. Building D, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.B.); (K.M.)
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Mencke P, Hanss Z, Boussaad I, Sugier PE, Elbaz A, Krüger R. Bidirectional Relation Between Parkinson's Disease and Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front Neurol 2020; 11:898. [PMID: 32973662 PMCID: PMC7468383 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer and Parkinson's disease (PD) define two disease entities that include opposite concepts. Indeed, the involved mechanisms are at different ends of a spectrum related to cell survival - one due to enhanced cellular proliferation and the other due to premature cell death. There is increasing evidence indicating that patients with neurodegenerative diseases like PD have a reduced incidence for most cancers. In support, epidemiological studies demonstrate an inverse association between PD and cancer. Both conditions apparently can involve the same set of genes, however, in affected tissues the expression was inversely regulated: genes that are down-regulated in PD were found to be up-regulated in cancer and vice versa, for example p53 or PARK7. When comparing glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a malignant brain tumor with poor overall survival, with PD, astrocytes are dysregulated in both diseases in opposite ways. In addition, common genes, that are involved in both diseases and share common key pathways of cell proliferation and metabolism, were shown to be oppositely deregulated in PD and GBM. Here, we provide an overview of the involvement of PD- and GBM-associated genes in common pathways that are dysregulated in both conditions. Moreover, we illustrate why the simultaneous study of PD and GBM regarding the role of common pathways may lead to a deeper understanding of these still incurable conditions. Eventually, considering the inverse regulation of certain genes in PD and GBM will help to understand their mechanistic basis, and thus to define novel target-based strategies for causative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Mencke
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Zoé Hanss
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ibrahim Boussaad
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Alexis Elbaz
- Institut de Statistique de l'Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Santos MLC, de Brito BB, da Silva FAF, Sampaio MM, Marques HS, Oliveira e Silva N, de Magalhães Queiroz DM, de Melo FF. Helicobacter pylori infection: Beyond gastric manifestations. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4076-4093. [PMID: 32821071 PMCID: PMC7403793 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i28.4076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that infects more than a half of world’s population. Although it is mainly related to the development of gastroduodenal diseases, several studies have shown that such infection may also influence the development and severity of various extragastric diseases. According to the current evidence, whereas this bacterium is a risk factor for some of these manifestations, it might play a protective role in other pathological conditions. In that context, when considered the gastrointestinal tract, H. pylori positivity have been related to Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatic Carcinoma, Cholelithiasis, and Cholecystitis. Moreover, lower serum levels of iron and vitamin B12 have been found in patients with H. pylori infection, leading to the emergence of anemias in a portion of them. With regards to neurological manifestations, a growing number of studies have associated that bacterium with multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Interestingly, the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders, such as atherosclerosis, is also influenced by the infection. Besides that, the H. pylori-associated inflammation may also lead to increased insulin resistance, leading to a higher risk of diabetes mellitus among infected individuals. Finally, the occurrence of dermatological and ophthalmic disorders have also been related to that microorganism. In this sense, this minireview aims to gather the main studies associating H. pylori infection with extragastric conditions, and also to explore the main mechanisms that may explain the role of H. pylori in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Breno Bittencourt de Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Miranda Sampaio
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Oliveira e Silva
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Dulciene Maria de Magalhães Queiroz
- Laboratory of Research in Bacteriology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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Muralidharan A, Rahman J, Banerjee D, Hakim Mohammed AR, Malik BH. Parkinsonism: A Rare Adverse Effect of Valproic Acid. Cureus 2020; 12:e8782. [PMID: 32724733 PMCID: PMC7381881 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is an anti-epileptic drug (AED) used as a first-choice agent for most forms of epilepsy. It is used in the treatment of manic episodes, bipolar disorder, migraine prevention, and impulse control. Hence it is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs by physicians nowadays. VPA acts by increasing gama amino butyric acid (GABA) levels, and also reduces neuronal activation by blocking voltage-gated sodium, potassium, and calcium channels. VPA has various adverse effects like thrombocytopenia, hyperammonemia, teratogenicity causing spina bifida in newborns when exposed in utero. The focus of this review is to research one such easily overlooked adverse effect of VPA, which is VPA-induced Parkinsonism. We carried out a review of literature and gathered all comprehensive peer-reviewed articles from PubMed. The data for this research were collected ethically and legally after a thorough examination of the literature. Data obtained from the studies have suggested that Parkinsonism is an adverse effect of VPA. Chronic usage of VPA causes Parkinsonism. It occurs equally in males and females, more common in older people usually above the age of 55 years and not dose-dependent. According to the data obtained, all patients who developed Parkinsonism had serum levels in the therapeutic range (50-100 mcg/mL). Thus the chronic intake of maintenance dose of VPA seems to be the leading cause. The symptoms usually improve over a few weeks and fully resolve in a few months after stopping the drug. When the patient's symptoms do not improve, it means VPA has unmasked the underlying potential for developing Parkinson's disease. Such patients benefit from levodopa therapy. However, the mechanism of how VPA causes Parkinsonism remains unknown. Based on the articles reviewed, we hypothesize that VPA's mechanism of neuronal inactivation by blocking membrane channels across the neuronal membrane, primarily when used chronically could be the mechanism by which it causes Parkinsonism. VPA causes down regulation of sodium and potassium channels on neuronal membrane in order to stop the neurons from firing. Thereby a decrease in action potential across the neurons causes a temporary physiological inactivation of the neuron. When multiple neurons are inactivated in the basal ganglia of the brain, the patient develops symptoms of Parkinsonism. As the neurons are only temporarily inactivated physiologically, when the drug is stopped the membrane receptors are reactivated on the neuronal membranes. This leads to neuronal activation and neuronal membrane potential becomes the same as before. The above mechanism clarifies why the symptoms settle down when the medication is stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abilash Muralidharan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Internal Medicine, Kiruba Hospital, Coimbatore, IND
| | - Jawaria Rahman
- Pathology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, USA
| | - Dipanjan Banerjee
- Neuroscience, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
- Geriatrics, Queen's Medical Center, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, GBR
| | - Abdul Rub Hakim Mohammed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Bilal Haider Malik
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences and Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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Madureira M, Connor-Robson N, Wade-Martins R. "LRRK2: Autophagy and Lysosomal Activity". Front Neurosci 2020; 14:498. [PMID: 32523507 PMCID: PMC7262160 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been 15 years since the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene was identified as the most common genetic cause for Parkinson's disease (PD). The two most common mutations are the LRRK2-G2019S, located in the kinase domain, and the LRRK2-R1441C, located in the ROC-COR domain. While the LRRK2-G2019S mutation is associated with increased kinase activity, the LRRK2-R1441C exhibits a decreased GTPase activity and altered kinase activity. Multiple lines of evidence have linked the LRRK2 protein with a role in the autophagy pathway and with lysosomal activity in neurons. Neurons rely heavily on autophagy to recycle proteins and process cellular waste due to their post-mitotic state. Additionally, lysosomal activity decreases with age which can potentiate the accumulation of α-synuclein, the pathological hallmark of PD, and subsequently lead to the build-up of Lewy bodies (LBs) observed in this disorder. This review provides an up to date summary of the LRRK2 field to understand its physiological role in the autophagy pathway in neurons and related cells. Careful assessment of how LRRK2 participates in the regulation of phagophore and autophagosome formation, autophagosome and lysosome fusion, lysosomal maturation, maintenance of lysosomal pH and calcium levels, and lysosomal protein degradation are addressed. The autophagy pathway is a complex cellular process and due to the variety of LRRK2 models studied in the field, associated phenotypes have been reported to be seemingly conflicting. This review provides an in-depth discussion of different models to assess the normal and disease-associated role of the LRRK2 protein on autophagic function. Given the importance of the autophagy pathway in Parkinson's pathogenesis it is particularly relevant to focus on the role of LRRK2 to discover novel therapeutic approaches that restore lysosomal protein degradation homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Madureira
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natalie Connor-Robson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Damiani C, Gaglio D, Sacco E, Alberghina L, Vanoni M. Systems metabolomics: from metabolomic snapshots to design principles. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 63:190-199. [PMID: 32278263 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a rapidly expanding technology that finds increasing application in a variety of fields, form metabolic disorders to cancer, from nutrition and wellness to design and optimization of cell factories. The integration of metabolic snapshots with metabolic fluxes, physiological readouts, metabolic models, and knowledge-informed Artificial Intelligence tools, is required to obtain a system-level understanding of metabolism. The emerging power of multi-omic approaches and the development of integrated experimental and computational tools, able to dissect metabolic features at cellular and subcellular resolution, provide unprecedented opportunities for understanding design principles of metabolic (dis)regulation and for the development of precision therapies in multifactorial diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Damiani
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; ISBE.IT, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Daniela Gaglio
- ISBE.IT, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan 20126, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; ISBE.IT, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; ISBE.IT, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan 20126, Italy
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy; ISBE.IT, SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan 20126, Italy.
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Castilla-Cortázar I, Aguirre GA, Femat-Roldán G, Martín-Estal I, Espinosa L. Is insulin-like growth factor-1 involved in Parkinson's disease development? J Transl Med 2020; 18:70. [PMID: 32046737 PMCID: PMC7014772 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results in the death of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta and the reduction in dopaminergic control over striatal output neurons, leading to a movement disorder most commonly characterized by akinesia or bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor. Also, PD is less frequently depicted by sensory symptoms (pain and tingling), hyposmia, sleep alterations, depression and anxiety, and abnormal executive and working memory related functions. On the other hand, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormone with several functions including tissue growth and development, insulin-like activity, proliferation, pro-survival, anti-aging, antioxidant and neuroprotection, among others. Herein this review tries to summarize all experimental and clinical data to understand the pathophysiology and development of PD, as well as its clear association with IGF-1, supported by several lines of evidence: (1) IGF-1 decreases with age, while aging is the major risk for PD establishment and development; (2) numerous basic and translational data have appointed direct protective and homeostasis IGF-1 roles in all brain cells; (3) estrogens seem to confer women strong protection to PD via IGF-1; and (4) clinical correlations in PD cohorts have confirmed elevated IGF-1 levels at the onset of the disease, suggesting an ongoing compensatory or "fight-to-injury" mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inma Castilla-Cortázar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
- Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gabriel A Aguirre
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Giovana Femat-Roldán
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
- Neurocenter, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Irene Martín-Estal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
| | - Luis Espinosa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, 64710, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
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123
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Martinelli C, Pucci C, Battaglini M, Marino A, Ciofani G. Antioxidants and Nanotechnology: Promises and Limits of Potentially Disruptive Approaches in the Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901589. [PMID: 31854132 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many central nervous system (CNS) diseases are still incurable and only symptomatic treatments are available. Oxidative stress is suggested to be a common hallmark, being able to cause and exacerbate the neuronal cell dysfunctions at the basis of these pathologies, such as mitochondrial impairments, accumulation of misfolded proteins, cell membrane damages, and apoptosis induction. Several antioxidant compounds are tested as potential countermeasures for CNS disorders, but their efficacy is often hindered by the loss of antioxidant properties due to enzymatic degradation, low bioavailability, poor water solubility, and insufficient blood-brain barrier crossing efficiency. To overcome the limitations of antioxidant molecules, exploitation of nanostructures, either for their delivery or with inherent antioxidant properties, is proposed. In this review, after a brief discussion concerning the role of the blood-brain barrier in the CNS and the involvement of oxidative stress in some neurodegenerative diseases, the most interesting research concerning the use of nano-antioxidants is introduced and discussed, focusing on the synthesis procedures, functionalization strategies, in vitro and in vivo tests, and on recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Martinelli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pucci
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Battaglini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, The Biorobotics Institute, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Attilio Marino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Smart Bio-Interfaces, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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Antony PMA, Kondratyeva O, Mommaerts K, Ostaszewski M, Sokolowska K, Baumuratov AS, Longhino L, Poulain JF, Grossmann D, Balling R, Krüger R, Diederich NJ. Fibroblast mitochondria in idiopathic Parkinson's disease display morphological changes and enhanced resistance to depolarization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1569. [PMID: 32005875 PMCID: PMC6994699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Here, we established screenable phenotypes of mitochondrial morphology and function in primary fibroblasts derived from patients with IPD. Upper arm punch skin biopsy was performed in 41 patients with mid-stage IPD and 21 age-matched healthy controls. At the single-cell level, the basal mitochondrial membrane potential (Ψm) was higher in patients with IPD than in controls. Similarly, under carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) stress, the remaining Ψm was increased in patients with IPD. Analysis of mitochondrial morphometric parameters revealed significantly decreased mitochondrial connectivity in patients with IPD, with 9 of 14 morphometric mitochondrial parameters differing from those in controls. Significant morphometric mitochondrial changes included the node degree, mean volume, skeleton size, perimeter, form factor, node count, erosion body count, endpoints, and mitochondria count (all P-values < 0.05). These functional data reveal that resistance to depolarization was increased by treatment with the protonophore FCCP in patients with IPD, whereas morphometric data revealed decreased mitochondrial connectivity and increased mitochondrial fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M A Antony
- LCSB, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D Grossmann
- LCSB, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - R Balling
- LCSB, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - R Krüger
- LCSB, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
- CHL, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Transversal Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Strassen, Luxembourg
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125
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Dorsey ER, Omberg L, Waddell E, Adams JL, Adams R, Ali MR, Amodeo K, Arky A, Augustine EF, Dinesh K, Hoque ME, Glidden AM, Jensen-Roberts S, Kabelac Z, Katabi D, Kieburtz K, Kinel DR, Little MA, Lizarraga KJ, Myers T, Riggare S, Rosero SZ, Saria S, Schifitto G, Schneider RB, Sharma G, Shoulson I, Stevenson EA, Tarolli CG, Luo J, McDermott MP. Deep Phenotyping of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2020; 10:855-873. [PMID: 32444562 PMCID: PMC7458535 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phenotype is the set of observable traits of an organism or condition. While advances in genetics, imaging, and molecular biology have improved our understanding of the underlying biology of Parkinson's disease (PD), clinical phenotyping of PD still relies primarily on history and physical examination. These subjective, episodic, categorical assessments are valuable for diagnosis and care but have left gaps in our understanding of the PD phenotype. Sensors can provide objective, continuous, real-world data about the PD clinical phenotype, increase our knowledge of its pathology, enhance evaluation of therapies, and ultimately, improve patient care. In this paper, we explore the concept of deep phenotyping-the comprehensive assessment of a condition using multiple clinical, biological, genetic, imaging, and sensor-based tools-for PD. We discuss the rationale for, outline current approaches to, identify benefits and limitations of, and consider future directions for deep clinical phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ray Dorsey
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Emma Waddell
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jamie L. Adams
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Roy Adams
- Machine Learning, AI and Healthcare Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Katherine Amodeo
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Arky
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Erika F. Augustine
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karthik Dinesh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Alistair M. Glidden
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stella Jensen-Roberts
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Zachary Kabelac
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dina Katabi
- Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karl Kieburtz
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Daniel R. Kinel
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Max A. Little
- School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, UK
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA
| | - Karlo J. Lizarraga
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Taylor Myers
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sara Riggare
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Suchi Saria
- Machine Learning, AI and Healthcare Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Statistics, and Health Policy, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
| | - Giovanni Schifitto
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ruth B. Schneider
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ira Shoulson
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Grey Matter Technologies, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - E. Anna Stevenson
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher G. Tarolli
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jiebo Luo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael P. McDermott
- Center for Health + Technology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Andersen MA, Sotty F, Jensen PH, Badolo L, Jeggo R, Smith GP, Christensen KV. Long-Term Exposure to PFE-360 in the AAV-α-Synuclein Rat Model: Findings and Implications. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0453-18.2019. [PMID: 31685675 PMCID: PMC6978918 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0453-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with impaired motor function and several non-motor symptoms, with no available disease modifying treatment. Intracellular accumulation of pathological α-synuclein inclusions is a hallmark of idiopathic PD, whereas, dominant mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are associated with familial PD that is clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that an increase in LRRK2 kinase activity is associated with the development of not only familial LRRK2 PD, but also idiopathic PD. Previous reports have shown preclinical effects of LRRK2 modulation on α-synuclein-induced neuropathology. Increased subthalamic nucleus (STN) burst firing in preclinical neurotoxin models and PD patients is hypothesized to be causally involved in the development of the motor deficit in PD. To study a potential pathophysiological relationship between α-synuclein pathology and LRRK2 kinase activity in PD, we investigated the effect of chronic LRRK2 inhibition in an AAV-α-synuclein overexpression rat model. In this study, we report that chronic LRRK2 inhibition using PFE-360 only induced a marginal effect on motor function. In addition, the aberrant STN burst firing and associated neurodegenerative processes induced by α-synuclein overexpression model remained unaffected by chronic LRRK2 inhibition. Our findings do not strongly support LRRK2 inhibition for the treatment of PD. Therefore, the reported beneficial effects of LRRK2 inhibition in similar α-synuclein overexpression rodent models must be considered with prudence and additional studies are warranted in alternative α-synuclein-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aagaard Andersen
- Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Dandrite, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Florence Sotty
- Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
| | - Poul Henning Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Dandrite, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Lassina Badolo
- Department of Discovery DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
| | - Ross Jeggo
- Neurodegeneration, Neuroscience Drug Discovery DK, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
| | - Garrick Paul Smith
- Department of Discovery Chemistry 2, H. Lundbeck A/S, DK-2500 Valby Denmark
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127
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Chen X, Gumina G, Virga KG. Recent Advances in Drug Repurposing for Parkinson's Disease. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5340-5362. [PMID: 30027839 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180719144850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mostly affects older people, Parkinson's disease is a growing health threat to our ever-aging population. Despite remarkable advances in our understanding of this disease, all therapeutics currently available only act to improve symptoms but cannot stop the disease progression. Therefore, it is essential that more effective drug discovery methods and approaches are developed, validated, and used for the discovery of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease. Drug repurposing, also known as drug repositioning, or the process of finding new uses for existing or abandoned pharmaceuticals, has been recognized as a cost-effective and timeefficient way to develop new drugs, being equally promising as de novo drug discovery in the field of neurodegeneration and, more specifically for Parkinson's disease. The availability of several established libraries of clinical drugs and fast evolvement in disease biology, genomics and bioinformatics has stimulated the momentums of both in silico and activity-based drug repurposing. With the successful clinical introduction of several repurposed drugs for Parkinson's disease, drug repurposing has now become a robust alternative approach to the discovery and development of novel drugs for this disease. In this review, recent advances in drug repurposing for Parkinson's disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, United States
| | - Giuseppe Gumina
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Presbyterian College School of Pharmacy, Clinton, SC 29325, United States
| | - Kristopher G Virga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, William Carey University School of Pharmacy, Biloxi, MS 39532, United States
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128
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Gazerani P. Probiotics for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4121. [PMID: 31450864 PMCID: PMC6747430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurological disorder classically characterized by impairments in motor system function associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. After almost 200 years since the first description of PD by James Parkinson, unraveling the complexity of PD continues to evolve. It is now recognized that an interplay between genetic and environmental factors influences a diverse range of cellular processes, reflecting on other clinical features including non-motor symptoms. This has consequently highlighted the extensive value of early clinical diagnosis to reduce difficulties of later stage management of PD. Advancement in understanding of PD has made remarkable progress in introducing new tools and strategies such as stem cell therapy and deep brain stimulation. A link between alterations in gut microbiota and PD has also opened a new line. Evidence exists of a bidirectional pathway between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics are being examined that might influence gut-brain axis by altering gut microbiota composition, enteric nervous system, and CNS. This review provides status on use of probiotics for PD. Limitations and future directions will also be addressed to promote further research considering use of probiotics for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Gazerani
- Biomedicine: Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University,Frederik Bajers Vej 3B, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
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129
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Heinzel S, Berg D, Gasser T, Chen H, Yao C, Postuma RB. Update of the MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1464-1470. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology Christian‐Albrechts‐University Kiel Germany
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research University of Tuebingen Tuebingen Germany
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Chun Yao
- Department of Neurology Montreal General Hospital Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Ronald B. Postuma
- Department of Neurology Montreal General Hospital Montreal Quebec Canada
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130
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Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Are at an Increased Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A South Korean Nationwide Population-Based Study. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081191. [PMID: 31398905 PMCID: PMC6723604 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: It is not known whether inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) enhances the risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) or whether PD diagnosis is the result of increased health care use. We determined the risk of developing PD among patients with IBD in terms of health care and medication use. Methods: A nationwide population-based study was conducted using claims data from the Korean National Health care Insurance service. From 2010 to 2013, patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were identified through both International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) and national rare intractable disease (RID) registration program codes. We compared 38,861 IBD patients with age and sex-matched non-IBD individuals at a ratio of 1:3. Patients with newly diagnosed PD were identified through both ICD-10 and RID codes. Results: The incidence of PD among patients with IBD was 49 per 100,000 person-years. The risk of developing PD in patients with IBD was significantly higher than controls even after adjustment for health care use (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.87; P < 0.001). Compared to controls, the risk of PD was significantly higher in patients with CD (aHR, 2.23; P = 0.023) and UC (aHR, 1.85; P < 0.001). Corticosteroid use showed a preventive effect on developing PD in patients with CD (aHR 0.08; P < 0.001), but not UC (aHR, 0.75; P = 0.213). Among 2110 patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF), none of the treated patients experienced PD during 9950 person-years. Conclusion: Patients with IBD are at an increased risk of PD, regardless of health care use. Corticosteroid and anti-TNF use may prevent PD in patients with IBD.
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131
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Tancini B, Buratta S, Sagini K, Costanzi E, Delo F, Urbanelli L, Emiliani C. Insight into the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Lysosomal Storage Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10070510. [PMID: 31284546 PMCID: PMC6679199 DOI: 10.3390/genes10070510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have received increasing attention over the last two decades. Initially, they were considered as just a garbage disposal tool; however, it has progressively become clear that their protein, nucleic acid (namely miRNA and mRNA), and lipid contents have signaling functions. Besides, it has been established that cells release different types of vesicular structures for which characterization is still in its infancy. Many stress conditions, such as hypoxia, senescence, and oncogene activation have been associated with the release of higher levels of EVs. Further, evidence has shown that autophagic–lysosomal pathway abnormalities also affect EV release. In fact, in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of toxic proteins, although it has not become clear to what extent the intracellular storage of undigested materials itself has beneficial/adverse effects, these proteins have also been shown to be released extracellularly via EVs. Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are characterized by accumulation of undigested substrates within the endosomal–lysosomal system, due either to genetic mutations in lysosomal proteins or to treatment with pharmacological agents. Here, we review studies investigating the role of lysosomal and autophagic dysfunction on the release of EVs, with a focus on studies exploring the release of EVs in LSD models of both genetic and pharmacological origin. A better knowledge of EV-releasing pathways activated in lysosomal stress conditions will provide information on the role of EVs in both alleviating intracellular storage of undigested materials and spreading the pathology to the neighboring tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Tancini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eva Costanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Delo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
Millions of Americans now entering midlife and old age were exposed to high levels of lead, a neurotoxin, as children. Evidence from animal-model and human observational studies suggest that childhood lead exposure may raise the risk of adult neurodegenerative disease, particularly dementia, through a variety of possible mechanisms including epigenetic modification, delayed cardiovascular and kidney disease, direct degenerative CNS injury from lead remobilized from bone, and lowered neural and cognitive reserve. Within the next ten years, the generation of children with the highest historical lead exposures, those born in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, will begin to enter the age at which dementia symptoms tend to emerge. Many will also enter the age in which lead stored in the skeleton may be remobilized at greater rates, particularly for women entering menopause and men and women experiencing osteoporosis. Should childhood lead exposure prove pro-degenerative, the next twenty years will provide the last opportunities for possible early intervention to forestall greater degenerative disease burden across the aging lead-exposed population. More evidence is needed now to characterize the nature and magnitude of the degenerative risks facing adults exposed to lead as children and to identify interventions to limit long-term harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Reuben
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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133
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Dal Ben M, Bongiovanni R, Tuniz S, Fioriti E, Tiribelli C, Moretti R, Gazzin S. Earliest Mechanisms of Dopaminergic Neurons Sufferance in a Novel Slow Progressing Ex Vivo Model of Parkinson Disease in Rat Organotypic Cultures of Substantia Nigra. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2224. [PMID: 31064126 PMCID: PMC6539377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatments of Parkinson disease (PD) are ineffective mainly due to the poor understanding of the early events causing the decline of dopaminergic neurons (DOPAn). To overcome this problem, slow progressively degenerating models of PD allowing the study of the pre-clinical phase are crucial. We recreated in a short ex vivo time scale (96 h) all the features of human PD (needing dozens of years) by challenging organotypic culture of rat substantia nigra with low doses of rotenone. Thus, taking advantage of the existent knowledge, the model was used to perform a time-dependent comparative study of the principal possible causative molecular mechanisms undergoing DOPAn demise. Alteration in the redox state and inflammation started at 3 h, preceding the reduction in DOPAn number (pre-diagnosis phase). The number of DOPAn declined to levels compatible with diagnosis only at 12 h. The decline was accompanied by a persistent inflammation and redox imbalance. Significant microglia activation, apoptosis, a reduction in dopamine vesicle transporters, and the ubiquitination of misfolded protein clearance pathways were late (96 h, consequential) events. The work suggests inflammation and redox imbalance as simultaneous early mechanisms undergoing DOPAn sufferance, to be targeted for a causative treatment aimed to stop/delay PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dal Ben
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | | | - Simone Tuniz
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Fioriti
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato, AREA Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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134
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Saqi M, Lysenko A, Guo YK, Tsunoda T, Auffray C. Navigating the disease landscape: knowledge representations for contextualizing molecular signatures. Brief Bioinform 2019; 20:609-623. [PMID: 29684165 PMCID: PMC6556902 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bby025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amounts of data emerging from experiments in molecular medicine are leading to the identification of molecular signatures associated with disease subtypes. The contextualization of these patterns is important for obtaining mechanistic insight into the aberrant processes associated with a disease, and this typically involves the integration of multiple heterogeneous types of data. In this review, we discuss knowledge representations that can be useful to explore the biological context of molecular signatures, in particular three main approaches, namely, pathway mapping approaches, molecular network centric approaches and approaches that represent biological statements as knowledge graphs. We discuss the utility of each of these paradigms, illustrate how they can be leveraged with selected practical examples and identify ongoing challenges for this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoor Saqi
- Mansoor Saqi Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Artem Lysenko
- Artem Lysenko Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yi-Ke Guo
- Yi-Ke Guo Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Tatsuhiko Tsunoda
- Tatsuhiko Tsunoda Laboratory for Medical Science Mathematics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan Department of Medical Science Mathematics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Charles Auffray
- Charles Auffray European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Lyon, France
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135
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Parkinson's Disease is Associated with Dysregulations of a Dopamine-Modulated Gene Network Relevant to Sleep and Affective Neurobehaviors in the Striatum. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4808. [PMID: 30886221 PMCID: PMC6423036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the characteristic motor symptoms, Parkinson’s disease (PD) often involves a constellation of sleep and mood symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying these comorbidities are largely unknown. We have previously reconstructed gene networks in the striatum of a population of (C57BL/6J x A/J) F2 mice and associated the networks to sleep and affective phenotypes, providing a resource for integrated analyses to investigate perturbed sleep and affective functions at the gene network level. Combining this resource with PD-relevant transcriptomic datasets from humans and mice, we identified four networks that showed elevated gene expression in PD patients, including a circadian clock and mitotic network that was altered similarly in mouse models of PD. We then utilized multiple types of omics data from public databases and linked this gene network to postsynaptic dopamine signaling in the striatum, CDK1-modulated transcriptional regulation, and the genetic susceptibility of PD. These findings suggest that dopamine deficiency, a key aspect of PD pathology, perturbs a circadian/mitotic gene network in striatal neurons. Since the normal functions of this network were relevant to sleep and affective behaviors, these findings implicate that dysregulation of functional gene networks may be involved in the emergence of non-motor symptoms in PD. Our analyses present a framework for integrating multi-omics data from diverse sources in mice and humans to reveal insights into comorbid symptoms of complex diseases.
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136
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Nasrolahi A, Safari F, Farhoudi M, Khosravi A, Farajdokht F, Bastaminejad S, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S, Mahmoudi J. Immune system and new avenues in Parkinson’s disease research and treatment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:709-727. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. However, although 200 years have now passed since the primary clinical description of PD by James Parkinson, the etiology and mechanisms of neuronal loss in this disease are still not fully understood. In addition to genetic and environmental factors, activation of immunologic responses seems to have a crucial role in PD pathology. Intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn), as the main pathological hallmark of PD, potentially mediates initiation of the autoimmune and inflammatory events through, possibly, auto-reactive T cells. While current therapeutic regimens are mainly used to symptomatically suppress PD signs, application of the disease-modifying therapies including immunomodulatory strategies may slow down the progressive neurodegeneration process of PD. The aim of this review is to summarize knowledge regarding previous studies on the relationships between autoimmune reactions and PD pathology as well as to discuss current opportunities for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Departmant of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Afra Khosravi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz 51666-14756 , Iran
| | - Saiyad Bastaminejad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam , Iran
| | | | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , P.O. 51666-14756, Tabriz , Iran , e-mail:
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137
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Wang XY, Han YY, Li G, Zhang B. Association between autonomic dysfunction and olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease in southern Chinese. BMC Neurol 2019; 19:17. [PMID: 30711006 PMCID: PMC6359856 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-019-1243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate the autonomic dysfunction between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with olfactory dysfunction and PD patients without olfactory dysfunction in southern Chinese population. METHODS Fifty-six PD patients with olfactory dysfunction and 44 patients without olfactory dysfunction were included. All patients were evaluated by Sniffin' sticks (SS-16), scales for outcomes in Parkinson's disease-autonomic questionnaire, Hamilton anxiety rating scale and Hamilton depression rating scale RESULTS: The score of subpart of gastrointestinal symptoms and subpart of urinary symptoms were different in two groups (gastrointestinal symptoms: p value: 0.024; urinary symptoms: p value: 0.008). As for each question items, questions 2, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14 were correlated with SS-16 scores (Question 2: p value: 0.013; question 6: p value: 0.006; question 8: p value: 0.025; question 10: p value: 0.005; question 11: p value: 0.022; question 13: p value: < 0.001; question 14: p value: 0.038). Question 10 and 14 were associated with olfactory dysfunction after adjusting disease duration and gender (Question 10: p value: 0.011, OR: 3.91; Question 14: p value: 0.027, OR: 3.27). CONCLUSIONS Gastrointestinal, urinary and a part of cardiovascular symptoms of SCOPA-AUT were associated with olfactory dysfunction in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Ying-Ying Han
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1800 Yuntai Road, Shanghai, 200123, China.
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138
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Leem E, Oh YS, Shin WH, Jin BK, Jeong JY, Shin M, Kim DW, Jang JH, Kim HJ, Ha CM, Jung UJ, Moon GJ, Kim SR. Effects of Silibinin Against Prothrombin Kringle-2-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic System In Vivo. J Med Food 2019; 22:277-285. [PMID: 30632945 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease exhibit common features of neurodegenerative diseases and can be caused by numerous factors. A common feature of these diseases is neurotoxic inflammation by activated microglia, indicating that regulation of microglial activation is a potential mechanism for preserving neurons in the adult brain. Recently, we reported that upregulation of prothrombin kringle-2 (pKr-2), one of the domains that make up prothrombin and which is cleaved and generated by active thrombin, induces nigral dopaminergic (DA) neuronal death through neurotoxic microglial activation in the adult brain. In this study, we show that silibinin, a flavonoid found in milk thistle, can suppress the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neurotoxic inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α, after pKr-2 treatment by downregulating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in the mouse substantia nigra. Moreover, as demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining, measurements of the dopamine and metabolite levels, and open-field behavioral tests, silibinin treatment protected the nigrostriatal DA system resulting from the occurrence of pKr-2-triggered neurotoxic inflammation in vivo. Thus, we conclude that silibinin may be beneficial as a natural compound with anti-inflammatory effects against pKr-2-triggered neurotoxicity to protect the nigrostriatal DA pathway and its properties, and thus, may be applicable for PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Leem
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Oh
- 2 Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- 3 Department of Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Jin
- 4 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Jeong
- 3 Department of Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,4 Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Neuroscience Graduate School, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsang Shin
- 5 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- 6 Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyeok Jang
- 2 Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- 7 Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- 7 Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Korea
| | - Un Ju Jung
- 8 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Gyeong Joon Moon
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- 1 BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,9 Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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139
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Tang G, Pan H, Xu L, Feng R, Jiang Y, Kong F, Hu S. A Comparison of Co-methylation Relationships Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1001. [PMID: 30686971 PMCID: PMC6335329 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease. Recent studies have identified the DNA methylation loci associated with RA and found that DNA methylation was a potential mediator of genetic risk. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease. Several studies have indicated that DNA methylation levels are linked to PD, and genes related to the immune system are significantly enriched in PD-related methylation modules. Although recent studies have provided profound insights into the DNA methylation of both RA and PD, no shared co-methylation relationships have been identified to date. Therefore, we sought to identify shared co-methylation relationships linked to RA and PD. Here, we calculated the Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) of 225,239,700 gene pairs and determined the differences and similarities between the two diseases. The global co-methylation change between in PD cases and controls was larger than that between RA cases and controls. We found 337 gene pairs with large changes that were shared between RA and PD. This co-methylation relationship study represents a new area of study for both RA and PD and provides new ideas for further study of the shared biological mechanisms of RA and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Tang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongzhi Pan
- Collaborate Research Center, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangde Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rennan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongshuai Jiang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Fanwu Kong
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Simeng Hu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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140
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Abstract
The key molecular events that provoke Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully understood. Iron deposit was found in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of PD patients and animal models, where dopaminergic neurons degeneration occurred selectively. The mechanisms involved in disturbed iron metabolism remain unknown, however, considerable evidence indicates that iron transporters dysregulation, activation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTCC) and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, as well as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) contribute to this process. There is emerging evidence on the structural links and functional modulations between iron and α-synuclein, and the key player in PD which aggregates in Lewy bodies. Iron is believed to modulate α-synuclein synthesis, post-translational modification, and aggregation. Furthermore, glia, especially activated astroglia and microglia, are involved in iron deposit in PD. Glial contributions were largely dependent on the factors they released, e.g., neurotrophic factors, pro-inflammatory factors, lactoferrin, and those undetermined. Therefore, iron chelation using iron chelators, the extracts from many natural foods with iron chelating properties, may be an effective therapy for prevention and treatment of the disease.
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141
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Lonini L, Dai A, Shawen N, Simuni T, Poon C, Shimanovich L, Daeschler M, Ghaffari R, Rogers JA, Jayaraman A. Wearable sensors for Parkinson's disease: which data are worth collecting for training symptom detection models. NPJ Digit Med 2018; 1:64. [PMID: 31304341 PMCID: PMC6550186 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-018-0071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning algorithms that use data streams captured from soft wearable sensors have the potential to automatically detect PD symptoms and inform clinicians about the progression of disease. However, these algorithms must be trained with annotated data from clinical experts who can recognize symptoms, and collecting such data are costly. Understanding how many sensors and how much labeled data are required is key to successfully deploying these models outside of the clinic. Here we recorded movement data using 6 flexible wearable sensors in 20 individuals with PD over the course of multiple clinical assessments conducted on 1 day and repeated 2 weeks later. Participants performed 13 common tasks, such as walking or typing, and a clinician rated the severity of symptoms (bradykinesia and tremor). We then trained convolutional neural networks and statistical ensembles to detect whether a segment of movement showed signs of bradykinesia or tremor based on data from tasks performed by other individuals. Our results show that a single wearable sensor on the back of the hand is sufficient for detecting bradykinesia and tremor in the upper extremities, whereas using sensors on both sides does not improve performance. Increasing the amount of training data by adding other individuals can lead to improved performance, but repeating assessments with the same individuals—even at different medication states—does not substantially improve detection across days. Our results suggest that PD symptoms can be detected during a variety of activities and are best modeled by a dataset incorporating many individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Lonini
- Max Nader Lab for Rehabilitation Technologies and Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.,2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Andrew Dai
- Max Nader Lab for Rehabilitation Technologies and Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.,3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - Nicholas Shawen
- Max Nader Lab for Rehabilitation Technologies and Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.,4Medical Scientist Training Program, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Tanya Simuni
- 5Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Cynthia Poon
- 5Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Leo Shimanovich
- 5Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Margaret Daeschler
- 6The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, New York, NY 10163 USA
| | - Roozbeh Ghaffari
- 7Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/Biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA
| | - John A Rogers
- 7Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Neurological Surgery, Simpson Querrey Institute for Nano/Biotechnology, McCormick School of Engineering, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 USA.,8Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Arun Jayaraman
- Max Nader Lab for Rehabilitation Technologies and Outcomes Research, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.,2Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.,9Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
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142
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Nasrolahi A, Mahmoudi J, Akbarzadeh A, Karimipour M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Salehi R, Farhoudi M. Neurotrophic factors hold promise for the future of Parkinson's disease treatment: is there a light at the end of the tunnel? Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:475-489. [PMID: 29305570 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by a spectrum of clinicopathologic signs and a complex etiology. PD results from the degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra. Current therapies for PD are only able to alleviate symptoms without stopping disease progression. In addition, the available therapeutic strategies do not have long-lasting effects. Furthermore, these therapies cause different ranges of adverse side effects. There is great interest in neurotrophic factors (NTFs) due to their ability to promote the survival of different neural cells. These factors are divided into four families: neurotrophins, neurokines, the glial cell line-derived NTF family of ligands, and the newly recognized cerebral DA NTF/mesencephalic astrocyte-derived NTF family. The protective and therapeutic effects of these factors on DAergic neurons make them suitable for the prevention of progressive cell loss in PD. Based on the above premise, we focus on the protective effects of NTFs, especially CDNF and MANF, on nigrostriatal DAergic neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Nasrolahi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-87386, Iran.,Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14756, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14756, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-87386, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-87386, Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-87386, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14756, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-87386, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-14756, Iran.,Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51656-87386, Iran
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143
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Tashiro S, Caaveiro JMM, Nakakido M, Tanabe A, Nagatoishi S, Tamura Y, Matsuda N, Liu D, Hoang QQ, Tsumoto K. Discovery and Optimization of Inhibitors of the Parkinson's Disease Associated Protein DJ-1. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2783-2793. [PMID: 30063823 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
DJ-1 is a Parkinson's disease associated protein endowed with enzymatic, redox sensing, regulatory, chaperoning, and neuroprotective activities. Although DJ-1 has been vigorously studied for the past decade and a half, its exact role in the progression of the disease remains uncertain. In addition, little is known about the spatiotemporal regulation of DJ-1, or the biochemical basis explaining its numerous biological functions. Progress has been hampered by the lack of inhibitors with precisely known mechanisms of action. Herein, we have employed biophysical methodologies and X-ray crystallography to identify and to optimize a family of compounds inactivating the critical Cys106 residue of human DJ-1. We demonstrate these compounds are potent inhibitors of various activities of DJ-1 in vitro and in cell-based assays. This study reports a new family of DJ-1 inhibitors with a defined mechanism of action, and contributes toward the understanding of the biological function of DJ-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Tashiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jose M. M. Caaveiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Laboratory of Global Healthcare, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Aki Tanabe
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tamura
- Department of Material and Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Ubiquitin Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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144
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Raghunathan R, Polinski NK, Klein JA, Hogan JD, Shao C, Khatri K, Leon D, McComb ME, Manfredsson FP, Sortwell CE, Zaia J. Glycomic and Proteomic Changes in Aging Brain Nigrostriatal Pathway. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1778-1787. [PMID: 29915149 PMCID: PMC6126385 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the progressive loss of functional dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway in the brain. Although current treatments provide only symptomatic relief, gene therapy has the potential to slow or halt the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in PD patients. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are vectors of choice in gene therapy because of their well-characterized safety and efficacy profiles; however, although gene therapy has been successful in preclinical models of the disease, clinical trials in humans have failed to demonstrate efficacy. Significantly, all primary AAV receptors of the virus are glycans. We thus hypothesize that age related changes in glycan receptors of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (receptor for rAAV2), and/or N-glycans with terminal galactose (receptor for rAAV9) results in poor adeno-associated virus binding in either the striatum or substantia nigra, or both, affecting transduction and gene delivery. To test our hypothesis we analyzed the striatum and substantia nigra for changes in HS, N-glycans and proteomic signatures in young versus aged rat brain striatum and substantia nigra. We observed different brain region-specific HS disaccharide profiles in aged compared with young adult rats for brain region-specific profiles in striatum versus substantia nigra. We observed brain region- and age-specific N-glycan compositional profiles with respect to the terminal galactose units that serve as receptors for AAV9. We also observed brain region-specific changes in protein expression in the aging nigrostriatal pathway. These studies provide insight into age- and brain region-specific changes in glycan receptors and proteome that will inform design of improved viral vectors for Parkinson Disease (PD) gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Raghunathan
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Joshua A Klein
- ¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John D Hogan
- ¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chun Shao
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kshitij Khatri
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah Leon
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark E McComb
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Joseph Zaia
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts;
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
- ¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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145
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Parkinson's disease-like burst firing activity in subthalamic nucleus induced by AAV-α-synuclein is normalized by LRRK2 modulation. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 116:13-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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146
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Copper Increases Brain Oxidative Stress and Enhances the Ability of 6-Hydroxydopamine to Cause Dopaminergic Degeneration in a Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2845-2854. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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147
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Larsen SB, Hanss Z, Krüger R. The genetic architecture of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:21-37. [PMID: 29372317 PMCID: PMC6015629 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial impairment is a well-established pathological pathway implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Defects of the complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain have been found in post-mortem brains from sporadic PD patients. Furthermore, several disease-related genes are linked to mitochondrial pathways, such as PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1 and HTRA2 and are associated with mitochondrial impairment. This phenotype can be caused by the dysfunction of mitochondrial quality control machinery at different levels: molecular, organellar or cellular. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response represents the molecular level and implicates various chaperones and proteases. If the molecular level of quality control is not sufficient, the organellar level is required and involves mitophagy and mitochondrial-derived vesicles to sequester whole dysfunctional organelle or parts of it. Only when the impairment is too severe, does it lead to cell death via apoptosis, which defines the cellular level of quality control. Here, we review how currently known PD-linked genetic variants interfere with different levels of mitochondrial quality control. We discuss the graded risk concept of the most recently identified PARK loci (PARK 17-23) and some susceptibility variants in GBA, LRRK2 and SNCA. Finally, the emerging concept of rare genetic variants in candidates genes for PD, such as HSPA9, TRAP1 and RHOT1, complete the picture of the complex genetic architecture of PD that will direct future precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Larsen
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Z Hanss
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - R Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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148
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Heinzel S, Berg D, Binder S, Ebersbach G, Hickstein L, Herbst H, Lorrain M, Wellach I, Maetzler W, Petersen G, Schmedt N, Volkmann J, Woitalla D, Amelung V. Do We Need to Rethink the Epidemiology and Healthcare Utilization of Parkinson's Disease in Germany? Front Neurol 2018; 9:500. [PMID: 30008693 PMCID: PMC6033992 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological aspects of Parkinson's disease (PD), co-occurring diseases and medical healthcare utilization of PD patients are still largely elusive. Based on claims data of 3.7 million statutory insurance members in Germany in 2015 the prevalence and incidence of PD was determined. PD cases had at least one main hospital discharge diagnosis of PD, or one physician diagnosis confirmed by a subsequent or independent diagnosis or by PD medication in 2015. Prevalence of (co-)occurring diseases, mortality, and healthcare measures in PD cases and matched controls were compared. In 2015, 21,714 prevalent PD cases (standardized prevalence: 511.4/100,000 persons) and 3,541 incident PD cases (standardized incidence: 84.1/100,000 persons) were identified. Prevalence of several (co-)occurring diseases/complications, e.g., dementia (PD/controls: 39/13%), depression (45/22%), bladder dysfunction (46/22%), and diabetes (35/31%), as well as mortality (10.7/5.8%) differed between PD cases and controls. The annual healthcare utilization was increased in PD cases compared to controls, e.g., regarding mean ± SD physician contacts (15.2 ± 7.6/12.2 ± 7.3), hospitalizations (1.3 ± 1.8/0.7 ± 1.4), drug prescriptions (overall: 37.7 ± 24.2/21.7 ± 19.6; anti-PD medication: 7.4 ± 7.4/0.1 ± 0.7), assistive/therapeutic devices (47/30%), and therapeutic remedies (57/16%). The standardized prevalence and incidence of PD in Germany as well as mortality in PD may be substantially higher than reported previously. While frequently diagnosed with co-occurring diseases/complications, such as dementia, depression, bladder dysfunction and diabetes, the degree of healthcare utilization shows large variability between PD patients. These findings encourage a rethinking of the epidemiology and healthcare utilization in PD, at least in Germany. Longitudinal studies of insurance claims data should further investigate the individual and epidemiological progression and healthcare demands in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heinzel
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Binder
- inav - Institute for Applied Health Services Research GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lennart Hickstein
- InGef - Institute for Applied Health Research Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany.,Department of General Practice, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Ingmar Wellach
- Office for Neurology/Ev. Amalie Sieveking Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Schmedt
- InGef - Institute for Applied Health Research Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Woitalla
- Department of Neurology, Sankt Josef Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Volker Amelung
- inav - Institute for Applied Health Services Research GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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149
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Chen ML, Wu RM. LRRK 2 gene mutations in the pathophysiology of the ROCO domain and therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease: a review. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:52. [PMID: 29903014 PMCID: PMC6000924 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder and manifests as resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Pathologically, PD is characterized by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the formation of intracellular inclusions containing α-synuclein and ubiquitin called Lewy bodies. Consequently, a remarkable deficiency of dopamine in the striatum causes progressive disability of motor function. The etiology of PD remains uncertain. Genetic variability in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is the most common genetic cause of sporadic and familial PD. LRRK2 encodes a large protein containing three catalytic and four protein-protein interaction domains. Patients with LRRK2 mutations exhibit a clinical and pathological phenotype indistinguishable from sporadic PD. Recent studies have shown that pathological mutations of LRRK2 can reduce the rate of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis, increase kinase activity and GTP binding activity, and subsequently cause cell death. The process of cell death involves several signaling pathways, including the autophagic–lysosomal pathway, intracellular trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the ubiquitin–proteasome system. This review summarizes the cellular function and pathophysiology of LRRK2 ROCO domain mutations in PD and the perspective of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Da-an Dist, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Da-an Dist, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Zhongzheng Dist, Taipei City, 10002, Taiwan.
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150
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Centeno EGZ, Cimarosti H, Bithell A. 2D versus 3D human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cultures for neurodegenerative disease modelling. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:27. [PMID: 29788997 PMCID: PMC5964712 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), affect millions of people every year and so far, there are no therapeutic cures available. Even though animal and histological models have been of great aid in understanding disease mechanisms and identifying possible therapeutic strategies, in order to find disease-modifying solutions there is still a critical need for systems that can provide more predictive and physiologically relevant results. One possible avenue is the development of patient-derived models, e.g. by reprogramming patient somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which can then be differentiated into any cell type for modelling. These systems contain key genetic information from the donors, and therefore have enormous potential as tools in the investigation of pathological mechanisms underlying disease phenotype, and progression, as well as in drug testing platforms. hiPSCs have been widely cultured in 2D systems, but in order to mimic human brain complexity, 3D models have been proposed as a more advanced alternative. This review will focus on the use of patient-derived hiPSCs to model AD, PD, HD and ALS. In brief, we will cover the available stem cells, types of 2D and 3D culture systems, existing models for neurodegenerative diseases, obstacles to model these diseases in vitro, and current perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduarda G Z Centeno
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, 96160-000, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Helena Cimarosti
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
| | - Angela Bithell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, RG6 6UB, UK.
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