101
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Wienisch M, Murthy VN. Population imaging at subcellular resolution supports specific and local inhibition by granule cells in the olfactory bulb. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29308. [PMID: 27388949 PMCID: PMC4937346 DOI: 10.1038/srep29308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Information processing in early sensory regions is modulated by a diverse range of inhibitory interneurons. We sought to elucidate the role of olfactory bulb interneurons called granule cells (GCs) in odor processing by imaging the activity of hundreds of these cells simultaneously in mice. Odor responses in GCs were temporally diverse and spatially disperse, with some degree of non-random, modular organization. The overall sparseness of activation of GCs was highly correlated with the extent of glomerular activation by odor stimuli. Increasing concentrations of single odorants led to proportionately larger population activity, but some individual GCs had non-monotonic relations to concentration due to local inhibitory interactions. Individual dendritic segments could sometimes respond independently to odors, revealing their capacity for compartmentalized signaling in vivo. Collectively, the response properties of GCs point to their role in specific and local processing, rather than global operations such as response normalization proposed for other interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wienisch
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular &Cellular Biology Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA, USA
| | - Venkatesh N Murthy
- Center for Brain Science and Department of Molecular &Cellular Biology Harvard University, Cambridge 02138, MA, USA
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102
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Colavita M, Terral G, Lemercier CE, Drago F, Marsicano G, Massa F. Layer-specific potentiation of network GABAergic inhibition in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28454. [PMID: 27345695 PMCID: PMC4921906 DOI: 10.1038/srep28454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important functions of GABAergic inhibition in cortical regions is the tight control of spatiotemporal activity of principal neuronal ensembles. However, electrophysiological recordings do not provide sufficient spatial information to determine the spatiotemporal properties of inhibitory plasticity. Using Voltage Sensitive Dye Imaging (VSDI) in mouse hippocampal slices, we demonstrate that GABAA-mediated field inhibitory postsynaptic potentials undergo layer-specific potentiation upon activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu). VSDI recordings allowed detection of pharmacologically isolated GABAA-dependent hyperpolarization signals. Bath-application of the selective group-I mGlu receptor agonist, (S)-3,5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG), induces an enhancement of the GABAergic VSDI-recorded signal, which is more or less pronounced in different hippocampal layers. This potentiation is mediated by mGlu5 and downstream activation of IP3 receptors. Our results depict network GABAergic activity in the hippocampal CA1 region and its sub-layers, showing also a novel form of inhibitory synaptic plasticity tightly coupled to glutamatergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Colavita
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, AVENIR Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation", 33077 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.,University of Catania, Biometec - Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Geoffrey Terral
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, AVENIR Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation", 33077 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Clement E Lemercier
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, AVENIR Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation", 33077 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Filippo Drago
- University of Catania, Biometec - Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, AVENIR Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation", 33077 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Federico Massa
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, AVENIR Group "Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation", 33077 Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
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103
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Jiang X, Lachance M, Rossignol E. Involvement of cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive basket cells in epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:81-126. [PMID: 27323940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons of the parvalbumin-positive fast-spiking basket cells subtype (PV INs) are important regulators of cortical network excitability and of gamma oscillations, involved in signal processing and cognition. Impaired development or function of PV INs has been associated with epilepsy in various animal models of epilepsy, as well as in some genetic forms of epilepsy in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the experimental data linking PV INs dysfunction with epilepsy, focusing on disorders of the specification, migration, maturation, synaptic function, or connectivity of PV INs. Furthermore, we reflect on the potential therapeutic use of cell-type specific stimulation of PV INs within active networks and on the transplantation of PV INs precursors in the treatment of epilepsy and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Lachance
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - E Rossignol
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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104
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Abstract
Somatostatin-expressing GABAergic neurons constitute a major class of inhibitory neurons in the mammalian cortex and are characterized by dense wiring into the local network and high basal firing activity that persists in the absence of synaptic input. This firing provides both GABA type A receptor (GABAAR)- and GABABR-mediated inhibition that operates at fast and slow timescales. The activity of somatostatin-expressing neurons is regulated by brain state, during learning and in rewarded behaviour. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how this class of cells can control network activity, with specific reference to how this is constrained by their anatomical and electrophysiological properties.
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105
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Perisse E, Owald D, Barnstedt O, Talbot CB, Huetteroth W, Waddell S. Aversive Learning and Appetitive Motivation Toggle Feed-Forward Inhibition in the Drosophila Mushroom Body. Neuron 2016; 90:1086-99. [PMID: 27210550 PMCID: PMC4893166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, negatively reinforcing dopaminergic neurons also provide the inhibitory control of satiety over appetitive memory expression. Here we show that aversive learning causes a persistent depression of the conditioned odor drive to two downstream feed-forward inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the mushroom body, called MVP2, or mushroom body output neuron (MBON)-γ1pedc>α/β. However, MVP2 neuron output is only essential for expression of short-term aversive memory. Stimulating MVP2 neurons preferentially inhibits the odor-evoked activity of avoidance-directing MBONs and odor-driven avoidance behavior, whereas their inhibition enhances odor avoidance. In contrast, odor-evoked activity of MVP2 neurons is elevated in hungry flies, and their feed-forward inhibition is required for expression of appetitive memory at all times. Moreover, imposing MVP2 activity promotes inappropriate appetitive memory expression in food-satiated flies. Aversive learning and appetitive motivation therefore toggle alternate modes of a common feed-forward inhibitory MVP2 pathway to promote conditioned odor avoidance or approach. Aversive learning reduces odor-specific feed-forward inhibition in mushroom body Feed-forward inhibition selectively inhibits avoidance-directing neural pathways Appetitive motivation increases feed-forward inhibition in the mushroom body Imposing feed-forward inhibition favors appetitive memory expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Perisse
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - David Owald
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Oliver Barnstedt
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Clifford B Talbot
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Wolf Huetteroth
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, The University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3SR, UK.
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106
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Jackson J, Ayzenshtat I, Karnani MM, Yuste R. VIP+ interneurons control neocortical activity across brain states. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:3008-17. [PMID: 26961109 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01124.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons are positioned to powerfully influence the dynamics of neural activity, yet the interneuron-mediated circuit mechanisms that control spontaneous and evoked neocortical activity remains elusive. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP+) interneurons are a specialized cell class which synapse specifically on other interneurons, potentially serving to facilitate increases in cortical activity. In this study, using in vivo Ca(2+) imaging, we describe the interaction between local network activity and VIP+ cells and determine their role in modulating neocortical activity in mouse visual cortex. VIP+ cells were active across brain states including locomotion, nonlocomotion, visual stimulation, and under anesthesia. VIP+ activity correlated most clearly with the mean level of population activity of nearby excitatory neurons during all brain states, suggesting VIP+ cells enable high-excitability states in the cortex. The pharmacogenetic blockade of VIP+ cell output reduced network activity during locomotion, nonlocomotion, anesthesia, and visual stimulation, suggesting VIP+ cells exert a state-independent facilitation of neural activity in the cortex. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that VIP+ neurons have a causal role in the generation of high-activity regimes during spontaneous and stimulus evoked neocortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Inbal Ayzenshtat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mahesh M Karnani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
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107
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Nikouei K, Muñoz-Manchado AB, Hjerling-Leffler J. BCL11B/CTIP2 is highly expressed in GABAergic interneurons of the mouse somatosensory cortex. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 71:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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108
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Efficient generation of region-specific forebrain neurons from human pluripotent stem cells under highly defined condition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18550. [PMID: 26670131 PMCID: PMC4680876 DOI: 10.1038/srep18550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have potential to differentiate to unlimited number of neural cells, which provide powerful tools for neural regeneration. To date, most reported protocols were established with an animal feeder system. However, cells derived on this system are inappropriate for the translation to clinical applications because of the introduction of xenogenetic factors. In this study, we provided an optimized paradigm to generate region-specific forebrain neurons from hPSCs under a defined system. We assessed five conditions and found that a vitronectin-coated substrate was the most efficient method to differentiate hPSCs to neurons and astrocytes. More importantly, by applying different doses of purmorphamine, a small-molecule agonist of sonic hedgehog signaling, hPSCs were differentiated to different region-specific forebrain neuron subtypes, including glutamatergic neurons, striatal medium spiny neurons, and GABA interneurons. Our study offers a highly defined system without exogenetic factors to produce human neurons and astrocytes for translational medical studies, including cell therapy and stem cell-based drug discovery.
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109
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Yabuno K, Morise J, Kizuka Y, Hashii N, Kawasaki N, Takahashi S, Miyata S, Izumikawa T, Kitagawa H, Takematsu H, Oka S. A Sulfated Glycosaminoglycan Linkage Region is a Novel Type of Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) Epitope Expressed on Aggrecan in Perineuronal Nets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144560. [PMID: 26659409 PMCID: PMC4686076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate (HSO3-3GlcAβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) is highly expressed in the brain and required for learning and neural plasticity. We previously demonstrated that expression of the HNK-1 epitope is mostly abolished in knockout mice for GlcAT-P (B3gat1), a major glucuronyltransferase required for HNK-1 biosynthesis, but remained in specific regions such as perineuronal nets (PNNs) in these mutant mice. Considering PNNs are mainly composed of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and regulate neural plasticity, GlcAT-P-independent expression of HNK-1 in PNNs is suggested to play a role in neural plasticity. However, the function, structure, carrier glycoprotein and biosynthetic pathway for GlcAT-P-irrelevant HNK-1 epitope remain unclear. In this study, we identified a unique HNK-1 structure on aggrecan in PNNs. To determine the biosynthetic pathway for the novel HNK-1, we generated knockout mice for GlcAT-S (B3gat2), the other glucuronyltransferase required for HNK-1 biosynthesis. However, GlcAT-P and GlcAT-S double-knockout mice did not exhibit reduced HNK-1 expression compared with single GlcAT-P-knockout mice, indicating an unusual biosynthetic pathway for the HNK-1 epitope in PNNs. Aggrecan was purified from cultured cells in which GlcAT-P and -S are not expressed and we determined the structure of the novel HNK-1 epitope using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) as a sulfated linkage region of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), HSO3-GlcA-Gal-Gal-Xyl-R. Taken together, we propose a hypothetical model where GlcAT-I, the sole glucuronyltransferase required for synthesis of the GAG linkage, is also responsible for biosynthesis of the novel HNK-1 on aggrecan. These results could lead to discovery of new roles of the HNK-1 epitope in neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yabuno
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jyoji Morise
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kizuka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Nana Kawasaki
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Miyata
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shogo Oka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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110
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Letzkus J, Wolff S, Lüthi A. Disinhibition, a Circuit Mechanism for Associative Learning and Memory. Neuron 2015; 88:264-76. [PMID: 26494276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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111
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Buzsáki G. Hippocampal sharp wave-ripple: A cognitive biomarker for episodic memory and planning. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1073-188. [PMID: 26135716 PMCID: PMC4648295 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 943] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sharp wave ripples (SPW-Rs) represent the most synchronous population pattern in the mammalian brain. Their excitatory output affects a wide area of the cortex and several subcortical nuclei. SPW-Rs occur during "off-line" states of the brain, associated with consummatory behaviors and non-REM sleep, and are influenced by numerous neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. They arise from the excitatory recurrent system of the CA3 region and the SPW-induced excitation brings about a fast network oscillation (ripple) in CA1. The spike content of SPW-Rs is temporally and spatially coordinated by a consortium of interneurons to replay fragments of waking neuronal sequences in a compressed format. SPW-Rs assist in transferring this compressed hippocampal representation to distributed circuits to support memory consolidation; selective disruption of SPW-Rs interferes with memory. Recently acquired and pre-existing information are combined during SPW-R replay to influence decisions, plan actions and, potentially, allow for creative thoughts. In addition to the widely studied contribution to memory, SPW-Rs may also affect endocrine function via activation of hypothalamic circuits. Alteration of the physiological mechanisms supporting SPW-Rs leads to their pathological conversion, "p-ripples," which are a marker of epileptogenic tissue and can be observed in rodent models of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's Disease. Mechanisms for SPW-R genesis and function are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Buzsáki
- The Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York
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112
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Frazer S, Otomo K, Dayer A. Early-life serotonin dysregulation affects the migration and positioning of cortical interneuron subtypes. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e644. [PMID: 26393490 PMCID: PMC5068808 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life deficiency of the serotonin transporter (SERT) gives rise to a wide range of psychiatric-relevant phenotypes; however, the molecular and cellular targets of serotonin dyregulation during neural circuit formation remain to be identified. Interestingly, migrating cortical interneurons (INs) derived from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) have been shown to be more responsive to serotonin-mediated signalling compared with INs derived from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). Here we investigated the impact of early-life SERT deficiency on the migration and positioning of CGE-derived cortical INs in SERT-ko mice and in mice exposed to the SERT inhibitor fluoxetine during the late embryonic period. Using confocal time-lapse imaging and microarray-based expression analysis we found that genetic and pharmacological SERT deficiency significantly increased the migratory speed of CGE-derived INs and affected transcriptional programmes regulating neuronal migration. Postnatal studies revealed that SERT deficiency altered the cortical laminar distribution of subtypes of CGE-derived INs but not MGE-derived INs. More specifically, we found that the distribution of vasointestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing INs in layer 2/3 was abnormal in both genetic and pharmacological SERT-deficiency models. Collectively, these data indicate that early-life SERT deficiency has an impact on the migration and molecular programmes of CGE-derived INs, thus leading to specific alterations in the positioning of VIP-expressing INs. These data add to the growing evidence that early-life serotonin dysregulation affects cortical microcircuit formation and contributes to the emergence of psychiatric-relevant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Frazer
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K Otomo
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Dayer
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychiatry and Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School (CMU), Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Genève 4, Geneva 1211, Switzerland. E-mail:
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113
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Stouffer MA, Golden JA, Francis F. Neuronal migration disorders: Focus on the cytoskeleton and epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 92:18-45. [PMID: 26299390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of focal, regional, or diffuse structural brain abnormalities, collectively known as malformations of cortical development (MCDs), frequently manifest with intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and/or autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). As the acronym suggests, MCDs are perturbations of the normal architecture of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The pathogenesis of these disorders remains incompletely understood; however, one area that has provided important insights has been the study of neuronal migration. The amalgamation of human genetics and experimental studies in animal models has led to the recognition that common genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, including many severe epilepsy syndromes, are due to mutations in genes regulating the migration of newly born post-mitotic neurons. Neuronal migration genes often, though not exclusively, code for proteins involved in the function of the cytoskeleton. Other cellular processes, such as cell division and axon/dendrite formation, which similarly depend on cytoskeletal functions, may also be affected. We focus here on how the susceptibility of the highly organized neocortex and hippocampus may be due to their laminar organization, which involves the tight regulation, both temporally and spatially, of gene expression, specialized progenitor cells, the migration of neurons over large distances and a birthdate-specific layering of neurons. Perturbations in neuronal migration result in abnormal lamination, neuronal differentiation defects, abnormal cellular morphology and circuit formation. Ultimately this results in disorganized excitatory and inhibitory activity leading to the symptoms observed in individuals with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Stouffer
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMRS 839, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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114
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Clonally Related Forebrain Interneurons Disperse Broadly across Both Functional Areas and Structural Boundaries. Neuron 2015; 87:989-98. [PMID: 26299473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) gives rise to the majority of mouse forebrain interneurons. Here, we examine the lineage relationship among MGE-derived interneurons using a replication-defective retroviral library containing a highly diverse set of DNA barcodes. Recovering the barcodes from the mature progeny of infected progenitor cells enabled us to unambiguously determine their respective lineal relationship. We found that clonal dispersion occurs across large areas of the brain and is not restricted by anatomical divisions. As such, sibling interneurons can populate the cortex, hippocampus striatum, and globus pallidus. The majority of interneurons appeared to be generated from asymmetric divisions of MGE progenitor cells, followed by symmetric divisions within the subventricular zone. Altogether, our findings uncover that lineage relationships do not appear to determine interneuron allocation to particular regions. As such, it is likely that clonally related interneurons have considerable flexibility as to the particular forebrain circuits to which they can contribute.
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115
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Local generation of multineuronal spike sequences in the hippocampal CA1 region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10521-6. [PMID: 26240336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508785112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential activity of multineuronal spiking can be observed during theta and high-frequency ripple oscillations in the hippocampal CA1 region and is linked to experience, but the mechanisms underlying such sequences are unknown. We compared multineuronal spiking during theta oscillations, spontaneous ripples, and focal optically induced high-frequency oscillations ("synthetic" ripples) in freely moving mice. Firing rates and rate modulations of individual neurons, and multineuronal sequences of pyramidal cell and interneuron spiking, were correlated during theta oscillations, spontaneous ripples, and synthetic ripples. Interneuron spiking was crucial for sequence consistency. These results suggest that participation of single neurons and their sequential order in population events are not strictly determined by extrinsic inputs but also influenced by local-circuit properties, including synapses between local neurons and single-neuron biophysics.
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116
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Abstract
In the auditory cortex (AC), interhemispheric communication is involved in sound localization processes underlying spatial hearing. However, the neuronal microcircuits recruited by the callosal projections are unknown. We addressed this fundamental question by taking advantage of optogenetics and examining directly the functional effects of interhemispheric inputs to specific pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the mouse AC, defined by their output as either corticocortical (CCort) or corticocollicular (CCol). We found that callosal projections suppress the activity of CCort pyramidal neurons, but facilitate firing of CCol pyramidal neurons. This difference is mechanistically explained by callosal activation of fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (FS-PARV), which provide selective inhibition to CCort pyramidal neurons. Our results establish two distinct previously unknown cortical circuits underlying either callosal suppression (callosal projections → FS-PARV → CCort) or facilitation (callosal projections → CCol) of projecting neurons in layer 5 of the AC and attribute a specific function to a genetically defined type of interneuron in interhemispheric communication.
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117
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Squarzoni P, Thion MS, Garel S. Neuronal and microglial regulators of cortical wiring: usual and novel guideposts. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:248. [PMID: 26236185 PMCID: PMC4505395 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortex functioning relies on the formation of complex networks that begin to be assembled during embryogenesis by highly stereotyped processes of cell migration and axonal navigation. The guidance of cells and axons is driven by extracellular cues, released along by final targets or intermediate targets located along specific pathways. In particular, guidepost cells, originally described in the grasshopper, are considered discrete, specialized cell populations located at crucial decision points along axonal trajectories that regulate tract formation. These cells are usually early-born, transient and act at short-range or via cell-cell contact. The vast majority of guidepost cells initially identified were glial cells, which play a role in the formation of important axonal tracts in the forebrain, such as the corpus callosum, anterior, and post-optic commissures as well as optic chiasm. In the last decades, tangential migrating neurons have also been found to participate in the guidance of principal axonal tracts in the forebrain. This is the case for several examples such as guideposts for the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), corridor cells, which open an internal path for thalamo-cortical axons and Cajal-Retzius cells that have been involved in the formation of the entorhino-hippocampal connections. More recently, microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, were specifically observed at the crossroads of important neuronal migratory routes and axonal tract pathways during forebrain development. We furthermore found that microglia participate to the shaping of prenatal forebrain circuits, thereby opening novel perspectives on forebrain development and wiring. Here we will review the last findings on already known guidepost cell populations and will discuss the role of microglia as a potentially new class of atypical guidepost cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Squarzoni
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024 Paris, France
| | - Morgane S Thion
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Garel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8197, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1024 Paris, France
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118
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Abstract
Synapses are highly plastic and are modified by changes in patterns of neural activity or sensory experience. Plasticity of cortical excitatory synapses is thought to be important for learning and memory, leading to alterations in sensory representations and cognitive maps. However, these changes must be coordinated across other synapses within local circuits to preserve neural coding schemes and the organization of excitatory and inhibitory inputs, i.e., excitatory-inhibitory balance. Recent studies indicate that inhibitory synapses are also plastic and are controlled directly by a large number of neuromodulators, particularly during episodes of learning. Many modulators transiently alter excitatory-inhibitory balance by decreasing inhibition, and thus disinhibition has emerged as a major mechanism by which neuromodulation might enable long-term synaptic modifications naturally. This review examines the relationships between neuromodulation and synaptic plasticity, focusing on the induction of long-term changes that collectively enhance cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance for improving perception and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Froemke
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, and Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience, and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
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Nassar M, Simonnet J, Lofredi R, Cohen I, Savary E, Yanagawa Y, Miles R, Fricker D. Diversity and overlap of parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons in mouse presubiculum. Front Neural Circuits 2015; 9:20. [PMID: 26005406 PMCID: PMC4424818 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presubiculum, located between hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, plays a fundamental role in representing spatial information, notably head direction. Little is known about GABAergic interneurons of this region. Here, we used three transgenic mouse lines, Pvalb-Cre, Sst-Cre, and X98, to examine distinct interneurons labeled with tdTomato or green fluorescent protein. The distribution of interneurons in presubicular lamina for each animal line was compared to that in the GAD67-GFP knock-in animal line. Labeling was specific in the Pvalb-Cre line with 87% of labeled interneurons immunopositive for parvalbumin (PV). Immunostaining for somatostatin (SOM) revealed good specificity in the X98 line with 89% of fluorescent cells, but a lesser specificity in Sst-Cre animals where only 71% of labeled cells were immunopositive. A minority of ∼6% of interneurons co-expressed PV and SOM in the presubiculum of Sst-Cre animals. The electrophysiological and morphological properties of fluorescent interneurons from Pvalb-Cre, Sst-Cre, and X98 mice differed. Distinct physiological groups of presubicular interneurons were resolved by unsupervised cluster analysis of parameters describing passive properties, firing patterns and AP shapes. One group consisted of SOM-positive, Martinotti type neurons with a low firing threshold (cluster 1). Fast spiking basket cells, mainly from the Pvalb-Cre line, formed a distinct group (cluster 3). Another group (cluster 2) contained interneurons of intermediate electrical properties and basket-cell like morphologies. These labeled neurons were recorded from both Sst-Cre and Pvalb-Cre animals. Thus, our results reveal a wide variation in anatomical and physiological properties for these interneurons, a real overlap of interneurons immuno-positive for both PV and SOM as well as an off-target recombination in the Sst-Cre line, possibly linked to maternal cre inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mérie Nassar
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UM 75, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225 Paris, France
| | - Jean Simonnet
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UM 75, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225 Paris, France
| | - Roxanne Lofredi
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UM 75, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225 Paris, France
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Neuroscience Paris Seine Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UM CR 18, CNRS UMR 8246, INSERM U1130 Paris, France
| | - Etienne Savary
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UM 75, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225 Paris, France
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine Maebashi, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency Tokyo, Japan
| | - Richard Miles
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UM 75, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225 Paris, France
| | - Desdemona Fricker
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UM 75, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225 Paris, France
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D'amour JA, Froemke RC. Inhibitory and excitatory spike-timing-dependent plasticity in the auditory cortex. Neuron 2015; 86:514-28. [PMID: 25843405 PMCID: PMC4409545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are plastic and can be modified by changes in spike timing. Whereas most studies of long-term synaptic plasticity focus on excitation, inhibitory plasticity may be critical for controlling information processing, memory storage, and overall excitability in neural circuits. Here we examine spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) of inhibitory synapses onto layer 5 neurons in slices of mouse auditory cortex, together with concomitant STDP of excitatory synapses. Pairing pre- and postsynaptic spikes potentiated inhibitory inputs irrespective of precise temporal order within ∼10 ms. This was in contrast to excitatory inputs, which displayed an asymmetrical STDP time window. These combined synaptic modifications both required NMDA receptor activation and adjusted the excitatory-inhibitory ratio of events paired with postsynaptic spiking. Finally, subthreshold events became suprathreshold, and the time window between excitation and inhibition became more precise. These findings demonstrate that cortical inhibitory plasticity requires interactions with co-activated excitatory synapses to properly regulate excitatory-inhibitory balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A D'amour
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Robert C Froemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, The Helen and Martin Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Departments of Otolaryngology, Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Orduz D, Maldonado PP, Balia M, Vélez-Fort M, de Sars V, Yanagawa Y, Emiliani V, Angulo MC. Interneurons and oligodendrocyte progenitors form a structured synaptic network in the developing neocortex. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25902404 PMCID: PMC4432226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 cells, oligodendrocyte progenitors, receive a major synaptic input from interneurons in the developing neocortex. It is presumed that these precursors integrate cortical networks where they act as sensors of neuronal activity. We show that NG2 cells of the developing somatosensory cortex form a transient and structured synaptic network with interneurons that follows its own rules of connectivity. Fast-spiking interneurons, highly connected to NG2 cells, target proximal subcellular domains containing GABAA receptors with γ2 subunits. Conversely, non-fast-spiking interneurons, poorly connected with these progenitors, target distal sites lacking this subunit. In the network, interneuron-NG2 cell connectivity maps exhibit a local spatial arrangement reflecting innervation only by the nearest interneurons. This microcircuit architecture shows a connectivity peak at PN10, coinciding with a switch to massive oligodendrocyte differentiation. Hence, GABAergic innervation of NG2 cells is temporally and spatially regulated from the subcellular to the network level in coordination with the onset of oligodendrogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06953.001 Neurons are outnumbered in the brain by cells called glial cells. The brain contains various types of glial cells that perform a range of different jobs, including the supply of nutrients and the removal of dead neurons. The role of glial cells called oligodendrocytes is to produce a material called myelin: this is an electrical insulator that, when wrapped around a neuron, increases the speed at which electrical impulses can travel through the nervous system. Neurons communicate with one another through specialized junctions called synapses, and at one time it was thought that only neurons could form synapses in the brain. However, this view had to be revised when researchers discovered synapses between neurons and glial cells called NG2 cells, which go on to become oligodendrocytes. These neuron-NG2 cell synapses have a lot in common with neuron–neuron synapses, but much less is known about them. Orduz, Maldonado et al. have now examined these synapses in unprecedented detail by analyzing individual synapses between a type of neuron called an interneuron and an NG2 cell in mice aged only a few weeks. Interneurons can be divided into two major classes based on how quickly they fire, and Orduz, Maldonado et al. show that both types of interneuron form synapses with NG2 cells. However, these two types of interneuron establish synapses on different parts of the NG2 cell, and these synapses involve different receptor proteins. Together, the synapses give rise to a local interneuron-NG2 cell network that reaches a peak of activity roughly two weeks after birth, after which the network is disassembled. This period of peak activity is accompanied by a sudden increase in the maturation of NG2 cells into oligodendrocytes. Further experiments are needed to test the possibility that activity in the interneuron-NG2 cell network acts as the trigger for the NG2 cells to turn into oligodendrocytes, which then supply myelin for the developing brain. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06953.002
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vincent de Sars
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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122
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Contributions of diverse excitatory and inhibitory neurons to recurrent network activity in cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 2015; 35:1089-105. [PMID: 25609625 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2279-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The recurrent synaptic architecture of neocortex allows for self-generated network activity. One form of such activity is the Up state, in which neurons transiently receive barrages of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs that depolarize many neurons to spike threshold before returning to a relatively quiescent Down state. The extent to which different cell types participate in Up states is still unclear. Inhibitory interneurons have particularly diverse intrinsic properties and synaptic connections with the local network, suggesting that different interneurons might play different roles in activated network states. We have studied the firing, subthreshold behavior, and synaptic conductances of identified cell types during Up and Down states in layers 5 and 2/3 in mouse barrel cortex in vitro. We recorded from pyramidal cells and interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), or neuropeptide Y. PV cells were the most active interneuron subtype during the Up state, yet the other subtypes also received substantial synaptic conductances and often generated spikes. In all cell types except PV cells, the beginning of the Up state was dominated by synaptic inhibition, which decreased thereafter; excitation was more persistent, suggesting that inhibition is not the dominant force in terminating Up states. Compared with barrel cortex, SOM and VIP cells were much less active in entorhinal cortex during Up states. Our results provide a measure of functional connectivity of various neuron types in barrel cortex and suggest differential roles for interneuron types in the generation and control of persistent network activity.
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123
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Nakajima M, Görlich A, Heintz N. Oxytocin modulates female sociosexual behavior through a specific class of prefrontal cortical interneurons. Cell 2015; 159:295-305. [PMID: 25303526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human imaging studies have revealed that intranasal administration of the "prosocial" hormone oxytocin (OT) activates the frontal cortex, and this action of OT correlates with enhanced brain function in autism. Here, we report the discovery of a population of somatostatin (Sst)-positive, regular spiking interneurons that express the oxytocin receptor (OxtrINs). Silencing of OxtrINs in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of female mice resulted in loss of social interest in male mice specifically during the sexually receptive phase of the estrous cycle. This sociosexual deficit was also present in mice in which the Oxtr gene was conditionally deleted from the mPFC and in control mice infused with an Oxtr antagonist. Our data demonstrate a gender-, cell type-, and state-specific role for OT/Oxtr signaling in the mPFC and identify a latent cortical circuit element that may modulate other complex social behaviors in response to OT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Nakajima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andreas Görlich
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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124
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De Marco García NV, Priya R, Tuncdemir SN, Fishell G, Karayannis T. Sensory inputs control the integration of neurogliaform interneurons into cortical circuits. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:393-401. [PMID: 25664912 PMCID: PMC4624196 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal microcircuits in the superficial layers of the mammalian cortex provide the substrate for associative cortical computation. Inhibitory interneurons constitute an essential component of the circuitry and are fundamental to the integration of local and long-range information. Here we report that, during early development, superficially positioned Reelin-expressing neurogliaform interneurons in the mouse somatosensory cortex receive afferent innervation from both cortical and thalamic excitatory sources. Attenuation of ascending sensory, but not intracortical, excitation leads to axo-dendritic morphological defects in these interneurons. Moreover, abrogation of the NMDA receptors through which the thalamic inputs signal results in a similar phenotype, as well as in the selective loss of thalamic and a concomitant increase in intracortical connectivity. These results suggest that thalamic inputs are critical in determining the balance between local and long-range connectivity and are fundamental to the proper integration of Reelin-expressing interneurons into nascent cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V De Marco García
- 1] NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [3] Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rashi Priya
- 1] NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [3] Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sebnem N Tuncdemir
- 1] NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [3] Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gord Fishell
- 1] NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [3] Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Theofanis Karayannis
- 1] NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA. [3] Department of Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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125
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Pieraut S, Gounko N, Sando R, Dang W, Rebboah E, Panda S, Madisen L, Zeng H, Maximov A. Experience-dependent remodeling of basket cell networks in the dentate gyrus. Neuron 2015; 84:107-122. [PMID: 25277456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The structural organization of neural circuits is strongly influenced by experience, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We found that, in the developing dentate gyrus (DG), excitatory drive promotes the somatic innervation of principal granule cells (GCs) by parvalbumin (PV)-positive basket cells. In contrast, presynaptic differentiation of GCs and interneuron subtypes that inhibit GC dendrites is largely resistant to loss of glutamatergic neurotransmission. The networks of PV basket cells in the DG are regulated by vesicular release from projection entorhinal cortical neurons and, at least in part, by NMDA receptors in interneurons. Finally, we present evidence that glutamatergic inputs and NMDA receptors regulate these networks through a presynaptic mechanism that appears to control the branching of interneuron axons. Our results provide insights into how cortical activity tunes the inhibition in a subcortical circuit and reveal new principles of interneuron plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pieraut
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natalia Gounko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard Sando
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Westley Dang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elisabeth Rebboah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Linda Madisen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Anton Maximov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Zeisel A, Muñoz-Manchado AB, Codeluppi S, Lönnerberg P, La Manno G, Juréus A, Marques S, Munguba H, He L, Betsholtz C, Rolny C, Castelo-Branco G, Hjerling-Leffler J, Linnarsson S. Brain structure. Cell types in the mouse cortex and hippocampus revealed by single-cell RNA-seq. Science 2015; 347:1138-42. [PMID: 25700174 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2109] [Impact Index Per Article: 234.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cerebral cortex supports cognitive functions such as sensorimotor integration, memory, and social behaviors. Normal brain function relies on a diverse set of differentiated cell types, including neurons, glia, and vasculature. Here, we have used large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to classify cells in the mouse somatosensory cortex and hippocampal CA1 region. We found 47 molecularly distinct subclasses, comprising all known major cell types in the cortex. We identified numerous marker genes, which allowed alignment with known cell types, morphology, and location. We found a layer I interneuron expressing Pax6 and a distinct postmitotic oligodendrocyte subclass marked by Itpr2. Across the diversity of cortical cell types, transcription factors formed a complex, layered regulatory code, suggesting a mechanism for the maintenance of adult cell type identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Zeisel
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana B Muñoz-Manchado
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Codeluppi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Lönnerberg
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gioele La Manno
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Juréus
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sueli Marques
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermany Munguba
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden. Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Rolny
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Human and monkey striatal interneurons are derived from the medial ganglionic eminence but not from the adult subventricular zone. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10906-23. [PMID: 25122892 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1758-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult rodent and monkey brains, newly born neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the wall of the lateral ventricle migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) via the rostral migratory stream (RMS). A recent study reported that interneurons are constantly generating in the adult human striatum from the SVZ. In contrast, by taking advantage of the continuous expression of Sp8 from the neuroblast stage through differentiation into mature interneurons, we found that the adult human SVZ does not generate new interneurons for the striatum. In the adult human SVZ and RMS, very few neuroblasts were observed, and most of them expressed the transcription factor Sp8. Neuroblasts in the adult rhesus monkey SVZ-RMS-OB pathway also expressed Sp8. In addition, we observed that Sp8 was expressed by most adult human and monkey OB interneurons. However, very few Sp8+ cells were in the adult human striatum. This suggests that neuroblasts in the adult human SVZ and RMS are likely destined for the OB, but not for the striatum. BrdU-labeling results also revealed few if any newly born neurons in the adult rhesus monkey striatum. Finally, on the basis of transcription factor expression, we provide strong evidence that the vast majority of interneurons in the human and monkey striatum are generated from the medial ganglionic eminence during embryonic developmental stages, as they are in rodents. We conclude that, although a small number of neuroblasts exist in the adult human SVZ, they do not migrate into the striatum and become mature striatal interneurons.
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128
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Serotonin receptor 3A controls interneuron migration into the neocortex. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5524. [PMID: 25409778 PMCID: PMC4263148 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal excitability has been shown to control the migration and cortical integration of reelin-expressing cortical interneurons (INs) arising from the caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE), supporting the possibility that neurotransmitters could regulate this process. Here we show that the ionotropic serotonin receptor 3A (5-HT3AR) is specifically expressed in CGE-derived migrating interneurons and upregulated while they invade the developing cortex. Functional investigations using calcium imaging, electrophysiological recordings and migration assays indicate that CGE-derived INs increase their response to 5-HT3AR activation during the late phase of cortical plate invasion. Using genetic loss-of-function approaches and in vivo grafts, we further demonstrate that the 5-HT3AR is cell autonomously required for the migration and proper positioning of reelin-expressing CGE-derived INs in the neocortex. Our findings reveal a requirement for a serotonin receptor in controlling the migration and laminar positioning of a specific subtype of cortical IN. During brain development, neuronal excitability controls the laminar migration of cortical interneurons from the caudal ganglionic eminences (CGEs). Here the authors identify the 5-HT3A receptor as a specific marker of CGE-derived cortical interneurons (cINs), and as a stimulator of cIN migration.
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129
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Ebina T, Sohya K, Imayoshi I, Yin ST, Kimura R, Yanagawa Y, Kameda H, Hioki H, Kaneko T, Tsumoto T. 3D clustering of GABAergic neurons enhances inhibitory actions on excitatory neurons in the mouse visual cortex. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1896-1907. [PMID: 25464846 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical neurons with similar functional properties assemble into spatially coherent circuits, but it remains unclear how inhibitory interneurons are organized. We applied in vivo two-photon functional Ca(2+) imaging and whole-cell recording of synaptic currents to record visual responses of cortical neurons and analyzed their spatial arrangements. GABAergic interneurons were clustered in the 3D space of the mouse visual cortex, and excitatory neurons located within the clusters (insiders) had a lower amplitude and sharper orientation tuning of visual responses than outsiders. Inhibitory synaptic currents recorded from the insiders were larger than those of the outsiders. Single, isolated interneurons did not show such a location-tuning/amplitude relationship. The two principal subtypes of interneurons, parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing neurons, also formed clusters with only slightly overlapping each other and exhibited a different location-tuning relationship. These findings suggest that GABAergic interneurons and their subgroups form clusters to make their inhibitory function more effective than isolated interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Ebina
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sohya
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Itaru Imayoshi
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan; The Hakubi Center, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shu-Ting Yin
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rui Kimura
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kameda
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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130
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A developmental cell-type switch in cortical interneurons leads to a selective defect in cortical oscillations. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5333. [PMID: 25354876 PMCID: PMC4220465 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular diversity of interneurons in the neocortex is thought to reflect subtype-specific roles of cortical inhibition. Here we ask whether perturbations to two subtypes—parvalbumin-positive (PV+) and somatostatin-positive (SST+) interneurons—can be compensated for with respect to their contributions to cortical development. We use a genetic cell fate switch to delete both PV+ and SST+ interneurons selectively in cortical layers 2–4 without numerically changing the total interneuron population. This manipulation is compensated for at the level of synaptic currents and receptive fields (RFs) in the somatosensory cortex. By contrast, we identify a deficit in inhibitory synchronization in vitro and a large reduction in cortical gamma oscillations in vivo. This reveals that, while the roles of inhibition in establishing cortical inhibitory/excitatory balance and RFs can be subserved by multiple interneuron subtypes, gamma oscillations depend on cellular properties that cannot be compensated for—likely, the fast signalling properties of PV+ interneurons. The neocortex contains a large diversity of interneurons but the subtype-specific roles of these cells in establishing excitatory and inhibitory circuits are not well understood. Here the authors genetically delete parvalbumin- and somatostatin-positive interneurons during mouse development and study the functional effects in postnatal cortical circuits.
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131
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Schomburg EW, Fernández-Ruiz A, Mizuseki K, Berényi A, Anastassiou CA, Koch C, Buzsáki G. Theta phase segregation of input-specific gamma patterns in entorhinal-hippocampal networks. Neuron 2014; 84:470-85. [PMID: 25263753 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Precisely how rhythms support neuronal communication remains obscure. We investigated interregional coordination of gamma oscillations using high-density electrophysiological recordings in the rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. We found that 30-80 Hz gamma dominated CA1 local field potentials (LFPs) on the descending phase of CA1 theta waves during navigation, with 60-120 Hz gamma at the theta peak. These signals corresponded to CA3 and entorhinal input, respectively. Above 50 Hz, interregional phase-synchronization of principal cell spikes occurred mostly for LFPs in the axonal target domain. CA1 pyramidal cells were phase-locked mainly to fast gamma (>100 Hz) LFP patterns restricted to CA1, which were strongest at the theta trough. While theta phase coordination of spiking across entorhinal-hippocampal regions depended on memory demands, LFP gamma patterns below 100 Hz in the hippocampus were consistently layer specific and largely reflected afferent activity. Gamma synchronization as a mechanism for interregional communication thus rapidly loses efficacy at higher frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W Schomburg
- New York University Neuroscience Institute and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Physics and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Antonio Fernández-Ruiz
- New York University Neuroscience Institute and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; School of Physics, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kenji Mizuseki
- New York University Neuroscience Institute and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Antal Berényi
- New York University Neuroscience Institute and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA; MTA-SZTE "Momentum" Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Costas A Anastassiou
- Department of Physics and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Christof Koch
- Department of Physics and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- New York University Neuroscience Institute and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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132
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Rothwell PE, Fuccillo MV, Maxeiner S, Hayton SJ, Gokce O, Lim BK, Fowler SC, Malenka RC, Südhof TC. Autism-associated neuroligin-3 mutations commonly impair striatal circuits to boost repetitive behaviors. Cell 2014; 158:198-212. [PMID: 24995986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In humans, neuroligin-3 mutations are associated with autism, whereas in mice, the corresponding mutations produce robust synaptic and behavioral changes. However, different neuroligin-3 mutations cause largely distinct phenotypes in mice, and no causal relationship links a specific synaptic dysfunction to a behavioral change. Using rotarod motor learning as a proxy for acquired repetitive behaviors in mice, we found that different neuroligin-3 mutations uniformly enhanced formation of repetitive motor routines. Surprisingly, neuroligin-3 mutations caused this phenotype not via changes in the cerebellum or dorsal striatum but via a selective synaptic impairment in the nucleus accumbens/ventral striatum. Here, neuroligin-3 mutations increased rotarod learning by specifically impeding synaptic inhibition onto D1-dopamine receptor-expressing but not D2-dopamine receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons. Our data thus suggest that different autism-associated neuroligin-3 mutations cause a common increase in acquired repetitive behaviors by impairing a specific striatal synapse and thereby provide a plausible circuit substrate for autism pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Rothwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marc V Fuccillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott J Hayton
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen C Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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133
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Abstract
The mammalian neocortex gives rise to a wide range of mental activities and consists of a constellation of interconnected areas that are built from a set of basic circuit templates. Major obstacles to understanding cortical architecture include the diversity of cell types, their highly recurrent local and global connectivity, dynamic circuit operations, and a convoluted developmental assembly process rooted in the genome. With our increasing knowledge of gene expression and developmental genetic principles, it is now feasible to launch a program of genetic dissection of cortical circuits through systematic targeting of cell types and fate mapping of neural progenitors. Strategic design of even a modest number of mouse driver lines will facilitate efforts to compile a cell type parts list, build a Cortical Cell Atlas, establish experimental access to modern tools, integrate studies across levels, and provide coordinates for tracing developmental trajectory from circuit assembly to functional operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, NY 11724, USA.
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134
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Roux L, Buzsáki G. Tasks for inhibitory interneurons in intact brain circuits. Neuropharmacology 2014; 88:10-23. [PMID: 25239808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic inhibition, brought about by a rich variety of interneuron types, counters excitation, modulates the gain, timing, tuning, bursting properties of principal cell firing, and exerts selective filtering of synaptic excitation. At the network level, it allows for coordinating transient interactions among the principal cells to form cooperative assemblies for efficient transmission of information and routing of excitatory activity across networks, typically in the form of brain oscillations. Recent techniques based on targeted expression of neuronal activity modulators, such as optogenetics, allow physiological identification and perturbation of specific interneuron subtypes in the intact brain. Combined with large-scale recordings or imaging techniques, these approaches facilitate our understanding of the multiple roles of inhibitory interneurons in shaping circuit functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Roux
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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135
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Zhang S, Xu M, Kamigaki T, Hoang Do JP, Chang WC, Jenvay S, Miyamichi K, Luo L, Dan Y. Selective attention. Long-range and local circuits for top-down modulation of visual cortex processing. Science 2014; 345:660-5. [PMID: 25104383 DOI: 10.1126/science.1254126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Top-down modulation of sensory processing allows the animal to select inputs most relevant to current tasks. We found that the cingulate (Cg) region of the mouse frontal cortex powerfully influences sensory processing in the primary visual cortex (V1) through long-range projections that activate local γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) circuits. Optogenetic activation of Cg neurons enhanced V1 neuron responses and improved visual discrimination. Focal activation of Cg axons in V1 caused a response increase at the activation site but a decrease at nearby locations (center-surround modulation). Whereas somatostatin-positive GABAergic interneurons contributed preferentially to surround suppression, vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive interneurons were crucial for center facilitation. Long-range corticocortical projections thus act through local microcircuits to exert spatially specific top-down modulation of sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tsukasa Kamigaki
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Johnny Phong Hoang Do
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei-Cheng Chang
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sean Jenvay
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kazunari Miyamichi
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yang Dan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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136
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Muñoz-Manchado AB, Foldi C, Szydlowski S, Sjulson L, Farries M, Wilson C, Silberberg G, Hjerling-Leffler J. Novel Striatal GABAergic Interneuron Populations Labeled in the 5HT3a(EGFP) Mouse. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:96-105. [PMID: 25146369 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological and morphological studies indicate that approximately 5% of striatal neurons are cholinergic or γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) interneurons (gINs). However, the number of striatal neurons expressing known interneuron markers is too small to account for the entire interneuron population. We therefore studied the serotonin (5HT) receptor 3a-enhanced green fluorescent protein (5HT3a(EGFP)) mouse, in which we found that a large number of striatal gINs are labeled. Roughly 20% of 5HT3a(EGFP)-positive cells co-express parvalbumin and exhibit fast-spiking (FS) electrophysiological properties. However, the majority of labeled neurons do not overlap with known molecular interneuron markers. Intrinsic electrical properties reveal at least 2 distinct novel subtypes: a late-spiking (LS) neuropeptide-Y (NPY)-negative neurogliaform (NGF) interneuron, and a large heterogeneous population with several features resembling low-threshold-spiking (LTS) interneurons that do not express somatostatin, NPY, or neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Although the 5HT3a(EGFP) NGF and LTS-like interneurons have electrophysiological properties similar to previously described populations, they are pharmacologically distinct. In direct contrast to previously described NPY(+) LTS and NGF cells, LTS-like 5HT3a(EGFP) cells show robust responses to nicotine administration, while the 5HT3a(EGFP) NGF cell type shows little or no response. By constructing a molecular map of the overlap between these novel populations and existing interneuron populations, we are able to reconcile the morphological and molecular estimates of striatal interneuron numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Foldi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - S Szydlowski
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Sjulson
- Department of Psychiatry.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Farries
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - C Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - G Silberberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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137
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De Marco Garcia NV, Fishell G. Subtype-selective electroporation of cortical interneurons. J Vis Exp 2014:e51518. [PMID: 25177832 DOI: 10.3791/51518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression of genes of interest to specific neuronal subtypes has proven remarkably challenging due to the relative scarcity of specific promoter elements. GABAergic interneurons constitute a neuronal population with extensive genetic and morphological diversity. Indeed, more than 11 different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the mouse cortex. Here we present an adapted protocol for selective targeting of GABAergic populations. We achieved subtype selective targeting of GABAergic interneurons by using the enhancer element of the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6, homologues of the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene, to drive the expression of specific genes through in utero electroporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V De Marco Garcia
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College;
| | - Gord Fishell
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine
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138
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Tomassy GS, Morello N, Calcagno E, Giustetto M. Developmental abnormalities of cortical interneurons precede symptoms onset in a mouse model of Rett syndrome. J Neurochem 2014; 131:115-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Morello
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Giustetto
- Department of Neuroscience; University of Turin; Turin Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience-Italy; Turin Italy
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139
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Elfn1 recruits presynaptic mGluR7 in trans and its loss results in seizures. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4501. [PMID: 25047565 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons are highly heterogeneous, and much is unknown about the specification and functional roles of their neural circuits. Here we show that a transinteraction of Elfn1 and mGluR7 controls targeted interneuron synapse development and that loss of Elfn1 results in hyperactivity and sensory-triggered epileptic seizures in mice. Elfn1 protein increases during postnatal development and localizes to postsynaptic sites of somatostatin-containing interneurons (SOM-INs) in the hippocampal CA1 stratum oriens and dentate gyrus (DG) hilus. Elfn1 knockout (KO) mice have deficits in mGluR7 recruitment to synaptic sites on SOM-INs, and presynaptic plasticity is impaired at these synapses. In patients with epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), we find damaging missense mutations of ELFN1 that are clustered in the carboxy-terminal region required for mGluR7 recruitment. These results reveal a novel mechanism for interneuron subtype-specific neural circuit establishment and define a common basis bridging neurological disorders.
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140
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Huang Z, Sun Y, Liu W, Zhang W, Zheng W, Jiang X. Assembly of functional three-dimensional neuronal networks on a microchip. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:2530-2536. [PMID: 24623621 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and CAS Key Lab for Biological, Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, #11 Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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141
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Prenatal stress and inhibitory neuron systems: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:641-51. [PMID: 24751963 PMCID: PMC4031286 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal stress is a risk factor for several psychiatric disorders in which inhibitory neuron pathology is implicated. A growing body of research demonstrates that inhibitory circuitry in the brain is directly and persistently affected by prenatal stress. This review synthesizes research that explores how this early developmental risk factor impacts inhibitory neurons and how these findings intersect with research on risk factors and inhibitory neuron pathophysiology in schizophrenia, anxiety, autism and Tourette syndrome. The specific impact of prenatal stress on inhibitory neurons, particularly developmental mechanisms, may elucidate further the pathophysiology of these disorders.
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142
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Roux L, Stark E, Sjulson L, Buzsáki G. In vivo optogenetic identification and manipulation of GABAergic interneuron subtypes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:88-95. [PMID: 24440414 PMCID: PMC4024355 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Identification and manipulation of different GABAergic interneuron classes in the behaving animal are important to understand their role in circuit dynamics and behavior. The combination of optogenetics and large-scale neuronal recordings allows specific interneuron populations to be identified and perturbed for circuit analysis in intact animals. A crucial aspect of this approach is coupling electrophysiological recording with spatially and temporally precise light delivery. Focal multisite illumination of neuronal activators and silencers in predetermined temporal configurations or a closed loop manner opens the door to addressing many novel questions. Recent progress demonstrates the utility and power of this novel technique for interneuron research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Roux
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Eran Stark
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Lucas Sjulson
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - György Buzsáki
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, School of Medicine and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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143
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Wolff SBE, Gründemann J, Tovote P, Krabbe S, Jacobson GA, Müller C, Herry C, Ehrlich I, Friedrich RW, Letzkus JJ, Lüthi A. Amygdala interneuron subtypes control fear learning through disinhibition. Nature 2014; 509:453-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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144
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Lee SH, Kwan AC, Dan Y. Interneuron subtypes and orientation tuning. Nature 2014; 508:E1-2. [PMID: 24695313 DOI: 10.1038/nature13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hee Lee
- 1] Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (S.-H.L.); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA (A.C.K.)
| | - Alex C Kwan
- 1] Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea (S.-H.L.); Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA (A.C.K.)
| | - Yang Dan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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145
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Sadegh C, Macklis JD. Established monolayer differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells generates heterogeneous neocortical-like neurons stalled at a stage equivalent to midcorticogenesis. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:2691-706. [PMID: 24610556 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two existing and widely applied protocols of embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation have been developed to enable in vitro generation of neurons resembling neocortical projection neurons in monolayer culture and from embryoid bodies. The monolayer approach offers advantages for detailed in vitro characterizations and potential mechanistic and therapeutic screening. We investigated whether mouse ES cells undergoing largely undirected neocortical differentiation in monolayer culture recapitulate progressive developmental programs of in vivo progenitor and postmitotic differentiation and whether they develop into specific neocortical subtypes. We find that ES-derived mitotic cells that have been dorsalized by the sonic hedgehog antagonist cyclopamine, and that express, as a total population, cardinal markers of telencephalic progenitors, are, in fact, molecularly heterogeneous. We next show that these progenitors subsequently generate small numbers of heterogeneous neocortical-like neurons that are "stalled" at an immature stage of differentiation, based on multiple developmental criteria. Although some aspects of neocortical development are recapitulated by existing protocols of ES cell differentiation, these data indicate that mouse ES-derived neocortical progenitors both are more heterogeneous than their in vivo counterparts and seemingly include many incorrectly specified progenitors. Furthermore, these ES-derived progenitors spontaneously differentiate into sparse, and incompletely and largely imprecisely differentiated, neocortical-like neurons that fail to adopt specific neuronal identities in vitro. These results provide both foundation and motivation for refining and enhancing directed differentiation of clinically important neocortical projection neuron subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Sadegh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
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146
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Muñoz W, Rudy B. Spatiotemporal specificity in cholinergic control of neocortical function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:149-60. [PMID: 24637201 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic actions are critical for normal cortical cognitive functions. The release of acetylcholine (ACh) in neocortex and the impact of this neuromodulator on cortical computations exhibit remarkable spatiotemporal precision, as required for the regulation of behavioral processes underlying attention and learning. We discuss how the organization of the cholinergic projections to the cortex and their release properties might contribute to this specificity. We also review recent studies suggesting that the modulatory influences of ACh on the properties of cortical neurons can have the necessary temporal dynamic range, emphasizing evidence of powerful interneuron subtype-specific effects. We discuss areas that require further investigation and point to technical advances in molecular and genetic manipulations that promise to make headway in understanding the neural bases of cholinergic modulation of cortical cognitive operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Muñoz
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, Smilow Research Building Sixth Floor, 522 First Ave, NY, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Bernardo Rudy
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, Smilow Research Building Sixth Floor, 522 First Ave, NY, NY, 10016, United States.
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147
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Suzuki N, Tang CSM, Bekkers JM. Persistent barrage firing in cortical interneurons can be induced in vivo and may be important for the suppression of epileptiform activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:76. [PMID: 24659955 PMCID: PMC3952511 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits are typically maintained in a state of dynamic equilibrium by balanced synaptic excitation and inhibition. However, brain regions that are particularly susceptible to epilepsy may have evolved additional specialized mechanisms for inhibiting over-excitation. Here we identify one such possible mechanism in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. Recently it was reported that some types of GABAergic interneurons can slowly integrate excitatory inputs until eventually they fire persistently in the absence of the original stimulus. This property, called persistent firing or retroaxonal barrage firing (BF), is of unknown physiological importance. We show that two common types of interneurons in cortical regions, neurogliaform (NG) cells and fast-spiking (FS) cells, are unique in exhibiting BF in acute slices (~85 and ~23% success rate for induction, respectively). BF can also be induced in vivo, although the success rate for induction is lower (~60% in NG cells). In slices, BF could reliably be triggered by trains of excitatory synaptic input, as well as by exposure to proconvulsant bath solutions (elevated extracellular K(+), blockade of GABAA receptors). Using pair recordings in slices, we confirmed that barrage-firing NG cells can produce synaptic inhibition of nearby pyramidal neurons, and that this inhibition outlasts the original excitation. The ubiquity of NG and FS cells, together with their ability to fire persistently following excessive excitation, suggests that these interneurons may function as cortical sentinels, imposing an activity-dependent brake on undesirable neuronal hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimitsu Suzuki
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Clara S-M Tang
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - John M Bekkers
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
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148
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Tivodar S, Kalemaki K, Kounoupa Z, Vidaki M, Theodorakis K, Denaxa M, Kessaris N, de Curtis I, Pachnis V, Karagogeos D. Rac-GTPases Regulate Microtubule Stability and Axon Growth of Cortical GABAergic Interneurons. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:2370-82. [PMID: 24626607 PMCID: PMC4537417 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons are characterized by extraordinary functional and morphological diversity. Although tremendous progress has been made in uncovering molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated in interneuron generation and function, several questions still remain open. Rho-GTPases have been implicated as intracellular mediators of numerous developmental processes such as cytoskeleton organization, vesicle trafficking, transcription, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Specifically in cortical interneurons, we have recently shown a cell-autonomous and stage-specific requirement for Rac1 activity within proliferating interneuron precursors. Conditional ablation of Rac1 in the medial ganglionic eminence leads to a 50% reduction of GABAergic interneurons in the postnatal cortex. Here we examine the additional role of Rac3 by analyzing Rac1/Rac3 double-mutant mice. We show that in the absence of both Rac proteins, the embryonic migration of medial ganglionic eminence-derived interneurons is further impaired. Postnatally, double-mutant mice display a dramatic loss of cortical interneurons. In addition, Rac1/Rac3-deficient interneurons show gross cytoskeletal defects in vitro, with the length of their leading processes significantly reduced and a clear multipolar morphology. We propose that in the absence of Rac1/Rac3, cortical interneurons fail to migrate tangentially towards the pallium due to defects in actin and microtubule cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Tivodar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Katerina Kalemaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Zouzana Kounoupa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marina Vidaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece Current Address: Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kostas Theodorakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Nicoletta Kessaris
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Ivan de Curtis
- Cell Adhesion Unit, Dibit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
| | - Domna Karagogeos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB, FORTH), Heraklion, Greece Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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149
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Belvindrah R, Nosten-Bertrand M, Francis F. Neuronal migration and its disorders affecting the CA3 region. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:63. [PMID: 24624057 PMCID: PMC3941003 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on CA3 neuronal migration disorders in the rodent. We begin by introducing the main steps of hippocampal development, and we summarize characteristic hippocampal malformations in human. We then describe various mouse mutants showing structural hippocampal defects. Notably, genes identified in human cortical neuronal migration disorders consistently give rise to a CA3 phenotype when mutated in the mouse. We successively describe their molecular, physiological and behavioral phenotypes that together contribute to a better understanding of CA3-dependent functions. We finally discuss potential factors underlying the CA3 vulnerability revealed by these mouse mutants and that may also contribute to other human neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Belvindrah
- INSERM UMR-S 839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
| | - Marika Nosten-Bertrand
- INSERM UMR-S 839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
| | - Fiona Francis
- INSERM UMR-S 839 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06 Paris, France ; Institut du Fer à Moulin Paris, France
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150
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Sultan KT, Shi W, Shi SH. Clonal origins of neocortical interneurons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 26:125-31. [PMID: 24531366 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Once referred to as 'short-axon' neurons by Cajal, GABA (gamma-amino butyric acid)-ergic interneurons are essential components of the neocortex. They are distributed throughout the cortical laminae and are responsible for shaping circuit output through a rich array of inhibitory mechanisms. Numerous fate-mapping and transplantation studies have examined the embryonic origins of the diversity of interneurons that are defined along various parameters such as morphology, neurochemical marker expression and physiological properties, and have been extensively reviewed elsewhere. Here, we focus on discussing two recent studies that have, for the first time, examined the production and organization of neocortical interneurons originated from individual progenitors, that is, with clonal resolution, and provided important new insights into the cellular processes underlying the development of inhibitory interneurons in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeejah T Sultan
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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