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Nawaz F, Goes LR, Ray JC, Olowojesiku R, Sajani A, Ansari AA, Perrone I, Hiatt J, Van Ryk D, Wei D, Waliszewski M, Soares MA, Jelicic K, Connors M, Migueles SA, Martinelli E, Villinger F, Cicala C, Fauci AS, Arthos J. MAdCAM costimulation through Integrin-α 4β 7 promotes HIV replication. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1342-1351. [PMID: 29875402 PMCID: PMC6160318 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) play a key role in the acute phase of HIV infection. The propensity of HIV to replicate in these tissues, however, is not fully understood. Access and migration of naive and memory CD4+ T cells to these sites is mediated by interactions between integrin α4β7, expressed on CD4+ T cells, and MAdCAM, expressed on high endothelial venules. We report here that MAdCAM delivers a potent costimulatory signal to naive and memory CD4+ T cells following ligation with α4β7. Such costimulation promotes high levels of HIV replication. An anti-α4β7 mAb that prevents mucosal transmission of SIV blocks MAdCAM signaling through α4β7 and MAdCAM-dependent viral replication. MAdCAM costimulation of memory CD4+ T cells is sufficient to drive cellular proliferation and the upregulation of CCR5, while naive CD4+ T cells require both MAdCAM and retinoic acid to achieve the same response. The pairing of MAdCAM and retinoic acid is unique to the GALT, leading us to propose that HIV replication in these sites is facilitated by MAdCAM-α4β7 interactions. Moreover, complete inhibition of MAdCAM signaling by an anti-α4β7 mAb, an analog of the clinically approved therapeutic vedolizumab, highlights the potential of such agents to control acute HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Livia R Goes
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
- Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jocelyn C Ray
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ronke Olowojesiku
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Alia Sajani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ian Perrone
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Donald Van Ryk
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Mia Waliszewski
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katija Jelicic
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center of Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, 70560, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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102
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Lamb CA, O'Byrne S, Keir ME, Butcher EC. Gut-Selective Integrin-Targeted Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:S653-S668. [PMID: 29767705 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Integrins are cell surface receptors with bidirectional signalling capabilities that can bind to adhesion molecules in order to mediate homing of leukocytes to peripheral tissues. Gut-selective leukocyte homing is facilitated by interactions between α4β7 and its ligand, mucosal addressin cellular adhesion molecule-1 [MAdCAM-1], while retention of lymphocytes in mucosal tissues is mediated by αEβ7 binding to its ligand E-cadherin. Therapies targeting gut-selective trafficking have shown efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], confirming the importance of leukocyte trafficking in disease pathobiology. This review will provide an overview of integrin structure, function and signalling, and highlight the role that these molecules play in leukocyte homing and retention. Anti-integrin therapeutics, including gut-selective antibodies against the β7 integrin subunit [etrolizumab] and the α4β7 integrin heterodimer [vedolizumab and abrilumab], and the non-gut selective anti-α4 integrin [natalizumab], will be discussed, as well as novel targeting approaches using small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Lamb
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sharon O'Byrne
- Global Medical Affairs, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mary E Keir
- Genentech Research & Early Development, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System and The Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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103
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Abrams EJ, Ananworanich J, Archary M, Ngongondo M, Brouwers P. Propelling the Pediatric HIV Therapeutic Agenda With Science, Innovation, and Collaboration. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 78 Suppl 1:S32-S39. [PMID: 29994918 PMCID: PMC6044456 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of well-described obstacles to the pediatric therapeutic agenda have resulted in substantial delays in the introduction of new medications, formulations, strategies, and approaches to treat infants, children, and adolescents living with HIV. SETTING Global landscape. METHODS The authors will provide a summary of current and emerging initiatives to accelerate the pediatric therapeutic agenda including illustrative case studies of innovations and scientific discovery in diagnosis and treatment of very young children with HIV infection. RESULTS The challenges posed by rapid physiologic and developmental changes that characterize the trajectory of childhood as well as the complex regulatory and fiscal milieu of HIV therapeutics have hampered pediatric HIV therapeutic research. Recent efforts to accelerate this agenda include prioritizing agents and formulations, defining dosing by weight bands, applying innovative study designs, synergizing work across research networks to achieve common goals, and the establishment of a global prioritized research agenda. A case study of initiatives to diagnose and effectively treat newborns and infants will illustrate the critical role of basic science research and novel approaches to study design and implementation that are informing global efforts to end AIDS. CONCLUSIONS A pediatric therapeutic agenda informed by basic science and achieved through innovation and global cooperation is essential to achieve an AIDS-free generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine J. Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia, Mailman School of Public Health, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Moherndran Archary
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, King Edward VIII Hospital, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Pim Brouwers
- Division of AIDS Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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104
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Chissumba RM, Luciano A, Namalango E, Bauer A, Bhatt N, Wahren B, Nilsson C, Geldmacher C, Scarlatti G, Jani I, Kestens L. Regulatory T cell abundance and activation status before and after priming with HIVIS-DNA and boosting with MVA-HIV/rgp140/GLA-AF may impact the magnitude of the vaccine-induced immune responses. Immunobiology 2018; 223:792-801. [PMID: 30121146 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) in the context of HIV vaccines. Tregs can be differentiated into resting (FoxP3+CD45RA+ - rTregs), activated (FoxP3HighCD45RA- - aTregs) and memory (FoxP3LowCD45RA- - mTregs). Tregs, as CD4 T cells, are also frequent targets for HIV infection. We studied how the abundance and phenotypes of Tregs in terms of activation status and expression of HIV-1 binding molecules would have changed during vaccination in healthy volunteers participating in a phase IIa HIV vaccine clinical trial. Subjects were primed three times with HIVIS-DNA and boosted twice with MVA-CMDR-HIV alone (n = 12) or MVA-CMDR combined with protein CN54rgp140 (n = 13). The proportions of β7 integrin in all CD4 T cells and in the Tregs subset decreased moderately after the final vaccination (p = 0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively) and the rTregs proportion within the total Tregs were also decreased after the final vaccination (p = 0.038). All these proportions returned to normal values within the three months after the final vaccination. The magnitude of HIV-Envelope-specific IFNγ + T cells after vaccination (r = 0.66; p = 0.021) correlated directly with the proportion of Tregs, and correlated inversely correlated with ratios of Th17/Tregs (r = -0.75; p = 0.0057) and Th17/mTregs (r = -0.78; p = 0.0065). Higher titers of IgG gp140 antibodies were observed in subjects with higher mTregs proportions (r = 0.52; p = 0.022). Interestingly, pre-vaccination levels of mTregs correlated with vaccine-induced Env-binding antibodies (r = 0.57; p = 0.01) and presence of neutralizing antibodies (r = 0.61; p = 0.01), while the pre-vaccination Th17/mTregs ratio correlated inversely with the magnitude of cellular IFN-γ ELISpot responses (r = -0.9; p = 0.002). Taken together, these results suggest that pre- and post-vaccination Tregs, their activation status, the Th17/Tregs ratio and other host factors affecting Treg abundance, have an impact on the magnitude of HIV vaccine-induced immune responses. Moreover, the DNA-HIVIS/MVA-HIV regimen, alone or in combination with CN54rgp140 induced moderate and temporary alterations of the Tregs activation status. We also show a decrease in expression of the HIV-1 ligand β7 integrin on Tregs and all CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Matavele Chissumba
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Abílio Luciano
- Instituto de Ciências de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Asli Bauer
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Nilesh Bhatt
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Britta Wahren
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Solna, Sweden; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinikum of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplant and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilesh Jani
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministry of Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luc Kestens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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105
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Lertjuthaporn S, Cicala C, Van Ryk D, Liu M, Yolitz J, Wei D, Nawaz F, Doyle A, Horowitch B, Park C, Lu S, Lou Y, Wang S, Pan R, Jiang X, Villinger F, Byrareddy SN, Santangelo PJ, Morris L, Wibmer CK, Biris K, Mason RD, Gorman J, Hiatt J, Martinelli E, Roederer M, Fujikawa D, Gorini G, Franchini G, Arakelyan A, Ansari AA, Pattanapanyasat K, Kong XP, Fauci AS, Arthos J. Select gp120 V2 domain specific antibodies derived from HIV and SIV infection and vaccination inhibit gp120 binding to α4β7. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007278. [PMID: 30153309 PMCID: PMC6130882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The GI tract is preferentially targeted during acute/early HIV-1 infection. Consequent damage to the gut plays a central role in HIV pathogenesis. The basis for preferential targeting of gut tissues is not well defined. Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides derived from HIV and SIV gp120 bind directly to integrin α4β7, a gut-homing receptor. Using both cell-surface expressed α4β7 and a soluble α4β7 heterodimer we demonstrate that its specific affinity for gp120 is similar to its affinity for MAdCAM (its natural ligand). The gp120 V2 domain preferentially engages extended forms of α4β7 in a cation -sensitive manner and is inhibited by soluble MAdCAM. Thus, V2 mimics MAdCAM in the way that it binds to α4β7, providing HIV a potential mechanism to discriminate between functionally distinct subsets of lymphocytes, including those with gut-homing potential. Furthermore, α4β7 antagonists developed for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, block V2 binding to α4β7. A 15-amino acid V2 -derived peptide is sufficient to mediate binding to α4β7. It includes the canonical LDV/I α4β7 binding site, a cryptic epitope that lies 7-9 amino acids amino terminal to the LDV/I, and residues K169 and I181. These two residues were identified in a sieve analysis of the RV144 vaccine trial as sites of vaccine -mediated immune pressure. HIV and SIV V2 mAbs elicited by both vaccination and infection that recognize this peptide block V2-α4β7 interactions. These mAbs recognize conformations absent from the β- barrel presented in a stabilized HIV SOSIP gp120/41 trimer. The mimicry of MAdCAM-α4β7 interactions by V2 may influence early events in HIV infection, particularly the rapid seeding of gut tissues, and supports the view that HIV replication in gut tissue is a central feature of HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakaorat Lertjuthaporn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Donald Van Ryk
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Matthew Liu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jason Yolitz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Allison Doyle
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brooke Horowitch
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Chung Park
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Yang Lou
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Xunqing Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center and Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States of America
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lynn Morris
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, South Africa
| | - Constantinos Kurt Wibmer
- Center for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kristin Biris
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Rosemarie D. Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Dai Fujikawa
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Giacomo Gorini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Vaccine Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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Di Mascio M, Srinivasula S, Kim I, Duralde G, St Claire A, DeGrange P, St Claire M, Reimann KA, Gabriel EE, Carrasquillo J, Reba RC, Paik C, Lane HC. Total body CD4+ T cell dynamics in treated and untreated SIV infection revealed by in vivo imaging. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97880. [PMID: 29997291 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral blood represents only a small fraction of the total number of lymphocytes in the body. To develop a more thorough understanding of T cell dynamics, including the effects of SIV/SHIV/HIV infection on immune cell depletion and immune reconstitution following combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), one needs to utilize approaches that allow direct visualization of lymphoid tissues. In the present study, noninvasive in vivo imaging of the CD4+ T cell pool has revealed that the timing of the CD4+ T cell pool reconstitution following initiation of ART in SIV-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) appears seemingly stochastic among clusters of lymph nodes within the same host. At 4 weeks following initiation or interruption of cART, the changes observed in peripheral blood (PB) are primarily related to changes in the whole-body CD4 pool rather than changes in lymphocyte trafficking. Lymph node CD4 pools in long-term antiretroviral-treated and plasma viral load-suppressed hosts appear suboptimally reconstituted compared with healthy controls, while splenic CD4 pools appear similar between the 2 groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Di Mascio
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharat Srinivasula
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Insook Kim
- Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., NCI Campus at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Gorka Duralde
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexis St Claire
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula DeGrange
- Battelle/Charles River-Integrated Research Facility, NIAID Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa St Claire
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin E Gabriel
- AIDS Imaging Research Section, Division of Clinical Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jorge Carrasquillo
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Service, Radiology Department, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Richard C Reba
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chang Paik
- Radiopharmaceutical Laboratory, Nuclear Medicine, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Henry C Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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107
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Brown R, Deeks SG, Eyal N. Maximising the global health impact of future HIV cure-related interventions through advance planning. J Virus Erad 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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108
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Colby DJ, Trautmann L, Pinyakorn S, Leyre L, Pagliuzza A, Kroon E, Rolland M, Takata H, Buranapraditkun S, Intasan J, Chomchey N, Muir R, Haddad EK, Tovanabutra S, Ubolyam S, Bolton DL, Fullmer BA, Gorelick RJ, Fox L, Crowell TA, Trichavaroj R, O'Connell R, Chomont N, Kim JH, Michael NL, Robb ML, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J. Rapid HIV RNA rebound after antiretroviral treatment interruption in persons durably suppressed in Fiebig I acute HIV infection. Nat Med 2018; 24:923-926. [PMID: 29892063 PMCID: PMC6092240 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy during the earliest stage of acute HIV infection (Fiebig I) might minimize establishment of a latent HIV reservoir and thereby facilitate viremic control after analytical treatment interruption. We show that 8 participants, who initiated treatment during Fiebig I and were treated for a median of 2.8 years, all experienced rapid viral load rebound following analytical treatment interruption, indicating that additional strategies are required to control or eradicate HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donn J Colby
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louise Leyre
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eugène Kroon
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiroshi Takata
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Chulalongkorn Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jintana Intasan
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitiya Chomchey
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roshell Muir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elias K Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Diane L Bolton
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandie A Fullmer
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Fox
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Trevor A Crowell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rapee Trichavaroj
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences United States Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences United States Component, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand.
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Brown R, Deeks SG, Eyal N. Maximising the global health impact of future HIV cure-related interventions through advance planning. J Virus Erad 2018; 4:182-185. [PMID: 30050682 PMCID: PMC6038126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thinking about public health impact should inform HIV curative investigations. Should an effective HIV cure or sustained viral remission intervention emerge from ongoing investigations, implementation strategies aimed at ensuring global access will be needed if these approaches are to be impactful, and planning accordingly makes sense now. Specifically, we discuss three key access barriers to future cure-related interventions: high cost of the strategy; non-financial challenges to procurement, distribution and point-of-care delivery; and non-adherence and the need for long-term monitoring. As we argue, plans and decision-making for overcoming each of these barriers will need to be developed in advance. An evaluation of remaining barriers and likely global impact of the leading strategies under investigation should inform decisions on which strategy might receive funding priority. Among the strategies being investigated, implementation barriers for latency-reversing agents, immunotherapy and combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be overcome on a global scale with some effort. Overcoming implementation barriers for medically complex and high-risk interventions, such as stem cell and, to some degree, gene therapy, may be less feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Brown
- University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, MA,
USA,Corresponding author: Regina Brown,
55 Lake Ave North,
Worcester,
MA01655,
USA
| | - Steven G Deeks
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine,
San Francisco, CA,
USA
| | - Nir Eyal
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health,
Boston, MA,
USA
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110
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Cao S, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Kondza N, Woodrow KA. Core-shell nanoparticles for targeted and combination antiretroviral activity in gut-homing T cells. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2143-2153. [PMID: 29964219 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A major sanctuary site for HIV infection is the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). The α4β7 integrin gut homing receptor is a promising therapeutic target for the virus reservoir because it leads to migration of infected cells to the GALT and facilitates HIV infection. Here, we developed a core-shell nanoparticle incorporating the α4β7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) as a dual-functional ligand for selectively targeting a protease inhibitor (PI) to gut-homing T cells in the GALT while simultaneously blocking HIV infection. Our nanoparticles significantly reduced cytotoxicity of the PI and enhanced its in vitro antiviral activity in combination with α4β7 mAb. We demonstrate targeting function of our nanocarriers in a human T cell line and primary cells isolated from macaque ileum, and observed higher in vivo biodistribution to the murine small intestines where they accumulate in α4β7+ cells. Our LCNP shows the potential to co-deliver ARVs and mAbs for eradicating HIV reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Yonghou Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology 116023, Dalian, China; Research Center for the Control Engineering of Translational Precision Medicine, Dalian University of Technology 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Nina Kondza
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) carries abundant human cell proteins, particularly human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules when the virus leaves host cells. Immunization in macaques with HLAs protects the animals from simian immunodeficiency virus infection. This finding offers an alternative approach to the development of HLA molecule-based HIV vaccines. Decades of studies have enhanced a great deal of our understanding of the mechanisms of allo-immune response-mediated anti-HIV immunity. These include cell-mediated immunity, innate immunity, and antibody response. These studies provided a rationale for the future design of effective HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Dental Institute, Kings College London, Guy's Campus, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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112
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Rao M, Onkar S, Peachman KK, White Y, Trinh HV, Jobe O, Zhou Y, Dawson P, Eller MA, Matyas GR, Alving CR. Liposome-Encapsulated Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 gp120 Induces Potent V1V2-Specific Antibodies in Humans. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1541-1550. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Sayali Onkar
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristina K Peachman
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yohann White
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hung V Trinh
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ousman Jobe
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael A Eller
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gary R Matyas
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Carl R Alving
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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113
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Tackling HIV and AIDS: contributions by non-human primate models. Lab Anim (NY) 2018; 46:259-270. [PMID: 28530684 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past three decades, non-human primate (NHP) models have gained an increasing importance in HIV basic and translational research. In contrast to natural host models, infection of macaques with virulent simian or simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SIV, SHIV) results in a disease that closely resembles HIV infection and AIDS. Although there is no perfect animal model, and each of the available models has its benefits and limitations, carefully designed NHP studies with selection of experimental variables have unraveled important questions of basic pathogenesis and have provided the tools to explore and screen intervention strategies. For example, NHP studies have advanced our understanding of the crucial events during early infection, and have provided proof-of-concept of antiretroviral drug treatment and prevention strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) regimes that are increasingly used worldwide, and upon overcoming further barriers of implementation, have the potential to make the next generation AIDS-free. Remaining goals include the pursuit of an effective HIV vaccine, and HIV cure strategies that would allow HIV-infected people to ultimately stop taking antiretroviral drugs. Through a reiterative process with feed-back from results of human studies, NHP models can be further validated and strengthened to advance our scientific knowledge and guide clinical trials.
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114
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Schulze H, Esters P, Hartmann F, Stein J, Christ C, Zorn M, Dignass A. A prospective cohort study to assess the relevance of vedolizumab drug level monitoring in IBD patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2018; 53:670-676. [PMID: 29560811 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1452974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vedolizumab (VDZ) drug monitoring strategies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients have not been systematically investigated so far. We evaluated the correlation between VDZ trough levels (VTL) and the treatment response in IBD. METHODS Fifty-one patients with active IBD on or starting a therapy with VDZ were enrolled in this prospective and observational single centre study. Disease activity indices, blood tests, and anthropometric parameters were assessed over a time period of 6 months. One hundred and fifty-five VDZ serum trough levels were measured directly before the next scheduled application using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS VDZ treatment was found to be clinically effective (Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI) dropping from 10 to 5.5 points (p < .0005) in Crohn's disease (CD) patients; partial Mayo score (pMS) from 4.4 to 2.1 points (p < .0005) in ulcerative colitis patients (UC). CRP levels tended to decrease and haemoglobin levels to increase under VDZ therapy. CD patients with a serum CRP level lower than 5 mg/l exhibited significantly higher VTL than those with elevated CRP levels (34.9 versus 21.7 µg/ml, p = .00153). UC patients with haemoglobin levels higher 12 g/dl at the time of VTL measurement had significantly higher VTL compared to patients with lower haemoglobin levels (35.4 versus 15.6 µg/ml, p < .0005). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a significant correlation between VTL and response to therapy in IBD patients (higher VTL associated with better response).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Schulze
- a Department of Medicine I , Agaplesion Markus Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Philip Esters
- a Department of Medicine I , Agaplesion Markus Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Franz Hartmann
- a Department of Medicine I , Agaplesion Markus Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Juergen Stein
- b Interdisziplinäres Crohn Colitis Centrum , Frankfurt , Germany
| | | | | | - Axel Dignass
- a Department of Medicine I , Agaplesion Markus Hospital , Frankfurt , Germany
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Sengupta S, Siliciano RF. Targeting the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1. Immunity 2018; 48:872-895. [PMID: 29768175 PMCID: PMC6196732 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can effectively block HIV-1 replication and prevent or reverse immunodeficiency in HIV-1-infected individuals. However, viral replication resumes within weeks of treatment interruption. The major barrier to a cure is a small pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells that harbor latent HIV-1 proviruses. This latent reservoir is now the focus of an intense international research effort. We describe how the reservoir is established, challenges involved in eliminating it, and pharmacologic and immunologic strategies for targeting this reservoir. The development of a successful cure strategy will most likely require understanding the mechanisms that maintain HIV-1 proviruses in a latent state and pathways that drive the proliferation of infected cells, which slows reservoir decay. In addition, a cure will require the development of effective immunologic approaches to eliminating infected cells. There is renewed optimism about the prospect of a cure, and the interventions discussed here could pave the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srona Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Santangelo PJ, Cicala C, Byrareddy SN, Ortiz K, Little D, Lindsay KE, Gumber S, Hong JJ, Jelicic K, Rogers KA, Zurla C, Villinger F, Ansari AA, Fauci AS, Arthos J. Early treatment of SIV+ macaques with an α 4β 7 mAb alters virus distribution and preserves CD4 + T cells in later stages of infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:932-946. [PMID: 29346349 PMCID: PMC5976508 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrin α4β7 mediates the trafficking of leukocytes, including CD4+ T cells, to lymphoid tissues in the gut. Virus mediated damage to the gut is implicated in HIV and SIV mediated chronic immune activation and leads to irreversible damage to the immune system. We employed an immuno-PET/CT imaging technique to evaluate the impact of an anti-integrin α4β7 mAb alone or in combination with ART, on the distribution of both SIV infected cells and CD4+ cells in rhesus macaques infected with SIV. We determined that α4β7 mAb reduced viral antigen in an array of tissues of the lung, spleen, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes. These sites are not directly linked to α4β7 mediated homing; however, the most pronounced reduction in viral load was observed in the colon. Despite this reduction, α4β7 mAb treatment did not prevent an apparent depletion of CD4+ T cells in gut in the acute phase of infection that is characteristic of HIV/SIV infection. However, α4β7 mAb appeared to facilitate the preservation or restoration of CD4+ T cells in gut tissues at later stages of infection. Since damage to the gut is believed to play a central role in HIV pathogenesis, these results support further evaluation of α4β7 antagonists in the study and treatment of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Santangelo
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Kristina Ortiz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Dawn Little
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kevin E. Lindsay
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - J. J. Hong
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Katija Jelicic
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70560
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70560
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
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117
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Freise AC, Zettlitz KA, Salazar FB, Lu X, Tavaré R, Wu AM. ImmunoPET Imaging of Murine CD4 + T Cells Using Anti-CD4 Cys-Diabody: Effects of Protein Dose on T Cell Function and Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:599-609. [PMID: 27966069 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular imaging of CD4+ T cells throughout the body has implications for monitoring autoimmune disease and immunotherapy of cancer. Given the key role of these cells in regulating immunity, it is important to develop a biologically inert probe. GK1.5 cys-diabody (cDb), a previously developed anti-mouse CD4 antibody fragment, was tested at different doses to assess its effects on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and CD4+ T cell viability, proliferation, CD4 expression, and function. PROCEDURES The effect of protein dose on image contrast (lymphoid tissue-to-muscle ratio) was assessed by administering different amounts of 89Zr-labeled GK1.5 cDb to mice followed by PET imaging and ex vivo biodistribution analysis. To assess impact of GK1.5 cDb on T cell biology, GK1.5 cDb was incubated with T cells in vitro or administered intravenously to C57BL/6 mice at multiple protein doses. CD4 expression and T cell proliferation were analyzed with flow cytometry and cytokines were assayed. RESULTS For immunoPET imaging, the lowest protein dose of 2 μg of 89Zr-labeled GK1.5 cDb resulted in significantly higher % injected dose/g in inguinal lymph nodes (ILN) and spleen compared to the 12-μg protein dose. In vivo administration of GK1.5 cDb at the high dose of 40 μg caused a transient decrease in CD4 expression in spleen, blood, lymph nodes, and thymus, which recovered within 3 days postinjection; this effect was reduced, although not abrogated, when 2 μg was administered. Proliferation was inhibited in vivo in ILN but not the spleen by injection of 40 μg GK1.5 cDb. Concentrations of GK1.5 cDb in excess of 25 nM significantly inhibited CD4+ T cell proliferation and interferon-γ production in vitro. Overall, using low-dose GK1.5 cDb minimized biological effects on CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose GK1.5 cDb yields high-contrast immunoPET images with minimal effects on T cell biology in vitro and in vivo and may be a useful tool for investigating CD4+ T cells in the context of preclinical disease models. Future approaches to minimizing biological effects may include the creation of monovalent fragments or selecting anti-CD4 antibodies which target alternative epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Freise
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, CNSI, PO Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1770, USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, CNSI, PO Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1770, USA
| | - Felix B Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, CNSI, PO Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1770, USA
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Clinical Translational Science Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard Tavaré
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, CNSI, PO Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1770, USA. .,Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10951, USA.
| | - Anna M Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, 570 Westwood Plaza, CNSI, PO Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1770, USA.
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118
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Dave RS, Jain P, Byrareddy SN. Follicular Dendritic Cells of Lymph Nodes as Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Reservoirs and Insights on Cervical Lymph Node. Front Immunol 2018; 9:805. [PMID: 29725333 PMCID: PMC5916958 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark feature of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) within the lymph nodes (LNs) is their ability to retain antigens and virions for a prolonged duration. FDCs in the cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) are particularly relevant in elucidating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection within the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) draining LNs of the central nervous system. The FDC viral reservoir in both peripheral LN and CLN, like the other HIV reservoirs, contribute to both low-level viremia and viral resurgence upon cessation or failure of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Besides prolonged virion retention on FDCs in LNs and CLNs, the suboptimal penetration of cART at these anatomical sites is another factor contributing to establishing and maintaining this viral reservoir. Unlike the FDCs within the peripheral LNs, the CLN FDCs have only recently garnered attention. This interest in CLN FDCs has been driven by detailed characterization of the meningeal lymphatic system. As the CSF drains through the meningeal lymphatics and nasal lymphatics via the cribriform plate, CLN FDCs may acquire HIV after capturing them from T cells, antigen-presenting cells, or cell-free virions. In addition, CD4+ T follicular helper cells within the CLNs are productively infected as a result of acquiring the virus from the FDCs. In this review, we outline the underlying mechanisms of viral accumulation on CLN FDCs and its potential impact on viral resurgence or achieving a cure for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish S. Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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119
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Highlights from the 8th International Workshop on HIV Persistence during Therapy, 12–15 December 2017, Miami, FL, USA. J Virus Erad 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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120
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Arthos J, Cicala C, Nawaz F, Byrareddy SN, Villinger F, Santangelo PJ, Ansari AA, Fauci AS. The Role of Integrin α 4β 7 in HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2018; 15:127-135. [PMID: 29478152 PMCID: PMC5882766 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute HIV infection is characterized by high-level viral replication throughout the body's lymphoid system, particularly in gut-associated lymphoid tissues resulting in damage to structural components of gut tissue. This damage is irreversible and believed to contribute to the development of immune deficiencies. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) does not restore gut structure and function. Studies in macaques point to an alternative treatment strategy that may ameliorate gut damage. Integrin α4β7 mediates the homing of lymphocytes to gut tissues. Vedolizumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) antagonist of α4β7, has demonstrated efficacy and has been approved for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Here, we describe our current knowledge, and the gaps in our understanding, of the role of α4β7 in HIV pathogenesis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS When administered to macaques prior to infection, a nonhuman primate analogue of vedolizumab prevents transmission of SIV. In combination with ART, this mAb facilitates durable virologic control following treatment interruption. Targeting α4β7 represents a novel therapeutic approach to prevent and treat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Rm 6A08, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Rm 6A08, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Rm 6A08, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70560, USA
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30680, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Rm 6A08, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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Psomas CK, Lafeuillade A, Margolis D, Salzwedel K, Stevenson M, Chomont N, Poli G, Routy JP. Highlights from the 8 th International Workshop on HIV Persistence during Therapy, 12-15 December 2017, Miami, FL, USA. J Virus Erad 2018; 4:132-142. [PMID: 29682308 PMCID: PMC5892681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 4 days, more than 500 scientists involved in HIV persistence research shared their new unpublished data and designed future perspectives towards ART-free HIV remission. This 8th International Workshop on HIV Persistence followed the format of past conferences but further focused on encouraging participation of young investigators, especially through submission of oral and poster presentations. The topic of the workshop was HIV persistence. Consequently, issues of HIV reservoirs and HIV cure were also addressed. In this article, we report the discussions as closely as possible; however, all the workshop abstracts can be found online at www.viruseradication.com.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karl Salzwedel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
Bethesda,
USA
| | | | | | - Guido Poli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute,
Milano,
Italy
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122
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In vivo characterization of macrophage-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus molecular clones in rhesus macaques. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:411-419. [PMID: 29594984 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a major target of HIV/SIV infection and play an important role in pathogenesis by serving as viral reservoirs in the central nervous system. Previously, a unique early SIVmac251 envelope (Env) variant, deSIV147 was cloned from blood of a rhesus macaque with rapid disease progression and SIV-associated encephalitis. Here, we show that infectious molecular clone deSIV147 caused systemic infection in rhesus macaques following intravenous or intrarectal exposure. Next, we inoculated deSIV147 into macaques depleted of CD4+ T cells and found that animals were SIV-positive, with high plasma and CSF viral loads. These macaques also showed SIVp17-positive macrophages in brain, lymph nodes, colon, lung, and liver. Furthermore, accumulation of perivascular macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and microgliosis was detected. These findings suggest that the neurotropic deSIV147 clone will be useful to study macrophage infection in HIV/SIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, gain insights into myeloid cell reservoirs in brain and other anatomical sites, as well as test strategies for eradication.
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123
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Laforge M, Silvestre R, Rodrigues V, Garibal J, Campillo-Gimenez L, Mouhamad S, Monceaux V, Cumont MC, Rabezanahary H, Pruvost A, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Hurtrel B, Silvestri G, Senik A, Estaquier J. The anti-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH prevents AIDS disease progression in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1627-1640. [PMID: 29553486 DOI: 10.1172/jci95127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been proposed as a key mechanism responsible for CD4+ T cell depletion and immune dysfunction during HIV infection. We demonstrated that Q-VD-OPH, a caspase inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous and activation-induced death of T cells from SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). When administered during the acute phase of infection, Q-VD-OPH was associated with (a) reduced levels of T cell death, (b) preservation of CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio in lymphoid organs and in the gut, (c) maintenance of memory CD4+ T cells, and (d) increased specific CD4+ T cell response associated with the expression of cytotoxic molecules. Although therapy was limited to the acute phase of infection, Q-VD-OPH-treated RMs showed lower levels of both viral load and cell-associated SIV DNA as compared with control SIV-infected RMs throughout the chronic phase of infection, and prevented the development of AIDS. Overall, our data demonstrate that Q-VD-OPH injection in SIV-infected RMs may represent an adjunctive therapeutic agent to control HIV infection and delaying disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vasco Rodrigues
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Julie Garibal
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Valérie Monceaux
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Alain Pruvost
- CEA, iBiTecS, SPI, Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde and.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Hurtrel
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Senik
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Laval, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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124
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Sun H, Lagarrigue F, Gingras AR, Fan Z, Ley K, Ginsberg MH. Transmission of integrin β7 transmembrane domain topology enables gut lymphoid tissue development. J Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29535192 PMCID: PMC5881498 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201707055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sun et al. establish the importance of transmission of changes in β-integrin transmembrane domain (TMD) topology in physiological integrin affinity modulation and biological function. Introduction of a flexible kink in the β7 integrin TMD blocks talin-mediated agonist-induced α4β7 integrin activation and function in gut lymphoid tissue development. Integrin activation regulates adhesion, extracellular matrix assembly, and cell migration, thereby playing an indispensable role in development and in many pathological processes. A proline mutation in the central integrin β3 transmembrane domain (TMD) creates a flexible kink that uncouples the topology of the inner half of the TMD from the outer half. In this study, using leukocyte integrin α4β7, which enables development of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), we examined the biological effect of such a proline mutation and report that it impairs agonist-induced talin-mediated activation of integrin α4β7, thereby inhibiting rolling lymphocyte arrest, a key step in transmigration. Furthermore, the α4β7(L721P) mutation blocks lymphocyte homing to and development of the GALT. These studies show that impairing the ability of an integrin β TMD to transmit talin-induced TMD topology inhibits agonist-induced physiological integrin activation and biological function in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Zhichao Fan
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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125
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Estes JD, LeGrand R, Petrovas C. Visualizing the Immune System: Providing Key Insights into HIV/SIV Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:423. [PMID: 29552017 PMCID: PMC5840205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological inductive tissues, such as secondary lymphoid organs, are composed of distinct anatomical microenvironments for the generation of immune responses to pathogens and immunogens. These microenvironments are characterized by the compartmentalization of highly specialized immune and stromal cell populations, as well as the presence of a complex network of soluble factors and chemokines that direct the intra-tissue trafficking of naïve and effector cell populations. Imaging platforms have provided critical contextual information regarding the molecular and cellular interactions that orchestrate the spatial microanatomy of relevant cells and the development of immune responses against pathogens. Particularly in HIV/SIV disease, imaging technologies are of great importance in the investigation of the local interplay between the virus and host cells, with respect to understanding viral dynamics and persistence, immune responses (i.e., adaptive and innate inflammatory responses), tissue structure and pathologies, and changes to the surrounding milieu and function of immune cells. Merging imaging platforms with other cutting-edge technologies could lead to novel findings regarding the phenotype, function, and molecular signatures of particular immune cell targets, further promoting the development of new antiviral treatments and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Roger LeGrand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud 11, INSERM U1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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126
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Fryer HR, Wolinsky SM, McLean AR. Increased T cell trafficking as adjunct therapy for HIV-1. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006028. [PMID: 29499057 PMCID: PMC5864072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral drug therapy suppresses human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) to undetectable levels in the blood of treated individuals, reservoirs of replication competent HIV-1 endure. Upon cessation of antiretroviral therapy, the reservoir usually allows outgrowth of virus and approaches to targeting the reservoir have had limited success. Ongoing cycles of viral replication in regions with low drug penetration contribute to this persistence. Here, we use a mathematical model to illustrate a new approach to eliminating the part of the reservoir attributable to persistent replication in drug sanctuaries. Reducing the residency time of CD4 T cells in drug sanctuaries renders ongoing replication unsustainable in those sanctuaries. We hypothesize that, in combination with antiretroviral drugs, a strategy to orchestrate CD4 T cell trafficking could contribute to a functional cure for HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Fryer
- Institute for Emerging Infections, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven M. Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Angela R. McLean
- Institute for Emerging Infections, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
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127
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Pham HT, Mesplède T. The latest evidence for possible HIV-1 curative strategies. Drugs Context 2018; 7:212522. [PMID: 29497452 PMCID: PMC5824924 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remains a major health issue worldwide. In developed countries, antiretroviral therapy has extended its reach from treatment of people living with HIV-1 to post-exposure prophylaxis, treatment as prevention, and, more recently, pre-exposure prophylaxis. These healthcare strategies offer the epidemiological tools to curve the epidemic in rich settings and will be concomitantly implemented in developing countries. One of the remaining challenges is to identify an efficacious curative strategy. This review manuscript will focus on some of the current curative strategies aiming at providing a sterilizing or functional cure to HIV-1-positive individuals. These include the following: early treatment initiation in post-treatment controllers as a long-term HIV-1 remission strategy, latency reversal, gene editing with or without stem cell transplantation, and antibodies against either the viral envelope protein or the host integrin α4β7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi Pham
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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128
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Mallard J, Williams K. An SIV macaque model of SIV and HAND: the need for adjunctive therapies in HIV that target activated monocytes and macrophages. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:213-219. [PMID: 29435829 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate models of AIDS and neuroAIDS are critical to study HIV infection of the CNS, neuropathology, and immune activation and macrophage accumulation that occurs in HAND. SIV, similar to HIV, infects CD4+ T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Virus enters the CNS early, and macrophage activation correlates with CNS disease, as well as inflammation outside of the CNS. Antiretroviral in HIV+ humans and SIV+ Rhesus macaques results in non-detectable plasma virus, decreased or non-detectable viral RNA or protein in the CNS. But, viral DNA rebounds following therapy interruption, demonstrating the presence of replication competent virus in the CNS within myeloid cells. In this brief review, we discuss our findings using a Rhesus macaque model of SIV-associated CNS infection and pathology, focusing on monocyte/macrophage activation and the link between CNS and cardiac disease. We conclude with recent studies using adjunctive therapy targeting monocytes/macrophages with ART to prevent or diminish CNS pathology that may be associated with HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Mallard
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Kenneth Williams
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA.
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129
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Perciani CT, Jaoko W, Farah B, Ostrowski MA, Anzala O, MacDonald KS. αEβ7, α4β7 and α4β1 integrin contributions to T cell distribution in blood, cervix and rectal tissues: Potential implications for HIV transmission. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192482. [PMID: 29420608 PMCID: PMC5805330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface expression of α4β7, α4β1 and αEβ7 integrins play a key role in T cell distribution. Understanding the contribution of integrins to the density and ratios of CD4+: CD4negT cell at the portals of entry for HIV is of fundamental importance for the advance of more effective HIV prevention strategies. We therefore set out to characterize and compare the expression of α4β7, α4β1 and αEβ7 integrins on systemic, cervical and rectal CD4+ and CD4negT cells isolated from a cohort of healthy Kenyan women at low risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI) (n = 45). Here we show that blood and cervix were enriched in α4+β1+CD4+T cells and α4+β7hiCD4+T cells, whereas the rectum had an equal frequency of α4+β7hiCD4+T cells and αE+β7hiCD4+T cells. Most cervical and rectal αE+β7hiCD4+T cells expressed CCR5 as well as CD69. Interestingly, αEβ7 was the predominant integrin expressed by CD4negT cells in both mucosal sites, outnumbering αE+β7hiCD4+T cells approximately 2-fold in the cervix and 7-fold in the rectum. The majority of αE+β7hiCD4negT cells expressed CD69 at the mucosa. Taken together, our results show unique tissue-specific patterns of integrin expression. These results can help in guiding vaccine design and also the use of therapeutically targeting integrin adhesion as a means to preventing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia T. Perciani
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walter Jaoko
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bashir Farah
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mario A. Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kelly S. MacDonald
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - for the KAVI-ICR Team
- Kenyan AIDS Vaccine Initiative—Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI-ICR), Nairobi, Kenya
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130
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Hassounah SA, Mesplède T. Where are we with injectables against HIV infection and what are the remaining challenges? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2018; 16:143-152. [PMID: 29347858 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1430570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug adherence has been a recurring issue in the field of HIV treatment, and low treatment adherence is typically associated with emergence of drug resistance, treatment failure and increased risks of transmission. Injectable antiretroviral drugs offer a unique opportunity to counter this issue for the treatment of HIV-positive individuals. In addition, injectables offer a remarkable opportunity to reduce new HIV infections, if applied in the context of both treatment-as-prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis. Areas covered: Researchers and drug companies are developing long-acting agents that possess long biological half-life and excellent pharmacokinetic profiles that can be administered intramuscularly, intravenously, or subcutaneously. These long-acting injectables are categorized as drugs that target different steps of HIV replication cycle or monoclonal antibodies that target HIV entry. Expert commentary: Injectables against HIV have the potential to revolutionize the fight against HIV by facilitating both treatment and prevention in a wide variety of clinical settings. Several challenges remain including the identification of potent two-drug combinations of drugs that can be formulated as injectables, and thorough drug-drug interaction studies with a broad variety of medications. Finally we believe that the healthcare benefits of injectables will require regulatory changes to allow self-injection before they reach their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said A Hassounah
- a McGill University AIDS Centre , Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montréal , QC , Canada.,b Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- a McGill University AIDS Centre , Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research , Montréal , QC , Canada.,b Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , McGill University , Montréal , QC , Canada.,c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , McGill University , Montréal , Canada
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131
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ALT-803 Transiently Reduces Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in the Absence of Antiretroviral Treatment. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01748-17. [PMID: 29118125 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01748-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing biological interventions to control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) could contribute to the development of a functional cure. As a potential alternative to ART, the interleukin-15 (IL-15) superagonist ALT-803 has been shown to boost the number and function of HIV-specific CD8+ T and NK cell populations in vitro Four simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-positive rhesus macaques, three of whom possessed major histocompatibility complex alleles associated with control of SIV and all of whom had received SIV vaccine vectors that had the potential to elicit CD8+ T cell responses, were given ALT-803 in three treatment cycles. The first and second cycles of treatment were separated by 2 weeks, while the third cycle was administered after a 29-week break. ALT-803 transiently elevated the total CD8+ effector and central memory T cell and NK cell populations in peripheral blood, while viral loads transiently decreased by ∼2 logs in all animals. Virus suppression was not sustained as T cells became less responsive to ALT-803 and waned in numbers. No effect on viral loads was observed in the second cycle of ALT-803, concurrent with downregulation of the IL-2/15 common γC and β chain receptors on both CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Furthermore, populations of immunosuppressive T cells increased during the second cycle of ALT-803 treatment. During the third treatment cycle, responsiveness to ALT-803 was restored. CD8+ T cells and NK cells increased again 3- to 5-fold, and viral loads transiently decreased again by 1 to 2 logs.IMPORTANCE Overall, our data show that ALT-803 has the potential to be used as an immunomodulatory agent to elicit effective immune control of HIV/SIV replication. We identify mechanisms to explain why virus control is transient, so that this model can be used to define a clinically appropriate treatment regimen.
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132
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Abstract
Since the discovery of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it has been extremely difficult to develop an effective vaccine or a therapeutic cure despite over 36 years of global efforts. One of the major reasons is due to the lack of an immune-competent animal model that supports live human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and disease progression such that vaccine-induced correlates of protection and efficacy can be determined clearly before human trials. Nevertheless, rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and chimeric simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) have served as invaluable models not only for understanding AIDS pathogenesis but also for studying HIV vaccine and cure. In this chapter, therefore, we summarize major scientific evidence generated in these models since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic. Hopefully, the accumulated knowledge and lessons contributed by thousands of scientists will be useful in promoting the search of an ultimate solution to end HIV/AIDS.
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133
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Sanders-Beer BE, Voronin Y, McDonald D, Singh A. Harnessing Novel Imaging Approaches to Guide HIV Prevention and Cure Discoveries-A National Institutes of Health and Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise 2017 Meeting Report. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:12-26. [PMID: 29145733 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in imaging technologies have greatly increased our understanding of cellular and molecular interactions in humans and their corresponding animal models of infectious diseases. In the HIV/SIV field, imaging has provided key insights into mucosal viral transmission, local and systemic virus spread, host-virus dynamics, and chronic inflammation/immune activation and the resultant immunopathology. Recent developments in imaging applications are yielding physical, spatial, and temporal measurements to enhance insight into biological functions and disease processes, while retaining important cellular, microenvironmental, organ, and intact organism contextual details. Taking advantage of the latest advancements in imaging technologies may help answer important questions in the HIV field. The Global HIV Vaccine Enterprise in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) sponsored a meeting on May 8 and 9, 2017 to provide a platform to review state-of-the-art imaging technologies and to foster multidisciplinary collaborations in HIV/AIDS research. The meeting covered applications of imaging in studies of early events and pathogenesis, reservoirs, and cure, as well as in vaccine development. In addition, presentations and discussions of imaging applications from non-HIV biomedical research areas were included. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte E. Sanders-Beer
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - David McDonald
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anjali Singh
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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134
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Pandolfi F, Franza L, Altamura S, Mandolini C, Cianci R, Ansari A, Kurnick JT. Integrins: Integrating the Biology and Therapy of Cell-cell Interactions. Clin Ther 2017; 39:2420-2436. [PMID: 29203050 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the role of integrins has been described in a variety of diseases, these roles seem to be distinct. To date, no study has attempted to provide links to the various pathways by which such integrins can be involved in these diverse disease settings. The purpose of this review was to address this gap in our knowledge with the hypothesis that there is, in fact, a common pathway by which integrins may function. METHODS This article provides an in-depth perspective on the discovery, development, and design of therapeutics that modulate cellular function by targeting integrin:ligand interactions by reviewing the literature on this subject; the review included the most recent results of clinical and subclinical studies. A MEDLINE search was conducted for articles pertaining to the various issues related to integrins, and the most relevant articles are discussed (ie, not only those published in journals with a higher impact factor). FINDINGS It seems that the ligation of the integrins with their cognate ligands plays a major role in translating membrane dialogue into biological function. In addition, they also seem to play a major regulatory role that can enhance or inhibit biological function depending on the context within which such receptor:ligand interactions occur and the organ and tissues at which interactions occurs and is manipulated. Those studies that used statistical analyses have been included where appropriate. IMPLICATIONS Our findings show that anti-integrin treatment has the potential to become a valid coadjuvant in the treatment of several diseases including cancer, inflammatory diseases, HIv infection and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Pandolfi
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Franza
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Altamura
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Cianci
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Aftab Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - James T Kurnick
- CytoCure LLC, Beverly, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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135
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Calenda G, Keawvichit R, Arrode-Brusés G, Pattanapanyasat K, Frank I, Byrareddy SN, Arthos J, Cicala C, Grasperge B, Blanchard JL, Gettie A, Reimann KA, Ansari AA, Martinelli E. Integrin α 4β 7 Blockade Preferentially Impacts CCR6 + Lymphocyte Subsets in Blood and Mucosal Tissues of Naive Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:810-820. [PMID: 29196458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Infusion of a simianized anti-α4β7 mAb (Rh-α4β7) just before and following SIV infection protected rhesus macaques from developing AIDS and partially from vaginal SIV acquisition. Recently, short-term treatment with Rh-α4β7 in combination with cART was found to lead to prolonged viral suppression after withdrawal of all therapeutic interventions. The humanized form of Rh-α4β7, vedolizumab, is a highly effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. To clarify the mechanism of action of Rh-α4β7, naive macaques were infused with Rh-α4β7 and sampled in blood and tissues before and after treatment to monitor several immune cell subsets. In blood, Rh-α4β7 increased the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, but not B cell counts, and preferentially increased CCR6+ subsets while decreasing CD103+ and CD69+ lymphocytes. In mucosal tissues, surprisingly, Rh-α4β7 did not impact integrin α4+ cells, but decreased the frequencies of CCR6+ and CD69+ CD4+ T cells and, in the gut, Rh-α4β7 transiently decreased the frequency of memory and IgA+ B cells. In summary, even in the absence of inflammation, Rh-α4β7 impacted selected immune cell subsets in different tissues. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms by which Rh-α4β7 may mediate its effect in SIV-infected macaques with implications for understanding the effect of treatment with vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rassamon Keawvichit
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016; and
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065;
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136
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Fadul N, Couturier J, Yu X, Kozinetz C, Arduino R, Lewis DE. Treatment-Naïve HIV-Infected Patients Have Fewer Gut-Homing β7 Memory CD4 T Cells than Healthy Controls. South Med J 2017; 110:709-713. [PMID: 29100221 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The integrin α4β7 is the gut-homing receptor for lymphocytes. It also is an important co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) via glycoprotein (gp)120 binding. Depletion of gut cluster of differentiation (CD)4 T cells is linked to chronic inflammation in patients with HIV; however, measuring CD4 cells in the gut is invasive and not routine. As such, establishing a peripheral marker for CD4 depletion of the gut is needed. We hypothesized that α4β7 CD4 T cells are depleted in the peripheral blood of treatment-naïve patients with HIV compared with healthy controls. METHODS The study groups were treatment-naïve patients with HIV and uninfected controls. Subjects were included if they were 18 years or older with no history of opportunistic infections, active tuberculosis, or cancer. We collected peripheral blood and examined on whole blood using flow cytometry for the following cell surface markers: CD4, CD45RO, chemokine receptor type 5, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and the integrin β7. We collected demographic information, including age, sex, and ethnicity, as well as viral load (VL) and CD4 count. Two-sample t tests and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the differences between the two groups. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between CD4 count and log10- VL and percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+ and log10- VL in patients. RESULTS Twenty-two subjects were enrolled in the study (12 patients with HIV and 10 controls). There were no differences in age or sex between the two groups. There were more Hispanics and fewer Asians in the group comprising patients with HIV compared with the control group (7 vs 2 and 0 vs 4, P = 0.05, respectively). Patients infected with HIV had significantly lower frequencies of CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+ cells (median 12%, range 5-18 compared with uninfected controls: median 20%, range 11-26, P = 0.0007). There was a statistically significant difference in the percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4+ cells between patients (72%, range 60%-91%) compared with controls (79%, range 72%-94%, P = 0.04). The percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/chemokine receptor type 5+ did not differ between the group of patients with HIV and the control groups (22%, range 11%-57% vs 27%, range 14%-31%; P = 0.8, respectively). There was no correlation between percentage of CD4+/CD45RO+/β+ cells and log10- VL as measured by the Spearman correlation coefficient (r = 0.05, P = 0.88) in patients infected with HIV. CONCLUSIONS Memory CD4 β7+ cells are reduced significantly in the peripheral blood of untreated patients infected with HIV, which could be used as a noninvasive indicator of intestinal CD4 T cell loss and recovery. Further studies are needed to examine whether depletion of these CD4+/CD45RO+/β7+ cells in the peripheral blood parallels depletion in the gut of treatment-naïve patients with HIV and whether levels return to control levels after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Fadul
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Epidemiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob Couturier
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Epidemiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Epidemiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Claudia Kozinetz
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Epidemiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto Arduino
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Epidemiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dorothy E Lewis
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, the Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Epidemiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Khan S, Telwatte S, Trapecar M, Yukl S, Sanjabi S. Differentiating Immune Cell Targets in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue for HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:S40-S58. [PMID: 28882067 PMCID: PMC5685216 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2017.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest challenge to an HIV cure is the persistence of latently infected cells containing inducible, replication-competent proviral genomes, which constitute only a small fraction of total or infected cells in the body. Although resting CD4+ T cells in the blood are a well-known source of viral rebound, more than 90% of the body's lymphocytes reside elsewhere. Many are in gut tissue, where HIV DNA levels per million CD4+ T cells are considerably higher than in the blood. Despite the significant contribution of gut tissue to viral replication and persistence, little is known about the cell types that support persistence of HIV in the gut; importantly, T cells in the gut have phenotypic, functional, and survival properties that are distinct from T cells in other tissues. The mechanisms by which latency is established and maintained will likely depend on the location and cytokine milieu surrounding the latently infected cells in each compartment. Therefore, successful HIV cure strategies require identification and characterization of the exact cell types that support viral persistence, particularly in the gut. In this review, we describe the seeding of the latent HIV reservoir in the gut mucosa; highlight the evidence for compartmentalization and depletion of T cells; summarize the immunologic consequences of HIV infection within the gut milieu; propose how the damaged gut environment may promote the latent HIV reservoir; and explore several immune cell targets in the gut and their place on the path toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzada Khan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Martin Trapecar
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
| | - Steven Yukl
- San Francisco VA Health Care System and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California
| | - Shomyseh Sanjabi
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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138
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Extracellular Matrix Proteins Mediate HIV-1 gp120 Interactions with α 4β 7. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01005-17. [PMID: 28814519 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01005-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut-homing α4β7high CD4+ T lymphocytes have been shown to be preferentially targeted by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and are implicated in HIV-1 pathogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated that HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 binds and signals through α4β7 and that this likely contributes to the infection of α4β7high T cells and promotes cell-to-cell virus transmission. Structures within the second variable loop (V2) of gp120, including the tripeptide motif LDV/I, are thought to mediate gp120-α4β7 binding. However, lack of α4β7 binding has been reported in gp120 proteins containing LDV/I, and the precise determinants of gp120-α4β7 binding are not fully defined. In this work, we report the novel finding that fibronectins mediate indirect gp120-α4β7 interactions. We show that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells used to express recombinant gp120 produced fibronectins and other extracellular matrix proteins that copurified with gp120. CHO cell fibronectins were able to mediate the binding of a diverse panel of gp120 proteins to α4β7 in an in vitro cell binding assay. The V2 loop was not required for fibronectin-mediated binding of gp120 to α4β7, nor did V2-specific antibodies block this interaction. Removal of fibronectin through anion-exchange chromatography abrogated V2-independent gp120-α4β7 binding. Additionally, we showed a recombinant human fibronectin fragment mediated gp120-α4β7 interactions similarly to CHO cell fibronectin. These findings provide an explanation for the apparently contradictory observations regarding the gp120-α4β7 interaction and offer new insights into the potential role of fibronectin and other extracellular matrix proteins in HIV-1 biology.IMPORTANCE Immune tissues within the gut are severely damaged by HIV-1, and this plays an important role in the development of AIDS. Integrin α4β7 plays a major role in the trafficking of lymphocytes, including CD4+ T cells, into gut lymphoid tissues. Previous reports indicate that some HIV-1 gp120 envelope proteins bind to and signal through α4β7, which may help explain the preferential infection of gut CD4+ T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that extracellular matrix proteins can mediate interactions between gp120 and α4β7 This suggests that the extracellular matrix may be an important mediator of HIV-1 interaction with α4β7-expressing cells. These findings provide new insight into the nature of HIV-1-α4β7 interactions and how these interactions may represent targets for therapeutic intervention.
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139
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Mayr LM, Decoville T, Schmidt S, Laumond G, Klingler J, Ducloy C, Bahram S, Zolla-Pazner S, Moog C. Non-neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the V1V2 Domain of HIV Exhibit Strong Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxic Activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12655. [PMID: 28978939 PMCID: PMC5627290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective vaccine against HIV-1 has proven to be challenging. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), whilst exhibiting neutralization breadth and potency, are elicited only in a small subset of infected individuals and have yet to be induced by vaccination. Case-control studies of RV144 identified an inverse correlation of HIV-1 infection risk with antibodies (Abs) to the V1V2 region of gp120 with high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. The neutralizing activity of Abs was not found to contribute to this protective outcome. Using primary effector and target cells and primary virus isolates, we studied the ADCC profile of different monoclonal Abs targeting the V1V2 loop of gp120 that had low or no neutralizing activity. We compared their ADCC activity to some bNAbs targeting different regions of gp120. We found that mAbs targeting the V1V2 domain induce up to 60% NK cell mediated lysis of HIV-1 infected PBMCs in a physiologically relevant ADCC model, highlighting the interest in inducing such Abs in future HIV vaccine trials. Our data also suggest that in addition to neutralization, lysis of infected cells by Abs can effectively participate in HIV protection, as suggested by the RV144 immune correlate analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia M Mayr
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Decoville
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Sylvie Schmidt
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Géraldine Laumond
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jéromine Klingler
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Camille Ducloy
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM U1109, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France.
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140
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Martin GE, Alcami J, Spano JP, Ross AL. Converging roads: the latest science from the 2017 IAS HIV Cure and Cancer Forum. J Virus Erad 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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141
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Martin GE, Alcami J, Spano JP, Ross AL. Converging roads: the latest science from the 2017 IAS HIV Cure and Cancer Forum. J Virus Erad 2017; 3:236-241. [PMID: 29057089 PMCID: PMC5632552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E Martin
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine,
University of Oxford,
Oxford,
UK
| | - José Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit,
Instituto de Salud Carlos III,
Madrid,
Spain
| | - Jean-Phillipe Spano
- Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital,
Pierre et Marie Curie University,
INSERM-UMRS 1136,
Paris,
France
| | - Anna Laura Ross
- International and Scientific Relations, ANRS,
101 rue de Tolbiac,
75013Paris,
France
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142
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Perreau M, Banga R, Pantaleo G. Targeted Immune Interventions for an HIV-1 Cure. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:945-961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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143
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Thorlund K, Horwitz MS, Fife BT, Lester R, Cameron DW. Landscape review of current HIV 'kick and kill' cure research - some kicking, not enough killing. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:595. [PMID: 28851294 PMCID: PMC5576299 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients is life-long because it only suppresses de novo infections. Recent efforts to eliminate HIV have tested the ability of a number of agents to reactivate ('Kick') the well-known latent reservoir. This approach is rooted in the assumption that once these cells are reactivated the host's immune system itself will eliminate ('Kill') the virus. While many agents have been shown to reactivate large quantities of the latent reservoir, the impact on the size of the latent reservoir has been negligible. This suggests that the immune system is not sufficient to eliminate reactivated reservoirs. Thus, there is a need for more emphasis on 'kill' strategies in HIV cure research, and how these might work in combination with current or future kick strategies. METHODS We conducted a landscape review of HIV 'cure' clinical trials using 'kick and kill' approaches. We identified and reviewed current available clinical trial results in human participants as well as ongoing and planned clinical trials. We dichotomized trials by whether they did not include or include a 'kill' agent. We extracted potential reasons why the 'kill' is missing from current 'kick and kill' strategies. We subsequently summarized and reviewed current 'kill' strategies have entered the phase of clinical trial testing in human participants and highlighted those with the greatest promise. RESULTS The identified 'kick' trials only showed promise on surrogate measures activating latent T-cells, but did not show any positive effects on clinical 'cure' measures. Of the 'kill' agents currently being tested in clinical trials, early results have shown small but meaningful proportions of participants remaining off ART for several months with broadly neutralizing antibodies, as well as agents for regulating immune cell responses. A similar result was also recently observed in a trial combining a conventional 'kick' with a vaccine immune booster ('kill'). CONCLUSION While an understanding of the efficacy of each individual component is crucial, no single 'kick' or 'kill' agent is likely to be a fully effective cure. Rather, the solution is likely found in a combination of multiple 'kick and kill' interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Thorlund
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Faculty of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian T. Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Richard Lester
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D. William Cameron
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa at The Ottawa Hospital / Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 6V2 Ontario Canada
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144
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Tomaras GD, Plotkin SA. Complex immune correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:245-261. [PMID: 28133811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is a major priority for improving human health worldwide. Vaccine-mediated protection against human pathogens can be achieved through elicitation of protective innate, humoral, and cellular responses. Identification of specific immune responses responsible for pathogen protection enables vaccine development and provides insights into host defenses against pathogens and the immunological mechanisms that most effectively fight infection. Defining immunological correlates of transmission risk in preclinical and clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials has moved the HIV-1 vaccine development field forward and directed new candidate vaccine development. Immune correlate studies are providing novel hypotheses about immunological mechanisms that may be responsible for preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Recent results from HIV-1 immune correlates work has demonstrated that there are multiple types of immune responses that together, comprise an immune correlate-thus implicating polyfunctional immune control of HIV-1 transmission. An in depth understanding of these complex immunological mechanisms of protection against HIV-1 will accelerate the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Planas D, Zhang Y, Monteiro P, Goulet JP, Gosselin A, Grandvaux N, Hope TJ, Fassati A, Routy JP, Ancuta P. HIV-1 selectively targets gut-homing CCR6+CD4+ T cells via mTOR-dependent mechanisms. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93230. [PMID: 28768913 PMCID: PMC5543920 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut-associated lymphoid tissues are enriched in CCR6+ Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells that contribute to HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). This raises the need for Th17-targeted immunotherapies. In an effort to identify mechanisms governing HIV-1 permissiveness/persistence in gut-homing Th17 cells, we analyzed the transcriptome of CCR6+ versus CCR6- T cells exposed to the gut-homing inducer retinoic acid (RA) and performed functional validations in colon biopsies of HIV-infected individuals receiving ART (HIV+ART). Although both CCR6+ and CCR6- T cells acquired gut-homing markers upon RA exposure, the modulation of unique sets of genes coincided with preferential HIV-1 replication in RA-treated CCR6+ T cells. This molecular signature included the upregulation of HIV-dependency factors acting at entry/postentry levels, such as the CCR5 and PI3K/Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathways. Of note, mTOR expression/phosphorylation was distinctively induced by RA in CCR6+ T cells. Consistently, mTOR inhibitors counteracted the effect of RA on HIV replication in vitro and viral reactivation in CD4+ T cells from HIV+ART individuals via postentry mechanisms independent of CCR5. Finally, CCR6+ versus CCR6- T cells infiltrating the colons of HIV+ART individuals expressed unique molecular signatures, including higher levels of CCR5, integrin β7, and mTOR phosphorylation. Together, our results identify mTOR as a druggable key regulator of HIV permissiveness in gut-homing CCR6+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Département of microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Département of microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia Monteiro
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Département of microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Annie Gosselin
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Département of biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Research Institute and
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Département of microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Faculté de Médecine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Chand S, Messina EL, AlSalmi W, Ananthaswamy N, Gao G, Uritskiy G, Padilla-Sanchez V, Mahalingam M, Peachman KK, Robb ML, Rao M, Rao VB. Glycosylation and oligomeric state of envelope protein might influence HIV-1 virion capture by α4β7 integrin. Virology 2017; 508:199-212. [PMID: 28577856 PMCID: PMC5526109 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The α4ß7 integrin present on host cells recognizes the V1V2 domain of the HIV-1 envelope protein. This interaction might be involved in virus transmission. Administration of α4ß7-specific antibodies inhibit acquisition of SIV in a macaque challenge model. But the molecular details of V1V2: α4ß7 interaction are unknown and its importance in HIV-1 infection remains controversial. Our biochemical and mutational analyses show that glycosylation is a key modulator of V1V2 conformation and binding to α4ß7. Partially glycosylated, but not fully glycosylated, envelope proteins are preferred substrates for α4ß7 binding. Surprisingly, monomers of the envelope protein bound strongly to α4ß7 whereas trimers bound poorly. Our results suggest that a conformationally flexible V1V2 domain allows binding of the HIV-1 virion to the α4ß7 integrin, which might impart selectivity for the poorly glycosylated HIV-1 envelope containing monomers to be more efficiently captured by α4ß7 integrin present on mucosal cells at the time of HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Chand
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington DC 20064
| | - Emily L Messina
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington DC 20064
| | - Wadad AlSalmi
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington DC 20064
| | - Neeti Ananthaswamy
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington DC 20064
| | - Guofen Gao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington DC 20064
| | - Gherman Uritskiy
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington DC 20064
| | | | | | - Kristina K Peachman
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD 20910; US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Silver Spring, MD 20910; US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Mangala Rao
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910
| | - Venigalla B Rao
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington DC 20064.
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147
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Swan ZD, Bouwer AL, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Persistent accumulation of gut macrophages with impaired phagocytic function correlates with SIV disease progression in macaques. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1925-1935. [PMID: 28667761 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract to disease control or progression in HIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we analyzed CD163+ macrophages in ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) from SIV-infected rhesus macaques with dichotomous expression of controlling MHC class I alleles predicted to be SIV controllers or progressors. Infection induced accumulation of macrophages into gut mucosa in the acute phase that persisted in progressors but was resolved in controllers. In contrast, macrophage recruitment to mesenteric LNs occurred only transiently in acute infection irrespective of disease outcome. Persistent gut macrophage accumulation was associated with CD163 expression on α4β7+ CD16+ blood monocytes and correlated with epithelial damage. Macrophages isolated from intestine of progressors had reduced phagocytic function relative to controllers and uninfected macaques, and the proportion of phagocytic macrophages negatively correlated with mucosal epithelial breach, lamina propria Escherichia coli density, and plasma virus burden. Macrophages in intestine produced low levels of cytokines regardless of disease course, while mesenteric LN macrophages from progressors became increasingly responsive as infection advanced. These data indicate that noninflammatory CD163+ macrophages accumulate in gut mucosa in progressive SIV infection in response to intestinal damage but fail to adequately phagocytose debris, potentially perpetuating their recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Swan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthea L Bouwer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wonderlich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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148
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Huyghe J, Magdalena S, Vandekerckhove L. Fight fire with fire: Gene therapy strategies to cure HIV. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2017; 15:747-758. [DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1353911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Huyghe
- Department of Internal Medicine, HIV Cure Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sips Magdalena
- Department of Internal Medicine, HIV Cure Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Linos Vandekerckhove
- Department of Internal Medicine, HIV Cure Research Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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149
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Girard A, Jelicic K, Van Ryk D, Rochereau N, Cicala C, Arthos J, Noailly B, Genin C, Verrier B, Laurant S, Razanajaoana-Doll D, Pin JJ, Paul S. Neutralizing and Targeting Properties of a New Set of α4β7-Specific Antibodies Are Influenced by Their Isotype. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 75:118-127. [PMID: 28177967 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The homing of lymphocytes to the mucosa is mainly controlled by α4β7 integrin, and it is amplified during gut chronic inflammation, as occurs with HIV and/or inflammatory bowel diseases. We designed and applied an improved immunization strategy based on an innovative selection process to isolate new α4β7 lymphocyte-specific monoclonal antibodies that are able to prevent their migration into inflamed gut tissues and/or to counteract HIV infection in vitro. First, 5 monoclonal antibodies (1 IgA, 1 IgM, and 4 IgGs) were selected based on their capacity to recognize α4 or β7 homodimers and α4β7 heterodimers in transfected human cells. Their ability to block gp120/α4β7 or MAdCAM-1/α4β7 interactions was then measured in vitro with human T and B lymphocytes. In vitro, the anti-α4β7 IgA isotype was found to have the highest affinity for the α4β7 heterodimer, and it significantly reduced HIV replication in retinoic acid-treated α4β7 CD4 human T cells. This α4β7-specific IgA also displayed a high avidity for human and mouse α4β7 lymphocytes in both mouse and human inflammatory colitis tissues. These new antibodies, and in particular those with mucosa-targeting isotypes such as IgA, could therefore be potential novel therapeutic tools for treating HIV and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Girard
- *GIMAP/EA3064, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France; †NIH/NIAID Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Bethesda, MD; ‡Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, FRE3310/CNRS, Universités de Lyon, Lyon, France; and §Dendritics SA, Lyon, France
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150
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Pentavalent HIV-1 vaccine protects against simian-human immunodeficiency virus challenge. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15711. [PMID: 28593989 PMCID: PMC5472724 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RV144 Thai trial HIV-1 vaccine of recombinant poxvirus (ALVAC) and recombinant HIV-1 gp120 subtype B/subtype E (B/E) proteins demonstrated 31% vaccine efficacy. Here we design an ALVAC/Pentavalent B/E/E/E/E vaccine to increase the diversity of gp120 motifs in the immunogen to elicit a broader antibody response and enhance protection. We find that immunization of rhesus macaques with the pentavalent vaccine results in protection of 55% of pentavalent-vaccine-immunized macaques from simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. Systems serology of the antibody responses identifies plasma antibody binding to HIV-infected cells, peak ADCC antibody titres, NK cell-mediated ADCC and antibody-mediated activation of MIP-1β in NK cells as the four immunological parameters that best predict decreased infection risk that are improved by the pentavalent vaccine. Thus inclusion of additional gp120 immunogens to a pox-prime/protein boost regimen can augment antibody responses and enhance protection from a SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques. A previous human HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial, boosting with HIV envelope protein from two strains, demonstrated moderate vaccine efficacy. Here, Bradley et al. show that a pentavalent HIV envelope protein boost improves protection from viral challenge in non-human primates and they identify immune correlates of protection.
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