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Sinclair EA, Edgeloe JM, Anthony JM, Statton J, Breed MF, Kendrick GA. Variation in reproductive effort, genetic diversity and mating systems across Posidonia australis seagrass meadows in Western Australia. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa038. [PMID: 32904346 PMCID: PMC7454027 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Populations at the edges of their geographical range tend to have lower genetic diversity, smaller effective population sizes and limited connectivity relative to centre of range populations. Range edge populations are also likely to be better adapted to more extreme conditions for future survival and resilience in warming environments. However, they may also be most at risk of extinction from changing climate. We compare reproductive and genetic data of the temperate seagrass, Posidonia australis on the west coast of Australia. Measures of reproductive effort (flowering and fruit production and seed to ovule ratios) and estimates of genetic diversity and mating patterns (nuclear microsatellite DNA loci) were used to assess sexual reproduction in northern range edge (low latitude, elevated salinities, Shark Bay World Heritage Site) and centre of range (mid-latitude, oceanic salinity, Perth metropolitan waters) meadows in Western Australia. Flower and fruit production were highly variable among meadows and there was no significant relationship between seed to ovule ratio and clonal diversity. However, Shark Bay meadows were two orders of magnitude less fecund than those in Perth metropolitan waters. Shark Bay meadows were characterized by significantly lower levels of genetic diversity and a mixed mating system relative to meadows in Perth metropolitan waters, which had high genetic diversity and a completely outcrossed mating system. The combination of reproductive and genetic data showed overall lower sexual productivity in Shark Bay meadows relative to Perth metropolitan waters. The mixed mating system is likely driven by a combination of local environmental conditions and pollen limitation. These results indicate that seagrass restoration in Shark Bay may benefit from sourcing plant material from multiple reproductive meadows to increase outcrossed pollen availability and seed production for natural recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Sinclair
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jane M Edgeloe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Janet M Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Attractions, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - John Statton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A Kendrick
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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102
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Brodie G, Brodie J, Maata M, Peter M, Otiawa T, Devlin MJ. Seagrass habitat in Tarawa Lagoon, Kiribati: Service benefits and links to national priority issues. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 155:111099. [PMID: 32469758 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a review around seagrass habitat in Tarawa Lagoon, Kiribati and explores the links between seagrass occurrence and the national priority issues of climate change, urban development, human health, nearshore fisheries, threatened species, ocean policy, research capacity and awareness. The contribution of healthy seagrass habitats to many aspects of these national issues is often overlooked and there is need to establish the knowledge gaps and priority actions that can enable mitigation of issues that impact on valuable seagrass resources and their management. Research data on seagrass habitats in Kiribati, and the wider Pacific Island region, is limited and this hinders informed decisions at local, national and regional levels. We present a comprehensive review on seagrass within a national context to aid prioritisation and uptake of information for resource owners, and wider stakeholders, in Kiribati while acknowledging local expertise. The paper highlights data and knowledge gaps that if addressed, will provide information useful to Kiribati nationals, communities and government stakeholders. Recommendations for actions that fill these gaps and build understanding of seagrass resources in Kiribati are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Brodie
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Fiji; School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Fiji.
| | - J Brodie
- Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Australia
| | - M Maata
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Fiji
| | - M Peter
- School of Marine Studies, University of the South Pacific, Fiji
| | - T Otiawa
- Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development, University of the South Pacific, Fiji
| | - M J Devlin
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, United Kingdom
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103
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Richir J, Bouillon S, Gobert S, Skov MW, Borges AV. Editorial: Structure, Functioning and Conservation of Coastal Vegetated Wetlands. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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104
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Jacobs-Palmer E, Gallego R, Ramón-Laca A, Kunselman E, Cribari K, Horwith M, Kelly RP. A halo of reduced dinoflagellate abundances in and around eelgrass beds. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8869. [PMID: 32292651 PMCID: PMC7147434 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seagrass beds provide a variety of ecosystem services, both within and outside the bounds of the habitat itself. Here we use environmental DNA (eDNA) amplicons to analyze a broad cross-section of taxa from ecological communities in and immediately surrounding eelgrass (Zostera marina). Sampling seawater along transects extending alongshore outward from eelgrass beds, we demonstrate that eDNA provides meter-scale resolution of communities in the field. We evaluate eDNA abundance indices for 13 major phylogenetic groups of marine and estuarine taxa along these transects, finding highly local changes linked with proximity to Z. marina for a diverse group of dinoflagellates, and for no other group of taxa. Eelgrass habitat is consistently associated with dramatic reductions in dinoflagellate abundance both within the contiguous beds and for at least 15 m outside, relative to nearby sites without eelgrass. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that eelgrass-associated communities have allelopathic effects on dinoflagellates, and that these effects can extend in a halo beyond the bounds of the contiguous beds. Because many dinoflagellates are capable of forming harmful algal blooms (HABs) toxic to humans and other animal species, the apparent salutary effect of eelgrass habitat on neighboring waters has important implications for public health as well as shellfish aquaculture and harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Jacobs-Palmer
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ramón Gallego
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.,NRC Research Associateship Program, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ana Ramón-Laca
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.,Ocean Associates, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Emily Kunselman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Kelly Cribari
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Micah Horwith
- Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Ryan P Kelly
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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105
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Bakirman T, Gumusay MU. A novel GIS-MCDA-based spatial habitat suitability model for Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:231. [PMID: 32166406 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-8198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses are extremely productive flowering plants that produce oxygen by photosynthesis in the marine environment. They are globally in decline and can become endangered due to human activities and natural hazards. In order to maintain seagrass biodiversity, suitable habitats for this species must be determined and marine protected areas must be established. Recent technology allows acoustic systems to collect accurate high resolution data of the seafloor. Additionally, cost-effective optical satellite images, which provide wide coverage, have been used in various benthic studies. In this study, a habitat suitability model was developed using acoustic and optical data for Posidonia oceanica in Gulluk Bay, Turkey, SE Mediterranean, by applying the geographic information system-multi-criteria decision analysis and remote sensing techniques. Various criteria, namely, depth, sheltered area, slope, sediment yield, and topographic position index, were weighted using the analytic hierarchy process method. The model was able to identify suitable habitats for seagrass with 76% accuracy. The proposed model in the study allows fast, temporal, cost-effective, and sustainable production of seagrass habitat maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolga Bakirman
- Research and Application Center for Satellite Communications and Remote Sensing, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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106
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Davies CE, Briones-Fourzán P, Barradas-Ortiz C, Negrete-Soto F, Moo-Cocom G, Lozano-Álvarez E. Do ecological characteristics drive the prevalence of Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) in juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters in a tropical reef lagoon? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229827. [PMID: 32109265 PMCID: PMC7048287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PaV1 is a pathogenic virus found only to infect Caribbean spiny lobsters Panulirus argus, a major fishing resource. P. argus is a benthic mesopredator and has a complex life history, with several ontogenetic habitat changes. Habitat characteristics and species diversity of surrounding communities may have implications for disease dynamics. This is of more concern for juvenile lobsters, which are more susceptible to PaV1 and are far less mobile than adult lobsters. We targeted a population of juvenile P. argus in a reef lagoon in Mexico, where PaV1 was first observed in 2001. Prevalence has been since irregularly assessed, but in 2016 we began a more systematic assessment, with two sampling periods per year (June and November) in three different zones of the reef lagoon. To examine the relationship between PaV1 prevalence and potential ecological determinants, we assessed habitat complexity, cover of different substrates, and invertebrate community composition in all zones during the first four sampling periods (June and November 2016 and 2017). Habitat complexity and percent cover of some substrates varied with zone and sampling period. This was the case for seagrass and macroalgae, which nevertheless were the dominant substrates. The invertebrate community composition varied with sampling period, but not with zone. Probability of infection decreased with increasing lobster size, consistent with previous studies, but was not affected by zone (i.e., variations in ecological characteristics did not appear to be sufficiently large so as to influence prevalence of PaV1). This result possibly reflects the dominance of marine vegetation and suggests that lobsters can be sampled throughout the reef lagoon to assess PaV1 prevalence. Prevalence was higher in only one of seven sampling periods (November 2017), suggesting that the pathogen has leveled off to an enzootic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Davies
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Patricia Briones-Fourzán
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecilia Barradas-Ortiz
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Fernando Negrete-Soto
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Gema Moo-Cocom
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
| | - Enrique Lozano-Álvarez
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
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107
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Fang Y, Jiang Z, Zhao C, Li L, Ranvilage CIPM, Liu S, Wu Y, Huang X. Efficient Heat Dissipation and Cyclic Electron Flow Confer Daily Air Exposure Tolerance in the Intertidal Seagrass Halophila beccarii Asch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:571627. [PMID: 33329629 PMCID: PMC7733926 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses inhabiting the intertidal zone experience periodically repeated cycles of air exposure and rehydration. However, little is known about the photoprotective mechanisms in photosystem (PS)II and PSI, as well as changes in carbon utilization upon air exposure. The photoprotective processes upon air exposure in Halophila beccarii Asch., an endangered seagrass species, were examined using the Dual-PAM-100 and non-invasive micro-test technology. The results showed that air exposure enhanced non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in both PSII and PSI, with a maximum increase in NPQ and Y(ND) (which represents the fraction of overall P700 that is oxidized in a given state) of 23 and 57%, respectively, resulting in intensive thermal energy dissipation of excess optical energy. Moreover, cyclic electron transport driven by PSI (CEF) was upregulated, reflected by a 50 and 22% increase in CEF and maximum electron transport rate in PSI to compensate for the abolished linear electron transport with significant decreases in pmfLEF (the proton motive force [pmf]) attributable solely to proton translocation by linear electron flow [LEF]). Additionally, H+ fluxes in mesophyll cells decreased steadily with increased air exposure time, exhibiting a maximum decrease of six-fold, indicating air exposure modified carbon utilization by decreasing the proton pump influxes. These findings indicate that efficient heat dissipation and CEF confer daily air exposure tolerance to the intertidal seagrass H. beccarii and provide new insights into the photoprotective mechanisms of intertidal seagrasses. This study also helps explain the extensive distribution of H. beccarii in intertidal zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijian Jiang,
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources Environment and Planning, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Linglan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chanaka Isuranga Premarathne Maha Ranvilage
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Xiaoping Huang,
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108
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Abstract
The role of aquatic plants in treating wastewater contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants is well established. Recent studies have shown that aquatic plants possess potential to remove pathogens from wastewater. High removal (90%) of pathogenic microbes such as Enterococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella have been achieved using aquatic plant species viz. Typha latifolia, Cyperus papyrus, Cyperus alternifolius, Phragmites mauritianus, Pistia stratiotes, Lemna paucicostata, Spirodela polyrhiza, Eichhornia crassipes. Pathogen removal by aquatic plants mainly occurs because of toxicity exerted by exudates produced by them or attachment of pathogens to plant roots followed by filtration. Constructed wetlands have proved very efficient in treating pathogen-contaminated water. More studies are required to find out the exact mechanism of pathogen removal by these plants so that their role in phytoremediation technologies can be emphasized.
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109
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Beca-Carretero P, Rotini A, Mejia A, Migliore L, Vizzini S, Winters G. Halophila stipulacea descriptors in the native area (Red Sea): A baseline for future comparisons with native and non-native populations. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 153:104828. [PMID: 31733911 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Halophila stipulacea is a small tropical seagrass species native to the Red Sea. Due to its invasive character, there is growing interest in understanding its ability to thrive in a broad range of ecological niches. We studied temporal (February 2014 and July 2014), depth (5, 9, 18 m) and spatial (NB and SB) related dynamics of H. stipulacea meadows in the northern Gulf of Aqaba. We evaluated changes in density, morphometry, biomass, and biochemical parameters alongside the reproductive effort. In both sites, maximal growth and vegetative performance occurred in the summer with a marked increase of 35% in shoot density and 18% in biomass; PAR reduction with season and depth induced a significant increase of 28% in leaf area. Sexual reproduction efforts were only observed in July, and the density of plants carrying male or female flowers decreased significantly with depth. The favorable growth responses of H. stipulacea plants observed in the N-enriched NB site suggests their capacity to acclimate to human-disturbed nearshore environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Beca-Carretero
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; The Dead Sea-Arava Science Center, Tamar Regional Council, Neve Zohar, 86910, Israel; Department of Theoretical Ecology and Modelling, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Fahrenheitstrasse 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Alice Rotini
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, I-00133, Rome, Italy; Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Via Vitaliano Brancati 48, I-00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Astrid Mejia
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Migliore
- Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatrice Vizzini
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, via Archirafi 18, 90123 Palermo, Italy; CoNISMa, Inter-University Consortium for Marine Sciences, Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196 Roma, Italy
| | - Gidon Winters
- The Dead Sea-Arava Science Center, Tamar Regional Council, Neve Zohar, 86910, Israel
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110
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Seed selection and storage with nano-silver and copper as potential antibacterial agents for the seagrass Zostera marina: implications for habitat restoration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20249. [PMID: 31882691 PMCID: PMC6934746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, seagrass meadows are extremely important marine ecosystems that are disappearing at an alarming rate. Therefore, research into seagrass restoration has become increasingly important. Various strategies have been used in Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) restoration, including planting seeds. To improve the efficiency of restoration by planting seeds, it is necessary to select high-quality seeds. In addition, a suitable antibacterial agent is necessary for wet storage of desiccation sensitive seeds to reduce or inhibit microorganism infection and seed decay. In the present study, an efficient method for selecting for high-quality eelgrass seeds using different specific gravities of salt water was developed, and potential antibacterial agents (nano-silver and copper sulfate) for seed storage were assessed. The results showed that the highest proportion of intact seeds (72.91 ± 0.50%) was recorded at specific gravities greater than 1.20. Therefore, specific gravities greater than 1.20 can be used for selecting high-quality eelgrass seeds. During seed storage at 0 °C, the proportion of intact seeds after storage with nano-silver agent was over 90%, and also higher than 80% with copper sulfate agent, which was significantly higher than control treatments. The findings revealed a potential selection method for high-quality seeds and long-term seed storage conditions for Z. marina, which could facilitate conservation and habitat restoration.
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111
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Yue S, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Xu S, Xu S, Zhang X, Gu R. Optimal long-term seed storage conditions for the endangered seagrass Zostera japonica: implications for habitat conservation and restoration. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:158. [PMID: 31889982 PMCID: PMC6931247 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seagrass meadows are recognized as critical and among the most vulnerable habitats on the planet. The alarming rates of decline in seagrass meadows have attracted the attention globally. There is an urgent need to develop techniques to restore and preserve these vital coastal ecosystems. So far little work has been done to develop effective long-term storage method for seagrass seeds. The seagrass Zostera japonica Asch. & Graebn is an endangered species in its native range. Here we utilized combinations of different storage times, salinities, and temperature to determine the most appropriate conditions for optimal seed storage. RESULTS Zostera japonica seeds were strongly desiccation sensitive, with a complete loss of viability after 24 h of desiccation. Therefore, long periods of exposure to air should be avoided to minimize seed mortality. In addition, Z. japonica seeds could not endure freezing conditions such as - 5 °C. However, our results indicated that reduced storage temperature to 0 °C could effectively prolong the duration of dormancy of Z. japonica seeds. Seeds stored at 0 °C under a salinity of 40-60 psu showed relatively low seed loss, high seed vigor and fast seed germination, suggesting these to be optimal seed storage conditions. For example, after storage for 540 days (ca. 600 days since the seed collection from reproductive shoots in early October, 2016) at 0 °C under a salinity of 50 psu, seeds still had a considerable vigor, i.e. 57.8 ± 16.8%. CONCLUSION Our experiments demonstrated that seeds stored at 0 °C under a salinity of 40-60 psu could effectively prolong the duration of dormancy of Z. japonica seeds. The proposed technique is a simple and effective long-term storage method for Z. japonica seeds, which can then be used to aid future conservation, restoration and management of these sensitive and ecologically important habitat formers. The findings may also serve as useful reference for seed storage of other threatened seagrass species and facilitate their ex situ conservation and habitat restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Shaochun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shuai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Ruiting Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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112
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Hewson I. Technical pitfalls that bias comparative microbial community analyses of aquatic disease Ian Hewson. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 137:109-124. [PMID: 31854329 DOI: 10.3354/dao03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The accessibility of high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies has attracted the application of comparative microbial analyses to study diseases. These studies present a window into host microbiome diversity and composition that can be used to address ecological theory in the context of host biology and behavior. Recently, comparative microbiome studies have been used to study non-vertebrate aquatic diseases to elucidate microorganisms potentially involved in disease processes or in disease prevention. These investigations suffer from many well-described biases, especially prior to sequence analyses, that could lead to misleading conclusions. Microbiome-focused studies of aquatic metazoan diseases provide valuable documentation of microbial ecology, although, they are only a starting point for establishing disease etiology, which demands quantitative validation through targeted approaches. The microbiome approach to understanding disease is most useful after laboratory diagnostics guided by pathology have failed to identify a causative agent. This opinion piece presents several technical pitfalls which may affect wider interpretation of microbe-host interactions through comparative microbial community analyses and provides recommendations, based on studies in non-aquatic systems, for incorporation into future aquatic disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hewson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Lukwambe B, Zhao L, Nicholaus R, Yang W, Zhu J, Zheng Z. Bacterioplankton community in response to biological filters (clam, biofilm, and macrophytes) in an integrated aquaculture wastewater bioremediation system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113035. [PMID: 31421576 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Integrated systems with appropriate bio-filters can be used to treat aquaculture effluents. However, the information on bio-filters that alters the ecological functions of the bacterioplankton community (BC) in biodegradation of the aquaculture effluents remains controversial. In this study, we implemented a comprehensive restoration technology combined with bio-filters [biofilm, clam (Tegillarca granosa), and macrophytes (Spartina anglica)] to investigate their influence on the stability of the BC and nutrient removal. We found that the diversity of BC was linked with biogeochemical factors in processing and upcycling nitrogen-rich effluents into high-value biomass. The BC exhibited significant distinct patterns in the bio-filter areas. Potential biomarkers for constrained harmfully algae-bacteria (Nitriliruptoraceae, Bacillales, and Rhodobacteraceae) and nutrient removal were significantly higher in the bio-filters areas. The bio-filters significantly promoted the restoration effects of N and P balance by reducing 82.34% of total nitrogen (TN) and 81.64% of total phosphorus (TP) loads at the water interface. The main mechanisms for TN and TP removal and nutrient transformation were achieved by assimilation and absorption by the emergent macrophytes (Spartina anglica). The bio-filters significantly influenced the biodegradability and resolvability of particulate organic matter through ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification of microbes, which meliorated the nutrient removal. Beside bio-filter effects, the BC was significantly controlled by abiotic factors [nitrate (NO3--N), dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), and water temperature (WT)], and biotic factors (chlorophyll ɑ and green algae). Our study revealed that the co-existence system with bio-filters may greatly improve our understanding on the ecological functions of the BC in aquaculture systems. Overall, combined bio-filters provide an opportunity for the development of efficient and optimized aquaculture wastewater treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Lukwambe
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Regan Nicholaus
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Department of Natural Sciences, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Wen Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Jinyong Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Zhongming Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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114
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A horizon scan of priorities for coastal marine microbiome research. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1509-1520. [PMID: 31636428 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-0999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research into the microbiomes of natural environments is changing the way ecologists and evolutionary biologists view the importance of microorganisms in ecosystem function. This is particularly relevant in ocean environments, where microorganisms constitute the majority of biomass and control most of the major biogeochemical cycles, including those that regulate Earth's climate. Coastal marine environments provide goods and services that are imperative to human survival and well-being (for example, fisheries and water purification), and emerging evidence indicates that these ecosystem services often depend on complex relationships between communities of microorganisms (the 'microbiome') and the environment or their hosts - termed the 'holobiont'. Understanding of coastal ecosystem function must therefore be framed under the holobiont concept, whereby macroorganisms and their associated microbiomes are considered as a synergistic ecological unit. Here, we evaluate the current state of knowledge on coastal marine microbiome research and identify key questions within this growing research area. Although the list of questions is broad and ambitious, progress in the field is increasing exponentially, and the emergence of large, international collaborative networks and well-executed manipulative experiments are rapidly advancing the field of coastal marine microbiome research.
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115
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Wainwright BJ, Zahn GL, Zushi J, Lee NLY, Ooi JLS, Lee JN, Huang D. Seagrass-associated fungal communities show distance decay of similarity that has implications for seagrass management and restoration. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11288-11297. [PMID: 31641473 PMCID: PMC6802368 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine fungal biodiversity remains vastly understudied, and even less is known of their biogeography and the processes responsible for driving these distributions in marine environments. We investigated the fungal communities associated with the seagrass Enhalus acoroides collected from Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia to test the hypothesis that fungal communities are homogeneous throughout the study area. Seagrass samples were separated into different structures (leaves, roots, and rhizomes), and a sediment sample was collected next to each plant. Amplicon sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 and subsequent analysis revealed significant differences in fungal communities collected from different locations and different structures. We show a significant pattern of distance decay, with samples collected close to each other having more similar fungal communities in comparison with those that are more distant, indicating dispersal limitations and/or differences in habitat type are contributing to the observed biogeographic patterns. These results add to our understanding of the seagrass ecosystem in an understudied region of the world that is also the global epicenter of seagrass diversity. This work has implications for seagrass management and conservation initiatives, and we recommend that fungal community composition be a consideration for any seagrass transplant or restoration programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Wainwright
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | | | - Joshua Zushi
- Biology DepartmentUtah Valley UniversityOremUTUSA
| | - Nicole Li Ying Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
| | - Jillian Lean Sim Ooi
- Department of GeographyFaculty of Arts and Social SciencesUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Jen Nie Lee
- Faculty of Science and Marine EnvironmentUniversity Malaysia TerengganuTerengganuMalaysia
| | - Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
- Tropical Marine Science InstituteNational University of SingaporeSingapore CitySingapore
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116
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Giomi F, Barausse A, Duarte CM, Booth J, Agusti S, Saderne V, Anton A, Daffonchio D, Fusi M. Oxygen supersaturation protects coastal marine fauna from ocean warming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax1814. [PMID: 31517051 PMCID: PMC6726443 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ocean warming affects the life history and fitness of marine organisms by, among others, increasing animal metabolism and reducing oxygen availability. In coastal habitats, animals live in close association with photosynthetic organisms whose oxygen supply supports metabolic demands and may compensate for acute warming. Using a unique high-frequency monitoring dataset, we show that oxygen supersaturation resulting from photosynthesis closely parallels sea temperature rise during diel cycles in Red Sea coastal habitats. We experimentally demonstrate that oxygen supersaturation extends the survival to more extreme temperatures of six species from four phyla. We clarify the mechanistic basis of the extended thermal tolerance by showing that hyperoxia fulfills the increased metabolic demand at high temperatures. By modeling 1 year of water temperatures and oxygen concentrations, we predict that oxygen supersaturation from photosynthetic activity invariably fuels peak animal metabolic demand, representing an underestimated factor of resistance and resilience to ocean warming in ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folco Giomi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author. (F.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Alberto Barausse
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenny Booth
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Agusti
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Saderne
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrea Anton
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Fusi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author. (F.G.); (M.F.)
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Yue S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Xu S, Gu R, Xu S, Zhang X, Zhao P. Effects of salinity and temperature on seed germination and seedling establishment in the endangered seagrass Zostera japonica Asch. & Graebn. in northern China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:848-856. [PMID: 31426227 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass meadows are recognized as critical and among the most vulnerable habitats on the planet. As a worldwide concern, there is an urgent need to develop techniques to restore and preserve these vital coastal ecosystems due to their alarming decline rate. To effectively preserve and restore seagrasses, more research is required on the germination ecology of seeds. The seagrass Zostera japonica Asch. & Graebn is an endangered species in its native range, the Northwestern Pacific Coast. The present study investigated the germination and seedling establishment in Z. japonica seeds (collected from northern China) under different temperature and salinity conditions to explore suitable seed germination and establishment conditions, as well as the seedling formation process. Results showed that salinity had a more significant influence on seed germination rate. Germination rate decreased with an increase in salinity, and seeds did not germinate when salinity was higher than 40 psu. Temperature was more likely to influence germination speed, which increased with an increase in temperature, with high germination rates and the most rapid germination speed observed at 30 °C. Therefore, the optimal culture conditions were 10 psu salinity at 30 °C for germination and 10-20 psu salinity at 20 °C for seedling establishment, with a seed germination rate of 45.6% after 6 days of germination culture and a seedling establishment rate of 14.3% after 6 days of seedling culture, respectively. A new seedling raising method with low salinity (5 psu) germination and high salinity (20 psu) seedling establishment was proposed and a flow chart of seedling formation of Z. japonica was created. The results provide insight into the seed germination and seedling establishment in Z. japonica, and will facilitate future large-scale seedling culture and field restoration activities for this seagrass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaochun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruiting Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Beihai, China
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Xu S, Xu S, Zhou Y, Zhao P, Yue S, Song X, Zhang X, Gu R, Wang P, Zhang Y. Single beam sonar reveals the distribution of the eelgrass Zostera marina L. and threats from the green tide algae Chaetomorpha linum K. in Swan-Lake lagoon (China). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 145:611-623. [PMID: 31590831 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seagrass meadows are declining at alarming rates globally due to both anthropogenic activities and natural threats. Seagrasses play key ecological roles in coastal ecosystems as primary producers and providers of habitat and environmental structure. Therefore, mapping seagrass beds is indispensable for the effective monitoring and management of coastal vegetated habitats. In contrast to direct sampling techniques and optical remote sensing, active hydroacoustic techniques are relatively inexpensive and efficient for the detection of seagrass. We used a single beam echosounder to detect the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the eelgrass Zostera marina L. in an important overwintering habitat for the whooper swan Cygnus cygnus (Swan-Lake lagoon), northern China. We also distinguished echograms of the macroalgae Chaetomorpha linum K. and outlined its threat to seagrass. We also propose a method for calculating the accuracy of interpolation analyses. Results showed that: (1) The distribution of seagrass in Swan Lake varies with seasons, with maximum distribution area in summer. The maximum distribution area of seagrass beds in Swan Lake was 199.09 ha-231.67 ha, accounting for 41.48%-48.26% of the area of Swan Lake; (2) C. linum is a growing threat for seagrass beds of Swan-lake, with distribution area as high as 129.28 ha in May 2018. The invasion and competition by C. linum against seagrass beds could be one of the reasons for the decline in seagrass beds in Swan-Lake; (3) Topo to Raster has the highest interpolation accuracy and is the most conservative among three interpolation methods. Topo to Raster was the most suitable interpolation method for the sonar detection of seagrass beds. The findings may facilitate the application of sonar technology in seagrass monitoring and provide data for the formulation of appropriate seagrass bed management and restoration strategies and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaochun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Beihai, China
| | - Shidong Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyue Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ruiting Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiliang Wang
- Weihai Hongrun Marine S&T Co., LTD, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Unsworth RKF, McKenzie LJ, Collier CJ, Cullen-Unsworth LC, Duarte CM, Eklöf JS, Jarvis JC, Jones BL, Nordlund LM. Global challenges for seagrass conservation. AMBIO 2019; 48:801-815. [PMID: 30456457 PMCID: PMC6541581 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1115-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses, flowering marine plants that form underwater meadows, play a significant global role in supporting food security, mitigating climate change and supporting biodiversity. Although progress is being made to conserve seagrass meadows in select areas, most meadows remain under significant pressure resulting in a decline in meadow condition and loss of function. Effective management strategies need to be implemented to reverse seagrass loss and enhance their fundamental role in coastal ocean habitats. Here we propose that seagrass meadows globally face a series of significant common challenges that must be addressed from a multifaceted and interdisciplinary perspective in order to achieve global conservation of seagrass meadows. The six main global challenges to seagrass conservation are (1) a lack of awareness of what seagrasses are and a limited societal recognition of the importance of seagrasses in coastal systems; (2) the status of many seagrass meadows are unknown, and up-to-date information on status and condition is essential; (3) understanding threatening activities at local scales is required to target management actions accordingly; (4) expanding our understanding of interactions between the socio-economic and ecological elements of seagrass systems is essential to balance the needs of people and the planet; (5) seagrass research should be expanded to generate scientific inquiries that support conservation actions; (6) increased understanding of the linkages between seagrass and climate change is required to adapt conservation accordingly. We also explicitly outline a series of proposed policy actions that will enable the scientific and conservation community to rise to these challenges. We urge the seagrass conservation community to engage stakeholders from local resource users to international policy-makers to address the challenges outlined here, in order to secure the future of the world's seagrass ecosystems and maintain the vital services which they supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. F. Unsworth
- Seagrass Ecosystem Research Group, College of Science, Swansea University, Wallace Building, Swansea, SA2 8PP UK
- Project Seagrass, 33 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BA UK
| | - Len J. McKenzie
- Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Catherine J. Collier
- Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Leanne C. Cullen-Unsworth
- Project Seagrass, 33 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BA UK
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BA UK
| | - Carlos M. Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Johan S. Eklöf
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jessie C. Jarvis
- Department of Biology & Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Rd, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA
| | - Benjamin L. Jones
- Project Seagrass, 33 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BA UK
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BA UK
| | - Lina M. Nordlund
- Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, NRHU Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Campus Gotland, Sweden
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120
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Chen J, McIlroy SE, Archana A, Baker DM, Panagiotou G. A pollution gradient contributes to the taxonomic, functional, and resistome diversity of microbial communities in marine sediments. MICROBIOME 2019; 7:104. [PMID: 31307536 PMCID: PMC6632204 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-019-0714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coastal marine environments are one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth. However, anthropogenic impacts exert significant pressure on coastal marine biodiversity, contributing to functional shifts in microbial communities and human health risk factors. However, relatively little is known about the impact of eutrophication-human-derived nutrient pollution-on the marine microbial biosphere. RESULTS Here, we tested the hypothesis that benthic microbial diversity and function varies along a pollution gradient, with a focus on human pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes. Comprehensive metagenomic analysis including taxonomic investigation, functional detection, and ARG annotation revealed that zinc, lead, total volatile solids, and ammonia nitrogen were correlated with microbial diversity and function. We propose several microbes, including Planctomycetes and sulfate-reducing microbes as candidates to reflect pollution concentration. Annotation of antibiotic resistance genes showed that the highest abundance of efflux pumps was found at the most polluted site, corroborating the relationship between pollution and human health risk factors. This result suggests that sediments at polluted sites harbor microbes with a higher capacity to reduce intracellular levels of antibiotics, heavy metals, or other environmental contaminants. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a correlation between pollution and the marine sediment microbiome and provide insight into the role of high-turnover microbial communities as well as potential pathogenic organisms as real-time indicators of water quality, with implications for human health and demonstrate the inner functional shifts contributed by the microcommunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Chen
- Systems Biology & Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shelby E McIlroy
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anand Archana
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David M Baker
- Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, Jena, 07745, Germany.
- Department of Microbiology Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Systems Biology & Bioinformatics Group, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Kermagoret C, Claudet J, Derolez V, Nugues MM, Ouisse V, Quillien N, Bailly D. Dataset on marine ecosystem services supplied by coral reefs, sandy beaches and coastal lagoons in different eutrophication states. Data Brief 2019; 25:104078. [PMID: 31245514 PMCID: PMC6582232 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This data article provides indicators of Ecosystem Service (ES) supply for coral reefs, sandy beaches and coastal lagoons in different ecological states regarding eutrophication. 14 ES are considered: food through fisheries; material; molecules; coastal protection; nutrient regulation; pathogen regulation; climate regulation; support of recreational and leisure activities; contribution to a pleasant landscape; contribution to culture and territorial identity; emblematic biodiversity; habitat; trophic networks; recruitment. For each ecosystem 3 to 4 eutrophication states are described. Indicators of ES supply are filled on the basis of a literature review supplemented with expert-knowledge. A semi-quantification of the indicator value is finally provided. Tendencies and trade-offs between ES are analyzed in How does eutrophication impact bundles of ecosystem services in multiple coastal habitats using state-and-transition models [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Kermagoret
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, IUEM, 29280, Plouzane, France.,Département des Sciences Naturelles, Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Canada
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Université Paris, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, Maison des Océans, 195 rue Saint-Jacques 75005 Paris, France.,Labex Corail, CRIOBE, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Valérie Derolez
- MARBEC, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Av. Jean Monnet, 30171 - 34203 Sète Cedex, CS, France
| | - Maggy M Nugues
- EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD-CNRS, USR3278 CRIOBE, F-66860 Perpignan, France.,Labex Corail, CRIOBE, 98729 Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Vincent Ouisse
- MARBEC, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Av. Jean Monnet, 30171 - 34203 Sète Cedex, CS, France
| | | | - Denis Bailly
- Univ Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, UMR 6308, AMURE, IUEM, 29280, Plouzane, France
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Abstract
Traditional aquaculture provides food for humans, but produces a large amount of wastewater, threatening global sustainability. The antibiotics abuse and the water replacement or treatment causes safety problems and increases the aquaculture cost. To overcome environmental and economic problems in the aquaculture industry, a lot of efforts have been devoted into the application of microalgae for wastewater remediation, biomass production, and water quality control. In this review, the systematic description of the technologies required for microalgae-assisted aquaculture and the recent progress were discussed. It deeply reviews the problems caused by the discharge of aquaculture wastewater and introduces the principles of microalgae-assisted aquaculture. Some interesting aspects, including nutrients assimilation mechanisms, algae cultivation systems (raceway pond and revolving algal biofilm), wastewater pretreatment, algal-bacterial cooperation, harvesting technologies (fungi-assisted harvesting and flotation), selection of algal species, and exploitation of value-added microalgae as aquaculture feed, were reviewed in this work. In view of the limitations of recent studies, to further reduce the negative effects of aquaculture wastewater on global sustainability, the future directions of microalgae-assisted aquaculture for industrial applications were suggested.
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Pollock FJ, Lamb JB, van de Water JAJM, Smith HA, Schaffelke B, Willis BL, Bourne DG. Reduced diversity and stability of coral-associated bacterial communities and suppressed immune function precedes disease onset in corals. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190355. [PMID: 31312497 PMCID: PMC6599770 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Disease is an emerging threat to coral reef ecosystems worldwide, highlighting the need to understand how environmental conditions interact with coral immune function and associated microbial communities to affect holobiont health. Increased coral disease incidence on reefs adjacent to permanently moored platforms on Australia's Great Barrier Reef provided a unique case study to investigate environment-host-microbe interactions in situ. Here, we evaluate coral-associated bacterial community (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing), immune function (protein-based prophenoloxidase-activating system), and water quality parameters before, during and after a disease event. Over the course of the study, 31% of tagged colonies adjacent to platforms developed signs of white syndrome (WS), while all control colonies on a platform-free reef remained visually healthy. Corals adjacent to platforms experienced significant reductions in coral immune function. Additionally, the corals at platform sites that remained visually healthy throughout the study had reduced bacterial diversity compared to healthy colonies at the platform-free site. Interestingly, prior to the observation of macroscopic disease, corals that would develop WS had reduced bacterial diversity and significantly greater community heterogeneity between colonies compared to healthy corals at the same location. These results suggest that activities associated with offshore marine infrastructure impacts coral immunocompetence and associated bacterial community, which affects the susceptibility of corals to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Joseph Pollock
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joleah B. Lamb
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen A. J. M. van de Water
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 Quai Antoine 1er, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Hillary A. Smith
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Britta Schaffelke
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bette L. Willis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - David G. Bourne
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- AIMS@JCU, Australian Institute of Marine Science and James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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124
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Murphy GE, Wong MC, Lotze HK. A human impact metric for coastal ecosystems with application to seagrass beds in Atlantic Canada. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coastal biogenic habitats are vulnerable to human impacts from both terrestrial and marine realms. Yet the broad spatial scale used in current approaches of quantifying anthropogenic stressors is not relevant to the finer scales affecting most coastal habitats. We developed a standardized human impact metric that includes five bay-scale and four local-scale (0–1 km) terrestrial and marine-based impacts to quantify the magnitude of anthropogenic impacts to coastal bays and nearshore biogenic habitats. We applied this metric to 180 seagrass beds ( Zostera marina), an important biogenic habitat prioritized for marine protection, in 52 bays across Atlantic Canada. The results show that seagrass beds and coastal bays exist across a wide human impact gradient and provide insight into which are the most and least affected by human threats. Generally, land alteration, nutrient loading, and shellfish aquaculture were higher in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, whereas invasive species and fishing activities were higher along the Atlantic coast. Sixty-four percent of bays were at risk of seagrass decline from nitrogen loading. We also found high within-bay variation in impact intensity, emphasizing the necessity of quantifying impacts at multiple spatial scales. We discuss implications for management and conservation planning, and application to other coastal habitats in Canada and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E.P. Murphy
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Melisa C. Wong
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 1 Challenger Drive, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada
| | - Heike K. Lotze
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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125
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New Feature Classes for Acoustic Habitat Mapping—A Multibeam Echosounder Point Cloud Analysis for Mapping Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV). GEOSCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences9050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A new method for multibeam echosounder (MBES) data analysis is presented with the aim of improving habitat mapping, especially when considering submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). MBES data were acquired with 400 kHz in 1–8 m water depth with a spatial resolution in the decimeter scale. The survey area was known to be populated with the seagrass Zostera marina and the bathymetric soundings were highly influenced by this habitat. The depth values often coincide with the canopy of the seagrass. Instead of classifying the data with a digital terrain model and the given derivatives, we derive predictive features from the native point cloud of the MBES soundings in a similar way to terrestrial LiDAR data analysis. We calculated the eigenvalues to derive nine characteristic features, which include linearity, planarity, and sphericity. The features were calculated for each sounding within a cylindrical neighborhood of 0.5 m radius and holding 88 neighboring soundings, on average, during our survey. The occurrence of seagrass was ground-truthed by divers and aerial photography. A data model was constructed and we applied a random forest machine learning supervised classification to predict between the two cases of “seafloor” and “vegetation”. Prediction by linearity, planarity, and sphericity resulted in 88.5% prediction accuracy. After constructing the higher-order eigenvalue derivatives and having the nine features available, the model resulted in 96% prediction accuracy. This study outlines for the first time that valuable feature classes can be derived from MBES point clouds—an approach that could substantially improve bathymetric measurements and habitat mapping.
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126
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Abstract
The health of both coral reefs and people are imperiled by a local threat that is widespread across the globe-sewage and the typical components it carries (e.g., nutrients, sediments, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, pathogens, and pharmaceuticals). Despite this common threat, those concerned with human health and those concerned with coral reef health have rarely joined forces. To jump-start an alliance between coral conservation and human health sectors, this article documents the threats that humans and reefs face and identifies threat-abatement strategies that will benefit both people and reefs, highlighting the mitigation of water pollution as a prime example. By joining forces, marine conservationists and human health practitioners can increase the amount and efficiency of both intellectual and financial resources they bring to bear against sewage.
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127
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Jiang Z, Zhao C, Yu S, Liu S, Cui L, Wu Y, Fang Y, Huang X. Contrasting root length, nutrient content and carbon sequestration of seagrass growing in offshore carbonate and onshore terrigenous sediments in the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:151-159. [PMID: 30690350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to distinct human disturbances and sediment type, seagrasses growing in offshore carbonate and onshore terrigenous sediments may show contrasting characteristics. A comparison of seagrass morphology, nutrient content and sediment carbon pools was taken for seagrass beds inhabiting offshore carbonate sediments in Xuande Atoll and onshore terrigenous sediments in Hainan Island, South China Sea. Lower nitrogen (N) content was observed in the aboveground (1.1%-2.8%) and belowground (0.4%-1.5%) tissue of seagrasses in Xuande Atoll than in the same species (aboveground: 2.7%-3.6%; belowground: 1.2%-2.8%) in Hainan Island. Greater depletion of leaf δ15N of Thalassia hemprichii (T. hemprichii) and Halodule pinifolia (H. pinifolia) in Xuande Atoll indicated nitrogen fixation might be the major source of nitrogen in oligotrophic reef environments. The root lengths of the seagrass species in Xuande Atoll were longer than the same species in Hainan Island. Sediment inorganic carbon (SIC) was considerably higher than sediment organic carbon (SOC) in the carbonate sediment, while the opposite trend was found in the terrigenous sediments. The SOC stock in the carbonate and terrigenous sediments was 2.41 ± 0.78 Mg C ha-1 and 2.20 ± 0.34 Mg C ha-1 in the top 5 cm, respectively, while the corresponding SIC was 84.38 ± 21.65 Mg C ha-1 and 1.27 ± 0.51 Mg C ha-1, respectively. The average CO2 net sequestered in the carbonate sediment in Xuande Atoll and the terrigenous sediment in Hainan Island were -48.22 ± -12.21 Mg C ha-1 and 1.44 ± 0.03 Mg C ha-1, respectively. This suggested seagrass sediment was a source of CO2 during sediment production in the carbonate sediment but a sink of CO2 in the terrigenous sediment. Thus, the N concentration in seagrass leaf, root length, sediment carbon composition and pools were contrasted between offshore carbonate sediments and onshore terrigenous sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuo Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; Fouth Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Beihai 53600, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Lijun Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yunchao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, PR China
| | - Yang Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou 510301, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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128
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Zunino S, Canu DM, Zupo V, Solidoro C. Direct and indirect impacts of marine acidification on the ecosystem services provided by coralligenous reefs and seagrass systems. Glob Ecol Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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129
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Elliott JK, Simpson H, Teesdale A, Replogle A, Elliott M, Coats K, Chastagner G. A Novel Phagomyxid Parasite Produces Sporangia in Root Hair Galls of Eelgrass (Zostera marina). Protist 2018; 170:64-81. [PMID: 30710862 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the parasite causing the formation of root hair galls on eelgrass (Zostera marina) in Puget Sound, WA. Microscopic and molecular analyses revealed that a novel protist formed plasmodia that developed into sporangia in root hair tip galls and released biflagellate swimming zoospores. Root hair galls were also observed in the basal section of root hairs, and contained plasmodia or formed thick-walled structures filled with cells (resting spores). Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rDNA sequence data obtained from cells in sporangia indicated that the closest relative of the parasite with a known taxonomic identification was Plasmodiophora diplantherae (86.9% sequence similarity), a phagomyxid parasite that infects the seagrass Halodule spp. To determine the local geographic distribution of the parasite, root and soil samples were taken from four eelgrass populations in Puget Sound and analyzed for root hair galls and parasite DNA using a newly designed qPCR protocol. The percent of root hairs with galls and amount of parasite DNA in roots and sediment varied among the four eelgrass populations. Future studies are needed to establish the taxonomy of the parasite, its effects on Z. marina, and the factors that determine its distribution and abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel K Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98406, USA.
| | - Hunter Simpson
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98406, USA
| | - Alex Teesdale
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98406, USA
| | - Amy Replogle
- Department of Biology, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98406, USA
| | - Marianne Elliott
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Kathryn Coats
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Gary Chastagner
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
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130
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Nakagawa T, Tsuchiya Y, Ueda S, Fukui M, Takahashi R. Eelgrass Sediment Microbiome as a Nitrous Oxide Sink in Brackish Lake Akkeshi, Japan. Microbes Environ 2018; 34:13-22. [PMID: 30504642 PMCID: PMC6440730 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas; however, limited information is currently available on the microbiomes involved in its sink and source in seagrass meadow sediments. Using laboratory incubations, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of N2O reductase (nosZ) and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes, and a metagenome analysis based on the nosZ gene, we investigated the abundance of N2O-reducing microorganisms and ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes as well as the community compositions of N2O-reducing microorganisms in in situ and cultivated sediments in the non-eelgrass and eelgrass zones of Lake Akkeshi, Japan. Laboratory incubations showed that N2O was reduced by eelgrass sediments and emitted by non-eelgrass sediments. qPCR analyses revealed that the abundance of nosZ gene clade II in both sediments before and after the incubation as higher in the eelgrass zone than in the non-eelgrass zone. In contrast, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaeal amoA genes increased after incubations in the non-eelgrass zone only. Metagenome analyses of nosZ genes revealed that the lineages Dechloromonas-Magnetospirillum-Thiocapsa and Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteriia) within nosZ gene clade II were the main populations in the N2O-reducing microbiome in the in situ sediments of eelgrass zones. Sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria within nosZ gene clade II dominated in the lineage Dechloromonas-Magnetospirillum-Thiocapsa. Alphaproteobacteria within nosZ gene clade I were predominant in both zones. The proportions of Epsilonproteobacteria within nosZ gene clade II increased after incubations in the eelgrass zone microcosm supplemented with N2O only. Collectively, these results suggest that the N2O-reducing microbiome in eelgrass meadows is largely responsible for coastal N2O mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shingo Ueda
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Manabu Fukui
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
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131
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132
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Trade-offs and Synergies in the Structural and Functional Characteristics of Leaves Photosynthesizing in Aquatic Environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93594-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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133
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Koweek DA, Zimmerman RC, Hewett KM, Gaylord B, Giddings SN, Nickols KJ, Ruesink JL, Stachowicz JJ, Takeshita Y, Caldeira K. Expected limits on the ocean acidification buffering potential of a temperate seagrass meadow. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:1694-1714. [PMID: 30063809 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification threatens many marine organisms, especially marine calcifiers. The only global-scale solution to ocean acidification remains rapid reduction in CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, interest in localized mitigation strategies has grown rapidly because of the recognized threat ocean acidification imposes on natural communities, including ones important to humans. Protection of seagrass meadows has been considered as a possible approach for localized mitigation of ocean acidification due to their large standing stocks of organic carbon and high productivity. Yet much work remains to constrain the magnitudes and timescales of potential buffering effects from seagrasses. We developed a biogeochemical box model to better understand the potential for a temperate seagrass meadow to locally mitigate the effects of ocean acidification. Then we parameterized the model using data from Tomales Bay, an inlet on the coast of California, USA which supports a major oyster farming industry. We conducted a series of month-long model simulations to characterize processes that occur during summer and winter. We found that average pH in the seagrass meadows was typically within 0.04 units of the pH of the primary source waters into the meadow, although we did find occasional periods (hours) when seagrass metabolism may modify the pH by up to ±0.2 units. Tidal phasing relative to the diel cycle modulates localized pH buffering within the seagrass meadow such that maximum buffering occurs during periods of the year with midday low tides. Our model results suggest that seagrass metabolism in Tomales Bay would not provide long-term ocean acidification mitigation. However, we emphasize that our model results may not hold in meadows where assumptions about depth-averaged net production and seawater residence time within the seagrass meadow differ from our model assumptions. Our modeling approach provides a framework that is easily adaptable to other seagrass meadows in order to evaluate the extent of their individual buffering capacities. Regardless of their ability to buffer ocean acidification, seagrass meadows maintain many critically important ecosystem goods and services that will be increasingly important as humans increasingly affect coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Koweek
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Insitution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Richard C Zimmerman
- Department of Ocean, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, Old Dominion University, 4600 Elkhorn Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hewett
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, 2099 Westshore Road, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA
| | - Sarah N Giddings
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive 0206, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Kerry J Nickols
- Department of Biology, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California, 91330, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ruesink
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - John J Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Yuichiro Takeshita
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, California, 95039, USA
| | - Ken Caldeira
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Insitution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
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134
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Cullen-Unsworth LC, Unsworth R. A call for seagrass protection. SCIENCE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 361:446-448. [PMID: 30072524 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Unsworth
- College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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135
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Leigh SC, Papastamatiou YP, German DP. Seagrass digestion by a notorious 'carnivore'. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1583. [PMID: 30185641 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
What an animal consumes and what an animal digests and assimilates for energetic demands are not always synonymous. Sharks, uniformly accepted as carnivores, have guts that are presumed to be well suited for a high-protein diet. However, the bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo), which is abundant in critical seagrass habitats, has been previously shown to consume copious amounts of seagrass (up to 62.1% of gut content mass), although it is unknown if they can digest and assimilate seagrass nutrients. To determine if bonnetheads digest seagrass nutrients, captive sharks were fed a 13C-labelled seagrass diet. Digestibility analyses, digestive enzyme assays and stable isotope analyses were used to determine the bonnethead shark's capacity for digesting and assimilating seagrass material. Compound-specific stable isotope analysis showed that sharks assimilated seagrass carbon (13.6 ± 6.77‰ δ13C mean ± s.d. for all sharks and all amino acid types analysed) with 50 ± 2% digestibility of seagrass organic matter. Additionally, cellulose-component-degrading enzyme activities were detected in shark hindguts. We show that a coastal shark is digesting seagrass with at least moderate efficiency, which has ecological implications due to the stabilizing role of omnivory and nutrient transport within fragile seagrass ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Leigh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yannis P Papastamatiou
- Marine Sciences Program, Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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136
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Lin H, Sun T, Adams MP, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Xu S, Gu R. Seasonal dynamics of trace elements in sediment and seagrass tissues in the largest Zostera japonica habitat, the Yellow River Estuary, northern China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018. [PMID: 29534833 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Trace element accumulation is an anthropogenic threat to seagrass ecosystems, which in turn may affect the health of humans who depend on these ecosystems. Trace element accumulation in seagrass meadows may vary temporally due to, e.g., seasonal patterns in sediment discharge from upstream areas. In addition, when several trace elements are present in sufficiently high concentrations, the risk of seagrass loss due to the cumulative impact of these trace elements is increased. To assess the seasonal variation and cumulative risk of trace element contamination to seagrass meadows, trace element (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Mn and Zn) levels in surface sediment and seagrass tissues were measured in the largest Chinese Zostera japonica habitat, located in the Yellow River Estuary, at three sites and three seasons (fall, spring and summer) in 2014-2015. In all three seasons, trace element accumulation in the sediment exceeded background levels for Cd and Hg. Cumulative risk to Z. japonica habitat in the Yellow River Estuary, from all trace elements together, was assessed as "moderate" in all three seasons examined. Bioaccumulation of trace elements by seagrass tissues was highly variable between seasons and between above-ground and below-ground biomass. The variation in trace element concentration of seagrass tissues was much higher than the variation in trace element concentration of the sediment. In addition, for trace elements which tended to accumulate more in above-ground biomass than below-ground biomass (Cd and Mn), the ratio of above-ground to below-ground trace element concentration peaked at times corresponding to high water discharge and high sediment loads in the Yellow River Estuary. Overall, our results suggest that trace element accumulation in the sediment may not vary between seasons, but bioaccumulation in seagrass tissues is highly variable and may respond directly to trace elements in the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Matthew P Adams
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Shaochun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Ruiting Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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137
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Hessing-Lewis M, Rechsteiner EU, Hughes BB, Tim Tinker M, Monteith ZL, Olson AM, Henderson MM, Watson JC. Ecosystem features determine seagrass community response to sea otter foraging. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 134:134-144. [PMID: 29221592 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Comparing sea otter recovery in California (CA) and British Columbia (BC) reveals key ecosystem properties that shape top-down effects in seagrass communities. We review potential ecosystem drivers of sea otter foraging in CA and BC seagrass beds, including the role of coastline complexity and environmental stress on sea otter effects. In BC, we find greater species richness across seagrass trophic assemblages. Furthermore, Cancer spp. crabs, an important link in the seagrass trophic cascade observed in CA, are less common. Additionally, the more recent reintroduction of sea otters, more complex coastline, and reduced environmental stress in BC seagrass habitats supports the hypotheses that sea otter foraging pressure is currently reduced there. In order to manage the ecosystem features that lead to regional differences in top predator effects in seagrass communities, we review our findings, their spatial and temporal constraints, and present a social-ecological framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin U Rechsteiner
- Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0, Canada; Applied Conservation Science Lab, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4, Canada
| | - Brent B Hughes
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA; Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
| | - M Tim Tinker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Long Marine Laboratory, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jane C Watson
- Biology Department, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth St., Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
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138
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Unsworth RKF, Ambo-Rappe R, Jones BL, La Nafie YA, Irawan A, Hernawan UE, Moore AM, Cullen-Unsworth LC. Indonesia's globally significant seagrass meadows are under widespread threat. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:279-286. [PMID: 29627551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indonesia's marine ecosystems form a fundamental part of the world's natural heritage, representing a global maxima of marine biodiversity and supporting the world's second largest production of seafood. Seagrasses are a key part of that support. In the absence of empirical data we present evidence from expert opinions as to the state of Indonesia's seagrass ecosystems, their support for ecosystem services, with a focus on fisheries, and the damaging activities that threaten their existence. We further draw on expert opinion to elicit potential solutions to prevent further loss. Seagrasses and the ecosystem services they support across the Indonesian archipelago are in a critical state of decline. Declining seagrass health is the result of shifting environmental conditions due largely to coastal development, land reclamation, and deforestation, as well as seaweed farming, overfishing and garbage dumping. In particular, we also describe the declining state of the fisheries resources that seagrass meadows support. The perilous state of Indonesia's seagrasses will compromise their resilience to climate change and result in a loss of their high ecosystem service value. Community supported management initiatives provide one mechanism for seagrass protection. Exemplars highlight the need for increased local level autonomy for the management of marine resources, opening up opportunities for incentive type conservation schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K F Unsworth
- Seagrass Ecosystem Research Group, College of Science, Wallace Building, Swansea University, SA2 8PP, UK; Project Seagrass, 33 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK
| | - Rohani Ambo-Rappe
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea Km. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Benjamin L Jones
- Project Seagrass, 33 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK; Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BA, UK
| | - Yayu A La Nafie
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea Km. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - A Irawan
- Research Center for Deep Sea - Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Y. Syaranamual Street, Ambon 97233, Indonesia
| | - Udhi E Hernawan
- Research Centre for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia
| | - Abigail M Moore
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea Km. 10, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Leanne C Cullen-Unsworth
- Project Seagrass, 33 Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3BA, UK; Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, 33 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BA, UK.
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139
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Gu R, Zhou Y, Song X, Xu S, Zhang X, Lin H, Xu S, Zhu S. Effects of temperature and salinity on Ruppia sinensis seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 134:177-185. [PMID: 28823425 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As typical submerged aquatic vegetation, Ruppia species are facing population reductions due to anthropogenic impacts. In this study, we investigated the effects of temperature and salinity on seed germination and seedling establishment of Ruppia sinensis seeds collected from northern China. The effects of seven salinities (0-50) and six water temperatures (0-30°C) on seed germination were investigated to identify the environmental conditions that could potentially limit survival and growth. We found that: 1) optimum seed germination was salinity 5 at 30°C; 2) high salinity (salinity 40-50) and low temperature (0°C) significantly inhibited seed germination; 3) seed germination with increasing temperature showed a bimodal pattern at suitable salinities (5-10); 4) storing seeds at high salinities (40-50) or low temperature (0°C) promoted germination after transferal to optimal germination conditions. These findings may serve as useful information for R. sinensis habitat establishment and restoration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyue Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shaochun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Haiying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Shuai Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Shuyu Zhu
- Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Dongying 257200, PR China
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140
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Egea LG, Jiménez-Ramos R, Vergara JJ, Hernández I, Brun FG. Interactive effect of temperature, acidification and ammonium enrichment on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 134:14-26. [PMID: 29475735 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global (e.g. climate change) and local factors (e.g. nutrient enrichment) act together in nature strongly hammering coastal ecosystems, where seagrasses play a critical ecological role. This experiment explores the combined effects of warming, acidification and ammonium enrichment on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa under a full factorial mesocosm design. Warming increased plant production but at the expense of reducing carbon reserves. Meanwhile, acidification had not effects on plant production but increased slightly carbon reserves, while a slight stimulation of net production and a slight decrease on carbon reserves under ammonium supply were recorded. When all the factors were combined together improved the production and carbon reserves of Cymodocea nodosa, indicating that acidification improved ammonium assimilation and buffered the enhanced respiration promoted by temperature. Therefore, it could indicate that this temperate species may benefit under the simulated future scenarios, but indirect effects (e.g. herbivory, mechanical stress, etc.) may counteract this balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Egea
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - R Jiménez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - J J Vergara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - I Hernández
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - F G Brun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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141
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Sullivan BK, Trevathan-Tackett SM, Neuhauser S, Govers LL. Review: Host-pathogen dynamics of seagrass diseases under future global change. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 134:75-88. [PMID: 28965923 PMCID: PMC6445351 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced global change is expected to amplify the disease risk for marine biota. However, the role of disease in the rapid global decline of seagrass is largely unknown. Global change may enhance seagrass susceptibility to disease through enhanced physiological stress, while simultaneously promoting pathogen development. This review outlines the characteristics of disease-forming organisms and potential impacts of global change on three groups of known seagrass pathogens: labyrinthulids, oomycetes and Phytomyxea. We propose that hypersalinity, climate warming and eutrophication pose the greatest risk for increasing frequency of disease outbreaks in seagrasses by increasing seagrass stress and lowering seagrass resilience. In some instances, global change may also promote pathogen development. However, there is currently a paucity of information on these seagrass pathosystems. We emphasise the need to expand current research to better understand the seagrass-pathogen relationships, serving to inform predicative modelling and management of seagrass disease under future global change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Sullivan
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Victorian Marine Science Consortium, 2A Bellarine Highway, Queenscliff, Victoria 3225, Australia.
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 2, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Laura L Govers
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Environmental Biology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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142
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Nordlund LM, Jackson EL, Nakaoka M, Samper-Villarreal J, Beca-Carretero P, Creed JC. Seagrass ecosystem services - What's next? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 134:145-151. [PMID: 28938998 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses, marine flowering plants, provide a wide range of ecosystem services, defined here as natural processes and components that directly or indirectly benefit human needs. Recent research has shown that there are still many gaps in our comprehension of seagrass ecosystem service provision. Furthermore, there seems to be little public knowledge of seagrasses in general and the benefits they provide. This begs the questions: how do we move forward with the information we have? What other information do we need and what actions do we need to take in order to improve the situation and appreciation for seagrass? Based on the outcomes from an international expert knowledge eliciting workshop, three key areas to advance seagrass ecosystem service research were identified: 1) Variability of ecosystem services within seagrass meadows and among different meadows; 2) Seagrass ecosystem services in relation to, and their connection with, other coastal habitats; and 3) Improvement in the communication of seagrass ecosystem services to the public. Here we present ways forward to advance seagrass ecosystem service research in order to raise the profile of seagrass globally, as a means to establish more effective conservation and restoration of these important coastal habitats around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Mtwana Nordlund
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emma L Jackson
- Department of Agriculture, Science and Environment, CQUniversity, Gladstone, 4680, Queensland, Australia
| | - Masahiro Nakaoka
- Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Aikappu 1, Akkeshi, Hokkaido 088-1113, Japan
| | - Jimena Samper-Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), Ciudad de la Investigación, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Pedro Beca-Carretero
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | - Joel C Creed
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Francisco Xavier 524, PHLC, sala 220, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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143
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Dawkins PD, Eisenlord ME, Yoshioka RM, Fiorenza E, Fruchter S, Giammona F, Winningham M, Harvell CD. Environment, dosage, and pathogen isolate moderate virulence in eelgrass wasting disease. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 130:51-63. [PMID: 30154272 DOI: 10.3354/dao03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eelgrass wasting disease, caused by the marine pathogen Labyrinthula zosterae, has the potential to devastate important eelgrass habitats worldwide. Although this host-pathogen interaction may increase under certain environmental conditions, little is known about how disease severity is impacted by multiple components of a changing environment. In this study, we investigated the effects of variation in 3 different L. zosterae isolates, pathogen dosage, temperature, and light on severity of infections. Severity of lesions on eelgrass varied among the 3 different isolates inoculated in laboratory trials. Our methods to control dosage of inoculum showed that disease severity increased with pathogen dosage from 104 to 106 cells ml-1. In a dosage-controlled light and temperature 2-way factorial experiment consisting of 2 light regimes (diel light cycle and complete darkness) and 2 temperatures (11 and 18°C), L. zosterae cell growth rate in vitro was higher at the warmer temperature. In a companion experiment that tested the effects of light and temperature in in vivo inoculations, disease severity was higher in dark treatments and temperature was marginally significant. We suggest that the much greater impact of light in the in vivo inoculation experiment indicates an important role for plant physiology and the need for photosynthesis in slowing severity of infections. Our work with controlled inoculation of distinct L. zosterae isolates shows that pathogen isolate, increasing dosage of inoculum, increasing temperature, and diminishing light increase disease severity, suggesting L. zosterae will cause increased damage to eelgrass beds with changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Dawkins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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144
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Kegler HF, Hassenrück C, Kegler P, Jennerjahn TC, Lukman M, Jompa J, Gärdes A. Small tropical islands with dense human population: differences in water quality of near-shore waters are associated with distinct bacterial communities. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4555. [PMID: 29761035 PMCID: PMC5944435 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Water quality deterioration caused by an enrichment in inorganic and organic matter due to anthropogenic inputs is one of the major local threats to coral reefs in Indonesia. However, even though bacteria are important mediators in coral reef ecosystems, little is known about the response of individual taxa and whole bacterial communities to these anthropogenic inputs. The present study is the first to investigate how bacterial community composition responds to small-scale changes in water quality in several coral reef habitats of the Spermonde Archipelago including the water column, particles, and back-reef sediments, on a densely populated and an uninhabited island. The main aims were to elucidate if (a) water quality indicators and organic matter concentrations differ between the uninhabited and the densely populated island of the archipelago, and (b) if there are differences in bacterial community composition in back-reef sediments and in the water column, which are associated with differences in water quality. Several key water quality parameters, such as inorganic nitrate and phosphate, chlorophyll a, and transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) were significantly higher at the inhabited than at the uninhabited island. Bacterial communities in sediments and particle-attached communities were significantly different between the two islands with bacterial taxa commonly associated with nutrient and organic matter-rich conditions occurring in higher proportions at the inhabited island. Within the individual reef habitats, variations in bacterial community composition between the islands were associated with differences in water quality. We also observed that copiotrophic, opportunistic bacterial taxa were enriched at the inhabited island with its higher chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon and TEP concentrations. Given the increasing strain on tropical coastal ecosystems, this study suggests that effluents from densely populated islands lacking sewage treatment can alter bacterial communities that may be important for coral reef ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke F. Kegler
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB2), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Christiane Hassenrück
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Pia Kegler
- Department of Ecology, Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Tim C. Jennerjahn
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Lukman
- Department of Marine Science, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Jamaluddin Jompa
- Department of Marine Science, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Astrid Gärdes
- Department of Biogeochemistry and Geology, Leibniz-Centre for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, Germany
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145
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Toft JD, Munsch SH, Cordell JR, Siitari K, Hare VC, Holycross BM, DeBruyckere LA, Greene CM, Hughes BB. Impact of multiple stressors on juvenile fish in estuaries of the northeast Pacific. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2008-2020. [PMID: 29341366 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A key step in identifying global change impacts on species and ecosystems is to quantify effects of multiple stressors. To date, the science of global change has been dominated by regional field studies, experimental manipulation, meta-analyses, conceptual models, reviews, and studies focusing on a single stressor or species over broad spatial and temporal scales. Here, we provide one of the first studies for coastal systems examining multiple stressor effects across broad scales, focused on the nursery function of 20 estuaries spanning 1,600 km of coastline, 25 years of monitoring, and seven fish and invertebrate species along the northeast Pacific coast. We hypothesized those species most estuarine dependent and negatively impacted by human activities would have lower presence and abundances in estuaries with greater anthropogenic land cover, pollution, and water flow stress. We found significant negative relationships between juveniles of two of seven species (Chinook salmon and English sole) and estuarine stressors. Chinook salmon were less likely to occur and were less abundant in estuaries with greater pollution stress. They were also less abundant in estuaries with greater flow stress, although this relationship was marginally insignificant. English sole were less abundant in estuaries with greater land cover stress. Together, we provide new empirical evidence that effects of stressors on two fish species culminate in detectable trends along the northeast Pacific coast, elevating the need for protection from pollution, land cover, and flow stressors to their habitats. Lack of response among the other five species could be related to differing resistance to specific stressors, type and precision of the stressor metrics, and limitations in catch data across estuaries and habitats. Acquiring improved measurements of impacts to species will guide future management actions, and help predict how estuarine nursery functions can be optimized given anthropogenic stressors and climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Toft
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stuart H Munsch
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffery R Cordell
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiira Siitari
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Van C Hare
- Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Lisa A DeBruyckere
- Pacific Marine and Estuarine Fish Habitat Partnership, Salem, OR, USA
- Creative Resource Strategies, LLC, Salem, OR, USA
| | - Correigh M Greene
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brent B Hughes
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke Marine Lab, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, USA
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146
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Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CMM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S. Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1029-1044. [PMID: 29024322 PMCID: PMC5772912 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi, nematodes and oomycetes belong to the most prominent eukaryotic plant pathogenic organisms. Unicellular organisms from other eukaryotic lineages, commonly addressed as protists, also infect plants. This review provides an introduction to plant pathogenic protists, including algae infecting oomycetes, and their current state of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schwelm
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCentre, Linnean Centre for Plant BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsala SE‐75007Sweden
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Julia Badstöber
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Simon Bulman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Desoignies
- Applied Plant Ecophysiology, Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut‐CondorcetAth 7800Belgium
| | - Mohammad Etemadi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
| | - Richard E. Falloon
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research LtdLincoln 7608New Zealand
| | - Claire M. M. Gachon
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
| | - Anne Legreve
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life InstituteLouvain‐la‐Neuve 1348Belgium
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchTorontoOntario M5G 1Z8Canada
| | - Ueli Merz
- Plant PathologyInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092Switzerland
| | - Anna Nenarokova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
- Faculty of SciencesUniversity of South Bohemia37005 České Budějovice (Budweis)Czech Republic
| | - Martina Strittmatter
- The Scottish Association for Marine ScienceScottish Marine InstituteOban PA37 1QAUK
- Present address:
Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS – UPMC, UMR7144 Adaptation and Diversity in the Marine Environment, Place Georges Teissier, CS 90074, 29688 Roscoff CedexFrance
| | - Brooke K. Sullivan
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010Australia
- School of BiosciencesVictorian Marine Science ConsortiumQueenscliffVic. 3225Australia
| | - Sigrid Neuhauser
- Institute of Microbiology, University of InnsbruckInnsbruck 6020Austria
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147
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Liu S, Jiang Z, Deng Y, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhao C, Huang D, Huang X, Trevathan-Tackett SM. Effects of nutrient loading on sediment bacterial and pathogen communities within seagrass meadows. Microbiologyopen 2018. [PMID: 29521006 PMCID: PMC6182560 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutrophication can play a significant role in seagrass decline and habitat loss. Microorganisms in seagrass sediments are essential to many important ecosystem processes, including nutrient cycling and seagrass ecosystem health. However, current knowledge of the bacterial communities, both beneficial and detrimental, within seagrass meadows in response to nutrient loading is limited. We studied the response of sediment bacterial and pathogen communities to nutrient enrichment on a tropical seagrass meadow in Xincun Bay, South China Sea. The bacterial taxonomic groups across all sites were dominated by the Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes. Sites nearest to the nutrient source and with the highest NH4+ and PO43− content had approximately double the relative abundance of putative denitrifiers Vibrionales, Alteromonadales, and Pseudomonadales. Additionally, the relative abundance of potential pathogen groups, especially Vibrio spp. and Pseudoalteromonas spp., was approximately 2‐fold greater at the sites with the highest nutrient loads compared to sites further from the source. These results suggest that proximity to sources of nutrient pollution increases the occurrence of potential bacterial pathogens that could affect fishes, invertebrates and humans. This study shows that nutrient enrichment does elicit shifts in bacterial community diversity and likely their function in local biogeochemical cycling and as a potential source of infectious diseases within seagrass meadows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China, Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China, Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqin Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China, Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China, Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China, Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Delian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China, Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China, Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Stacey M Trevathan-Tackett
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Vic., Australia
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148
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Buttigieg PL, Fadeev E, Bienhold C, Hehemann L, Offre P, Boetius A. Marine microbes in 4D-using time series observation to assess the dynamics of the ocean microbiome and its links to ocean health. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 43:169-185. [PMID: 29477022 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial observation is of high relevance in assessing marine phenomena of scientific and societal concern including ocean productivity, harmful algal blooms, and pathogen exposure. However, we have yet to realise its potential to coherently and comprehensively report on global ocean status. The ability of satellites to monitor the distribution of phytoplankton has transformed our appreciation of microbes as the foundation of key ecosystem services; however, more in-depth understanding of microbial dynamics is needed to fully assess natural and anthropogenically induced variation in ocean ecosystems. While this first synthesis shows that notable efforts exist, vast regions such as the ocean depths, the open ocean, the polar oceans, and most of the Southern Hemisphere lack consistent observation. To secure a coordinated future for a global microbial observing system, existing long-term efforts must be better networked to generate shared bioindicators of the Global Ocean's state and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Luigi Buttigieg
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Max Planck Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Eduard Fadeev
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Max Planck Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christina Bienhold
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Max Planck Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Laura Hehemann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Pierre Offre
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Antje Boetius
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Max Planck Institut für Marine Mikrobiologie, Celsiusstr. 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany; MARUM-Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, D-28334 Bremen, Germany.
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149
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Jones BL, Cullen-Unsworth LC, Unsworth RKF. Tracking Nitrogen Source Using δ 15N Reveals Human and Agricultural Drivers of Seagrass Degradation across the British Isles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:133. [PMID: 29467789 PMCID: PMC5808166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Excess nutrients shift the ecological balance of coastal ecosystems, and this eutrophication is an increasing problem across the globe. Nutrient levels may be routinely measured, but monitoring rarely attempts to determine the source of these nutrients, even though bio-indicators are available. Nitrogen stable isotope analysis in biota is one such bio-indicator, but across the British Isles, this is rarely used. In this study, we provide the first quantitative evidence of the anthropogenic drivers of reduced water quality surrounding seagrass meadows throughout the British Isles using the stable nitrogen isotope δ15N. The values of δ15N ranged from 3.15 to 20.16‰ (Mean ± SD = 8.69 ± 3.50‰), and were high within the Thames Basin suggesting a significant influx of urban sewage and livestock effluent into the system. Our study provides a rapid 'snapshot' indicating that many seagrass meadows in the British Isles are under anthropogenic stress given the widespread inefficiencies of current sewage treatment and farming practices. Ten of the 11 seagrass meadows sampled are within European marine protected sites. The 10 sites all contained seagrass contaminated by nutrients of a human and livestock waste origin leading us to question whether generic blanket protection is working for seagrasses in the United Kingdom. Infrastructure changes will be required if we are to develop strategic wastewater management plans that are effective in the long-term at protecting our designated Special Areas of Conservation. Currently, sewage pollution is a concealed issue; little information exists and is not readily accessible to members of the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L. Jones
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Project Seagrass, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne C. Cullen-Unsworth
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Project Seagrass, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K. F. Unsworth
- Project Seagrass, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Seagrass Ecosystem Research Group, College of Science, Wallace Building, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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150
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Carve M, Coggan TL, Myers JH, Clarke B, Nugegoda D, Shimeta J. Impacts on the seagrass, Zostera nigricaulis, from the herbicide Fusilade Forte ® used in the management of Spartina anglica infestations. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 195:15-23. [PMID: 29245107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide Fusilade Forte® (FF) is widely applied in agricultural weed management and in the management of the invasive saltmarsh grass, Spartina anglica (ricegrass or cordgrass). FF (active ingredient fluazifop-P acid, FPA) is selective for poaceous grasses. Its primary mode of action is inhibition of the acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) specific to this taxonomic group, and its secondary mode is by promotion of oxidative stress. FF is applied to S. anglica infestations in the intertidal zone, in proximity to seagrass meadows. Despite the potential for vital seagrass ecosystems to be exposed to FF, there is limited knowledge of any potential impacts. We investigated impacts of FPA on the endemic Australian seagrass, Zostera nigricaulis, measuring ACCase activity and parameters that reflect oxidative stress: photosynthetic performance, lipid peroxidation and photosynthetic pigment content. Seagrass was exposed to FF (0.01-10mgL-1 FPA and a control) for 7d, followed by a 7-d recovery in uncontaminated seawater. An enzyme assay demonstrated that FPA ≤10mgL-1 did not inhibit the activity of ACCase isolated from Z. nigricaulis, demonstrating that this seagrass is resistant to FF's primary mode of action. However, physiological impacts occurred following 7 days exposure to ≥0.1mgL-1 FPA, including up to a 72% reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentration. After 7-d recovery, photosynthetic pigment content improved in treatment plants; however, treated plants exhibited higher levels of lipid peroxidation. This study demonstrates that while Z. nigricaulis is resistant to FF's primary mode of action, significant physiological impacts occur following 7 days exposure to ≥0.1mgL-1 FPA. This study provides valuable information on the effects of FF on a non-target species that can better inform approaches to Spartina management in coastal seagrass ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Carve
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Timothy L Coggan
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Jackie H Myers
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Bradley Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia.
| | - Jeff Shimeta
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia.
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