101
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Fan T, Wang S, Yu L, Yi H, Liu R, Geng W, Wan X, Ma Y, Cai L, Chen YH, Ruan Q. Treating psoriasis by targeting its susceptibility gene Rel. Clin Immunol 2016; 165:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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102
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Park MH, Hong JT. Roles of NF-κB in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases and Their Therapeutic Approaches. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020015. [PMID: 27043634 PMCID: PMC4931664 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including immune response, inflammation, cell growth and survival, and development. NF-κB is critical for human health, and aberrant NF-κB activation contributes to development of various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis and malignant tumors. Thus, inhibiting NF-κB signaling has potential therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 28160, Korea.
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Cheongwon-gun, Chungbuk 28160, Korea.
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103
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Esposito E, Napolitano G, Pescatore A, Calculli G, Incoronato MR, Leonardi A, Ursini MV. COMMD7 as a novel NEMO interacting protein involved in the termination of NF-κB signaling. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:152-61. [PMID: 26060140 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEMO/IKKγ is the regulatory subunit of the IκB Kinase (IKK) complex, required for the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which is involved in a variety of key processes, including immunity, inflammation, differentiation, and cell survival. Termination of NF-κB activity on specific -κB responsive genes, which is crucial for the resolution of inflammatory responses, can be achieved by direct degradation of the chromatin-bound NF-κB subunit RelA/p65, a process mediated by a protein complex that contains Copper Metabolism Murr1 Domain 1 (COMMD1). In this study, we identify COMMD7, another member of the COMMDs protein family, as a novel NEMO-interacting protein. We show that COMMD7 exerts an inhibitory effect on NF-κB activation upon TNFα stimulation. COMMD7 interacts with COMMD1 and together they cooperate to down-regulate NF-κB activity. Accordingly, termination of TNFα-induced NF-κB activity on the -κB responsive gene, Icam1, is defective in cells silenced for COMMD7 expression. Furthermore, this impairment is not greatly increased when we silence the expression of both COMMD7 and COMMD1 indicating that the two proteins participate in the same pathway of termination of TNFα-induced NF-κB activity. Importantly, we have demonstrated that COMMD7's binding to NEMO does not interfere with the binding to the IKKs, and that the disruption of the IKK complex through the use of the NBP competitor impairs the termination of NF-κB activity. We propose that an intact IKK complex is required for the termination of NF-κB-dependent transcription and that COMMD7 acts as a scaffold in the IKK-mediated NF-κB termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elio Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pescatore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calculli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, "Federico II" University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Matilde Valeria Ursini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso' (CNR), Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, Naples, Italy
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104
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De Falco F, Di Giovanni C, Cerchia C, De Stefano D, Capuozzo A, Irace C, Iuvone T, Santamaria R, Carnuccio R, Lavecchia A. Novel non-peptide small molecules preventing IKKβ/NEMO association inhibit NF-κB activation in LPS-stimulated J774 macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 104:83-94. [PMID: 26776306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor regulating several genes involved in important physiological and pathological processes. NF-κB has been found constitutively activated in many inflammatory/immune diseases. In addition, a positive correlation between persistent activation of NF-κB and tumor promotion has been demonstrated. Since the IKK (IκB kinase) activation is an indispensable component of all pro-inflammatory signaling pathways leading to NF-κB activation, considerable efforts have been done in order to develop novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics targeting IKK. Association of the IKK complex relies on critical interactions between the C-terminus NBD (NEMO binding domain) of the catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ, and the regulatory subunit NEMO (NF-κB Essential Modulator). Thus, this IKK/NEMO interacting region provides an attractive target to prevent the IKK complex formation and NF-κB activation. In this regard, we have identified non-peptide small molecule disruptors of IKKβ/NEMO complex through a structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) of the NCI chemical library. Phenothiazine 22 and its close analogues (22.2, 22.4 and 22.10) were able to reduce nitrite production and iNOS mRNA expression in J774 murine macrophages stimulated with LPS for 24h. These effects were associated with a reduced NF-κB/DNA binding activity as well as a decreased expression of phosphorylated IKKβ, IκBα and NF-κB/p65 in these cells. These observations suggest that compound 22 and its three structural analogues by inhibiting IKKβ/NEMO association mediate the blockage of NF-κB signaling pathway and may prove effective in treatment of diseases in which the IKK/NF-κB pathway is dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Falco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Di Giovanni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Cerchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela De Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Capuozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Iuvone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Santamaria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Carnuccio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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105
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Friedmann-Morvinski D, Narasimamurthy R, Xia Y, Myskiw C, Soda Y, Verma IM. Targeting NF-κB in glioblastoma: A therapeutic approach. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501292. [PMID: 26824076 PMCID: PMC4730860 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal form of intracranial tumor. We have established a lentivirus-induced mouse model of malignant gliomas, which faithfully captures the pathophysiology and molecular signature of mesenchymal human GBM. RNA-Seq analysis of these tumors revealed high nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation showing enrichment of known NF-κB target genes. Inhibition of NF-κB by either depletion of IκB kinase 2 (IKK2), expression of a IκBαM super repressor, or using a NEMO (NF-κB essential modifier)-binding domain (NBD) peptide in tumor-derived cell lines attenuated tumor proliferation and prolonged mouse survival. Timp1, one of the NF-κB target genes significantly up-regulated in GBM, was identified to play a role in tumor proliferation and growth. Inhibition of NF-κB activity or silencing of Timp1 resulted in slower tumor growth in both mouse and human GBM models. Our results suggest that inhibition of NF-κB activity or targeting of inducible NF-κB genes is an attractive therapeutic approach for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rajesh Narasimamurthy
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yifeng Xia
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chad Myskiw
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yasushi Soda
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Inder M. Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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106
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NF-κB acts as a multifunctional modulator in bone invasion by oral squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1348-8643(15)00038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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107
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Herrington FD, Carmody RJ, Goodyear CS. Modulation of NF-κB Signaling as a Therapeutic Target in Autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:223-42. [PMID: 26597958 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115617456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases arise from the loss of tolerance to endogenous self-antigens, resulting in a heterogeneous range of chronic conditions that cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Western countries, over 5% of the population is affected by some form of autoimmune disease, with enhanced or inappropriate activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB implicated in a number of these conditions. Although treatment strategies for autoimmunity have improved significantly in recent years, current therapeutics are still not capable of achieving satisfactory disease management in all patients, and as such, the therapeutic modulation of NF-κB is an attractive target in autoimmunity. To date, no NF-κB inhibitors have progressed to the clinic for the treatment of autoimmunity, but a variety of promising approaches targeting multiple stages of the NF-κB pathway are currently being explored. This review focuses on the current strategies being investigated for the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in autoimmune diseases and considers potential future strategies for the therapeutic targeting of this crucial transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity D Herrington
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruaidhrí J Carmody
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow, UK
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow, UK GLAZgo Discovery Centre, University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow, UK
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108
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Li M, Song S, Li S, Feng J, Hua Z. The Blockade of NF-κB Activation by a Specific Inhibitory Peptide Has a Strong Neuroprotective Role in a Sprague-Dawley Rat Kernicterus Model. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:30042-52. [PMID: 26499797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.673525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kernicterus, the permanent nerve damage occurring as a result of bilirubin precipitation, still occurs worldwide and may lead to death or permanent neurological impairments. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and effective therapeutic strategies are lacking. The present study aims to investigate the activation of NF-κB and to identify the effect of NF-κB inhibition on the newborn rat kernicterus model. The NF-κB essential modifier-binding domain peptide (NBD), coupled with the HIV trans-activator of transcription peptide (TAT) was used to inhibit NF-κB. NF-κB was significantly activated in the cerebrum at 1 and 3 h (p < 0.05) after the model was established, as measured by EMSA. NF-κB activation was inhibited by intraperitoneal administration of TAT-NBD. The general conditions of the TAT-NBD-treated rats were improved; meanwhile, these rats performed much better on the neurological evaluation, the rotarod test, and the Morris water maze test (p < 0.05) than the vehicle-treated rats at 28 days. Furthermore, the morphology of the nerve cells was better preserved in the TAT-NBD group, and these cells displayed less neurodegeneration and astrocytosis. Simultaneously, apoptosis in the brain was attenuated, and the levels of the TNF-α and IL-1β proteins were decreased (p < 0.01). These results suggested that NF-κB was activated, and inhibition of NF-κB activation by TAT-NBD not only attenuated the acute neurotoxicity, apoptosis, and inflammation, but also improved the long term neurobehavioral impairments in the kernicterus model rats in vivo. Thus, inhibiting NF-κB activation might be a potential therapeutic approach for kernicterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Li
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Sijie Song
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing, 400000, China, and
| | - Shengjun Li
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Jie Feng
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Ziyu Hua
- From the Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China, the Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400000, China
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109
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Zhuang Z, Ju HQ, Aguilar M, Gocho T, Li H, Iida T, Lee H, Fan X, Zhou H, Ling J, Li Z, Fu J, Wu M, Li M, Melisi D, Iwakura Y, Xu K, Fleming JB, Chiao PJ. IL1 Receptor Antagonist Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth by Abrogating NF-κB Activation. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1432-44. [PMID: 26500238 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Constitutive NF-κB activation is identified in about 70% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cases and is required for oncogenic KRAS-induced PDAC development in mouse models. We sought to determine whether targeting IL-1α pathway would inhibit NF-κB activity and thus suppress PDAC cell growth. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined whether anakinra, a human IL-1 receptor (rhIL-1R) antagonist, inhibited NF-κB activation. Assays for cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were performed with rhIL-1R antagonist using the human PDAC cell lines AsPc1, Colo357, MiaPaCa-2, and HPNE/K-ras(G12V)/p16sh. In vivo NF-κB activation-dependent tumorigenesis was assayed using an orthotopic nude mouse model (n = 20, 5 per group) treated with a combination of gemcitabine and rhIL-1RA. RESULTS rhIL-1R antagonist treatment led to a significant decrease in NF-κB activity. PDAC cells treated with rhIL-1R antagonist plus gemcitabine reduced proliferation, migration, and invasion as compared with single gemcitabine treatment. In nude mice, rhIL-1R antagonist plus gemcitabine significantly reduced the tumor burden (gemcitabine plus rhIL-1RA vs. control, P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS We found that anakinra, an FDA-approved drug that inhibits IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), when given with or without gemcitabine, can reduce tumor growth by inhibiting IL1α-induced NF-κB activity; this result suggests that it is a useful therapeutic approach for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Zhuang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of General Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huai-Qiang Ju
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mitzi Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Takashi Gocho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tomonori Iida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Surgery, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harold Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoqiang Fan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Haijun Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jianhua Ling
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhongkui Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jie Fu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Min Li
- Department of Surgery, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stanton L. Young Biomedical Research Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Davide Melisi
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Università degli studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kesen Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul J Chiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Cancer Biology Program, the University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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110
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You DJ, Park CR, Furlong M, Koo O, Lee C, Ahn C, Seong JY, Hwang JI. Dimer of arfaptin 2 regulates NF-κB signaling by interacting with IKKβ/NEMO and inhibiting IKKβ kinase activity. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2173-81. [PMID: 26296658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IκB kinases (IKKs) are a therapeutic target due to their crucial roles in various biological processes, including the immune response, the stress response, and tumor development. IKKs integrate various upstream signals that activate NF-κB by phosphorylating IκB and also regulate many proteins related to cell growth and metabolism. Although they function as a heteromeric complex comprised of kinase subunits and an adaptor, these kinases produce distinct cellular responses by phosphorylating different target molecules, suggesting that they may also be regulated in a subtype-specific manner. In this study, arfaptin 2 was identified as an IKKβ-specific binding partner. Interestingly, arfaptin 2 also interacted with NEMO. Domain mapping studies revealed that the C-terminal region, including the IKKβ HLH domain and the first coiled-coil NEMO region were respectively required for interactions with the arfaptin 2 N-terminal flexible region. Overexpression of arfaptin 2 inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, whereas downregulation of arfaptin 2 by small interfering RNA enhanced NF-κB activity. Dimerization of arfaptin 2 through the Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs domain may be essential to inhibit activation of NF-κB through multimodal interactions with IKKβs or IKKβ/NEMO, as ectopic expression of the arfaptin 2 fragment responsible for IKK interactions did not change TNFα-stimulated NF-κB activation. These data indicate that arfaptin 2 is the first molecule to regulate NF-κB signaling by interacting with the functional IKK complex but not by direct inhibiting IKKβ phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joo You
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Cho Rong Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Furlong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Okjae Koo
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 433-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolju Lee
- Life Sciences Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Yongun-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
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111
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Akahori H, Karmali V, Polavarapu R, Lyle AN, Weiss D, Shin E, Husain A, Naqvi N, Van Dam R, Habib A, Choi CU, King AL, Pachura K, Taylor WR, Lefer DJ, Finn AV. CD163 interacts with TWEAK to regulate tissue regeneration after ischaemic injury. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7792. [PMID: 26242746 PMCID: PMC4918310 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are an essential component of the immune response to ischaemic injury and play an important role in promoting inflammation and its resolution, which is necessary for tissue repair. The type I transmembrane glycoprotein CD163 is exclusively expressed on macrophages, where it acts as a receptor for haemoglobin:haptoglobin complexes. An extracellular portion of CD163 circulates in the blood as a soluble protein, for which no physiological function has so far been described. Here we show that during ischaemia, soluble CD163 functions as a decoy receptor for TWEAK, a secreted pro-inflammatory cytokine of the tumour necrosis factor family, to regulate TWEAK-induced activation of canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Notch signalling necessary for myogenic progenitor cell proliferation. Mice with deletion of CD163 have transiently elevated levels of TWEAK, which stimulate muscle satellite cell proliferation and tissue regeneration in their ischaemic and non-ischaemic limbs. These results reveal a role for soluble CD163 in regulating muscle regeneration after ischaemic injury. CD163 is a glycoprotein receptor expressed on the surface of macrophages. Here, the authors demonstrate that a soluble form of CD163 can act as a decoy receptor for the pro inflammatory cytokine TWEAK, thereby revealing a new mechanism for the regulation of tissue repair after ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokuni Akahori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Vinit Karmali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Rohini Polavarapu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Alicia N Lyle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Daiana Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eric Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Ahsan Husain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Nawazish Naqvi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Richard Van Dam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Anwer Habib
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Cheol Ung Choi
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA [2] Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Adrienne L King
- Kennesaw State University Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, USA
| | - Kimberly Pachura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - W Robert Taylor
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA [2] Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA [3] Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - David J Lefer
- LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Aloke V Finn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Rangasamy SB, Corbett GT, Roy A, Modi KK, Bennett DA, Mufson EJ, Ghosh S, Pahan K. Intranasal Delivery of NEMO-Binding Domain Peptide Prevents Memory Loss in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 47:385-402. [PMID: 26401561 PMCID: PMC4582676 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Despite intense investigations, no effective therapy is available to halt its progression. We found that NF-κB was activated within the hippocampus and cortex of AD subjects and that activated forms of NF-κB negatively correlated with cognitive function monitored by Mini-Mental State Examination and global cognitive z score. Accordingly, NF-κB activation was also observed in the hippocampus of a transgenic (5XFAD) mouse model of AD. It has been shown that peptides corresponding to the NF-κB essential modifier (NEMO)-binding domain (NBD) of IκB kinase α (IKKα) or IκB kinase β (IKKβ) specifically inhibit the induction of NF-κB activation without inhibiting the basal NF-κB activity. Interestingly, after intranasal administration, wild-type NBD peptide entered into the hippocampus, reduced hippocampal activation of NF-κB, suppressed hippocampal microglial activation, lowered the burden of Aβ in the hippocampus, attenuated apoptosis of hippocampal neurons, protected plasticity-related molecules, and improved memory and learning in 5XFAD mice. Mutated NBD peptide had no such protective effect, indicating the specificity of our finding. These results suggest that selective targeting of NF-κB activation by intranasal administration of NBD peptide may be of therapeutic benefit for AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B. Rangasamy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Grant T. Corbett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Khushbu K. Modi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Correspondence to: Kalipada Pahan, PhD, Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite 320, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Tel.: +1 312 563 3592; Fax: +1 312 563 3571;
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Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPP), also known as protein transduction domains (PTD), are small peptides able to carry peptides, proteins, nucleic acid, and nanoparticles, including viral particles, across the cellular membranes into cells, resulting in internalization of the intact cargo. In general, CPPs can be broadly classified into tissue-specific and non-tissue specific peptides, with the latter further sub-divided into three types: (1) cationic peptides of 6-12 amino acids in length comprised predominantly of arginine, lysine and/or ornithine residues; (2) hydrophobic peptides such as leader sequences of secreted growth factors or cytokines; and (3) amphipathic peptides obtained by linking hydrophobic peptides to nuclear localizing signals. Tissue-specific peptides are usually identified by screening of large peptide phage display libraries. These transduction peptides have the potential for a myriad of diagnostic as well as therapeutic applications, ranging from delivery of fluorescent or radioactive compounds for imaging, to delivery of peptides and proteins of therapeutic potential, and improving uptake of DNA, RNA, siRNA and even viral particles. Here we review the potential applications as well as hurdles to the tremendous potential of these CPPs, in particular the cell-type specific peptides.
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114
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Oguiza A, Recio C, Lazaro I, Mallavia B, Blanco J, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Peptide-based inhibition of IκB kinase/nuclear factor-κB pathway protects against diabetes-associated nephropathy and atherosclerosis in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 58:1656-67. [PMID: 25982245 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The canonical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway mediated by the inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK) regulates the transcription of inflammatory genes involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, from the early phase to progression and final complications. The NF-κB essential modulator binding domain (NBD) contained in IKKα/β is essential for IKK complex assembly. We therefore investigated the functional consequences of targeting the IKK-dependent NF-κB pathway in the progression of diabetes-associated nephropathy and atherosclerosis. METHODS Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with diabetes induced by streptozotocin were treated with a cell-permeable peptide derived from the IKKα/β NBD region. Kidneys and aorta were analysed for morphology, leucocyte infiltrate, collagen, NF-κB activity and gene expression. In vitro studies were performed in renal and vascular cells. RESULTS NBD peptide administration did not affect the metabolic severity of diabetes but resulted in renal protection, as evidenced by dose-dependent decreases in albuminuria, renal lesions (mesangial expansion, leucocyte infiltration and fibrosis), intranuclear NF-κB activity and proinflammatory and pro-fibrotic gene expression. Furthermore, peptide treatment limited atheroma plaque formation in diabetic mice by decreasing the content of lipids, leucocytes and cytokines and increasing plaque stability markers. This nephroprotective and anti-atherosclerotic effect was accompanied by a decline in systemic T helper 1 cytokines. In vitro, NBD peptide prevented IKK assembly/activation, p65 nuclear translocation, NF-κB-regulated gene expression and cell proliferation induced by either high glucose or inflammatory stimulation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Peptide-based inhibition of IKK complex formation attenuates NF-κB activation, suppresses inflammation and retards the progression of renal and vascular injury in diabetic mice, thus providing a feasible approach against diabetes inflammatory complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Oguiza
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Group, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University of Madrid, Avda. Reyes Catolicos, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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115
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Reay DP, Bastacky SI, Wack KE, Stolz DB, Robbins PD, Clemens PR. D-Amino Acid Substitution of Peptide-Mediated NF-κB Suppression in mdx Mice Preserves Therapeutic Benefit in Skeletal Muscle, but Causes Kidney Toxicity. Mol Med 2015; 21:442-52. [PMID: 26018805 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients and the mdx mouse model of DMD, chronic activation of the classical nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway contributes to the pathogenesis that causes degeneration of muscle fibers, inflammation and fibrosis. Prior studies demonstrate that inhibition of inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK)-mediated NF-κB activation using L-isomer NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-binding domain (NBD) peptide-based approaches reduce muscle pathology in the mdx mouse. For our studies, the NBD peptide is synthesized as a fusion peptide with an eight-lysine (8K) protein transduction domain to facilitate intracellular delivery. We hypothesized that the d-isoform peptide could have a greater effect than the naturally occurring L-isoform peptide due to the longer persistence of the D-isoform peptide in vivo. In this study, we compared systemic treatment with low (1 mg/kg) and high (10 mg/kg) doses of L- and D-isomer 8K-wild-type-NBD peptide in mdx mice. Treatment with both L- or D-isoform 8K-wild-type-NBD peptide resulted in decreased activation of NF-κB and improved histology in skeletal muscle of the mdx mouse. However, we observed kidney toxicity (characterized by proteinuria), increased serum creatinine, activation of NF-κB and pathological changes in kidney cortex that were most severe with treatment with the D-isoform of 8K-wild-type-NBD peptide. The observed toxicity was also seen in normal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Reay
- Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E Wack
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul D Robbins
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paula R Clemens
- Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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116
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Gonzalo S, Valero MS, Martínez de Salinas F, Vergara C, Arruebo MP, Plaza MÁ, Murillo MD, Grasa L. Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 4, IκB Kinase, and the Proteasome in the Intestinal Alterations Caused by Sepsis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1223-31. [PMID: 25371155 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide decreases intestinal contractility and induces the production of cytokines, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. AIM The objective of the present study was to examine the role of Toll-like receptor 4, IκB kinase, and the proteasome in the intestinal alterations induced by lipopolysaccharide. METHODS Sepsis was induced in rabbits by intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide. Contractility studies of rabbit duodenum were performed in an organ bath. Expressions of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, IκB kinase-α, IκB kinase-β, IκB kinase-γ, and the proteasome mRNA were determined by RT-PCR on rabbit duodenum. RESULTS Neomycin and polymyxin B (Toll-like receptor 4 inhibitors), IKK NBD peptide (IκB kinase complex inhibitor), and MG-132 (proteasome inhibitor) blocked partially the effects of lipopolysaccharide on the acetylcholine-, prostaglandin E2-, substance P-, and KCl-induced contractions in the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of rabbit duodenum. Lipopolysaccharide increased the mRNA expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in duodenal tissue, and this effect was partly reversed by neomycin, polymyxin B, IKK NBD peptide, and MG-132. IκB kinase-α, IκB kinase-β, IκB kinase-γ, and the proteasome mRNA expressions was not affected by lipopolysaccharide treatment. CONCLUSIONS Toll-like receptor 4, the IκB kinase complex, and the proteasome could be therapeutic targets in the treatment of sepsis symptoms in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gonzalo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, c/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Saragossa, Spain,
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Ng PY, Ireland DJ, Keelan JA. Drugs to block cytokine signaling for the prevention and treatment of inflammation-induced preterm birth. Front Immunol 2015; 6:166. [PMID: 25941525 PMCID: PMC4403506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) at less than 37 weeks of gestation is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Intrauterine infection (IUI) due to microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity is the leading cause of early PTB (<32 weeks). Commensal genital tract Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma species, as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, have been associated with IUI-induced PTB. Bacterial activation of Toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors initiates a cascade of inflammatory signaling via the NF-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, prematurely activating parturition. Antenatal antibiotic treatment has had limited success in preventing PTB or fetal inflammation. Administration of anti-inflammatory drugs with antibiotics could be a viable therapeutic option to prevent PTB and fetal complications in women at risk of IUI and inflammation. In this mini-review, we will discuss the potential for anti-inflammatory drugs in obstetric care, focusing on the class of drugs termed “cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs” or CSAIDs. These inhibitors work by specifically targeting the NF-κB and p38 MAPK inflammatory signaling pathways. Several CSAIDs are discussed, together with clinical and toxicological considerations associated with the administration of anti-inflammatory agents in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Y Ng
- King Edward Memorial Hospital, School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Demelza J Ireland
- King Edward Memorial Hospital, School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Keelan
- King Edward Memorial Hospital, School of Women's and Infants' Health, University of Western Australia , Perth, WA , Australia
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118
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Roy A, Mondal S, Kordower JH, Pahan K. Attenuation of microglial RANTES by NEMO-binding domain peptide inhibits the infiltration of CD8(+) T cells in the nigra of hemiparkinsonian monkey. Neuroscience 2015; 302:36-46. [PMID: 25783477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Despite intense investigations, little is known about its pathological mediators. Here, we report the marked upregulation of RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and eotaxin, chemokines that are involved in T cell trafficking, in the serum of hemiparkinsonian monkeys. Interestingly, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)), a Parkinsonian toxin, increased the expression of RANTES and eotaxin in mouse microglial cells. The presence of NF-κB binding sites in promoters of RANTES and eotaxin and down-regulation of these genes by NEMO-binding domain (NBD) peptide, selective inhibitor of induced NF-κB activation, in MPP(+)-stimulated microglial cells suggest that the activation of NF-κB plays an important role in the upregulation of these two chemokines. Consistently, serum enzyme-linked immuno assay (ELISA) and nigral immunohistochemistry further confirmed that these chemokines were strongly upregulated in MPTP-induced hemiparkinsonian monkeys and that treatment with NBD peptides effectively inhibited the level of these chemokines. Furthermore, the microglial upregulation of RANTES in the nigra of hemiparkinsonian monkeys could be involved in the altered adaptive immune response in the brain as we observed greater infiltration of CD8(+) T cells around the perivascular niche and deep brain parenchyma of hemiparkinsonian monkeys as compared to control. The treatment of hemiparkinsonian monkeys with NBD peptides decreased the microglial expression of RANTES and attenuated the infiltration of CD8(+) T cells in nigra. These results indicate the possible involvement of chemokine-dependent adaptive immune response in Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S Mondal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - J H Kordower
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - K Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 820 South Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL, United States.
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119
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NF-κB Regulation of c-FLIP Promotes TNFα-Mediated RAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1839-1848. [PMID: 25751672 PMCID: PMC4466037 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Targeted inhibitors elicit heterogeneous clinical responses in genetically stratified groups of patients. Although most studies focus on tumor intrinsic properties, factors in the tumor microenvironment were recently found to modulate the response to inhibitors. Here, we show that in cutaneous BRAF V600E melanoma, the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) blocks RAF inhibitor-induced apoptosis via activation of NF-κB. Several NF-κB-dependent factors are upregulated following TNFα and RAF inhibitor treatment. Of these factors, we show that death receptor inhibitor cellular caspase 8 (FLICE)-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is required for TNFα-induced protection against RAF inhibitor. Overexpression of c-FLIP_S or c-FLIP_L isoform decreased RAF inhibitor-induced apoptosis in the absence of TNFα. Importantly, targeting NF-κB enhances response to RAF inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. Together, our results show mechanistic evidence for cytokine-mediated resistance to RAF inhibitor and provide a preclinical rationale for the strategy of cotargeting the RAF/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway and the TNFα/NF-κB axis to treat mutant BRAF melanomas.
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120
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Mukherjee N, Houston TJ, Cardenas E, Ghosh R. To be an ally or an adversary in bladder cancer: the NF-κB story has not unfolded. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:299-306. [PMID: 25543121 PMCID: PMC4425835 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling and regulation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) has been an area of extensive research since its first discovery nearly three decades ago. Members of the NF-κB family have been reported to critically mediate a multitude of responses in normal cells. Therefore, it is not surprising that NF-κB function can go awry and result in pathological conditions including cancer. Despite its critical importance, the functional role of NF-κB has not received the same attention in cancers of all tissue types. In the case of cancer of the urinary bladder, which is the second most common urologic cancer, the involvement of NF-κB in the development of superficial or muscle invasive disease and during cancer recurrence is rudimentary at best. Nuclear expression of p65/RelA is seen in bladder cancer patients and has been found to negatively affect survival of patients with superficial and muscle invasive disease. Despite these observations, the exact mechanism of NF-κB upregulation and function remains unknown. Furthermore, the emergence of a tumor suppressive role for NF-κB in recent years suggests that the family may play the role of a double-edged sword in cancer, which remains unexplored in bladder cancer. The challenge now is to delineate the increasing complexity of this pathway in the development and progression of bladder cancer. Here, we review key aspects of the current knowledge of signaling and regulation by the NF-κB family focusing on its controversial role in cancer and highlight the importance of studying NF-κB in bladder cancer in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Therapy and Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Blocking lymphocyte trafficking with FTY720 prevents inflammation-sensitized hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in newborns. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16467-81. [PMID: 25471584 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2582-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine infection (chorioamnionitis) aggravates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury, but the mechanisms linking systemic inflammation to the CNS damage remain uncertain. Here we report evidence for brain influx of T-helper 17 (TH17)-like lymphocytes to coordinate neuroinflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensitized HI injury in neonates. We found that both infants with histological chorioamnionitis and rat pups challenged by LPS/HI have elevated expression of the interleukin-23 (IL-23) receptor, a marker of early TH17 lymphocytes, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Post-LPS/HI administration of FTY720 (fingolimod), a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist that blocks lymphocyte trafficking, mitigated the influx of leukocytes through the choroid plexus and acute induction of nuclear factor-κB signaling in the brain. Subsequently, the FTY720 treatment led to attenuated blood-brain barrier damage, fewer cluster of differentiation 4-positive, IL-17A-positive T-cells in the brain, less proinflammatory cytokine, and better preservation of growth and white matter functions. The FTY720 treatment also provided dose-dependent reduction of brain atrophy, rescuing >90% of LPS/HI-induced brain tissue loss. Interestingly, FTY720 neither opposed pure-HI brain injury nor directly inhibited microglia in both in vivo and in vitro models, highlighting its unique mechanism against inflammation-sensitized HI injury. Together, these results suggest that the dual hit of systemic inflammation and neonatal HI injury triggers early onset of the TH17/IL-17-mediated immunity, which causes severe brain destruction but responds remarkably to the therapeutic blockade of lymphocyte trafficking.
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122
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McCorkell KA, May MJ. NEMO-binding domain peptide inhibition of inflammatory signal-induced NF-κB activation in vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1280:505-525. [PMID: 25736769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB comprises a family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of diverse gene families essential for inflammatory and immune responses as well as cell survival and cell death pathways. Aberrant NF-κB transcriptional activity plays pivotal roles in a large number of human pathologies, including a variety of cancers and chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, there has been a large increase in studies aimed at identifying and testing drugs or small molecule inhibitors that would specifically block NF-κB activation in inflammatory diseases and cancer. In this chapter, we describe an in vivo system to test the inhibitory effects of the NEMO-binding domain (NBD) peptide on NF-κB activation specifically in the vascular endothelium and lymphocytes in mice. We demonstrate that pretreatment of mice with the NBD peptide reduces the NF-κB induced gene expression of cell adhesion molecules and DNA-binding activity following systemic LPS stimulation. These methods can be further used to test alternate inhibitors for effects on NF-κB signaling in murine endothelium and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McCorkell
- Department of Animal Biology, The University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, 3800 Spruce Street (OVH 200E), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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123
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Gaurnier-Hausser A, Mason NJ. Assessment of canonical NF-κB activity in canine diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1280:469-504. [PMID: 25736768 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Companion dogs with spontaneous malignancies are clinically relevant models in which to study the corresponding human diseases and potential therapies. In both dogs and people, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematopoietic malignancy. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common NHL subtype in dogs and people, sharing similar biologic, behavioral, genetic, and molecular characteristics in both species. One such molecular characteristic is the constitutive activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway, which in health regulates the expression of target genes that control cellular proliferation, survival, and immune and inflammatory responses as well as multidrug resistance. We found that canine and human DLBCL patients share similar NF-κB activity profiles. Using the cell-permeable NBD peptide, which blocks NF-κB signaling, we inhibited constitutive NF-κB activity and induced apoptosis of primary canine malignant B cells in vitro. In addition, we found that NBD peptide administration to dogs with relapsed B-cell lymphoma inhibited the expression of NF-κB target genes and reduced tumor burden. In this chapter, we describe our methods for processing canine malignant lymphoid tissue. We also describe our methods for treating the lymphocytes isolated from this tissue with NBD peptide and evaluating constitutive canonical NF-κB activity in these cells via immunoblot and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). We highlight the nuances of working with canine primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Gaurnier-Hausser
- Department of Professional Studies in the Health Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
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Narayanan MJ, Rangasamy S, Narayanan V. Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch–Sulzberger syndrome). NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES 2015; 132:271-80. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62702-5.00020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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125
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Zhao J, Li X, McGowan S, Niedernhofer LJ, Robbins PD. NF-κB activation with aging: characterization and therapeutic inhibition. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1280:543-557. [PMID: 25736771 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a condition characterized by progressive decline in tissue homeostasis due, at least in part, to the accumulation of replicative, oxidative, and genotoxic stress over time. The activity of the transcription factor NF-κB is upregulated in both naturally aged mice and multiple progeroid mouse models of accelerated aging. Suppressing NF-κB activity genetically or pharmacologically has been shown to delay the onset and progression of aging pathology and therefore prolong the healthspan in progeroid mouse models. Here, we describe the methods for measuring aging endpoints along with NF-κΒ activation in mice, as well as after pharmacologic intervention to prevent NF-κB activation using a NEMO-binding domain (NBD)-protein transduction domain (PTD) fusion peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, #3B3, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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Swarnkar G, Abu-Amer Y. Regulation of NF-κB signaling in osteoclasts and myeloid progenitors. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1280:527-42. [PMID: 25736770 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is crucial for immune responses and skeletal development. Work in recent years has shown that various members of the NF-κB family are viable targets to regulate activity and survival of bone cells and hence bone metabolism. In this regard, deletion of upstream kinases or distal NF-κB subunits resulted with bone deformities. Thus, it has become increasingly apparent that detailed investigation of NF-κB in bone cells may provide opportunities to design new therapeutic modalities. In this chapter we present modified methodology describing efficient approaches to regulate the NF-κB pathway in vitro and in vivo to assess its function in bone cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Swarnkar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery-Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8233, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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127
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Sehnert B, Burkhardt H, Dübel S, Voll RE. The "sneaking-ligand" approach: cell-type specific inhibition of the classical NF-κB pathway. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1280:559-78. [PMID: 25736772 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular delivery of molecules across the plasma membrane represents a major obstacle. The conjugation of cell-permeable peptides (CPPs) to proteins promotes the uptake and internalization. However, uptake of CPPs is receptor independent and not cell-type specific. Recently, we established the "sneaking-ligand" approach which is based on multimodular recombinant fusion proteins that consist of three modules connected with serine-glycine linkers. Module one is responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis; module two supports translocation into the cytoplasm so that the effector module three can interact with its binding partner in the cytoplasm. For NF-κB inhibition, we described an NF-κB inhibitor that targets selectively the activated endothelium via an oligopeptide motif. Upon E-selectin-mediated endocytosis, the Pseudomonas exotoxin A domain II (ETAII) translocates the NEMO-binding peptide to the cytoplasm interfering with IκB kinase complex assembly. Inflammatory autoimmune diseases are triggered, but also resolved by a variety of cell types. Therefore, the inhibition of NF-κB should be restricted to those cells that are crucially involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. A general blockade of NF-κB may result in severe immunosuppression and possibly in organ dysfunction or damage. The "sneaking-ligand" approach could minimize the risks of therapeutic interventions and identify disease-relevant cell types. Here we describe the recombinant expression and purification of the E-selectin-specific "sneaking-ligand construct" (SLC1) and its ability to inhibit cytokine-induced NF-κB activation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Sehnert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology and Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Centre and University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Street 55, Freiburg, 79106, Germany,
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128
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The Role of BMP Signaling and NF-κB Signaling on Osteoblastic Differentiation, Cancer Development, and Vascular Diseases—Is the Activation of NF-κB a Friend or Foe of BMP Function? BONE MORPHOGENIC PROTEIN 2015; 99:145-70. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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129
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Godefroy E, Gallois A, Idoyaga J, Merad M, Tung N, Monu N, Saenger Y, Fu Y, Ravindran R, Pulendran B, Jotereau F, Trombetta S, Bhardwaj N. Activation of toll-like receptor-2 by endogenous matrix metalloproteinase-2 modulates dendritic-cell-mediated inflammatory responses. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1856-1870. [PMID: 25466255 PMCID: PMC4336179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is involved in several physiological mechanisms, including wound healing and tumor progression. We show that MMP-2 directly stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) to both upregulate OX40L on the cell surface and secrete inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism underlying DC activation includes physical association with Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), leading to NF-κB activation, OX40L upregulation on DCs, and ensuing TH2 differentiation. Significantly, MMP-2 polarizes T cells toward type 2 responses in vivo, in a TLR2-dependent manner. MMP-2-dependent type 2 polarization may represent a key immune regulatory mechanism for protection against a broad array of disorders, such as inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases, which can be hijacked by tumors to evade immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Godefroy
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anne Gallois
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Navpreet Tung
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ngozi Monu
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yvonne Saenger
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yichun Fu
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rajesh Ravindran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Sergio Trombetta
- New York University Langone Medical Center, Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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130
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Zhou L, Yeo AT, Ballarano C, Weber U, Allen KN, Gilmore TD, Whitty A. Disulfide-mediated stabilization of the IκB kinase binding domain of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). Biochemistry 2014; 53:7929-44. [PMID: 25400026 PMCID: PMC4278678 DOI: 10.1021/bi500920n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Human NEMO (NF-κB
essential modulator) is a 419 residue scaffolding
protein that, together with catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ,
forms the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, a key regulator of NF-κB
pathway signaling. NEMO is an elongated homodimer comprising mostly
α-helix. It has been shown that a NEMO fragment spanning residues
44–111, which contains the IKKα/β binding site,
is structurally disordered in the absence of bound IKKβ. Herein
we show that enforcing dimerization of NEMO1–120 or NEMO44–111 constructs through introduction
of one or two interchain disulfide bonds, through oxidation of the
native Cys54 residue and/or at position 107 through a Leu107Cys mutation,
induces a stable α-helical coiled-coil structure that is preorganized
to bind IKKβ with high affinity. Chemical and thermal denaturation
studies showed that, in the context of a covalent dimer, the ordered
structure was stabilized relative to the denatured state by up to
3 kcal/mol. A full-length NEMO-L107C protein formed covalent dimers
upon treatment of mammalian cells with H2O2.
Furthermore, NEMO-L107C bound endogenous IKKβ in A293T cells,
reconstituted TNF-induced NF-κB signaling in NEMO-deficient
cells, and interacted with TRAF6. Our results indicate that the IKKβ
binding domain of NEMO possesses an ordered structure in the unbound
state, provided that it is constrained within a dimer as is the case
in the constitutively dimeric full-length NEMO protein. The stability
of the NEMO coiled coil is maintained by strong interhelix interactions
in the region centered on residue 54. The disulfide-linked constructs
we describe herein may be useful for crystallization of NEMO’s
IKKβ binding domain in the absence of bound IKKβ, thereby
facilitating the structural characterization of small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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131
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Guo B, Audu CO, Cochran JC, Mierke DF, Pellegrini M. Protein engineering of the N-terminus of NEMO: structure stabilization and rescue of IKKβ binding. Biochemistry 2014; 53:6776-85. [PMID: 25286246 PMCID: PMC4222529 DOI: 10.1021/bi500861x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
![]()
NEMO is a scaffolding protein that,
together with the catalytic
subunits IKKα and IKKβ, plays an essential role in the
formation of the IKK complex and in the activation of the canonical
NF-κB pathway. Rational drug design targeting the IKK-binding
site on NEMO would benefit from structural insight, but to date, the
determination of the structure of unliganded NEMO has been hindered
by protein size and conformational heterogeneity. Here we show how
the utilization of a homodimeric coiled-coil adaptor sequence stabilizes
the minimal IKK-binding domain NEMO(44–111) and furthers our
understanding of the structural requirements for IKK binding. The
engineered constructs incorporating the coiled coil at the N-terminus,
C-terminus, or both ends of NEMO(44–111) present high thermal
stability and cooperative melting and, most importantly, restore IKKβ
binding affinity. We examined the consequences of structural content
and stability by circular dichoism and nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) and measured the binding affinity of each construct for IKKβ(701–745)
in a fluorescence anisotropy binding assay, allowing us to correlate
structural characteristics and stability to binding affinity. Our
results provide a method for engineering short stable NEMO constructs
to be suitable for structural characterization by NMR or X-ray crystallography.
Meanwhile, the rescuing of the binding affinity implies that a preordered
IKK-binding region of NEMO is compatible with IKK binding, and the
conformational heterogeneity observed in NEMO(44–111) may be
an artifact of the truncation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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Withaferin A disrupts ubiquitin-based NEMO reorganization induced by canonical NF-κB signaling. Exp Cell Res 2014; 331:58-72. [PMID: 25304104 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB family of transcription factors regulates numerous cellular processes, including cell proliferation and survival responses. The constitutive activation of NF-κB has also emerged as an important oncogenic driver in many malignancies, such as activated B-cell like diffuse large B cell lymphoma, among others. In this study, we investigated the impact and mechanisms of action of Withaferin A, a naturally produced steroidal lactone, against both signal-inducible as well as constitutive NF-κB activities. We found that Withaferin A is a robust inhibitor of canonical and constitutive NF-κB activities, leading to apoptosis of certain lymphoma lines. In the canonical pathway induced by TNF, Withaferin A did not disrupt RIP1 polyubiquitination or NEMO-IKKβ interaction and was a poor direct IKKβ inhibitor, but prevented the formation of TNF-induced NEMO foci which colocalized with TNF ligand. While GFP-NEMO efficiently formed TNF-induced foci, a GFP-NEMO(Y308S) mutant that is defective in binding to polyubiquitin chains did not form foci. Our study reveals that Withaferin A is a novel type of IKK inhibitor which acts by disrupting NEMO reorganization into ubiquitin-based signaling structures in vivo.
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133
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Zielonka M, Krishnan RK, Swiercz JM, Offermanns S. The IκB kinase complex is required for plexin-B-mediated activation of RhoA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105661. [PMID: 25137062 PMCID: PMC4138210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plexins are widely expressed transmembrane proteins that mediate the cellular effects of semaphorins. The molecular mechanisms of plexin-mediated signal transduction are still poorly understood. Here we show that signalling via B-family plexins leading to the activation of the small GTPase RhoA requires activation of the IκB kinase (IKK)-complex. In contrast, plexin-B-dependent regulation of R-Ras activity is not affected by IKK activity. This regulation of plexin signalling depends on the kinase activity of the IKK-complex, but is independent of NF-κB activation. We confirm that the IKK-complex is active in tumour cells and osteoblasts, and we demonstrate that plexin-B-dependent tumour cell invasiveness and regulation of osteoblast differentiation require an active IKK-complex. This study identifies a novel, NF-κB-independent function of the IKK-complex and shows that IKK directs plexin-B signalling to the activation of RhoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zielonka
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ramesh K. Krishnan
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jakub M. Swiercz
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- * E-mail: (SO); (JMS)
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Pharmacology, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail: (SO); (JMS)
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Tien DN, Kishihata M, Yoshikawa A, Hashimoto A, Sabe H, Nishi E, Kamei K, Arai H, Kita T, Kimura T, Yokode M, Ashida N. AMAP1 as a negative-feedback regulator of nuclear factor-κB under inflammatory conditions. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5094. [PMID: 24865276 PMCID: PMC4035583 DOI: 10.1038/srep05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB is a major transcriptional factor regulating many cellular functions including inflammation; therefore, its appropriate control is of high importance. The detailed mechanism of its activation has been well characterized, but that of negative regulation is poorly understood. In this study, we showed AMAP1, an Arf-GTPase activating protein, as a negative feedback regulator for NF-κB by binding with IKKβ, an essential kinase in NF-κB signaling. Proteomics analysis identified AMAP1 as a binding protein with IKKβ. Overexpression of AMAP1 suppressed NF-κB activity by interfering the binding of IKKβ and NEMO, and deletion of AMAP1 augmented NF-κB activity. The activation of NF-κB induced translocation of AMAP1 to cytoplasm from cell membrane and nucleus, which resulted in augmented interaction of AMAP1 and IKKβ. These results demonstrated a novel role of AMAP1 as a negative feedback regulator of NF-κB, and presented it as a possible target for anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Nguyen Tien
- 1] Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan [2] Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan [3] Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masako Kishihata
- 1] Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan [2] Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayumu Yoshikawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ari Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisataka Sabe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Nishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaeko Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kita
- Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokode
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noboru Ashida
- 1] Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan [2] Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Institute for Advancement of Clinical and Translational Science, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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135
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Habineza Ndikuyeze G, Gaurnier-Hausser A, Patel R, Baldwin AS, May MJ, Flood P, Krick E, Propert KJ, Mason NJ. A phase I clinical trial of systemically delivered NEMO binding domain peptide in dogs with spontaneous activated B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95404. [PMID: 24798348 PMCID: PMC4010398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated B-Cell (ABC) Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is a common, aggressive and poorly chemoresponsive subtype of DLBCL, characterized by constitutive canonical NF-κB signaling. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling leads to apoptosis of ABC-DLBCL cell lines, suggesting targeted disruption of this pathway may have therapeutic relevance. The selective IKK inhibitor, NEMO Binding Domain (NBD) peptide effectively blocks constitutive NF-κB activity and induces apoptosis in ABC-DLBCL cells in vitro. Here we used a comparative approach to determine the safety and efficacy of systemic NBD peptide to inhibit constitutive NF-κB signaling in privately owned dogs with spontaneous newly diagnosed or relapsed ABC-like DLBCL. Malignant lymph nodes biopsies were taken before and twenty-four hours after peptide administration to determine biological effects. Intravenous administration of <2 mg/kg NBD peptide was safe and inhibited constitutive canonical NF-κB activity in 6/10 dogs. Reductions in mitotic index and Cyclin D expression also occurred in a subset of dogs 24 hours post peptide and in 3 dogs marked, therapeutically beneficial histopathological changes were identified. Mild, grade 1 toxicities were noted in 3 dogs at the time of peptide administration and one dog developed transient subclinical hepatopathy. Long term toxicities were not identified. Pharmacokinetic data suggested rapid uptake of peptide into tissues. No significant hematological or biochemical toxicities were identified. Overall the results from this phase I study indicate that systemic administration of NBD peptide is safe and effectively blocks constitutive NF-κB signaling and reduces malignant B cell proliferation in a subset of dogs with ABC-like DLBCL. These results have potential translational relevance for human ABC-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Habineza Ndikuyeze
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anita Gaurnier-Hausser
- Office of Professional Studies in the Health Sciences, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Reema Patel
- Antech Diagnostics, New Hyde Park, New York, United States of America
| | - Albert S. Baldwin
- TheraLogics, Inc., Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael J. May
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick Flood
- 7-020G Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erika Krick
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kathleen J. Propert
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicola J. Mason
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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136
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Cote SM, Gilmore TD, Shaffer R, Weber U, Bollam R, Golden MS, Glover K, Herscovitch M, Ennis T, Allen KN, Whitty A. Mutation of nonessential cysteines shows that the NF-κB essential modulator forms a constitutive noncovalent dimer that binds IκB kinase-β with high affinity. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9141-54. [PMID: 24266532 DOI: 10.1021/bi401368r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) associates with catalytic subunits IKKα and IKKβ to form the IκB kinase (IKK) complex and is a key regulator of NF-κB pathway signaling. Biochemical and structural characterization of NEMO has been challenging, however, leading to conflicting data about basic biochemical properties such as the oligomeric state of active NEMO and its binding affinity for IKKβ. We show that up to seven of NEMO's 11 cysteine residues can be mutated to generate recombinant full-length NEMO that is highly soluble and active. Using a fluorescence anisotropy binding assay, we show that full-length NEMO binds a 44-mer peptide encompassing residues 701-745 of IKKβ with a K(D) of 2.2 ± 0.8 nM. The IKKβ binding affinities of mutants with five and seven Cys-to-Ala substitutions are indistinguishable from that of wild-type NEMO. Moreover, when expressed in NEMO -/- fibroblasts, the five-Ala and seven-Ala NEMO mutants can interact with cellular IKKβ and restore NF-κB signaling to provide protection against tumor necrosis factor α-induced cell death. Treatment of the NEMO-reconstituted cells with H₂O₂ led to the formation of covalent dimers for wild-type NEMO and the five-Ala mutant, but not for the seven-Ala mutant, confirming that Cys54 and/or Cys347 can mediate interchain disulfide bonding. However, the IKKβ binding affinity of NEMO is unaffected by the presence or absence of interchain disulfide bonding at Cys54, which lies within the IKKβ binding domain of NEMO, or at Cys347, indicating that NEMO exists as a noncovalent dimer independent of the redox state of its cysteines. This conclusion was corroborated by the observation that the secondary structure content of NEMO and its thermal stability were independent of the presence or absence of interchain disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Cote
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Bailey ST, Miron PL, Choi YJ, Kochupurakkal B, Maulik G, Rodig SJ, Tian R, Foley KM, Bowman T, Miron A, Brown M, Iglehart JD, Debajit KB. NF-κB activation-induced anti-apoptosis renders HER2-positive cells drug resistant and accelerates tumor growth. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:408-420. [PMID: 24319068 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0206-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Breast cancers with HER2 overexpression are sensitive to drugs targeting the receptor or its kinase activity. HER2-targeting drugs are initially effective against HER2-positive breast cancer, but resistance inevitably occurs. We previously found that NF-κB is hyperactivated in a subset of HER2-positive breast cancer cells and tissue specimens. In this study, we report that constitutively active NF-κB rendered HER2-positive cancer cells resistant to anti-HER2 drugs and cells selected for lapatinib resistance upregulated NF-κB. In both circumstances, cells were antiapoptotic and grew rapidly as xenografts. Lapatinib-resistant cells were refractory to HER2 and NF-κB inhibitors alone but were sensitive to their combination, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy. A subset of NF-κB-responsive genes was overexpressed in HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancers, and patients with this NF-κB signature had poor clinical outcome. Anti-HER2 drug resistance may be a consequence of NF-κB activation, and selection for resistance results in NF-κB activation, suggesting that this transcription factor is central to oncogenesis and drug resistance. Clinically, the combined targeting of HER2 and NF-κB suggests a potential treatment paradigm for patients who relapse after anti-HER2 therapy. Patients with these cancers may be treated by simultaneously suppressing HER2 signaling and NF-κB activation. IMPLICATIONS The combination of an inhibitor of IκB kinase (IKK) inhibitor and anti-HER2 drugs may be a novel treatment strategy for drug-resistant human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon T Bailey
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Penelope L Miron
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yoon J Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bose Kochupurakkal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gautam Maulik
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ruiyang Tian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kathleen M Foley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Teresa Bowman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alexander Miron
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - Myles Brown
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - J Dirk Iglehart
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
| | - K Biswas Debajit
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute & Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115.,Department of Surgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA 02115
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138
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Higashikuni Y, Tanaka K, Kato M, Nureki O, Hirata Y, Nagai R, Komuro I, Sata M. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload through interleukin-1β upregulation via nuclear factor κB activation. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000267. [PMID: 24249711 PMCID: PMC3886766 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is induced in the heart during the development of cardiac hypertrophy. The initiating mechanisms and the role of inflammation in cardiac hypertrophy, however, remain unclear. Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) recognizes endogenous molecules that induce noninfectious inflammation. Here, we examined the role of TLR2-mediated inflammation in cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS At 2 weeks after transverse aortic constriction, Tlr2(-/-) mice showed reduced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis with greater left ventricular dilatation and impaired systolic function compared with wild-type mice, which indicated impaired cardiac adaptation in Tlr2(-/-) mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiment revealed that TLR2 expressed in the heart, but not in bone marrow-derived cells, is important for cardiac adaptive response to pressure overload. In vitro experiments demonstrated that TLR2 signaling can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibroblast and vascular endothelial cell proliferation through nuclear factor-κB activation and interleukin-1β upregulation. Systemic administration of a nuclear factor-κB inhibitor or anti-interleukin-1β antibodies to wild-type mice resulted in impaired adaptive cardiac hypertrophy after transverse aortic constriction. We also found that heat shock protein 70, which was increased in murine plasma after transverse aortic constriction, can activate TLR2 signaling in vitro and in vivo. Systemic administration of anti-heat shock protein 70 antibodies to wild-type mice impaired adaptive cardiac hypertrophy after transverse aortic constriction. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that TLR2-mediated inflammation induced by extracellularly released heat shock protein 70 is essential for adaptive cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. Thus, modulation of TLR2 signaling in the heart may provide a novel strategy for treating heart failure due to inadequate adaptation to hemodynamic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomi Higashikuni
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Lv F, Song LJ, Wang XH, Qiu F, Li XF. The role of Act1, a NF-κB-activating protein, in IL-6 and IL-8 levels induced by IL-17 stimulation in SW982 cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1444-1450. [PMID: 23862741 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.798668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the synovial membrane of affected joints. It has been shown that several kinds of cytokine were increased in synovial fluid, while the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES NF-κB activator 1 (Act1) is a recently identified protein binding to the IκB kinase complex. Our study aimed to investigate the expression of Act1 induced by cytokine IL-17 stimulation in SW982 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human synovial sarcoma cell line SW982 and primary cultured RA fibroblast-like synovial cells were used. RT-PCR and Western blot assays were selected to investigate the genetic and protein expression of Act1. Additionally, four independent Act1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides were designed and obtained according to the GenBank cDNA, the sequence of Act1 (Traf3ip2). Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) double antibody sandwich was used to assay supernatant IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations. RESULTS The Act1 mRNA expression level increased significantly after stimulation with IL-17 (5-100 ng/ml) in SW982 cells. Additionally, the level of Act1 mRNA expression correlated positively with the concentration of IL-17 (p < 0.01). IL-17 induced IL-6 and IL-8 in SW982 cells was in a concentration- and time-dependent way. Furthermore, ELISA assay revealed that IL-17 (20 ng/ml) significantly increased IL-6 (1927.4 ± 288.77 versus 786.5 ± 172.42 ng/ml, p < 0.01) and IL-8 levels (984.8 ± 95.09 ng/ml versus 307.1 ± 90.83 ng/ml, p < 0.01) compared with control group after stimulation for 24 h. However, transfection of Traf3ip2 siRNA markedly decreased IL-6 (995.9 ± 115.30 ng/ml versus 1816.1 ± 273.27 ng/ml, p < 0.01) and IL-8 levels (575.6 ± 65.96 ng/ml versus 929.4 ± 124.39 ng/ml, p < 0.01) compared to transfection negative control. These findings suggested that IL-6 and IL-8 level induced by IL-17 in SW982 cells could be reversed by down-regulation of Act1 expression level with Traf3ip2 siRNA. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that Act1 might play a key role in the pathophysiology and the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lv
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan , China
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141
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Koutsokeras A, Purkayastha N, Purkayashta N, Rigby A, Subang MC, Sclanders M, Vessillier S, Mullen L, Chernajovsky Y, Gould D. Generation of an efficiently secreted, cell penetrating NF-κB inhibitor. FASEB J 2013; 28:373-81. [PMID: 24072781 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-236570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a powerful approach to treat disease locally. However, if the therapeutic target is intracellular, the therapeutic will be effective only in the cells where the therapeutic gene is delivered. We have engineered a fusion protein containing an intracellular inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-κB pathway that can be effectively secreted from producing cells. This fusion protein is cleaved extracellularly by metalloproteinases allowing release of a protein transduction domain (PTD) linked to the NF-κB inhibitor for translocation into neighboring cells. We show that engineered molecules can be efficiently secreted (>80%); are cleaved with matrix metalloprotease-1; inhibit NF-κB driven transcription in a biological assay with a human reporter cell line; and display significant inhibition in mouse paw inflammation models when delivered by lentivirus or secreting cells. No inhibition of NF-κB transcription or therapeutic effect was seen using molecules devoid of the PTD and NF-κB inhibitory domains. By creating a fusion protein with an endogenous secretion partner, we demonstrate a novel approach to efficiently secrete PTD-containing protein domains, overcoming previous limitations, and allowing for potent paracrine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Koutsokeras
- 2Bone and Joint Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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142
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NF-κB inhibitor targeted to activated endothelium demonstrates a critical role of endothelial NF-κB in immune-mediated diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16556-61. [PMID: 24062461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218219110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) regulates the expression of inflammatory genes crucially involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. NF-κB governs the expression of adhesion molecules that play a pivotal role in leukocyte-endothelium interactions. We uncovered the crucial role of NF-κB activation within endothelial cells in models of immune-mediated diseases using a "sneaking ligand construct" (SLC) selectively inhibiting NF-κB in the activated endothelium. The recombinant SLC1 consists of three modules: (i) an E-selectin targeting domain, (ii) a Pseudomonas exotoxin A translocation domain, and (iii) a NF-κB Essential Modifier-binding effector domain interfering with NF-κB activation. The E-selectin-specific SLC1 inhibited NF-κB by interfering with endothelial IκB kinase 2 activity in vitro and in vivo. In murine experimental peritonitis, the application of SLC1 drastically reduced the extravasation of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, SLC1 treatment significantly ameliorated the disease course in murine models of rheumatoid arthritis. Our data establish that endothelial NF-κB activation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis and can be selectively inhibited in a cell type- and activation stage-dependent manner by the SLC approach. Moreover, our strategy is applicable to delineating other pathogenic signaling pathways in a cell type-specific manner and enables selective targeting of distinct cell populations to improve effectiveness and risk-benefit ratios of therapeutic interventions.
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143
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Jimi E. Basic research focused on solving the clinical problems of bone metabolism regulated by transcription factor NF-κB. J Oral Biosci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
This article summarizes data on translational studies to target the p53 pathway in cancer. It describes the functions of the p53 and Mdm-2 signaling pathways, and discusses current therapeutic approaches to target p53 pathways, including reactivation of p53. In addition, direct interaction and colocalization of the p53 and focal adhesion kinase proteins in cancer cells have been demonstrated, and different approaches to target this interaction are reviewed. This is a broad review of p53 function as it relates to the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of cancers.
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145
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Negative regulation of TLR inflammatory signaling by the SUMO-deconjugating enzyme SENP6. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003480. [PMID: 23825957 PMCID: PMC3694847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces host defense against microbial invasion. Protein posttranslational modifications dynamically shape the strength and duration of the signaling pathways. It is intriguing to explore whether de-SUMOylation could modulate the TLR signaling. Here we identified SUMO-specific protease 6 (SENP6) as an intrinsic attenuator of the TLR-triggered inflammation. Depletion of SENP6 significantly potentiated the NF-κB-mediated induction of the proinflammatory genes. Consistently, SENP6-knockdown mice were more susceptible to endotoxin-induced sepsis. Mechanistically, the small ubiquitin-like modifier 2/3 (SUMO-2/3) is conjugated onto the Lysine residue 277 of NF-κB essential modifier (NEMO/IKKγ), and this impairs the deubiquitinase CYLD to bind NEMO, thus strengthening the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) activation. SENP6 reverses this process by catalyzing the de-SUMOylation of NEMO. Our study highlights the essential function of the SENP family in dampening TLR signaling and inflammation.
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Min SY, Yan M, Du Y, Wu T, Khobahy E, Kwon SR, Taneja V, Bashmakov A, Nukala S, Ye Y, Orme J, Sajitharan D, Kim HY, Mohan C. Intra-articular nuclear factor-κB blockade ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by eliciting regulatory T cells and macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:217-27. [PMID: 23574318 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a transcription factor implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we have examined the effect of intra-articular administration of the IKK inhibitor, NEMO-binding domain peptide (NBD), on the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). NBD peptides were injected intra-articularly into the knee joints of DBA/1J mice after the onset of disease. Collagen-injected mice given a scrambled peptide served as controls. Arthritis severity was determined by visual examination of paws. Intra-articular NBD injection reduced the arthritis score and ameliorated morphological signs of bone destruction compared to the controls. Serum levels of type-II collagen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a antibodies were lower in NBD-treated mice versus the control mice, whereas the levels of type-II collagen-specific IgG1 antibodies were increased by NBD treatment. NBD treatment diminished the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-17 and interferon (IFN)-γ in serum, but increased the regulatory cytokine IL-10. NBD-treated CIA mice exhibited significantly higher percentages and numbers of forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3(+)) CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells than controls. Immunofluorescence analysis of NBD-treated mice revealed that FoxP3 and Ym1, a marker of alternatively activated macrophages, were juxtaposed to each other within draining inguinal lymph nodes. Intra-articular administration of NBD peptide is effective as an experimental therapy in a murine model of RA. Nevertheless, the intra-articular treatment modality is still associated with systemic effects on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Min
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Polley S, Huang DB, Hauenstein AV, Fusco AJ, Zhong X, Vu D, Schröfelbauer B, Kim Y, Hoffmann A, Verma IM, Ghosh G, Huxford T. A structural basis for IκB kinase 2 activation via oligomerization-dependent trans auto-phosphorylation. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001581. [PMID: 23776406 PMCID: PMC3678999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the IκB kinase (IKK) is central to NF-κB signaling. However, the precise activation mechanism by which catalytic IKK subunits gain the ability to induce NF-κB transcriptional activity is not well understood. Here we report a 4 Å x-ray crystal structure of human IKK2 (hIKK2) in its catalytically active conformation. The hIKK2 domain architecture closely resembles that of Xenopus IKK2 (xIKK2). However, whereas inactivated xIKK2 displays a closed dimeric structure, hIKK2 dimers adopt open conformations that permit higher order oligomerization within the crystal. Reversible oligomerization of hIKK2 dimers is observed in solution. Mutagenesis confirms that two of the surfaces that mediate oligomerization within the crystal are also critical for the process of hIKK2 activation in cells. We propose that IKK2 dimers transiently associate with one another through these interaction surfaces to promote trans auto-phosphorylation as part of their mechanism of activation. This structure-based model supports recently published structural data that implicate strand exchange as part of a mechanism for IKK2 activation via trans auto-phosphorylation. Moreover, oligomerization through the interfaces identified in this study and subsequent trans auto-phosphorylation account for the rapid amplification of IKK2 phosphorylation observed even in the absence of any upstream kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarajit Polley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - De-Bin Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur V. Hauenstein
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Fusco
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Xiangyang Zhong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Don Vu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bärbel Schröfelbauer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Inder M. Verma
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gourisankar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tom Huxford
- Structural Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Shin J, Tajrishi MM, Ogura Y, Kumar A. Wasting mechanisms in muscular dystrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2266-79. [PMID: 23669245 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophy is a group of more than 30 different clinical genetic disorders that are characterized by progressive skeletal muscle wasting and degeneration. Primary deficiency of specific extracellular matrix, sarcoplasmic, cytoskeletal, or nuclear membrane protein results in several secondary changes such as sarcolemmal instability, calcium influx, fiber necrosis, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, breakdown of extracellular matrix, and eventually fibrosis which leads to loss of ambulance and cardiac and respiratory failure. A number of molecular processes have now been identified which hasten disease progression in human patients and animal models of muscular dystrophy. Accumulating evidence further suggests that aberrant activation of several signaling pathways aggravate pathological cascades in dystrophic muscle. Although replacement of defective gene with wild-type is paramount to cure, management of secondary pathological changes has enormous potential to improving the quality of life and extending lifespan of muscular dystrophy patients. In this article, we have reviewed major cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to muscle wasting in muscular dystrophy. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Shin
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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149
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Lipopolysaccharide induces endoplasmic store Ca2+-dependent inflammatory responses in lung microvessels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63465. [PMID: 23675486 PMCID: PMC3651233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary microvasculature plays a critical role in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. However, the relevant signaling remain unclear. Specifically the role of endothelial Ca2+ in the induction of endotoxin-mediated responses in lung microvessels remains undefined. Toward elucidating this, we used the isolated blood-perfused rat lung preparation. We loaded microvessels with the Ca2+ indicator, Fura 2 AM and then determined Ca2+ responses to infusions of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the microvessels. LPS induced a more than two-fold increase in the amplitude of cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations. Inhibiting inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores with Xestospongin C (XeC), blocked the LPS-induced increase in the Ca2+ oscillation amplitude. However, XeC did not affect entry of external Ca2+ via plasma membrane Ca2+ channels in lung microvascular endothelial cells. This suggested that LPS augmented the oscillations via release of Ca2+ from ER stores. In addition, XeC also blocked LPS-mediated activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B in lung microvessels. Further, inhibiting ER Ca2+ release blunted increases in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and retention of naïve leukocytes in LPS-treated microvessels. Taken together, the data suggest that LPS-mediated Ca2+ release from ER stores underlies nuclear factor-kappa B activation and downstream inflammatory signaling in lung microvessels. Thus, we show for the first time a role for inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate-mediated ER Ca2+ release in the induction of LPS responses in pulmonary microvascular endothelium. Mechanisms that blunt this signaling may mitigate endotoxin-induced morbidity.
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150
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Arabaci T, Köse O, Kizildağ A, Albayrak M, Çiçek Y, Kara A. Role of nuclear factor kappa-B in phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. Oral Dis 2013; 20:294-300. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Arabaci
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - O Köse
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - A Kizildağ
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - M Albayrak
- Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - Y Çiçek
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
| | - A Kara
- Department of Histology; Faculty of Veterinary; Atatürk University; Erzurum Turkey
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