101
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Cheng WY, Lam KL, Li X, Kong APS, Cheung PCK. Circadian disruption-induced metabolic syndrome in mice is ameliorated by oat β-glucan mediated by gut microbiota. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118216. [PMID: 34119170 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Circadian disruption-induced metabolic syndrome (CDIMS) involves body weight gain, changes in blood profile and gut microbiota. In this study, CDIMS was induced by shifted light dark cycle (SLDC) in C57BL/6J mice. Dietary intervention by oral administration of oat β-glucan (a polymeric prebiotic) alleviated CDIMS when compared to chicory inulin/fructan (an oligomeric prebiotic) and melatonin (a chronobiotic). Oat β-glucan reversed the increase in body weight, liver weight-to-body weight ratio and plasma leptin concentration as well as restored glucose tolerance. In altering gut microbiota, oat β-glucan increased the species richness, reversed the populations of 7 bacterial genera and increased butyrate producers including Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae which enhance gut barrier protection and regulate glucose homeostasis. Correlation analysis demonstrated the linking of the alleviation of CDIMS by prebiotics and melatonin with different microbial metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism, biosynthesis of metabolites, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins and endocrine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Yin Cheng
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, University Science Centre, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong SAR (HKSAR), China.
| | - Ka-Lung Lam
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, University Science Centre, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong SAR (HKSAR), China.
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Alice Pik-Shan Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Peter Chi-Keung Cheung
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, University Science Centre, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong SAR (HKSAR), China.
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102
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Song L, Wang C, Jiang G, Ma J, Li Y, Chen H, Guo J. Bioaerosol is an important transmission route of antibiotic resistance genes in pig farms. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 154:106559. [PMID: 33864959 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although pig farms are hotspots of antibiotic resistance due to intensive use of antibiotics, little is known about the abundance, diversity and transmission of airborne antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study reports that bioaerosol is an important spread route of ARGs in pig farms. ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and bacterial communities were investigated in both air and feces samples during winter and summer. The average concentration of airborne ARGs and MGEs during winter is higher than that during summer when using the ventilation system. The tetM is identified as the predominant airborne ARG with abundance of 6.3 ± 1.2 log copies/m3. Clostridium and Streptococcus are two dominant bacteria and several opportunistic pathogens are detected in air samples. High temperature is favorable for more diverse bacterial communities, but relative humidity has negative effects. The wind speed promotes the spread of airborne ARGs. The network analysis results show the average fecal contribution to airborne bacteria is 19.9% and 59.4% during summer and winter, respectively. Horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in the dissemination of airborne ARGs during winter (77.8% possibility), while a lower possibility of 12.0% in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Song
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Can Wang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Guanyu Jiang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yunfei Li
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tianjin Key Lab of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, Tianjin, PR China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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103
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Melatonin Attenuates Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Colitis in Obese Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080822. [PMID: 34451919 PMCID: PMC8399719 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated that obesity is an independent risk factor for colitis and that a high-fat diet (HFD) increases the deterioration of colitis-related indicators in mice. Melatonin has multiple anti-inflammatory effects, including inhibiting tumor growth and regulating immune defense. However, the mechanism of its activity in ameliorating obesity-promoted colitis is still unclear. This study explored the possibility that melatonin has beneficial functions in HFD-induced dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Here, we revealed that HFD-promoted obesity accelerated DSS-induced colitis, while melatonin intervention improved colitis. Melatonin significantly alleviated inflammation by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine release and reducing the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in HFD- and DSS-treated mice. Furthermore, melatonin expressed antioxidant activities and reversed intestinal barrier integrity, resulting in improved colitis in DSS-treated obese mice. We also found that melatonin could reduce the ability of inflammatory cells to utilize fatty acids and decrease the growth-promoting effect of lipids by inhibiting autophagy. Taken together, our study indicates that the inhibitory effect of melatonin on autophagy weakens the lipid-mediated prosurvival advantage, which suggests that melatonin-targeted autophagy may provide an opportunity to prevent colitis in obese individuals.
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104
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Tanigawa K, Luo Y, Kawashima A, Kiriya M, Nakamura Y, Karasawa K, Suzuki K. Essential Roles of PPARs in Lipid Metabolism during Mycobacterial Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147597. [PMID: 34299217 PMCID: PMC8304230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall is composed of large amounts of lipids with varying moieties. Some mycobacteria species hijack host cells and promote lipid droplet accumulation to build the cellular environment essential for their intracellular survival. Thus, lipids are thought to be important for mycobacteria survival as well as for the invasion, parasitization, and proliferation within host cells. However, their physiological roles have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have revealed that mycobacteria modulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling and utilize host-derived triacylglycerol (TAG) and cholesterol as both nutrient sources and evasion from the host immune system. In this review, we discuss recent findings that describe the activation of PPARs by mycobacterial infections and their role in determining the fate of bacilli by inducing lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory function, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuqian Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (Y.L.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (Y.L.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (Y.L.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Ken Karasawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (K.T.); (Y.N.); (K.K.)
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (Y.L.); (A.K.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3964-1211
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105
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Yuan G, Tan M, Chen X. Punicic acid ameliorates obesity and liver steatosis by regulating gut microbiota composition in mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:7897-7908. [PMID: 34241611 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the effect of punicic acid (PUA, cis9,trans11,cis13-18 : 3) on obesity and liver steatosis in mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD), and to explore the possible mechanism. Mice were fed with either a HFD or a control diet for 8 weeks. Half of HFD-mice received daily supplementation of PUA. Supplementation with PUA ameliorated the liver steatosis and obesity in mice fed by HFD, as demonstrated by the decreased hepatic triglyceride accumulation, body weight gain and fat weight. A HFD increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, whereas supplementation with PUA effectively restored it. PUA supplementation counteracted the upregulation in family Desulfovibrionaceae and Helicobacteraceae, and the downregulation in Muribaculaceae and Bacteroidaceae induced by HFD. Correspondingly, the family of Desulfovibrionaceae was positively related, whereas Muribaculaceae was negatively related to the amount of epididymal and perirenal fat, and the level of liver triglyceride and total cholesterol. The family Helicobacteraceae was also positively related to the amount of epididymal and perirenal fat. Moreover, PUA supplementation counteracted the increase in the population of Anaerotruncus, Faecalibaculim, Mucispirillum, and the decrease in the population of Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Oscillibacter at the genus level induced by HFD. These results demonstrated that PUA can at least in part ameliorate obesity and liver steatosis in mice induced by HFD by regulating gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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106
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Xu P, Xi Y, Zhu J, Zhang M, Luka Z, Stolz DB, Cai X, Xie Y, Xu M, Ren S, Huang Z, Yang D, York JD, Ma X, Xie W. Intestinal Sulfation Is Essential to Protect Against Colitis and Colonic Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:271-286.e11. [PMID: 33819483 PMCID: PMC8238844 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sulfation is a conjugation reaction essential for numerous biochemical and cellular functions in mammals. The 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthase 2 (PAPSS2) is the key enzyme to generate PAPS, which is the universal sulfonate donor for all sulfation reactions. The goal of this study was to determine whether and how PAPSS2 plays a role in colitis and colonic carcinogenesis. METHODS Tissue arrays of human colon cancer specimens, gene expression data, and clinical features of cancer patients were analyzed. Intestinal-specific Papss2 knockout mice (Papss2ΔIE) were created and subjected to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and colonic carcinogenesis induced by a combined treatment of azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate or azoxymethane alone. RESULTS The expression of PAPSS2 is decreased in the colon cancers of mice and humans. The lower expression of PAPSS2 in colon cancer patients is correlated with worse survival. Papss2ΔIE mice showed heightened sensitivity to colitis and colon cancer by damaging the intestinal mucosal barrier, increasing intestinal permeability and bacteria infiltration, and worsening the intestinal tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, the Papss2ΔIE mice exhibited reduced intestinal sulfomucin content. Metabolomic analyses revealed the accumulation of bile acids, including the Farnesoid X receptor antagonist bile acid tauro-β-muricholic acid, and deficiency in the formation of bile acid sulfates in the colon of Papss2ΔIE mice. CONCLUSIONS We have uncovered an important role of PAPSS2-mediated sulfation in colitis and colonic carcinogenesis. Intestinal sulfation may represent a potential diagnostic marker and PAPSS2 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yue Xi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Min Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zigmund Luka
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xinran Cai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yang Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Meishu Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Songrong Ren
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Yang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John D York
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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107
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Sun L, Bao L, Phurbu D, Qiao S, Sun S, Perma Y, Liu H. Amelioration of metabolic disorders by a mushroom-derived polyphenols correlates with the reduction of Ruminococcaceae in gut of DIO mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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108
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Gu M, Liu C, Yang T, Zhan M, Cai Z, Chen Y, Chen Q, Wang Z. High-Fat Diet Induced Gut Microbiota Alterations Associating With Ghrelin/Jak2/Stat3 Up-Regulation to Promote Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:615928. [PMID: 34249898 PMCID: PMC8264431 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.615928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of high-fat diet (HFD) induced gut microbiota alteration and Ghrelin as well as their correlation in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were explored in our study. The gut microbiota was analyzed by 16s rRNA sequencing. Ghrelin levels in serum, along with Ghrelin and Ghrelin receptor in prostate tissue of mice and patients with BPH were measured. The effect of Ghrelin on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and induction of BPH in mice was explored. Our results indicated that BPH mice have the highest ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes induced by HFD, as well as Ghrelin level in serum and prostate tissue was significantly increased compared with control. Elevated Ghrelin content in the serum and prostate tissue of BPH patients was also observed. Ghrelin promotes cell proliferation while inhibiting cell apoptosis of prostate cells. The effect of Ghrelin on enlargement of the prostate was found almost equivalent to that of testosterone propionate (TP) which may be attenuated by Ghrelin receptor antagonist YIL-781. Ghrelin could up-regulate Jak2/pJak2/Stat3/pStat3 expression in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggested that Gut microbiota may associate with Ghrelin which plays an important role in activation of Jak2/Stat3 in BPH development. Gut microbiota and Ghrelin might be pathogenic factors for BPH and could be used as a target for mediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - TianYe Yang
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhikang Cai
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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109
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Gombert M, Codoñer-Franch P. Melatonin in Early Nutrition: Long-Term Effects on Cardiovascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136809. [PMID: 34202781 PMCID: PMC8269134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding protects against adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the long term. Melatonin is an active molecule that is present in the breast milk produced at night beginning in the first stages of lactation. This indoleamine appears to be a relevant contributor to the benefits of breast milk because it can affect infant health in several ways. The melatonin concentration in breast milk varies in a circadian pattern, making breast milk a chrononutrient. The consumption of melatonin can induce the first circadian stimulation in the infant's body at an age when his/her own circadian machinery is not functioning yet. This molecule is also a powerful antioxidant with the ability to act on infant cells directly as a scavenger and indirectly by lowering oxidant molecule production and enhancing the antioxidant capacity of the body. Melatonin also participates in regulating inflammation. Furthermore, melatonin can participate in shaping the gut microbiota composition, richness, and variation over time, also modulating which molecules are absorbed by the host. In all these ways, melatonin from breast milk influences weight gain in infants, limiting the development of obesity and comorbidities in the long term, and it can help shape the ideal cellular environment for the development of the infant's cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gombert
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Pilar Codoñer-Franch
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Service of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario del Doctor Peset, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region (FISABIO), 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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Safety Evaluation and In vivo Strain-Specific Functionality of Bacillus Strains Isolated from Korean Traditional Fermented Foods. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:60-71. [PMID: 32607730 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Unveiling and understanding differences in physiological features below the species level may serve as an essential fast-screening tool for selecting strains that can promote a specific probiotic effect. To study the intra-species diversity of Bacillus, a genus with a wide range of enzyme activities and specificity, 190 Bacillus strains were isolated from traditional Korean fermented food products. Altogether, in the preliminary safety screening, 8 of these strains were found negative for lecithinase and hemolysis activity and were selected for further investigations. On the basis of different levels of enzyme functionalities (high or low proteolytic, amylolytic, and lipolytic (PAL) activities), two Bacillus subtilis strains were selected for an in vivo study. Each of the two strains was separately administered at a level of 1 × 108 CFU per day to C57BL/6 mice that were fed 60% high-fat diet ad libitum for 8 weeks, while Xenical, an anti-obesity drug, was used as a positive control in the experimental setup. B. subtilis M34 and B. subtilis GS40a with low and high amylolytic activities, respectively, induced significantly different and contrasting physiological effects. The production of short-chain fatty acids appeared to be closely associated with a shift in the gut microbiota.
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111
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Hagi T, Belzer C. The interaction of Akkermansia muciniphila with host-derived substances, bacteria and diets. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4833-4841. [PMID: 34125276 PMCID: PMC8236039 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Trillions of microbes inhabit the human gut and build extremely complex communities. Gut microbes contribute to host metabolisms for better or worse and are widely studied and associated with health and disease. Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut microbiota member, which uses mucin as both carbon and nitrogen sources. Many studies on A. muciniphila have been conducted since this unique bacterium was first described in 2004. A. muciniphila can play an important role in our health because of its beneficial effects, such as improving type II diabetes and obesity and anti-inflammation. A. muciniphila establishes its position as a next-generation probiotic. Besides the effect of A. muciniphila on host health, a technique for boosting has been investigated. In this review, we show what factors can modulate the abundance of A. muciniphila focusing on the interaction with host-derived substances, other bacteria and diets. This review also refers to the possibility of the interaction between medicine and A. muciniphila; this will open up future treatment strategies that can increase A. muciniphila abundance in the gut. Key points • Host-derived substances such as bile, microRNA and melatonin as well as mucin have beneficial effects on A. muciniphila. • Gut and probiotic bacteria and diet ingredients such as carbohydrates and phytochemicals could boost the abundance of A. muciniphila. • Several medicines could affect the growth of A. muciniphila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Hagi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organisation (NARO), 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan.
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Wu Y, He F, Zhang C, Zhang Q, Su X, Zhu X, Liu A, Shi W, Lin W, Jin Z, Yang H, Lin J. Melatonin alleviates titanium nanoparticles induced osteolysis via activation of butyrate/GPR109A signaling pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:170. [PMID: 34092246 PMCID: PMC8182936 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory osteolysis after total joint replacement (TJR) may cause implant failure, periprosthetic fractures, and be a severe threat to global public health. Our previous studies demonstrated that melatonin had a therapeutic effect on wear-particles induced osteolysis. Gut microbiota is closely related to bone homeostasis, and has been proven to be affected by melatonin. However, whether melatonin could play its anti-osteolysis effects through reprogramming gut microbiota remains elusive. RESULTS Here, we demonstrated that melatonin could alleviate Ti-particles induced osteolysis, while this therapeutic effect was blocked by antibiotic cocktail treatment. Interestingly, transplantation of fecal microbiota from mice treated with melatonin reappeared the same beneficial effect. Analysis of the 16S rRNA revealed that melatonin could reverse dysbacteriosis triggered by osteolysis, and elevate the relative abundance of some short chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria. Moreover, butyrate was enriched by exogenous melatonin administration, while acetate and propionate did not show an evident difference. This was consistent with the results of the metagenomic approach (PICRUSt2) analysis, which revealed a general increase in the synthetic enzymes of butyrate. More importantly, direct supplementation of butyrate could also recapitulate the anti-osteolysis effect of melatonin. Further analysis identified that butyrate alleviated osteolysis via activating its receptor GPR109A, and thus to suppress the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome triggered by Ti-particles. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggested that the benefits of melatonin mainly depend on the ability of modulating gut microbiota and regulating butyrate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan He
- Orthopaedic Institute, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215007, China
| | - Chenhui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinlin Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weidong Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Lin
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhongqin Jin
- Department of Digestive, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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He F, Wu X, Zhang Q, Li Y, Ye Y, Li P, Chen S, Peng Y, Hardeland R, Xia Y. Bacteriostatic Potential of Melatonin: Therapeutic Standing and Mechanistic Insights. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683879. [PMID: 34135911 PMCID: PMC8201398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria in animals (e.g., bacterial pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis) and plants (e.g., bacterial wilt, angular spot and canker) lead to high prevalence and mortality, and decomposition of plant leaves, respectively. Melatonin, an endogenous molecule, is highly pleiotropic, and accumulating evidence supports the notion that melatonin's actions in bacterial infection deserve particular attention. Here, we summarize the antibacterial effects of melatonin in vitro, in animals as well as plants, and discuss the potential mechanisms. Melatonin exerts antibacterial activities not only on classic gram-negative and -positive bacteria, but also on members of other bacterial groups, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protective actions against bacterial infections can occur at different levels. Direct actions of melatonin may occur only at very high concentrations, which is at the borderline of practical applicability. However, various indirect functions comprise activation of hosts' defense mechanisms or, in sepsis, attenuation of bacterially induced inflammation. In plants, its antibacterial functions involve the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway; in animals, protection by melatonin against bacterially induced damage is associated with inhibition or activation of various signaling pathways, including key regulators such as NF-κB, STAT-1, Nrf2, NLRP3 inflammasome, MAPK and TLR-2/4. Moreover, melatonin can reduce formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS), promote detoxification and protect mitochondrial damage. Altogether, we propose that melatonin could be an effective approach against various pathogenic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhuo Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yikun Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyi Ye
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyi Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rüdiger Hardeland
- Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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114
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Sun WL, Yang JW, Dou HY, Li GQ, Li XY, Shen L, Ji HF. Anti-inflammatory effect of luteolin is related to the changes in the gut microbiota and contributes to preventing the progression from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104966. [PMID: 33991837 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing intestinal barrier function is one of the basic methods to suppress inflammation in the progression from simple steatosis (SS) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Luteolin exists widely in vegetables, fruits and natural herbs and has various biological activities, including benefits on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, its regulatory effects on the gut microbiota and involvement in its biological activities remain to be investigated. We fed rats a high-fat diet containing 0.5% luteolin for 12 weeks and determined the effects of luteolin on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and the gut microbiota. Supplementation with luteolin for 12 weeks significantly reduced blood lipids and hepatic lipid levels and improved liver fat accumulation and inflammation. Moreover, supplementation with luteolin led to the significant enrichment of more than 10% of gut bacterial species, which contributed to increase the abundance of ZO-1, reduce intestinal permeability, reduce plasma lipopolysaccharide, and inhibit the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In summary, the anti-inflammatory effect of luteolin might be related to changes in the gut microbiota and contribute to preventing the progression from SS to NASH. Our research provides new insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanism of luteolin and supports its use as a dietary supplement for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Wen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Yue Dou
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gu-Qing Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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115
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Lin R, Wang Z, Cao J, Gao T, Dong Y, Chen Y. Role of melatonin in murine "restraint stress"-induced dysfunction of colonic microbiota. J Microbiol 2021; 59:500-512. [PMID: 33630247 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal diseases caused by physiological stress have become a severe public health threat worldwide. Disturbances in the gut microbiota-host relationship have been associated with irritable bowel disease (IBD), while melatonin (MT) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which MT-mediated protection mitigated stress-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation. We successfully established a murine restraint stress model with and without MT supplementation. Mice subjected to restraint stress had significantly elevated corticosterone (CORT) levels, decreased MT levels in their plasma, elevated colonic ROS levels and increased bacterial abundance, including Bacteroides and Tyzzerella, in their colon tract, which led to elevated expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4, p-P65 and p-IKB. In contrast, supplementation with 20 mg/kg MT reversed the elevation of the plasma CORT levels, downregulated the colon ROS levels and inhibited the changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by restraint stress. These effects, in turn, inhibited the activities of TLR2 and TLR4, p-P65 and p-IκB, and decreased the inflammatory reaction induced by restraint stress. Our results suggested that MT may mitigate "restraint stress"-induced colonic microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutao Lin
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ting Gao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
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116
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Zhang H, Yan A, Liu X, Ma Y, Zhao F, Wang M, Loor JJ, Wang H. Melatonin ameliorates ochratoxin A induced liver inflammation, oxidative stress and mitophagy in mice involving in intestinal microbiota and restoring the intestinal barrier function. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124489. [PMID: 33359973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread contaminant in human and animal food products. Previous studies in rats revealed that melatonin (Mel) exhibits a preventive effect against OTA-induced oxidative stress in liver. However, it remains unknown whether gut microbiota respond to Mel and, if so, whether it can prevent OTA-induced inflammation and mitophagy in the liver. In the present study, mice received an oral gavage of Mel and OTA for 3 weeks before harvesting colonic digesta and liver tissue for analyses. In another study, the role of intestinal microbiota on the effects of Mel on OTA-induced liver inflammation and mitophagy was assessed through clearance of intestinal microbiota with antibiotics followed by gut microbiota transplantation (GMT). Oral Mel supplementation ameliorated mitophagy in the liver and reversed gut microbiota dysbiosis. Intriguingly, in antibiotic-treated mice, Mel and OTA failed to induce mitophagy in the liver. Using the GMT approach in which mice were colonised with intestinal microbiota from control-, OTA-, or Mel + OTA-treated mice led us to elucidated the involvement of intestinal microbiota in liver inflammation and mitophagy induced by OTA. The findings suggested that intestinal microbiota play some role in the Mel-induced amelioration of liver inflammation and mitophagy induced by OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Ani Yan
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Yi Ma
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Fangfang Zhao
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Mengzhi Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jaun J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hongrong Wang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Manipulation of Herbivorous Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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117
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Li H, Zhuang P, Zhang Y, Shou Q, Lu Y, Wang G, Qiu J, Wang J, He L, Chen J, Jiao J. Mixed conjugated linoleic acid sex-dependently reverses high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance via the gut-adipose axis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21466. [PMID: 33734496 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002161rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) may prevent the development of obesity and metabolic disorders. However, the effects of CLA on inflammation and glucose metabolism are controversial. The underlying mechanisms governing the gut microbiota and sexual dimorphisms have also not been elucidated. The present study assessed the effect of CLA on glucose and lipid metabolism in established obesity and examined the mechanism of action based on gut microbiota. Four-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks to induce obesity. The diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were fed an HFD supplemented with mixed CLA (50% cis-9, trans-11 isomer and 50% trans-10, cis-12 isomers, 0.2% wt/wt) for 15 weeks. CLA supplementation remarkably reversed body weight in both sexes. CLA favored anti-inflammatory microbiota in male mice, mediating increased short-chain fatty acids and decreased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production, which alleviated global inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity via inhibition of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway in adipose tissue. CLA promoted the growth of hydrogen sulfide-producing Desulfovibrio and the release of LPS in female mice, which aggravated adipose inflammation and insulin resistance. Although CLA impaired glucose metabolism in females, brown adipose tissue was significantly activated with browning of white adipose tissue in both sexes, which led to enhanced energy expenditure. Fecal transplantation from CLA-treated mice to DIO mice mimicked the sex-dependent phenotype. In conclusion, CLA decreased body weight and increased energy expenditure but sex-dependently modulated insulin resistance via the gut-adipose axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhuang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiyang Shou
- Experimental Animal Research Center, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Lu
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangfa Wang
- Department of PET Center of Affiliated First Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jieni Qiu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition of Affiliated Second Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lilin He
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition of Affiliated Second Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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118
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Wang H, Ren S, Lv H, Cao L. Gut microbiota from mice with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury affects the brain in healthy mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10058-10074. [PMID: 33795522 PMCID: PMC8064205 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microorganisms can profoundly influence brain function in the host and their behavior. Since altered brain functional connectivity (FC) has been implicated in various cerebrovascular disorders, including cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, we hypothesized that gut microbiota in mice with cerebral I/R injury would affect brain FC when transplanted into germ-free mice. Metagenomic analysis of germ-free male C57BL/6J mice colonized with microbiota from mice with and without cerebral I/R injury showed a clear distinction in microbiota composition between mice colonized with control and I/R microbiota. The I/R microbiota-colonized mice showed decreased FC in the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, and exhibited increased anxiety as well as diminished spatial learning and memory and short-term object recognition memory. I/R microbiota-colonized mice also had significantly reduced dendritic spine density and synaptic protein levels and exhibited increased hippocampal inflammation. These results indicate that gut microbiota components from mice with cerebral I/R injury can alter animal behavior, brain functional connectivity, hippocampal neuronal plasticity, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, they increase our understanding of the mechanisms through which the gut microbiome contributes to the pathobiology of cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Shangjun Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Hailing Lv
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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119
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Jin H, Xie W, Hu P, Tang K, Wang X, Wu Y, He M, Yu D, Li Y. The role of melatonin in sarcopenia: Advances and application prospects. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111319. [PMID: 33753178 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an age-related disease that has gradually become a serious health problem for elderly individuals. It not only greatly increases the risk of falls, weakness, and disability but also reduces the ability of patients to take care of themselves. Sarcopenia can directly affect the quality of life and disease prognosis of elderly individuals. However, drug interventions for this disease are lacking. Melatonin is a biological hormone produced by the body that has good free radical scavenging effects, antioxidant effects and other effects. It was originally used as a sleep aid and is now being used for an increasing number of new indications. Its effect on sarcopenia has also begun to attract attention. It is currently known that it can protect the mitochondria of skeletal muscle cells, maintain the number of muscle fibres, partially reverse the pathological changes of ageing muscle tissue, and increase muscle strength in patients with sarcopenia. A large number of microRNAs are expressed during cell ageing, that in turn provides a biological background to age-related diseases, like sarcopenia. Increasing studies have found an interaction between melatonin and miRNAs, suggesting that melatonin can be used in the treatment of sarcopenia. The increased expression of inflammation-associated miRNA-483 in elderly patients may be the basis for the age-dependent decrease in melatonin secretion,that may play a role in the morbidity of sarcopenia. Melatonin is closely related to sarcopenia. It has a wide range of effects on sarcopenia and has good application prospects for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfu Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Peiwu Hu
- Department of Scientific Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Discipline Construction Office, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiuhua Wang
- Xiang Ya Nursing School, The Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Dengjie Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China.
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120
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Sedighi Pashaki A, Mohammadian K, Afshar S, Gholami MH, Moradi A, Javadinia SA, Keshtpour Amlashi Z. A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Group, Trial on the Effects of Melatonin on Fatigue Associated with Breast Cancer and Its Adjuvant Treatments. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1534735420988343. [PMID: 33543655 PMCID: PMC7868453 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420988343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Fatigue associated with malignant conditions and their treatments is a disabling condition. This trial assessed the anti-fatigue effects of melatonin coadministration during adjuvant treatment of patients with the breast cancer. Material and Methods: Patients with breast cancer were randomly assigned to receive melatonin or placebo during adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thirty-seven patients were randomly enrolled in each group. The mean ages of patients in the intervention and control groups were 50.47 ± 10.79 and 46.05 ± 10.55 years, respectively (P = .223). The intervention group received oral melatonin (18 mg/day) from 1 week before until 1 month after the adjuvant radiotherapy. The level of fatigue was assessed before and after intervention using Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI) in both groups. To analyze data, the Student’s t-test and the Chi-square test were used at a significance level of P ≤ .05. Results: The BFI score was similar before the intervention in both groups, however, after the intervention, it was significantly lower in the melatonin group (P < .001). Moreover, the frequency of severe fatigue in the melatonin group was significantly lower than in the placebo group after intervention (42.1% vs 83.3%, P < .001). Conclusion: Coadministration of melatonin during adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy of women with breast cancer decreased the levels of fatigue associated with the malignant condition and its treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saeid Afshar
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Moradi
- Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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121
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Lai L, Li Y, Liu J, Luo L, Tang J, Xue J, Liu T. Bovine serum albumin aggravates macrophage M1 activation and kidney injury in heterozygous Klotho-deficient mice via the gut microbiota-immune axis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:742-755. [PMID: 33767585 PMCID: PMC7975693 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.56424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Klotho expression abnormalities induces kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, Klotho+/- mice and wild-type mice were treated with low-dose bovine serum albumin (BSA). Pathological examination demonstrated that the area of glomerular collagen deposition and fibrosis in BSA-Kl-/+ mice was significantly larger than that in BSA-WT mice. The serum levels of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, creatinine, and urea in BSA-Kl-/+ mice were significantly increased. Sequencing of gut microbiota 16S rRNA v3-v4 region indicated that BSA-Kl-/+ mice showed a significantly higher relative abundance of the genera Dubosiella, Akkermansia, Alloprevotella, and Lachnospiraceae and a significantly lower relative abundance of the genera Allobaculum and Muribaculaceae than BSA-WT mice. KEGG analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of signal transduction, xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism, and lipid metabolism increased significantly in BSA-Kl-/+ mice. Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of CD68+/CD11b+ cells in the peripheral blood was significantly higher in BSA-KL-/+ mice than that in BSA-WT mice. qPCR and western blot suggested that Klotho and Nrf2 expression in MΦ1 cells of BSA-KL-/+ mice was significantly decreased. Thus, the findings suggest during the immune activation and chronic inflammation induced by the gut microbiota imbalance in Klotho-deficient mice treated to BSA, disrupted expression of proteins in the Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway in monocyte-derived macrophage M1 cells leads to the aggravation of inflammation and kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Lai
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Center, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Division of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine Center, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Xue
- Division of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Te Liu
- Shanghai Geriatric Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Current Evidence on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ADHD Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Implications. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010249. [PMID: 33467150 PMCID: PMC7830868 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that the bidirectional relationship existent between the gut microbiome (GM) and the central nervous system (CNS), or so-called the microbiome–gut–brain axis (MGBA), is involved in diverse neuropsychiatric diseases in children and adults. In pediatric age, most studies have focused on patients with autism. However, evidence of the role played by the MGBA in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, is still scanty and heterogeneous. This review aims to provide the current evidence on the functioning of the MGBA in pediatric patients with ADHD and the specific role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) in this interaction, as well as the potential of the GM as a therapeutic target for ADHD. We will explore: (1) the diverse communication pathways between the GM and the CNS; (2) changes in the GM composition in children and adolescents with ADHD and association with ADHD pathophysiology; (3) influence of the GM on the ω-3 PUFA imbalance characteristically found in ADHD; (4) interaction between the GM and circadian rhythm regulation, as sleep disorders are frequently comorbid with ADHD; (5) finally, we will evaluate the most recent studies on the use of probiotics in pediatric patients with ADHD.
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123
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Morris G, Walker AJ, Walder K, Berk M, Marx W, Carvalho AF, Maes M, Puri BK. Increasing Nrf2 Activity as a Treatment Approach in Neuropsychiatry. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2158-2182. [PMID: 33411248 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor encoded by NFE2L2. Under oxidative stress, Nrf2 does not undergo its normal cytoplasmic degradation but instead travels to the nucleus, where it binds to a DNA promoter and initiates transcription of anti-oxidative genes. Nrf2 upregulation is associated with increased cellular levels of glutathione disulfide, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferases, thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Given its key role in governing the cellular antioxidant response, upregulation of Nrf2 has been suggested as a common therapeutic target in neuropsychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, which are associated with chronic oxidative and nitrosative stress, characterised by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. These processes lead to extensive lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and carbonylation, and oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Intake of N-acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q10 and melatonin is accompanied by increased Nrf2 activity. N-acetylcysteine intake is associated with improved cerebral mitochondrial function, decreased central oxidative and nitrosative stress, reduced neuroinflammation, alleviation of endoplasmic reticular stress and suppression of the unfolded protein response. Coenzyme Q10, which acts as a superoxide scavenger in neuroglial mitochondria, instigates mitohormesis, ameliorates lipid peroxidation in the inner mitochondrial membrane, activates uncoupling proteins, promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and has positive effects on the plasma membrane redox system. Melatonin, which scavenges mitochondrial free radicals, inhibits mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase, restores mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, deacetylates and activates mitochondrial SIRT3, ameliorates increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier and intestine and counters neuroinflammation and glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morris
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - A J Walker
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - K Walder
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - M Berk
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - W Marx
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - A F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Maes
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Bailén M, Bressa C, Martínez-López S, González-Soltero R, Montalvo Lominchar MG, San Juan C, Larrosa M. Microbiota Features Associated With a High-Fat/Low-Fiber Diet in Healthy Adults. Front Nutr 2020; 7:583608. [PMID: 33392236 PMCID: PMC7775391 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.583608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high intake of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) is related to an increased risk of obesity, inflammation and cancer-related diseases, and this risk is attenuated only when SFAs are replaced by unsaturated fats and unrefined carbohydrates. The gut microbiota has recently emerged as a new environmental factor in the pathophysiology of these disorders, and is also one of the factors most influenced by diet. We sought to determine whether the gut microbiota of healthy individuals whose intake of SFAs exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations exhibits features similar to those reported in people with obesity, inflammation, cancer or metabolic disease. Healthy non-obese subjects were divided into two groups based on their SFAs intake. Body composition and gut microbiota composition were analyzed, and associations between bacterial taxa, diet and body fat composition were determined globally and separately by sex. Metagenome functional pathways were predicted by PICRUSt analysis. Subjects whose SFAs intake exceeded WHO recommendations also had a dietary pattern of low fiber intake. This high saturated fat/low fiber diet was associated with a greater sequence abundance of the Anaerotruncus genus, a butyrate producer associated with obesity. Analysis of data of high SFAs intake by sex showed that females presented with a greater abundance of Campylobacter, Blautia, Flavonifractor and Erysipelatoclostridium, whereas males showed higher levels of Anaerotruncus, Eisenbergiella, a genus from the order Clostridiales (FamilyXIIIUCG_001) and two genera from the Lachnospiraceae family. PICRUSt analysis confirmed these data, showing a correlation with a decrease in the abundance of sequences encoding for transporters of some metals such as iron, which is needed to maintain a healthy metabolism. Thus, the microbiota of healthy people on a high SFAs diet contain bacterial taxa (Anaerotruncus, Lachnospiraceae Flavonifractor, Campylobacter, Erysipelotrichacea and Eisenbergiella) that could be related to the development of some diseases, especially obesity and other pro-inflammatory diseases in women. In summary, the present study identifies bacterial taxa that could be considered as early predictors for the onset of different diseases in healthy subjects. Also, sex differences in gut microbiota suggest that women and men differentially benefit from following a specific diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Bailén
- MAS Microbiota Group, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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125
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Wajid F, Poolacherla R, Mim FK, Bangash A, Rutkofsky IH. Therapeutic potential of melatonin as a chronobiotic and cytoprotective agent in diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1797-1825. [PMID: 33520862 PMCID: PMC7843808 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia occurring as a result of dysregulation and balance of various metabolic pathways. In recent years, circadian misalignment (due to altered sleep/wake, feeding/fasting cycles), has been intimately linked with the development of diabetes mellitus. Herein, we review our knowledge of oxidative stress, circadian rhythms control of metabolism, and the effects of its disruption on homeostasis while emphasizing the importance of melatonin, a nocturnally peaking, pineal hormone, as a potential therapeutic drug for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. METHODS PubMed database was systematically searched for related articles and data from all types of studies, including clinical trials, review articles, and case reports were considered without limiting the study to one specific category. RESULTS Experimental and epidemiological evidence indicate melatonin's multifaceted effects in intermediary metabolism via resynchronization of the circadian rhythms and its deficiency is associated with metabolic derangements. As a chronobiotic, it cures insomnia and sleep disorders caused by shift work or jet lag. The antagonistic relationship between melatonin and insulin highlights its influence in regulating insulin secretion, its action, and melatonin treatment successfully improved glucose homeostasis, energy balance, and overall health in diabetes mellitus. Melatonin's cytoprotective role as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger, proved useful in combating oxidative stress, preserving beta-cell function, and influencing the development of diabetic complications. CONCLUSION The therapeutic application of melatonin as a chronobiotic and cytoprotective agent is of promising significance in diabetes mellitus. Future investigations are encouraged to fully explore the efficacy of this ubiquitous molecule in various metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareha Wajid
- California Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Psychology, Fairfield, CA USA
| | - Raju Poolacherla
- California Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Psychology, Fairfield, CA USA
| | - Fatiha Kabir Mim
- California Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Psychology, Fairfield, CA USA
| | - Amna Bangash
- California Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Psychology, Fairfield, CA USA
| | - Ian H. Rutkofsky
- California Institute of Behavioural Neuroscience and Psychology, Fairfield, CA USA
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126
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Zhang J, Yi C, Han J, Ming T, Zhou J, Lu C, Li Y, Su X. Novel high-docosahexaenoic-acid tuna oil supplementation modulates gut microbiota and alleviates obesity in high-fat diet mice. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6513-6527. [PMID: 33312536 PMCID: PMC7723182 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have documented the benefits of fish oil in different diseases because of its high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content. However, these studies mostly used commercially available fish oil supplements with a ratio of 18/12 for eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, increasing DHA content for this commonly used ratio might bring out a varied metabolic effect, which have remained unclear. Thus, in this study, a novel tuna oil (TO) was applied to investigate the effect of high-DHA content on the alteration of the gut microbiota and obesity in high-fat diet mice. The results suggest that high-DHA TO (HDTO) supplementation notably ameliorates obesity and related lipid parameters and restores the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes. The benefits of TOs were derived from their modification of the gut microbiota composition and structure in mice. A high-fat diet triggered an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio that was remarkably restored by TOs. The number of obesity-promoting bacteria-Desulfovibrio, Paraeggerthella, Terrisporobacter, Millionella, Lachnoclostridium, Anaerobacterium, and Ruminiclostridium-was dramatically reduced. Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Alistipes putredinis, and Millionella massiliensis, three dysbiosis-related species, were especially regulated by HDTO. Regarding the prevention of obesity, HDTO outperforms the normal TO. Intriguingly, HDTO feeding to HFD-fed mice might alter the arginine and proline metabolism of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Argo‐productsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- Faculty of Food ScienceZhejiang Pharmaceutical CollegeNingboChina
| | - Congmin Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Argo‐productsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jiaojiao Han
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Argo‐productsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Tinghong Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Argo‐productsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Argo‐productsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Argo‐productsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Argo‐productsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboChina
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Argo‐productsNingbo UniversityNingboChina
- School of Marine ScienceNingbo UniversityNingboChina
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127
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Song Y, Song X, Wu M, Pang Y, Shi A, Shi X, Niu C, Cheng Y, Yang X. The protective effects of melatonin on survival, immune response, digestive enzymes activities and intestinal microbiota diversity in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) exposed to glyphosate. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 238:108845. [PMID: 32777465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is one of the most widely used pesticides, which can cause toxicity to aquatic animals. In this study, the survival rate, immune response, digestive enzyme activities, and the intestinal microbiota diversity of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were evaluated after 14 days of exposure to glyphosate (48.945 mg/L from 50% 96 h LC50 value) and melatonin feeding (80 mg/kg). The results showed that MT significantly improved the survival rate, antibacterial capacity of E. sinensis (P < 0.05). After exposure to glyphosate, the expression of Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp90 in cranial ganglia and thoracic ganglia was decreased significantly, but MT significantly raised the expression of these proteins (P < 0.05). Glyphosate significantly decreased lipase activity compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while melatonin significantly increased the lipase, amylase and trypsin activities (P < 0.05). Melatonin significantly increased the Chao1 and Shannon index and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05). This study shows that melatonin has a protective effect on the glyphosate exposed E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Song
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhe Song
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyao Wu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Pang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aoya Shi
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingliang Shi
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Niu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongxu Cheng
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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128
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Cui H, Li Y, Wang Y, Jin L, Yang L, Wang L, Liao J, Wang H, Peng Y, Zhang Z, Wang H, Liu X. Da-Chai-Hu Decoction Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through Remodeling the Gut Microbiota and Modulating the Serum Metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:584090. [PMID: 33328987 PMCID: PMC7732620 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.584090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysbiosis in gut microbiota could affect host metabolism and contribute to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Da-Chai-Hu decoction (DCH) has demonstrated protective effects on NAFLD, however, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we established a NAFLD rat model using a high fat diet (HFD) and provided treatment with DCH. The changes in gut microbiota post DCH treatment were then investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, serum untargeted metabolomics were performed to examine the metabolic regulations of DCH on NAFLD. Our results showed that DCH treatment improved the dyslipidemia, insulin resistance (IR) and ameliorated pathological changes in NAFLD model rats. 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics showed significant dysfunction in gut microbiota community and serum metabolites in NAFLD model rats. DCH treatment restored the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and improved the dysfunction in serum metabolism. Correlation analysis indicated that the modulatory effects of DCH on the arachidonic acid (AA), glycine/serine/threonine, and glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways were related to alterations in the abundance of Romboutsia, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Lachnoclostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in the gut microflora. In conclusion, our study revealed the ameliorative effects of DCH on NAFLD and indicated that DCH's function on NAFLD may link to the improvement of the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and the modulation of the AA, glycerophospholipid, and glycine/serine/threonine metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huantian Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lulu Jin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Wang
- Tianjin Second People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiabao Liao
- Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Haoshuo Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfei Peng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaiyi Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangguo Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Genario R, Cipolla-Neto J, Bueno AA, Santos HO. Melatonin supplementation in the management of obesity and obesity-associated disorders: A review of physiological mechanisms and clinical applications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105254. [PMID: 33080320 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the evolving advances in clinical approaches to obesity and its inherent comorbidities, the therapeutic challenge persists. Among several pharmacological tools already investigated, recent studies suggest that melatonin supplementation could be an efficient therapeutic approach in the context of obesity. In the present review, we have amalgamated the evidence so far available on physiological effects of melatonin supplementation in obesity therapies, addressing its effects upon neuroendocrine systems, cardiometabolic biomarkers and body composition. Most studies herein appraised employed melatonin supplementation at dosages ranging from 1 to 20 mg/day, and most studies followed up participants for periods from 3 weeks to 12 months. Overall, it was observed that melatonin plays an important role in glycaemic homeostasis, in addition to modulation of white adipose tissue activity and lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial activity. Additionally, melatonin increases brown adipose tissue volume and activity, and its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have also been demonstrated. There appears to be a role for melatonin in adiposity reduction; however, several questions remain unanswered, for example melatonin baseline levels in obesity, and whether any seeming hypomelatonaemia or melatonin irresponsiveness could be clarifying factors. Supplementation dosage studies and more thorough clinical trials are needed to ascertain not only the relevance of such findings but also the efficacy of melatonin supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Genario
- School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allain A Bueno
- College of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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130
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Li Y, Ma J, Yao K, Su W, Tan B, Wu X, Huang X, Li T, Yin Y, Tosini G, Yin J. Circadian rhythms and obesity: Timekeeping governs lipid metabolism. J Pineal Res 2020; 69:e12682. [PMID: 32656907 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Almost all living organisms have evolved autoregulatory transcriptional-translational feedback loops that produce oscillations with a period of approximately 24-h. These endogenous time keeping mechanisms are called circadian clocks. The main function of these circadian clocks is to drive overt circadian rhythms in the physiology of the organisms to ensure that main physiological functions are in synchrony with the external environment. Disruption of circadian rhythms caused by genetic or environmental factors has long-term consequences for metabolic health. Of relevance, host circadian rhythmicity and lipid metabolism are increasingly recognized to cross-regulate and the circadian clock-lipid metabolism interplay may involve in the development of obesity. Multiple systemic and molecular mechanisms, such as hormones (ie, melatonin, leptin, and glucocorticoid), the gut microbiome, and energy metabolism, link the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, and predictably, the deregulation of circadian clock-lipid metabolism interplay can increase the risk of obesity, which in turn may exacerbate circadian disorganization. Feeding time and dietary nutrients are two of key environmental Zeitgebers affecting the circadian rhythm-lipid metabolism interplay, and the influencing mechanisms in obesity development are highlighted in this review. Together, the characterization of the clock machinery in lipid metabolism aimed at producing a healthy circadian lifestyle may improve obesity care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Li
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Kang Yao
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxuan Su
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bie Tan
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Gianluca Tosini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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131
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Li X, Huang Y, Song L, Xiao Y, Lu S, Xu J, Li J, Ren Z. Lactobacillus plantarum prevents obesity via modulation of gut microbiota and metabolites in high-fat feeding mice. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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132
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Morvaridzadeh M, Sadeghi E, Agah S, Nachvak SM, Fazelian S, Moradi F, Persad E, Heshmati J. Effect of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105210. [PMID: 33007423 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between pro-oxidants and neutralizing antioxidants within the body, is a growing public health concern. Oxidative stress is involved in the progression of nearly all chronic diseases. Melatonin has been suggested to reduce oxidative stress by its potential radical scavenging properties. OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy and safety of melatonin as a therapy for the improvement of oxidative stress parameters in randomized controlled trials. METHODS A systematic database search using Scopus, PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials and clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov) for studies published up to July 2020 was conducted. We included studies which investigated the effect of supplemental melatonin compared to placebo on oxidative stress parameters in unhealthy patients. Quantitative data synthesis was conducted using a random-effects model with standard mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Cochrane's Q and I2 values were used to evaluate heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible. The meta-analysis indicated an association between melatonin intake and a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD: 0.76; 95 % CI: 0.30, 1.21; I2 = 80.1 %), glutathione (GSH) levels (SMD: 0.57; 95 % CI: 0.32, 0.83; I2 = 15.1 %), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (SMD: 1.38; 95 % CI: 0.13, 2.62; I2 = 86.9 %), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (SMD: 1.36; 95 % CI: 0.46, 2.30; I2 = 89.3 %), glutathione reductase (GR) (SMD: 1.21; 95 % CI: 0.65, 1.77; I2 = 00.0 %) activities, and a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (SMD: -0.79; 95 % CI: -1.19, -0.39; I2 = 73.1 %). Melatonin intake was not shown to significantly affect nitric oxide (NO) levels (SMD: -0.24; 95 % CI: -0.61, 0.14; I2 = 00.0 %) or catalase (CAT) activity (SMD: -1.38; 95 % CI: -1.42, 4.18; I2 = 96.6 %). CONCLUSION Melatonin intake was shown to have a significant impact on improving Oxidative stress parameters. However, future research through large, well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to determine the effect of melatonin on oxidative stress parameters in different age groups and different disease types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Morvaridzadeh
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ehsan Sadeghi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Shahram Agah
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Siavash Fazelian
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Emma Persad
- Department for Evidence-based Medicine and Evaluation, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Department of Nutritional Science, School of Nutritional Science and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Ma L, Hu L, Jin L, Wang J, Li X, Wang W, Chang S, Zhang C, Wang J, Wang S. Rebalancing glucolipid metabolism and gut microbiome dysbiosis by nitrate-dependent alleviation of high-fat diet-induced obesity. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001255. [PMID: 32843498 PMCID: PMC7449567 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is accompanied by compromised nitric oxide (NO) signaling and gut microbiome dysregulation. Inorganic dietary nitrate, which acts as a NO donor, exerts beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. Here, we evaluated the effects of dietary nitrate on HFD-induced obesity and provided insights into the underlying mechanism. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate the preventive effect of dietary nitrate on HFD-induced obesity, C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into four groups (n=10/group), including normal control diet group (normal water and chow diet), HFD group (normal water and HFD), HFD+NaNO3 group (water containing 2 mM NaNO3 and HFD), and HFD+NaCl group (water containing 2 mM NaCl and HFD). During the experiment, body weight was monitored and glucolipid metabolism was evaluated. The mechanism underlying the effects of nitrate on HFD-induced obesity was investigated by the following: the NO3--NO2--NO pathway; endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels; gut microbiota via 16SRNA analysis. RESULTS Dietary nitrate reduced the body weight gain and lipid accumulation in adipose and liver tissues in HFD-fed mice. Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance caused by HFD were improved in mice supplemented with nitrate. The level of eNOS was upregulated by nitrate in the serum, liver, and inguinal adipose tissue. Nitrate, nitrite, and cGMP levels were decreased in mice fed on HFD but reversed in the HFD+NaNO3 group. Nitrate also rebalanced the colon microbiota and promoted a normal gut microbiome profile by partially attenuating the impacts of HFD. Bacteroidales S24-7, Alistipes, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcaceae abundances were altered, and Bacteroidales S24-7 and Alistipes abundances were higher in the HFD+NaNO3 group than that in the HFD group. CONCLUSIONS Inorganic dietary nitrate alleviated HFD-induced obesity and ameliorated disrupted glucolipid metabolism via NO3--NO2--NO pathway activation and gut microbiome modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsha Ma
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Stomatology Department, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Luyuan Jin
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangyi Wang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangchun Li
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shimin Chang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Stomatology Department, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsong Wang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
- Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Melatonin Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Metabolic Disorder in DSS-Induced Depression Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1241894. [PMID: 32802257 PMCID: PMC7415091 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1241894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a bidirectional relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and depression/anxiety. Emerging evidences indicate that the liver may be involved in microbiota-gut-brain axis. This experiment focused on the role of melatonin in regulating the gut microbiota and explores its mechanism on dextran sulphate sodium- (DSS-) induced neuroinflammation and liver injury. Long-term DSS-treatment increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS), proinflammation cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and gut leak in rats, breaking blood-brain barrier and overactivated astrocytes and microglia. Ultimately, the rats showed depression-like behavior, including reduction of sucrose preference and central time in open field test and elevation of immobility time in a forced swimming test. Oral administration with melatonin alleviated neuroinflammation and depression-like behaviors. However, melatonin supplementation did not decrease the level of LPS but increase short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production to protect DSS-induced neuroinflammation. Additionally, western blotting analysis suggested that signaling pathways farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FXR-FGF 15) in gut and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in the liver overactivated in DSS-treated rats, indicating liver metabolic disorder. Supplementation with melatonin markedly inhibited the activation of these two signaling pathways and its downstream p38. As for the gut microbiota, we found that immune response- and SCFA production-related microbiota, like Lactobacillus and Clostridium significantly increased, while bile salt hydrolase activity-related microbiota, like Streptococcus and Enterococcus, significantly decreased after melatonin supplementation. These altered microbiota were consistent with the alleviation of neuroinflammation and metabolic disorder. Taken together, our findings suggest melatonin contributes to reshape gut microbiota and improves inflammatory processes in the hippocampus (HPC) and metabolic disorders in the liver of DSS rats.
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135
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Tung YT, Chiang PC, Chen YL, Chien YW. Effects of Melatonin on Lipid Metabolism and Circulating Irisin in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Diet-Induced Obesity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153329. [PMID: 32708001 PMCID: PMC7436261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, a pivotal photoperiodic signal transducer, may work as a brown-fat inducer that regulates energy balance. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin treatment on the body fat accumulation, lipid profiles, and circulating irisin of rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO). Methods: 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups and treated for 8 weeks: vehicle control (VC), positive control (PC), MEL10 (10 mg melatonin/kg body weight (BW)), MEL20 (20 mg/kg BW), and MEL50 (50 mg/kg BW). The vehicle control group was fed a control diet, and the other groups were fed a high-fat and high-calorie diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity before the melatonin treatment began. Melatonin reduced weight gain without affecting the food intake, reduced the serum total cholesterol level, enhanced the fecal cholesterol excretion, and increased the circulating irisin level. Melatonin downregulated the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expressions of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and induced the browning of iWAT in both the MEL10 and MEL20 groups. Conclusion: Chronic continuous melatonin administration in drinking water reduced weight gain and the serum total cholesterol levels. Additionally, it enhanced the circulating irisin, which promoted brite/beige adipocyte recruitment together with cholesterol excretion and contributed to an anti-obesity effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Chiang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Ya-Ling Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Yi-Wen Chien
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (P.-C.C.); (Y.-L.C.)
- Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +88-622-736-1661 (ext. 6556); Fax: +88-622-737-3112
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Gao T, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Melatonin attenuates microbiota dysbiosis of jejunum in short-term sleep deprived mice. J Microbiol 2020; 58:588-597. [PMID: 32424577 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-0094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our study demonstrated that sleep deprivation resulted in homeostasis disorder of colon. Our study goes deeper into the positive effects of melatonin on small intestinal microbiota disorder caused by sleep deprivation. We successfully established a multiplatform 72 h sleep deprivation mouse model with or without melatonin supplementation, and analyzed the change of small intestinal microbiota using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA. We found melatonin supplementation suppressed the decrease of plasma melatonin level in sleep deprivation mice. Meanwhile, melatonin supplementation improved significantly the reduction in OTU numbers and the diversity and richness of jejunal microbiota and the abundance of Bacteroidaeae and Prevotellaceae, as well as an increase in the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio and the content of Moraxellaceae and Aeromonadaceae in the jejunum of sleep deprived-mice. Moreover, melatonin supplementation reversed the change of metabolic pathway in sleep deprived-mice, including metabolism, signal transduction mechanisms and transcription etc, which were related to intestinal health. Furthermore, melatonin supplementation inverted the sleep deprivation-induced a decline of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-22) and an increase of the ROS and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17) in jejunum. These findings suggested that melatonin, similar to a probiotics agent, can reverse sleep deprivation-induced small intestinal microbiota disorder by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
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137
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Park YS, Kim SH, Park JW, Kho Y, Seok PR, Shin JH, Choi YJ, Jun JH, Jung HC, Kim EK. Melatonin in the colon modulates intestinal microbiota in response to stress and sleep deprivation. Intest Res 2020; 18:325-336. [PMID: 32564539 PMCID: PMC7385569 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Stress is closely related to the deterioration of digestive disease. Melatonin has potent anti-inflammatory properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of water stress (WS) and sleep deprivation (SD) on intestinal microbiota and roles of melatonin in stressful condition. METHODS We used C57BL/6 mice and specially designed water bath for stress and SD for 10 days. We measured melatonin concentrations in serum, feces, and colon tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography. Genomic DNA was extracted from feces and amplified using primers targeting V3 to V4 regions of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes. RESULTS Compared to the control, melatonin concentration was lower in the WS and SD. Fecal concentration was 0.132 pg/mL in control, 0.062 pg/mL in WS, and 0.068 pg/mL in SD. In colon tissue, it was 0.45 pg/mL in control, 0.007 pg/mL in WS, and 0.03 pg/mL in SD. After melatonin treatment, melatonin concentrations in feces and colon tissue were recovered to the level of control. Metagenomic analysis of microbiota showed abundance in colitogenic microbiota in WS and SD. Melatonin injection attenuated this harmful effect. WS and SD showed decreased Lactobacillales and increased Erysipelotrichales and Enterobacteriales. Melatonin treatment increased Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus and decreased Bacteroides massiliensis and Erysipelotrichaceae. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that stress and SD could affect intestinal dysbiosis and increase colitogenic microbiota, which could contribute to the aggravating digestive disease. Melatonin concentrations in feces and colon tissue decreased under WS and SD. Melatonin treatment brought recovery of melatonin concentration in colon tissue and modulating dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sook Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Graduate School of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Pu Rum Seok
- Departemnt of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Choi
- Departemnt of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyun Jun
- Departemnt of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Graduate School of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Chan Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chen L, Zhang L, Wang W, Qiu W, Liu L, Ning A, Cao J, Huang M, Zhong M. Polysaccharides isolated from Cordyceps Sinensis contribute to the progression of NASH by modifying the gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232972. [PMID: 32512581 PMCID: PMC7279895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various dietary fibers are considered to prevent obesity by modulating the gut microbiota. Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharide (CSP) is a soluble dietary fiber known to have protective effects against obesity and related diseases, but whether these effects induce any side effects remains unknown. The function and safety of CSP were tested in high-fat diet (HFD)-feding C57BL/6J mice. The results revealed that even though CSP supplementation could prevent an increase in body weight, it aggravated liver fibrosis and steatosis as evidenced by increased inflammation, lipid metabolism markers, insulin resistance (IR) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in HFD-induced obesity. 16S rDNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the gut microbiota composition, and the relative abundance of the Actinobacteria phylum, including the Olsenella genus, was significantly higher in CSP-treated mice than in HFD-fed mice. CSP supplementation may increase the proportion of Actinobacteria, which can degrade CSP. The high level of Actinobacteria aggravated the disorder of the intestinal flora and contributed to the progression from obesity to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Liangyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Wendong Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Anhong Ning
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
| | - Mintao Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Ye P, Xi Y, Huang Z, Xu P. Linking Obesity with Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology and Mechanistic Insights. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061408. [PMID: 32486076 PMCID: PMC7352519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and colorectal cancer (CRC) has risen rapidly in recent decades. More than 650 million obese and 2 billion overweight individuals are currently living in the world. CRC is the third most common cancer. Obesity is regarded as one of the key environmental risk factors for the pathogenesis of CRC. In the present review, we mainly focus on the epidemiology of obesity and CRC in the world, the United States, and China. We also summarize the molecular mechanisms linking obesity to CRC in different aspects, including nutriology, adipokines and hormones, inflammation, gut microbiota, and bile acids. The unmet medical needs for obesity-related CRC are still remarkable. Understanding the molecular basis of these associations will help develop novel therapeutic targets and approaches for the treatment of obesity-related CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ye
- College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Yue Xi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-412-708-4694
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Bahrami M, Cheraghpour M, Jafarirad S, Alavinejad P, Asadi F, Hekmatdoost A, Mohammadi M, Yari Z. The effect of melatonin on treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2020; 52:102452. [PMID: 32951715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many factors implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are including oxidative stress, insulin resistance and abnormal production of adipokines. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of melatonin supplement on some important biochemical markers and signs related to NAFLD. DESIGN A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. SETTING Twenty-four participants in the melatonin group and 21 participants in the placebo group completed the study. INTERVENTION Participants received 6 mg melatonin or placebo daily, 1 h before bedtime. The intervention period was 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Anthropometric measurements, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, liver enzymes, high sensitive C‑reactive protein (hs-CRP), fatty liver grade, also leptin and adiponectin serum levels, were measured at the baseline and the end of intervention. RESULTS A significant improvement was observed in weight (p = 0.043), waist circumference (p = 0.027), abdominal circumference (p = 0.043), systolic (p = 0.039), and diastolic (p = 0.015) blood pressure, leptin serum levels (p = 0.032), hs-CRP (p = 0.024), alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.011), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.034), also the grade of fatty liver (p = 0.020) in melatonin treated group compared with the placebo. CONCLUSIONS Administration of 6 mg/day melatonin had improvement effect on many factors related to NAFLD such as liver enzymes, hs-CRP, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, leptin serum levels and the grade of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Bahrami
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Makan Cheraghpour
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sima Jafarirad
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Nutrition Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Pejman Alavinejad
- Research Institute for Infectious Disease of Digestive System, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fariba Asadi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mohammadi
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Yari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Administration of Exogenous Melatonin Improves the Diurnal Rhythms of the Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. mSystems 2020; 5:5/3/e00002-20. [PMID: 32430404 PMCID: PMC7253360 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is strongly shaped by a high-fat diet, and obese humans and animals are characterized by low gut microbial diversity and impaired gut microbiota compositions. Comprehensive data on mammalian gut metagenomes shows gut microbiota exhibit circadian rhythms, which is disturbed by a high-fat diet. On the other hand, melatonin is a natural and ubiquitous molecule showing multiple mechanisms of regulating the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, while the role of melatonin in the regulation of the diurnal patterns of gut microbial structure and function in obese animals is not yet known. This study delineates an intricate picture of melatonin-gut microbiota circadian rhythms and may provide insight for obesity intervention. Melatonin, a circadian hormone, has been reported to improve host lipid metabolism by reprogramming the gut microbiota, which also exhibits rhythmicity in a light/dark cycle. However, the effect of the administration of exogenous melatonin on the diurnal variation in the gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) is unclear. Here, we further confirmed the antiobesogenic effect of melatonin on mice fed an HFD for 2 weeks. Samples were collected every 4 h within a 24-h period, and diurnal rhythms of clock gene expression (Clock, Cry1, Cry2, Per1, and Per2) and serum lipid indexes varied with diurnal time. Notably, Clock and triglycerides (TG) showed a marked rhythm in the control in melatonin-treated mice but not in the HFD-fed mice. The rhythmicity of these parameters was similar between the control and melatonin-treated HFD-fed mice compared with that in the HFD group, indicating an improvement caused by melatonin in the diurnal clock of host metabolism in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that most microbes exhibited daily rhythmicity, and the trends were different for different groups and at different time points. We also identified several specific microbes that correlated with the circadian clock genes and serum lipid indexes, which might indicate the potential mechanism of action of melatonin in HFD-fed mice. In addition, effects of melatonin exposure during daytime or nighttime were compared, but a nonsignificant difference was noticed in response to HFD-induced lipid dysmetabolism. Interestingly, the responses of microbiota-transplanted mice to HFD feeding also varied at different transplantation times (8:00 and 16:00) and with different microbiota donors. In summary, the daily oscillations in the expression of circadian clock genes, serum lipid indexes, and the gut microbiota appeared to be driven by short-term feeding of an HFD, while administration of exogenous melatonin improved the composition and diurnal rhythmicity of some specific gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota is strongly shaped by a high-fat diet, and obese humans and animals are characterized by low gut microbial diversity and impaired gut microbiota compositions. Comprehensive data on mammalian gut metagenomes shows gut microbiota exhibit circadian rhythms, which is disturbed by a high-fat diet. On the other hand, melatonin is a natural and ubiquitous molecule showing multiple mechanisms of regulating the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, while the role of melatonin in the regulation of the diurnal patterns of gut microbial structure and function in obese animals is not yet known. This study delineates an intricate picture of melatonin-gut microbiota circadian rhythms and may provide insight for obesity intervention.
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Beneficial effects of flaxseed polysaccharides on metabolic syndrome via gut microbiota in high-fat diet fed mice. Food Res Int 2020; 131:108994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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143
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Ivanov DO, Evsyukova II, Mazzoccoli G, Anderson G, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM, Carbone A, Nasyrov RA. The Role of Prenatal Melatonin in the Regulation of Childhood Obesity. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9040072. [PMID: 32260529 PMCID: PMC7235795 DOI: 10.3390/biology9040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that pregnancy can set the foundations for an array of diverse medical conditions in the offspring, including obesity. A wide assortment of factors, including genetic, epigenetic, lifestyle, and diet can influence foetal outcomes. This article reviews the role of melatonin in the prenatal modulation of offspring obesity. A growing number of studies show that many prenatal risk factors for poor foetal metabolic outcomes, including gestational diabetes and night-shift work, are associated with a decrease in pineal gland-derived melatonin and associated alterations in the circadian rhythm. An important aspect of circadian melatonin’s effects is mediated via the circadian gene, BMAL1, including in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and the mitochondrial melatoninergic pathway. Alterations in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolic shifts between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in immune and glia cells seem crucial to a host of human medical conditions, including in the development of obesity and the association of obesity with the risk of other medical conditions. The gut microbiome is another important hub in the pathoetiology and pathophysiology of many medical conditions, with negative consequences mediated by a decrease in the short-chain fatty acid, butyrate. The effects of butyrate are partly mediated via an increase in the melatoninergic pathway, indicating interactions of the gut microbiome with melatonin. Some of the effects of melatonin seem mediated via the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor, whilst both melatonin and butyrate may regulate obesity through the opioidergic system. Oxytocin, a recently recognized inhibitor of obesity, may also be acting via the opioidergic system. The early developmental regulation of these processes and factors by melatonin are crucial to the development of obesity and many diverse comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry O. Ivanov
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.O.P.); (R.A.N.)
| | - Inna I. Evsyukova
- Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Gianluigi Mazzoccoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +039-0882-410255
| | | | - Victoria O. Polyakova
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.O.P.); (R.A.N.)
| | - Igor M. Kvetnoy
- Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Annalucia Carbone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine and Chronobiology Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy;
| | - Ruslan A. Nasyrov
- Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.O.P.); (R.A.N.)
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144
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Tobore TO. Towards a comprehensive theory of obesity and a healthy diet: The causal role of oxidative stress in food addiction and obesity. Behav Brain Res 2020; 384:112560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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145
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Wang W, Zhong M, Yu T, Chen L, Shi L, Zong J, Wang S. Polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong reduces high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice by regulating the composition of intestinal microbiota. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:27. [PMID: 32256675 PMCID: PMC7106597 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a severe public health threat worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with obesity and its related metabolic complications. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of polysaccharide extracted from WuGuChong (PEW) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, and the potential mechanisms involving modulation of the gut microbiota composition. Methods Mice were fed a normal chow diet and a high-fat diet with or without PEW (300 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 8 weeks. Body weight, obesity-related metabolic disorders, and gut microbiota were examined at the end of the experiment. Results PEW supplementation reduces body weight, adipose hypertrophy, liver steatosis, insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in HFD-fed mice, as well as maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. High-throughput 16S rRNA analysis demonstrates that PEW supplementation alters the composition of gut microbiota. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria are increased in HFD-fed mice, which are reversed by PEW supplementation to approximately the control levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that PEW may be used as a bioactive ingredient to prevent obesity and its related metabolic disorders by modulating the composition of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Wang
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, China.,2College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lushun Road West, Dalian, China
| | - Mintao Zhong
- 3Department of Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lushun Road West, Dalian, China
| | - Tiantian Yu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Dalian Municipal Woman and Children's Medical Center, 1 and 3 Sports new town first Road, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Chen
- 3Department of Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lushun Road West, Dalian, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, China
| | - Junwei Zong
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, China.,2College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, 9 South Lushun Road West, Dalian, China
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146
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Zheng Y, Wu Y, Tao L, Chen X, Jones TJ, Wang K, Hu F. Chinese Propolis Prevents Obesity and Metabolism Syndromes Induced by a High Fat Diet and Accompanied by an Altered Gut Microbiota Structure in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040959. [PMID: 32235581 PMCID: PMC7230861 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of obesity poses a great threat to public health worldwide. Recent reports also indicate the relevance of obesity in metabolic diseases. Chinese propolis (CP), as a well-studied natural nutraceutical, has shown a beneficial effect on alleviating diabetes mellitus. However, few studies have investigated the effect of CP on weight management and energy balance. We examined the beneficial effects of dietary CP on weight in high-fat diet-fed female and male mice and determined whether CP alters gut microbiota. In this study, dietary CP supplementation reduces body weight and improves insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice in a dose-dependent manner. CP treatment also reverses liver weight loss and triglyceride accumulation in association with hepatic steatosis. The 16S rRNA analysis of gut microbiota demonstrated that CP treatment modulates the composition in HFD-fed mice. Our study also suggests that male mice were more sensitive to CP treatment than female mice. Taken together, CP supplementation reduces weight gain and reverses gut microbiome dysbiosis induced by HFD. Further, the effects of CP treatment on metabolic biomarkers and microbiome structure differ by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.T.); (X.C.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA;
| | - Yuqi Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Lingchen Tao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Trevor Joseph Jones
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA;
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.T.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-889-829-52
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147
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Ma N, Zhang J, Reiter RJ, Ma X. Melatonin mediates mucosal immune cells, microbial metabolism, and rhythm crosstalk: A therapeutic target to reduce intestinal inflammation. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:606-632. [PMID: 31420885 DOI: 10.1002/med.21628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, melatonin, previously considered only as a pharmaceutical product for rhythm regulation and sleep aiding, has shown its potential as a co-adjuvant treatment in intestinal diseases, however, its mechanism is still not very clear. A firm connection between melatonin at a physiologically relevant concentration and the gut microbiota and inflammation has recently established. Herein, we summarize their crosstalk and focus on four novelties. First, how melatonin is synthesized and degraded in the gut and exerts potentially diverse phenotypic effects through its diverse metabolites. Second, how melatonin mediates the activation and proliferation of intestinal mucosal immune cells with paracrine and autocrine properties. By modulating T/B cells, mast cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, melatonin immunomodulatory involved in regulating T-cell differentiation, intervening T/B cell interaction and attenuating the production of pro-inflammatory factors, achieving its antioxidant action via specific receptors. Third, how melatonin exerts antimicrobial action and modulates microbial components, such as lipopolysaccharide, amyloid-β peptides via nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) or signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT1) pathway to modulate intestinal immune function in immune-pineal axis. The last, how melatonin mediates the effect of intestinal bacterial activity signals on the body rhythm system through the NF-κB pathway and influences the mucosal epithelium oscillation via clock gene expression. These processes are achieved at mitochondrial and nuclear levels to control the host immune cell development. Considering unclear mechanisms and undiscovered actions of melatonin in gut-microbiome-immune axis, it's time to reveal them and provide new insight for the outlook of melatonin as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment and management of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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148
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Xu Z, You W, Liu J, Wang Y, Shan T. Elucidating the Regulatory Role of Melatonin in Brown, White, and Beige Adipocytes. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:447-460. [PMID: 31355852 PMCID: PMC7442421 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases has heightened the importance of understanding control of adipose tissue development and energy metabolism. In mammals, 3 types of adipocytes with different characteristics and origins have been identified: white, brown, and beige. Beige and brown adipocytes contain numerous mitochondria and have the capability to burn energy and counteract obesity, while white adipocytes store energy and are closely associated with metabolic disorders and obesity. Thus, regulation of the development and function of different adipocytes is important for controlling energy balance and combating obesity and related metabolic disorders. Melatonin is a neurohormone, which plays multiple roles in regulating inflammation, blood pressure, insulin actions, and energy metabolism. This article summarizes and discusses the role of melatonin in white, beige, and brown adipocytes, especially in affecting adipogenesis, inducing beige formation or white adipose tissue browning, enhancing brown adipose tissue mass and activities, improving anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, regulating adipokine secretion, and preventing body weight gain. Based on the current findings, melatonin is a potential therapeutic agent to control energy metabolism, adipogenesis, fat deposition, adiposity, and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China; and Zhejiang Provincial Laboratory of Feed and Animal Nutrition, Hangzhou, China,Address correspondence to TS (E-mail: )
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Melatonin Orchestrates Lipid Homeostasis through the Hepatointestinal Circadian Clock and Microbiota during Constant Light Exposure. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020489. [PMID: 32093272 PMCID: PMC7072737 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Misalignment between natural light rhythm and modern life activities induces disruption of the circadian rhythm. It is mainly evident that light at night (LAN) interferes with the human endocrine system and contributes to the increasing rates of obesity and lipid metabolic disease. Maintaining hepatointestinal circadian homeostasis is vital for improving lipid homeostasis. Melatonin is a chronobiotic substance that plays a main role in stabilizing bodily rhythm and has shown beneficial effects in protecting against obesity. Based on the dual effect of circadian rhythm regulation and antiobesity, we tested the effect of melatonin in mice under constant light exposure. Exposure to 24-h constant light (LL) increased weight and insulin resistance compared with those of the control group (12-h light–12-h dark cycle, LD), and simultaneous supplementation in the melatonin group (LLM) ameliorated this phenotype. Constant light exposure disturbed the expression pattern of a series of transcripts, including lipid metabolism, circadian regulation and nuclear receptors in the liver. Melatonin also showed beneficial effects in improving lipid metabolism and circadian rhythm homeostasis. Furthermore, the LL group had increased absorption and digestion of lipids in the intestine as evidenced by the elevated influx of lipids in the duodenum and decrease in the efflux of lipids in the jejunum. More interestingly, melatonin ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis and improved lipid efflux from the intestine. Thus, these findings offer a novel clue regarding the obesity-promoting effect attributed to LAN and suggest a possibility for obesity therapy by melatonin in which melatonin could ameliorate rhythm disorder and intestinal dysbiosis.
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150
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Kim SW, Kim S, Son M, Cheon JH, Park YS. Melatonin controls microbiota in colitis by goblet cell differentiation and antimicrobial peptide production through Toll-like receptor 4 signalling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2232. [PMID: 32042047 PMCID: PMC7010660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial dysbiosis has long been postulated to be associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although evidence supporting the anti-colitic effects of melatonin have been accumulating, it is not clear how melatonin affects the microbiota. Herein, we investigated the effects of melatonin on the microbiome in colitis and identified involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signalling in the effects. Melatonin improved dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and reverted microbial dysbiosis in wild-type (WT) mice but not in TLR4 knockout (KO) mice. Induction of goblet cells was observed with melatonin administration, which was accompanied by suppression of Il1b and Il17a and induction of melatonin receptor and Reg3β, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against Gram-negative bacteria. In vitro, melatonin treatment of HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells promotes mucin and wound healing and inhibits growth of Escherichia coli. Herein, we showed that melatonin significantly increases goblet cells, Reg3β, and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes by suppressing Gram-negative bacteria through TLR4 signalling. Our study suggests that sensing of bacteria through TLR4 and regulation of bacteria through altered goblet cells and AMPs is involved in the anti-colitic effects of melatonin. Melatonin may have use in therapeutics for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mijeong Son
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sook Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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