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Werth EG, McConnell EW, Couso Lianez I, Perrine Z, Crespo JL, Umen JG, Hicks LM. Investigating the effect of target of rapamycin kinase inhibition on the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii phosphoproteome: from known homologs to new targets. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:247-260. [PMID: 30040123 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved regulator of cell growth whose activity is modulated in response to nutrients, energy and stress. Key proteins involved in the pathway are conserved in the model photosynthetic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but the substrates of TOR kinase and downstream signaling network have not been elucidated. Our study provides a new resource for investigating the phosphorylation networks governed by the TOR kinase pathway in Chlamydomonas. We used quantitative phosphoproteomics to investigate the effects of inhibiting Chlamydomonas TOR kinase on dynamic protein phosphorylation. Wild-type and AZD-insensitive Chlamydomonas strains were treated with TOR-specific chemical inhibitors (rapamycin, AZD8055 and Torin1), after which differentially affected phosphosites were identified. Our quantitative phosphoproteomic dataset comprised 2547 unique phosphosites from 1432 different proteins. Inhibition of TOR kinase caused significant quantitative changes in phosphorylation at 258 phosphosites, from 219 unique phosphopeptides. Our results include Chlamydomonas homologs of TOR signaling-related proteins, including a site on RPS6 with a decrease in phosphorylation. Additionally, phosphosites on proteins involved in translation and carotenoid biosynthesis were identified. Follow-up experiments guided by these phosphoproteomic findings in lycopene beta/epsilon cyclase showed that carotenoid levels are affected by TORC1 inhibition and carotenoid production is under TOR control in algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Werth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Evan W McConnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Inmaculada Couso Lianez
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Zoee Perrine
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Jose L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - James G Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Leslie M Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Ibdah M, Muchlinski A, Yahyaa M, Nawade B, Tholl D. Carrot Volatile Terpene Metabolism: Terpene Diversity and Biosynthetic Genes. THE CARROT GENOME 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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103
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Strobbe S, De Lepeleire J, Van Der Straeten D. From in planta Function to Vitamin-Rich Food Crops: The ACE of Biofortification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1862. [PMID: 30619424 PMCID: PMC6305313 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans are highly dependent on plants to reach their dietary requirements, as plant products contribute both to energy and essential nutrients. For many decades, plant breeders have been able to gradually increase yields of several staple crops, thereby alleviating nutritional needs with varying degrees of success. However, many staple crops such as rice, wheat and corn, although delivering sufficient calories, fail to satisfy micronutrient demands, causing the so called 'hidden hunger.' Biofortification, the process of augmenting nutritional quality of food through the use of agricultural methodologies, is a pivotal asset in the fight against micronutrient malnutrition, mainly due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. Several technical advances have led to recent breakthroughs. Nutritional genomics has come to fruition based on marker-assisted breeding enabling rapid identification of micronutrient related quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the germplasm of interest. As a complement to these breeding techniques, metabolic engineering approaches, relying on a continuously growing fundamental knowledge of plant metabolism, are able to overcome some of the inevitable pitfalls of breeding. Alteration of micronutrient levels does also require fundamental knowledge about their role and influence on plant growth and development. This review focuses on our knowledge about provitamin A (beta-carotene), vitamin C (ascorbate) and the vitamin E group (tocochromanols). We begin by providing an overview of the functions of these vitamins in planta, followed by highlighting some of the achievements in the nutritional enhancement of food crops via conventional breeding and genetic modification, concluding with an evaluation of the need for such biofortification interventions. The review further elaborates on the vast potential of creating nutritionally enhanced crops through multi-pathway engineering and the synergistic potential of conventional breeding in combination with genetic engineering, including the impact of novel genome editing technologies.
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104
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Wang Q, Huang XQ, Cao TJ, Zhuang Z, Wang R, Lu S. Heteromeric Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Contributes to Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Ripening Fruits of Red Pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11691-11700. [PMID: 30339374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pepper ( Capsicum annuum) fruits are a rich source of carotenoids. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is the precursor for carotenoid biosynthesis and is produced by GGPP synthase (GGPPS), which belongs to the prenyl transferase (PTS) family. In this study, we identified from the pepper genome a total of eight PTS homologues. Our subcellular localization, enzymatic activity, and expression level analyses proved that among these homologues Capana04g000412 is the only functional GGPPS (CaGGPPS1) for carotenoid biosynthesis in pepper fruits. We demonstrated that CaGGPPS1 interacts with a catalytically inactive small subunit homologue protein CaSSUII, and such an interaction promotes CaGGPPS1 enzymatic activity. We also revealed a protein-protein interaction between CaSSUII and a putative phytoene synthase and the repression of carotenoid accumulation by silencing CaSSUII in pepper fruits. Taken together, our results suggest an essential contribution of the CaGGPPS1/CaSSUII interaction to carotenoid biosynthesis in ripening pepper fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Ran Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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105
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Kang C, He S, Zhai H, Li R, Zhao N, Liu Q. A Sweetpotato Auxin Response Factor Gene ( IbARF5) Is Involved in Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Salt and Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1307. [PMID: 30254657 PMCID: PMC6141746 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Auxin response factors (ARFs) compose a family of transcription factors and have been found to play major roles in the process of plant growth and development. However, their roles in plant carotenoid biosynthesis and responses to abiotic stresses are rarely known to date. In the present study, we found that the IbARF5 gene from sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) line HVB-3 increased the contents of carotenoids and enhanced the tolerance to salt and drought in transgenic Arabidopsis. The transgenic Arabidopsis plants exhibited the increased abscisic acid (ABA) and proline contents and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the decreased H2O2 content. Furthermore, it was found that IbARF5 positively regulated the genes associated with carotenoid and ABA biosynthesis and abiotic stress responses. These results suggest that IbARF5 is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and salt and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. This study provides a novel ARF gene for improving carotenoid contents and salt and drought tolerance of sweetpotato and other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Kang
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaozhen He
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sweetpotato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Kim HS, Ji CY, Lee CJ, Kim SE, Park SC, Kwak SS. Orange: a target gene for regulating carotenoid homeostasis and increasing plant tolerance to environmental stress in marginal lands. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3393-3400. [PMID: 29385615 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play essential roles in various light-harvesting processes in plants and help protect the photosynthetic machinery from photo-oxidative damage. Orange genes, which play a role in carotenoid accumulation, have recently been isolated from several plant species, and their functions have been intensively investigated. The Orange gene (IbOr) of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] helps maintain carotenoid homeostasis to improve plant tolerance to environmental stress. IbOr, a protein with strong holdase chaperone activity, directly interacts with phytoene synthase, a key enzyme involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, in plants under stress conditions, resulting in increased carotenoid accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, IbOr interacts with the oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2-1, a member of a protein complex in photosystem II that is denatured under heat stress. Transgenic sweet potato plants overexpressing IbOr showed enhanced tolerance to high temperatures (47 °C). These findings indicate that IbOr protects plants from environmental stress not only by controlling carotenoid biosynthesis, but also by directly stabilizing photosystem II. In this review, we discuss the functions of IbOr and Or proteins in other plant species and their possible biotechnological applications for molecular breeding for sustainable development on marginal lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Ji
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Chan-Ju Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Korea
| | - So-Eun Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro, Daejeon, Korea
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107
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Torregrosa-Crespo J, Montero Z, Fuentes JL, Reig García-Galbis M, Garbayo I, Vílchez C, Martínez-Espinosa RM. Exploring the Valuable Carotenoids for the Large-Scale Production by Marine Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E203. [PMID: 29890662 PMCID: PMC6025630 DOI: 10.3390/md16060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are among the most abundant natural pigments available in nature. These pigments have received considerable attention because of their biotechnological applications and, more importantly, due to their potential beneficial uses in human healthcare, food processing, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. These bioactive compounds are in high demand throughout the world; Europe and the USA are the markets where the demand for carotenoids is the highest. The in vitro synthesis of carotenoids has sustained their large-scale production so far. However, the emerging modern standards for a healthy lifestyle and environment-friendly practices have given rise to a search for natural biocompounds as alternatives to synthetic ones. Therefore, nowadays, biomass (vegetables, fruits, yeast and microorganisms) is being used to obtain naturally-available carotenoids with high antioxidant capacity and strong color, on a large scale. This is an alternative to the in vitro synthesis of carotenoids, which is expensive and generates a large number of residues, and the compounds synthesized are sometimes not active biologically. In this context, marine biomass has recently emerged as a natural source for both common and uncommon valuable carotenoids. Besides, the cultivation of marine microorganisms, as well as the downstream processes, which are used to isolate the carotenoids from these microorganisms, offer several advantages over the other approaches that have been explored previously. This review summarizes the general properties of the most-abundant carotenoids produced by marine microorganisms, focusing on the genuine/rare carotenoids that exhibit interesting features useful for potential applications in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Torregrosa-Crespo
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology division, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Zaida Montero
- Algal Biotechnology Group, University of Huelva, CIDERTA and Faculty of Science, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Parque Huelva Empresarial S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Juan Luis Fuentes
- Algal Biotechnology Group, University of Huelva, CIDERTA and Faculty of Science, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Parque Huelva Empresarial S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Manuel Reig García-Galbis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Atacama, Copayapu 2862, CP 1530000 Copiapó, Chile.
| | - Inés Garbayo
- Algal Biotechnology Group, University of Huelva, CIDERTA and Faculty of Science, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Parque Huelva Empresarial S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Carlos Vílchez
- Algal Biotechnology Group, University of Huelva, CIDERTA and Faculty of Science, Marine International Campus of Excellence (CEIMAR), Parque Huelva Empresarial S/N, 21007 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology division, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, Ap. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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108
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Choudhri P, Rani M, Sangwan RS, Kumar R, Kumar A, Chhokar V. De novo sequencing, assembly and characterisation of Aloe vera transcriptome and analysis of expression profiles of genes related to saponin and anthraquinone metabolism. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:427. [PMID: 29859051 PMCID: PMC5984767 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe vera is a perennial, succulent, drought-resistant plant that exhibits many pharmacological characteristics such as wound healing ability against skin burns, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-asthmatic and much more. Despite great medicinal worth, little genomic information is available on Aloe vera. This study is an initiative to explore the full-scale functional genomics of Aloe vera by generating whole transcriptome sequence database, using Illumina HiSeq technology and its progressive annotation specifically with respect to the metabolic specificity of the plant. RESULTS Transcriptome sequencing of root and leaf tissue of Aloe vera was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. De novo assembly of high quality paired-end reads, resulted into 1,61,733 and 2,21,792 transcripts with mean length of 709 and 714 nucleotides for root and leaf respectively. The non-redundant transcripts were clustered using CD-HIT-EST, yielding a total of 1,13,063 and 1,41,310 unigenes for root and leaf respectively. A total of 6114 and 6527 CDS for root and leaf tissue were enriched into 24 different biological pathway categories using KEGG pathway database. DGE profile prepared by calculating FPKM values was analyzed for differential expression of specific gene encoding enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Sixteen putative genes related to saponin, lignin, anthraquinone, and carotenoid biosynthesis were selected for quantitative expression by real-time PCR. DGE as well as qRT PCR expression analysis represented up-regulation of secondary metabolic genes in root as compared to leaf. Furthermore maximum number of genes was found to be up-regulated after the induction of methyl jasmonate, which stipulates the association of secondary metabolite synthesis with the plant's defense mechanism during stress. Various transcription factors including bHLH, NAC, MYB were identified by searching predicted CDS against PlantTFdb. CONCLUSIONS This is the first transcriptome database of Aloe vera and can be potentially utilized to characterize the genes involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites, metabolic regulation, signal transduction mechanism, understanding function of a particular gene in the biology and physiology of plant of this species as well as other species of Aloe genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Choudhri
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Muniya Rani
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Rajender S. Sangwan
- Centre of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), (A National Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Manauli P.O., S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140306 India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
| | - Vinod Chhokar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001 India
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109
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Laricchia KM, Johnson MG, Ragone D, Williams EW, Zerega NJC, Wickett NJ. A transcriptome screen for positive selection in domesticated breadfruit and its wild relatives (Artocarpus spp.). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:915-926. [PMID: 29882953 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Underutilized crops, such as breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae) have the potential to improve global food security. Humans have artificially selected many cultivars of breadfruit since its domestication began approximately 3500 years ago. The goal of this research was to identify transcriptomic signals of positive selection and to develop genomic resources that may facilitate the development of improved breadfruit cultivars in the future. METHODS A reference transcriptome of breadfruit was assembled de novo and annotated. Twenty-four transcriptomes of breadfruit and its wild relatives were generated and analyzed to reveal signals of positive selection that may have resulted from local adaptation or natural selection. Emphasis was placed on MADS-box genes, which are important because they often regulate fruiting timing and structures, and on carotenoid biosynthesis genes, which can impact the nutritional quality of the fruit. KEY RESULTS Over 1000 genes showed signals of positive selection, and these genes were enriched for localization to plastids. Nucleotide sites and individuals under positive selection were discovered in MADS-box genes and carotenoid biosynthesis genes, with several sites located in cofactor or DNA-binding domains. A McDonald-Kreitman test comparing wild to cultivated samples revealed selection in one of the carotenoid biosynthesis genes, abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase 3. CONCLUSIONS This research highlights some of the many genes that may have been intentionally or unintentionally selected for during the human-mediated dispersal of breadfruit and stresses the importance of conserving a varied germplasm collection. It has revealed candidate genes for further study and produced new genomic resources for breadfruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Laricchia
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Plant Science, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Matthew G Johnson
- Department of Plant Science, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Diane Ragone
- Breadfruit Institute, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kalaheo, HI, 96741, USA
| | - Evelyn W Williams
- Department of Plant Science, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Nyree J C Zerega
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Plant Science, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Norman J Wickett
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Plant Science, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
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110
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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A Possible Trifunctional β-Carotene Synthase Gene Identified in the Draft Genome of Aurantiochytrium sp. Strain KH105. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040200. [PMID: 29642531 PMCID: PMC5924542 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Labyrinthulomycetes have been regarded as a promising industrial source of xanthophylls, including astaxanthin and canthaxanthin, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, ω-3 oils, and terpenic hydrocarbons, such as sterols and squalene. A Thraustochytrid, Aurantiochytrium sp. KH105 produces carotenoids, including astaxanthin, with strong antioxidant activity. To gain genomic insights into this capacity, we decoded its 97-Mbp genome and characterized genes for enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Interestingly, all carotenogenic genes, as well as other eukaryotic genes, appeared duplicated, suggesting that this strain is diploid. In addition, among the five genes involved in the pathway from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to astaxanthin, geranylgeranyl phytoene synthase (crtB), phytoene desaturase (crtI) and lycopene cyclase (crtY) were fused into single gene (crtIBY) with no internal stop codons. Functionality of the trifunctional enzyme, CrtIBY, to catalyze the reaction from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to β-carotene was confirmed using a yeast assay system and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, analyses of differential gene expression showed characteristic up-regulation of carotenoid biosynthetic genes during stationary and starvation phases under these culture conditions. This suggests genetic engineering events to promote more efficient production of carotenoids. We also showed an occurrence of crtIBY in other Thraustochytrid species.
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Zhang SF, Zhang Y, Lin L, Wang DZ. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of a Toxigenic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella and Its Non-toxigenic Mutant Exposed to a Cell Cycle Inhibitor Colchicine. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:650. [PMID: 29670604 PMCID: PMC5893714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are a group of potent neurotoxic alkaloids mainly produced by marine dinoflagellates and their biosynthesis is associated with the cell cycle. Study shows that colchicine can cease cell division and inhibit PST production of dinoflagellates. However, the molecular mechanism behind this linkage is unknown. Here, we applied the iTRAQ-based proteomic approach to investigate protein expression profiles of a toxigenic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (ACHK-T) and its non-toxigenic mutant (ACHK-NT) when treated with colchicine. The results showed that the cell cycles of both strains were arrested at the G1 phase by colchicine, and the toxin biosynthesis of ACHK-T was inhibited. Among 6,988 proteins identified, 113 and 253 proteins were differentially expressed in the colchicine-treated ACHK-T and ACHK-NT, respectively, compared with their non-colchicine treatments. Proteins involved in reactive oxygen species scavenging and protein degradation were upregulated in both strains while proteins participating in photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism presented different expressions. Nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were altered insignificantly in the colchicine-treated ACHK-T while both of them were remarkably downregulated in the colchicine-treated ACHK-NT, suggesting a feedback regulation between PST production and nitrogen metabolism in ACHK-T. Nitrogen originally for PST biosynthesis might be reallocated to photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis in the colchicine-treated ACHK-T. A total of 55 homologs of 7 toxin-related proteins were obtained; however, they altered insignificantly in both colchicine-treated strains, suggesting that toxin biosynthesis might be post-translationally regulated. Our study provided new insights into toxin biosynthesis in marine dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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113
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Xu H, Xu L, Yang P, Cao Y, Tang Y, He G, Yuan S, Ming J. Tobacco rattle virus-induced PHYTOENE DESATURASE ( PDS) and Mg-chelatase H subunit ( ChlH) gene silencing in Solanum pseudocapsicum L. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4424. [PMID: 29576941 PMCID: PMC5865466 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an attractive tool for determining gene function in plants. The present study constitutes the first application of VIGS in S. pseudocapsicum, which has great ornamental and pharmaceutical value, using tobacco rattle virus (TRV) vectors. Two marker genes, PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) and Mg-chelatase H subunit (ChlH), were used to test the VIGS system in S. pseudocapsicum. The photobleaching and yellow-leaf phenotypes of the silenced plants were shown to significantly correlate with the down-regulation of endogenous SpPDS and SpChlH, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the parameters potentially affecting the efficiency of VIGS in S. pseudocapsicum, including the Agrobacterium strain and the inoculation method (leaf syringe-infiltration, sprout vacuum-infiltration and seed vacuum-infiltration), were compared. The optimized VIGS parameters were the leaf syringe-infiltration method, the Agrobacterium strain GV3101 and the growth of agro-inoculated plants at 25°. With these parameters, the silencing efficiency of SpPDS and SpChlH could reach approximately 50% in S. pseudocapsicum. Additionally, the suitability of various reference genes was screened by RT-qPCR using three candidate genes, and the results demonstrated that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) can serve as a suitable reference for assessing the gene expression levels of VIGS systems in S. pseudocapsicum. The proven application of VIGS in S. pseudocapsicum and the characterization of a suitable reference gene in the present work will expedite the functional characterization of novel genes in S. pseudocapsicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life and Environmental Science, GanNan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Leifeng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoren He
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Yuan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ming
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Chen Y, Zhou B, Li J, Tang H, Tang J, Yang Z. Formation and Change of Chloroplast-Located Plant Metabolites in Response to Light Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E654. [PMID: 29495387 PMCID: PMC5877515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the central energy conversion process for plant metabolism and occurs within mature chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are also the site of various metabolic reactions involving amino acids, lipids, starch, and sulfur, as well as where the production of some hormones takes place. Light is one of the most important environmental factors, acting as an essential energy source for plants, but also as an external signal influencing their growth and development. Plants experience large fluctuations in the intensity and spectral quality of light, and many attempts have been made to improve or modify plant metabolites by treating them with different light qualities (artificial lighting) or intensities. In this review, we discuss how changes in light intensity and wavelength affect the formation of chloroplast-located metabolites in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bo Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jianlong Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hao Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jinchi Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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115
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Liu L, Xie T, Peng P, Qiu H, Zhao J, Fang J, Patil SB, Wang Y, Fang S, Chu J, Yuan S, Zhang W, Li X. Mutations in the MIT3 gene encoding a caroteniod isomerase lead to increased tiller number in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 267:1-10. [PMID: 29362087 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids not only play important roles in light harvesting and photoprotection against excess light, but also serve as precursors for apocaroteniod hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs). Although light- and ABA-associated phenotypes of the carotenoid biosynthesis mutants such as albino, leaf variegation and preharvest sprouting have been studied extensively, the SLs-related branching phenotype is rarely explored. Here we characterized four allelic rice mutants named mit3, which exhibited moderately increased tiller number, semi-dwarfism and leaf variegation. Map-based cloning revealed that MIT3 encodes a carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), the key enzyme catalyzing the conversion from prolycopene to all-trans-lycopene in carotenoid biosynthesis. Prolycopene was accumulated while all-trans-lycopene was barely detectable in the dark-grown mit3 seedlings. Accordingly, content of lutein and β-carotene, the two most abundant carotenoids, was significantly reduced. Furthermore, content of epi-5DS, a native SL, was significantly reduced in mit3. Exogenously applied GR24, a synthetic SL, could rescue the tillering phenotype of mit3. Double mutant analysis of mit3 with the SLs biosynthesis mutant d17 revealed that MIT3 controls tiller development upstream of the SLs biosynthesis pathway. Our results reveal that the tillering phenotype of mit3 is due to SL deficiency and directly link carotenoid deficiency with SL-regulated rice tillering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Peng Peng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Qiu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Suyash Bhimgonda Patil
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuang Fang
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | | | - Wenhui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China,.
| | - Xueyong Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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116
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Sankari M, Rao PR, Hemachandran H, Pullela PK, Doss C GP, Tayubi IA, Subramanian B, Gothandam KM, Singh P, Ramamoorthy S. Prospects and progress in the production of valuable carotenoids: Insights from metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and computational approaches. J Biotechnol 2018; 266:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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117
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Martin C, Li J. Medicine is not health care, food is health care: plant metabolic engineering, diet and human health. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:699-719. [PMID: 28796289 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents 699 I. 699 II. 700 III. 700 IV. 706 V. 707 VI. 714 714 References 714 SUMMARY: Plants make substantial contributions to our health through our diets, providing macronutrients for energy and growth as well as essential vitamins and phytonutrients that protect us from chronic diseases. Imbalances in our food can lead to deficiency diseases or obesity and associated metabolic disorders, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Nutritional security is now a global challenge which can be addressed, at least in part, through plant metabolic engineering for nutritional improvement of foods that are accessible to and eaten by many. We review the progress that has been made in nutritional enhancement of foods, both improvements through breeding and through biotechnology and the engineering principles on which increased phytonutrient levels are based. We also consider the evidence, where available, that such foods do enhance health and protect against chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathie Martin
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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118
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Huang H, Xia EH, Zhang HB, Yao QY, Gao LZ. De novo transcriptome sequencing of Camellia sasanqua and the analysis of major candidate genes related to floral traits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 120:103-111. [PMID: 28992542 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sasanqua is one of the most famous horticultural plants in Camellia (Theaceae) due to its aesthetic appeal as landscape plant. Knowledge regarding the genetic basis of flowering time, floral aroma and color in C. sasanqua is limited, but is essential to breed new varieties with desired floral traits. Here, we described the de novo transcriptome of young leaves, flower buds and flowers of C. sasanqua. A total of 60,127 unigenes were functionally annotated based on the sequence similarity. After analysis, we found that two floral integrator genes, SOC1 and AP1, in flowering time pathway showed evidence of gene family expansion. Compared with 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate pathway, some genes in the mevalonate pathway were most highly expressed, suggesting that this might represent the major pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis related to floral aroma in C. sasanqua. In flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, PAL, CHI, DFR and ANS showing significantly higher expression levels in flowers and flower buds might have important role in regulation of floral color. The top five most transcription factors (TFs) families in C. sasanqua transcriptome were MYB, MIKC, C3H, FAR1 and HD-ZIP, many of which have a direct relationship with floral traits. In addition, we also identified 33,540 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the C. sasanqua transcriptome. Collectively, the C. sasanqua transcriptome dataset generated from this study along with the SSR markers provide a new resource for the identification of novel regulatory transcripts and will accelerate the genetic improvement of C. sasanqua breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - En-Hua Xia
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hai-Bin Zhang
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Qiu-Yang Yao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li-Zhi Gao
- Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; Institution of Genomics and Bioinformatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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119
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Xie Y, Sen B, Wang G. Mining terpenoids production and biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1269-1280. [PMID: 28549813 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are major bioactive compounds produced by microalgae and other eukaryotic microorganisms. Mining metabolic potential of marine microalgae for commercial production of terpenoids suggest thraustochytrids as one of the promising cell factories. The identification of potential thraustochytrid strains and relevant laboratory scale bioprocesses has been pursued largely. Further investigations in the improvement of terpenoids biosynthesis expect relevant molecular mechanisms to be understood directing metabolic engineering of the pathways. In this review, fermentative and mechanistic studies to identify key enzymes and pathways that are associated to terpenoids biosynthesis in thraustochytrids are discussed. Exploration of biosynthesis mechanisms in other model organisms facilitated identification of potential molecular targets for engineering terpenoids biosynthetic pathway in thraustochytrids. In addition, the preliminary genetic manipulation and in silico analysis in this review provides a platform for system-level metabolic engineering towards thraustochytrid strains improvement. Overall, the review contributes comprehensive information to allow better terpenoids productivity in thraustochytrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Xie
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Biswarup Sen
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Center for Marine Environmental Ecology, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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120
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Srinivasan R, Babu S, Gothandam KM. Accumulation of phytoene, a colorless carotenoid by inhibition of phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene in Dunaliella salina V-101. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 242:311-318. [PMID: 28347620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the accumulation of phytoene in Dunaliella salina V-101 by down-regulating its phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene expression using RNA interference and Antisense technology. RNAi and antisense constructs were introduced into the Dunaliella cells by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Among thirty-two transformants, six showed positive down-regulation of PDS expression with RNAi construct and five positive transformants were obtained using antisense construct. Characterization of PDS suppression was carried out using semi-quantitative RT-PCR and quantitative determination of phytoene as well as other carotenoids by HPLC. Both the RNAi and antisense lines showed a significant decrease in the expression levels of phytoene desaturase and carotenoid content compared to wild type cells. The RNAi line #5 showed maximum Phytoene content (108.34±22.34µg/100mg DCW) compared to other transgenic lines. These phytoene-accumulating phenotypes exhibited slower growth rates and were found to be sensitive to high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Babu
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K M Gothandam
- School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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121
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Us-Camas R, Castillo-Castro E, Aguilar-Espinosa M, Limones-Briones V, Rivera-Madrid R, Robert-Díaz ML, De-la-Peña C. Assessment of molecular and epigenetic changes in the albinism of Agave angustifolia Haw. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 263:156-167. [PMID: 28818371 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Albinism in plants is a rare phenomenon that occurs in nature and is characterized by the total or partial loss of photosynthetic pigments. Although progress has been made in understanding the nature of this phenomenon, the precise causes and biological basis are still unexplored. Here, we study the genetic and epigenetic differences between green (G), variegated (V) and albino (A) A. angustifolia Haw. plantlets obtained by in vitro propagation in order to present new insights into albinism from a plant system that offers a unique set of biological phenotypic characteristics. Low transcript levels of genes involved in carotenoids and photosynthesis such as PSY, PDS, LCYƐ, rubS, PEPCase and LHCP suggest a disruption in these processes in albino plants. Due to a high level of genetic similarity being found between the three phenotypes, we analyzed global DNA methylation and different histone marks (H3K4me2, H3K36me2, H3K9ac, H3K9me2 and H3K27me3). Although no significant differences in global 5-methyl deoxicytidine were found, almost a 2-4.5-fold increase in H3K9ac was observed in albino plants in comparison with variegated or green plants, suggesting a change in chromatin compaction related to A. angustifolia albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Us-Camas
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Castillo-Castro
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Margarita Aguilar-Espinosa
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Verónica Limones-Briones
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Renata Rivera-Madrid
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Manuel L Robert-Díaz
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Clelia De-la-Peña
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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122
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Ng I, Tan S, Kao P, Chang Y, Chang J. Recent Developments on Genetic Engineering of Microalgae for Biofuels and Bio‐Based Chemicals. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I‐Son Ng
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
- Research Center for Energy Technology and StrategyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
| | - Shih‐I Tan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Hsun Kao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Kaung Chang
- Graduate School of Biochemical EngineeringMing Chi University of TechnologyNew Taipei City24301Taiwan
| | - Jo‐Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
- Research Center for Energy Technology and StrategyNational Cheng Kung UniversityTainan70101Taiwan
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123
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Solovchenko A, Neverov K. Carotenogenic response in photosynthetic organisms: a colorful story. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 133:31-47. [PMID: 28251441 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a diverse group of terpenoid pigments ubiquitous in and essential for functioning of phototrophs. Most of the researchers in the field are focused on the primary carotenoids serving light harvesting, photoprotection, and supporting the structural integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) within the thylakoid membranes. A distinct group of the pigments functionally and structurally uncoupled from the PSA and accumulating outside of the thylakoids is called secondary carotenoids. Induction of the biosynthesis and massive accumulation of the latter termed as secondary carotenogenesis and carotenogenic response (CR), respectively, is a major though insufficiently studied stress response discovered in many phototrophic organisms ranging from single-celled algae to terrestrial higher plants. The CR protects cell by means of optical shielding of cell structures vulnerable photodamage, consumption of potentially harmful dioxygen, augmenting sink capacity of photoassimilates, and exerting an antioxidant effect. The secondary carotenoids exhibit a remarkable photostability in situ. Therefore, the CR-based photoprotective mechanism, unlike, e.g., antioxidant enzyme-based protection in the chloroplast, does not require continuous investment of energy and metabolites making it highly suitable for long-term stress acclimation in phototrophs. Capability of the CR determines the strategy of acclimation of photosynthetic organisms to different stresses such as excessive irradiance, drought, extreme temperatures, and salinities. Build-up of the CR might be accompanied by gradual disengagement of 'classical' active (energy-dependent) photoprotective mechanisms such as non-photochemical quenching. In addition to that, the CR has great ecological significance. Illustrious examples of this are extremely stress-tolerant 'snow' algae and conifer species developing red coloration during winter. The CR has also considerable practical implications since the secondary carotenoids exert a plethora of beneficial effects on human and animal health. The carotenogenic microalgae are the richest biotechnological sources of natural value-added carotenoids such as astaxanthin and β-carotene. In the present review, we summarize current functional, mechanistic, and ecological insights into the CR in a broad range of organisms suggesting that it is obviously more widespread and important stress response than it is currently thought to be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Solovchenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119234.
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 127276.
| | - Konstantin Neverov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119234
- A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 117071
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Ma J, Xu Z, Tan G, Wang F, Xiong A. Distinct transcription profile of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis among six different color carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:817-826. [PMID: 28910981 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid, a group of lipophilic molecules, is widely distributed in nature, and is important for plant photosynthesis and photoprotection. In carrot taproot, different types of dominant carotenoid accumulation lead to yellow, orange, and red colors. In this study, six different carrot cultivars were used to simultaneously analyze carotenoid contents by high performance liquid chromatography. The expression levels of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis of carrot were also detected by real-time quantitative PCR. It was found that genes involved in xanthophyll formation were expressed at high levels in yellow carrot cultivars. However, these genes were expressed at low levels in orange carrot cultivars. The contents of α- and β-carotene accounted for a large proportion in total carotenoid contents in orange carrot cultivars. These results indicate that α-carotene accumulation and xanthophyll formation may be related to the expression levels of carotene hydroxylase genes in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guofei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aisheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Carotenoid Pathway Genes and Carotenoid Content in Ixeris dentata var. albiflora. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091449. [PMID: 28858245 PMCID: PMC6151524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixeris dentata var. albiflora is considered as a potential therapeutic agent against mithridatism, calculous, indigestion, pneumonia, hepatitis, and tumors as well as good seasoned vegetable in Far East countries. Phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene desaturase (PDS) ξ-carotene desaturase (ZDS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB), lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYE), ε-ring carotene hydroxylase (CHXB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZDS) are vital enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. We have examined these seven genes from I. dentata that are participated in carotenoid biosynthesis utilizing an Illumina/Solexa HiSeq 2000 platform. In silico analysis of the seven deduced amino acid sequences were revealed its closest homology with other Asteracea plants. Further, we explored transcript levels and carotenoid accumulation in various organs of I. dentata using quantitative real time PCR and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The highest transcript levels were noticed in the leaf for all the genes while minimal levels were noticed in the root. The maximal carotenoid accumulation was also detected in the leaf. We proposed that these genes expressions are associated with the accumulation of carotenoids. Our findings may suggest the fundamental clues to unravel the molecular insights of carotenoid biosynthesis in various organs of I. dentata.
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Shen YH, Lu BG, Feng L, Yang FY, Geng JJ, Ming R, Chen XJ. Isolation of ripening-related genes from ethylene/1-MCP treated papaya through RNA-seq. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:671. [PMID: 28859626 PMCID: PMC5580268 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since papaya is a typical climacteric fruit, exogenous ethylene (ETH) applications can induce premature and quicker ripening, while 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) slows down the ripening processes. Differential gene expression in ETH or 1-MCP-treated papaya fruits accounts for the ripening processes. To isolate the key ripening-related genes and better understand fruit ripening mechanisms, transcriptomes of ETH or 1-MCP-treated, and non-treated (Control Group, CG) papaya fruits were sequenced using Illumina Hiseq2500. RESULTS A total of 18,648 (1-MCP), 19,093 (CG), and 15,321 (ETH) genes were detected, with the genes detected in the ETH-treatment being the least. This suggests that ETH may inhibit the expression of some genes. Based on the differential gene expression (DGE) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, 53 fruit ripening-related genes were selected: 20 cell wall-related genes, 18 chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism-related genes, four proteinases and their inhibitors, six plant hormone signal transduction pathway genes, four transcription factors, and one senescence-associated gene. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses confirmed the results of RNA-seq and verified that the expression pattern of six genes is consistent with the fruit senescence process. Based on the expression profiling of genes in carbohydrate metabolic process, chlorophyll metabolism pathway, and carotenoid metabolism pathway, the mechanism of pulp softening and coloration of papaya was deduced and discussed. We illustrate that papaya fruit softening is a complex process with significant cell wall hydrolases, such as pectinases, cellulases, and hemicellulases involved in the process. Exogenous ethylene accelerates the coloration of papaya changing from green to yellow. This is likely due to the inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis and the α-branch of carotenoid metabolism. Chy-b may play an important role in the yellow color of papaya fruit. CONCLUSIONS Comparing the differential gene expression in ETH/1-MCP-treated papaya using RNA-seq is a sound approach to isolate ripening-related genes. The results of this study can improve our understanding of papaya fruit ripening molecular mechanism and reveal candidate fruit ripening-related genes for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hong Shen
- College of Horticulture, Fijian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Bing Guo Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117 China
| | - Li Feng
- College of Horticulture, Fijian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Fei Ying Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fijian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Jiao Jiao Geng
- College of Horticulture, Fijian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
| | - Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801 USA
| | - Xiao Jing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fijian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding in Horticultural Plants, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002 China
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Kang L, Ji CY, Kim SH, Ke Q, Park SC, Kim HS, Lee HU, Lee JS, Park WS, Ahn MJ, Lee HS, Deng X, Kwak SS. Suppression of the β-carotene hydroxylase gene increases β-carotene content and tolerance to abiotic stress in transgenic sweetpotato plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 117:24-33. [PMID: 28587990 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
β-carotene, a carotenoid that plays a key photo-protective role in plants is converted into zeaxanthin by β-carotene hydroxylase (CHY-β). Previous work showed that down-regulation of IbCHY-β by RNA interference (RNAi) results in higher levels of β-carotene and total carotenoids, as well as salt stress tolerance, in cultured transgenic sweetpotato cells. In this study, we introduced the RNAi-IbCHY-β construct into a white-fleshed sweetpotato cultivar (cv. Yulmi) by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Among the 13 resultant transgenic sweetpotato plants (referred to as RC plants), three lines were selected for further characterization on the basis of IbCHY-β transcript levels. The RC plants had orange flesh, total carotenoid and β-carotene contents in storage roots were 2-fold and 16-fold higher, respectively, than those of non-transgenic (NT) plants. Unlike storage roots, total carotenoid and β-carotene levels in the leaves of RC plants were slightly increased compared to NT plants. The leaves of RC plants also exhibited tolerance to methyl viologen (MV)-mediated oxidative stress, which was associated with higher 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity. In addition, RC plants maintained higher levels of chlorophyll and higher photosystem II efficiency than NT plants after 250 mM NaCl stress. Yield of storage roots did not differ significantly between RC and NT plants. These observations suggest that RC plants might be useful as a nutritious and environmental stress-tolerant crop on marginal lands around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Kang
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Ji
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Sun Ha Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Qingbo Ke
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Un Lee
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, 199 Muan-ro, Muan-gun 58545, South Korea
| | - Joon Seol Lee
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, 199 Muan-ro, Muan-gun 58545, South Korea
| | - Woo Sung Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Ahn
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Xiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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Ahrazem O, Diretto G, Argandoña J, Rubio-Moraga Á, Julve JM, Orzáez D, Granell A, Gómez-Gómez L. Evolutionarily distinct carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases are responsible for crocetin production in Buddleja davidii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4663-4677. [PMID: 28981773 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crocetin, one of the few colored apocarotenoids known in nature, is present in flowers and fruits and has long been used medicinally and as a colorant. Saffron is the main source of crocetin, although a few other plants produce lower amounts of this apocarotenoid. Notably, Buddleja davidii accumulates crocetin in its flowers. Recently, a carotenoid dioxygenase cleavage enzyme, CCD2, has been characterized as responsible for crocetin production in Crocus species. We searched for CCD2 homologues in B. davidii and identified several CCD enzymes from the CCD1 and CCD4 subfamilies. Unexpectedly, two out of the three CCD4 enzymes, namely BdCCD4.1 and BdCCD4.3, showed 7,8;7',8' activity in vitro and in vivo over zeaxanthin. In silico analyses of these enzymes and CCD2 allowed the determination of key residues for this activity. Both BdCCD4 genes are highly expressed during flower development and transcripts levels parallel the accumulation of crocins in the petals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BdCCD4.2 grouped with almost all the characterized CCD4 enzymes, while BdCCD4.1 and BdCCD4.3 form a new sub-cluster together with CCD4 enzymes from certain Lamiales species. The present study indicates that convergent evolution led to the acquisition of 7,8;7',8' apocarotenoid cleavage activity in two separate CCD enzyme families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Tecnológico de la Fábrica de Armas, Avda, Carlos III s/n, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Javier Argandoña
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Ángela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - José Manuel Julve
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzáez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
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Killiny N, Nehela Y. One Target, Two Mechanisms: The Impact of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' and Its Vector, Diaphorina citri, on Citrus Leaf Pigments. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:543-556. [PMID: 28358623 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0045-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the largest threat to global citrus production. We examined the effect of HLB pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' infection or infestation by its vector, Diaphorina citri, on 'Valencia' sweet orange leaf pigments using high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by gene expression analysis for 46 involved genes in carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways. Both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and D. citri alter the total citrus leaf pigment balance with a greater impact by 'Ca. L. asiaticus'. Although zeaxanthin was accumulated in 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected leaves, chlorophyllide a was increased in D. citri-infested plants. Our findings support the idea that both 'Ca. L. asiaticus' and D. citri affect the citrus pigments and promote symptom development but using two different mechanisms. 'Ca. L. asiaticus' promotes chlorophyll degradation but accelerates the biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments, resulting in accumulation of abscisic acid and its precursor, zeaxanthin. Zeaxanthin also has a photoprotective role. By contrast, D. citri induced the degradation of most carotenoids and accelerated chlorophyll biosynthesis, leading to chlorophyllide a accumulation. Chlorophyllide a might have an antiherbivory role. Accordingly, we suggest that citrus plants try to defend themselves against 'Ca. L. asiaticus' or D. citri using multifaceted defense systems, based on the stressor type. These findings will help in better understanding the tritrophic interactions among plant, pathogen, and vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Killiny
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
| | - Yasser Nehela
- 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred 33850, U.S.A.; and
- 2 Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Wisutiamonkul A, Ampomah-Dwamena C, Allan AC, Ketsa S. Carotenoid accumulation in durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit is affected by ethylene via modulation of carotenoid pathway gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:308-319. [PMID: 28415031 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoid content in durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit is an important aspect of fruit quality, with different cultivars distinguished by differing pigmentation. We have studied the dependence of carotenogenesis on ethylene. Fruit of the cultivar 'Chanee' harvested at the mature stage were either left untreated (controls), treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 12 h, or treated with application of an aqueous ethephon solution to the stem end, or treated for 12 h with 1-MCP followed by ethephon application. Fruit were then stored for 9 d at 25 °C. Pulp color of durian became steadily yellowish as a result of accumulation of carotenoids, which were mainly beta-carotene, and alpha-carotene, with a minor amount of zeaxanthin and lutein. 1-MCP delayed the increase in the accumulation of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and zeaxanthin, but not lutein. In contrast, ethephon had no significant effect on carotenoid accumulation. The expression of zeta-carotene desaturase (ZDS), lycopene beta-cyclase (LCYB), chromoplast specific lycopene beta-cyclase (CYCB) and beta-carotene hydroxylase (BCH) genes was highly correlated with carotenoid content and pulp color.1-MCP resulted in significant down-regulation of ZDS, LCYB, CYCB and BCH expression. The accumulation of beta-carotene and alpha-carotene appears to be controlled by the level of expression of LCYB gene, whose function was tested in bacteria to show conversion of lycopene and delta-carotene to beta-carotene and alpha-carotene, respectively. These results suggest that ripening-induced carotenoid accumulation is regulated by endogenous ethylene controlling the expression of key genes such as LCYB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apinya Wisutiamonkul
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Saichol Ketsa
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand.
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131
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Lee H. Transgenic Pro-Vitamin A Biofortified Crops for Improving Vitamin A Deficiency and Their Challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1874331501711010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD) has been a public health problem among children in developing countries. To alleviate VAD, Vitamin A Supplementation (VAS), food fortification, biofortification and nutrition education have been implemented in various degrees of success with their own merits and limits. While VAS is the most widely utilized intervention in developing countries to ease the burden of VAD, some have raised questions on VAS’ effectiveness. Biofortification, often touted as an effective alternative to VAS, has received significant attention. Among the available biofortification methods, adopting transgenic technology has not only facilitated rapid progress in science for enhanced pro-Vitamin A (pVA) levels in target crops, but drawn considerable skepticism in politics for safety issues. Additionally, VAD-afflicted target regions of transgenic pVA crops widely vary in their national stance on Genetically Modified (GM) products, which further complicates crop development and release. This paper briefly reviews VAS and its controversy which partly demanded shifts to food-based VAD interventions, and updates the current status of transgenic pVA crops. Also, this paper presents a framework to provide potential influencers for transgenic pVA crop development under politically challenging climates with GM products. The framework could be applicable to other transgenic micronutrient biofortification.
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132
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Liu G, Yang X, Xu J, Zhang M, Hou Q, Zhu L, Huang Y, Xiong A. Morphological observation, RNA-Seq quantification, and expression profiling: novel insight into grafting-responsive carotenoid biosynthesis in watermelon grafted onto pumpkin rootstock. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:216-227. [PMID: 28040679 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Watermelon is an important and economical horticultural crop in China, where ~20% of the plants are grafted. The development of grafted watermelon fruit involves a diverse range of gene interactions that results in dynamic changes in fruit. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying grafting-induced fruit quality change are unclear. In the present study, we measured the lycopene content by high-performance liquid chromatography and used RNA-Seq (quantification) to perform a genome-wide transcript analysis of fruits from watermelon grafted onto pumpkin rootstock (pumpkin-grafted watermelon, PGW), self-grafted watermelon (SGW), and non-grafted watermelon (NGW). The results showed variation in the lycopene content in the flesh of PGW fruits, first increasing and then decreasing in the four stages, which was different from the trend in the flesh of NGW and SGW fruits. The transcriptome profiling data provided new information on the grafting-induced gene regulation of lycopene biosynthesis during fruit growth and development. The expression levels of 33 genes from 8 gene families (GGPS, PSY, PDS, ZDS, CRTISO, LCYb, LCYe, and CHY) related to lycopene biosynthesis, which play critical roles in fruit coloration and contribute significantly to fruit phytonutrient values, were monitored during the four periods of fruit development in watermelon. Compared with those of NGW and SGW, 14 genes were differentially expressed in PGW during fruit development, suggesting that these genes possibly help to mediate lycopene biosynthesis in grafted watermelon fruit. Our work provides some novel insights into grafting-responsive carotenoid metabolism and its potential roles during PGW fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xingping Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Qian Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lingli Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aisheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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133
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Park YJ, Park SY, Valan Arasu M, Al-Dhabi NA, Ahn HG, Kim JK, Park SU. Accumulation of Carotenoids and Metabolic Profiling in Different Cultivars of Tagetes Flowers. Molecules 2017; 22:E313. [PMID: 28218705 PMCID: PMC6155894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of Tagetes, which belong to the family Asteraceae show different characteristics including, bloom size, shape, and color; plant size; and leaf shape. In this study, we determined the differences in primary metabolites and carotenoid yields among six cultivars from two Tagetes species, T. erecta and T. patula. In total, we detected seven carotenoids in the examined cultivars: violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, 9-cis-β-carotene, and 13-cis-β-carotene. In all the cultivars, lutein was the most abundant carotenoid. Furthermore, the contents of each carotenoid in flowers varied depending on the cultivar. Principal component analysis (PCA) facilitated metabolic discrimination between Tagetes cultivars, with the exception of Inca Yellow and Discovery Orange. Moreover, PCA and orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) results provided a clear discrimination between T. erecta and T. patula. Primary metabolites, including xylose, citric acid, valine, glycine, and galactose were the main components facilitating separation of the species. Positive relationships were apparent between carbon-rich metabolites, including those of the TCA cycle and sugar metabolism, and carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Korea.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hyung-Geun Ahn
- Science & Technology Policy Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Sejong-si 30110, Korea.
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
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134
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Manoharan RK, Jung HJ, Hwang I, Jeong N, Kho KH, Chung MY, Nou IS. Molecular breeding of a novel orange-brown tomato fruit with enhanced beta-carotene and chlorophyll accumulation. Hereditas 2017; 154:1. [PMID: 28096780 PMCID: PMC5226094 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-016-0023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomatoes provide a significant dietary source of the carotenoids, lycopene and β-carotene. During ripening, carotenoid accumulation determines the fruit colors while chlorophyll degradation. These traits have been, and continue to be, a significant focus for plant breeding efforts. Previous work has found strong evidence for a relationship between CYC-B gene expression and the orange color of fleshy fruit. Other work has identified a point mutation in SGR that impedes chlorophyll degradation and causes brown flesh color to be retained in some tomato varieties. METHODS We crossed two inbred lines, KNY2 (orange) and KNB1 (brown) and evaluated the relationship between these genes for their effect on fruit color. Phenotypes of F2 generation plants were analyzed and a novel 'orange-brown' fruit color was identified. RESULTS We confirm two SNPs, one in CYC-B and another in SGR gene sequence, associated with segregation of 'orange-brown' fruit color in F2 generation. The carotenoid and chlorophyll content of a fleshy fruit was assessed across the different phenotypes and showed a strong correlation with expression pattern of carotenoid biosynthesis genes and SGR function. The orange-brown fruit has high β-carotene and chlorophyll. Our results provide valuable information for breeders to develop tomato fruit of a novel color using molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Kumar Manoharan
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Jung
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Indeok Hwang
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Jeong
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hee Kho
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, 50, Daehak-ro, Yeosu, Jeonnam 59626 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea
- Present address: Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922 Republic of Korea
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135
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Lundquist PK, Mantegazza O, Stefanski A, Stühler K, Weber APM. Surveying the Oligomeric State of Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:197-211. [PMID: 27794502 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Blue native-PAGE (BN-PAGE) resolves protein complexes in their native state. When combined with immunoblotting, it can be used to identify the presence of high molecular weight complexes at high resolution for any protein, given a suitable antibody. To identify proteins in high molecular weight complexes on a large scale and to bypass the requirement for specific antibodies, we applied a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) approach to BN-PAGE-resolved chloroplasts. Fractionation of the gel into six bands allowed identification and label-free quantification of 1000 chloroplast proteins with native molecular weight separation. Significantly, this approach achieves a depth of identification comparable with traditional shotgun proteomic analyses of chloroplasts, indicating much of the known chloroplast proteome is amenable to MS/MS identification under our fractionation scheme. By limiting the number of fractionation bands to six, we facilitate scaled-up comparative analyses, as we demonstrate with the reticulata chloroplast mutant displaying a reticulated leaf phenotype. Our comparative proteomics approach identified a candidate interacting protein of RETICULATA as well as effects on lipid remodeling proteins, amino acid metabolic enzymes, and plastid division machinery. We additionally highlight selected proteins from each sub-compartment of the chloroplast that provide novel insight on known or hypothesized protein complexes to further illustrate the utility of this approach. Our results demonstrate the high sensitivity and reproducibility of this technique, which is anticipated to be widely adaptable to other sub-cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Lundquist
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Otho Mantegazza
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anja Stefanski
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, BMFZ, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kai Stühler
- Molecular Proteomics Laboratory, BMFZ, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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136
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Bollinedi H, S. GK, Prabhu KV, Singh NK, Mishra S, Khurana JP, Singh AK. Molecular and Functional Characterization of GR2-R1 Event Based Backcross Derived Lines of Golden Rice in the Genetic Background of a Mega Rice Variety Swarna. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169600. [PMID: 28068433 PMCID: PMC5221763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous Golden Rice lines developed in the background of Swarna through marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB) using transgenic GR2-R1 event as a donor for the provitamin A trait have high levels of provitamin A (up to 20 ppm) but are dwarf with pale green leaves and drastically reduced panicle size, grain number and yield as compared to the recurrent parent, Swarna. In this study, we carried out detailed morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of these lines in a quest to identify the probable reasons for their abnormal phenotype. Nucleotide blast analysis with the primer sequences used to amplify the transgene revealed that the integration of transgene disrupted the native OsAux1 gene, which codes for an auxin transmembrane transporter protein. Real time expression analysis of the transgenes (ZmPsy and CrtI) driven by endosperm-specific promoter revealed the leaky expression of the transgene in the vegetative tissues. We propose that the disruption of OsAux1 disturbed the fine balance of plant growth regulators viz., auxins, gibberellic acid and abscisic acid, leading to the abnormalities in the growth and development of the lines homozygous for the transgene. The study demonstrates the conserved roles of OsAux1 gene in rice and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Bollinedi
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Gopala Krishnan S.
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Kumble Vinod Prabhu
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nagendra Kumar Singh
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Sushma Mishra
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jitendra P. Khurana
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Yeh TJ, Tseng YF, Chen YC, Hsiao Y, Lee PC, Chen TJ, Chen CY, Kao CY, Chang JS, Chen JC, Lee TM. Transcriptome and physiological analysis of a lutein-producing alga Desmodesmus sp. reveals the molecular mechanisms for high lutein productivity. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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138
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Kang L, Park SC, Ji CY, Kim HS, Lee HS, Kwak SS. Metabolic engineering of carotenoids in transgenic sweetpotato. BREEDING SCIENCE 2017; 67:27-34. [PMID: 28465665 PMCID: PMC5407916 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam], which contains high levels of antioxidants such as ascorbate and carotenoids in its storage root, is one of the healthiest foods, as well as one of the best starch crops for growth on marginal lands. In plants, carotenoid pigments are involved in light harvesting for photosynthesis and are also essential for photo-protection against excess light. As dietary antioxidants in humans, these compounds benefit health by alleviating aging-related diseases. The storage root of sweetpotato is a good source of both carotenoids and carbohydrates for human consumption. Therefore, metabolic engineering of sweetpotato to increase the content of useful carotenoids represents an important agricultural goal. This effort has been facilitated by cloning of most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes, as well as the Orange gene involved in carotenoid accumulation. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the regulation of biosynthesis, accumulation and catabolism of carotenoids in sweetpotato. A deeper understanding of these topics should contribute to development of new sweetpotato cultivars with higher levels of nutritional carotenoids and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Kang
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Yoon Ji
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB),
Daejeon 34141,
Republic of Korea
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST),
Daejeon 305-350,
Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
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139
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Chen HH, Chen SL, Lao YM, Liang MH, Jiang JG. Using EGFP as a reporter to confirm the function of phytoene desaturase promoter in Duanliella bardawil. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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140
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A β-carotene ketolase gene ( bkt1 ) promoter regulated by sodium acetate and light in a model green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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141
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Hoisington D. Opportunities for Nutritionally Enhanced Maize and Wheat Varieties to Combat Protein and Micronutrient Malnutrition. Food Nutr Bull 2016; 23:376-7. [PMID: 16619744 DOI: 10.1177/156482650202300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring variation detected in the germplasm of maize and wheat, two of the top three cereal crops in the world, provides options for incorporating higher levels of iron, zinc, and β-carotene into these grains. in addition, quality protein maize (QPM) has been developed from naturally occurring variation; its seed contains enhanced levels of lysine and tryptophan, two essential amino acids lacking in cereals. the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, along with its many partners, has identified several maize and wheat varieties with 25% to 30% higher grain iron and zinc concentrations. Wild relatives of wheat have been found to contain some of the highest iron and zinc concentrations in the grains. Although these accessions are often low yielding and have poor grain quality, backcrossing to bread wheat could result in highly nutritious cultivars. Options are now available for conventional and biotechnology-assisted improvement of the nutritional content of maize and wheat germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hoisington
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico, CIMMYT's Applied Biotechnology Center and Bioinformatics
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142
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Sun TH, Zhou F, Liu CJ, Zhuang Z, Lu S. The DnaJ-like zinc finger domain protein ORANGE localizes to the nucleus in etiolated cotyledons of Arabidopsis thaliana. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1599-1604. [PMID: 26634929 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a worldwide health problem. Overexpression of the DnaJ-like zinc finger domain protein ORANGE (OR) is a novel strategy for the biofortification of pro-vitamin A carotenoids in different staple crops to alleviate VAD. In plants, OR triggers the differentiation from non-pigmented plastids into carotenoid-accumulating plastids. There are different reports on the subcellular localization of this protein in either chloroplasts or the nucleus, both of which were supported by confocal observation and protein-protein interaction results. In this work, we studied the subcellular localization of OR in the cotyledons of germinating seedlings whose plastids were transitioning from non-pigmented proplastids into carotenoid-accumulating etioplasts in the dark, and then into chloroplasts upon illumination. Our Western blot analysis identified two bands of the Arabidopsis OR protein (AtOR) from the chloroplast fraction of the mature leaves (i.e., a 34-kDa form corresponding to the full-length peptide and a 30-kDa form suggesting the removal of the N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide). We found that the full-length AtOR was predominantly localized in the nucleus in etiolated cotyledons, although its abundance decreased upon illumination. Our bioinformatics analysis indicated a nuclear localization signal (NLS) after the N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide. When we substituted different N-terminal regions of AtOR with the green fluorescent protein, our confocal observations demonstrated that this NLS was sufficient to target AtOR to the nucleus. Our results demonstrate that AtOR is a dual-targeted protein that mainly localizes in the nucleus in etiolated cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chuan-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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143
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Wang D, Fu A. The Plastid Terminal Oxidase is a Key Factor Balancing the Redox State of Thylakoid Membrane. Enzymes 2016; 40:143-171. [PMID: 27776780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria possess oxygen-consuming respiratory electron transfer chains (RETCs), and the oxygen-evolving photosynthetic electron transfer chain (PETC) resides in chloroplasts. Evolutionarily mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively. However, cyanobacteria harbor both RETC and PETC on their thylakoid membranes. It is proposed that chloroplasts could possess a RETC on the thylakoid membrane, in addition to PETC. Identification of a plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in the chloroplast from the Arabidopsis variegation mutant immutans (im) demonstrated the presence of a RETC in chloroplasts, and the PTOX is the committed oxidase. PTOX is distantly related to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), which is responsible for the CN-insensitive alternative RETC. Similar to AOX, an ubiquinol (UQH2) oxidase, PTOX is a plastoquinol (PQH2) oxidase on the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Lack of PTOX, Arabidopsis im showed a light-dependent variegation phenotype; and mutant plants will not survive the mediocre light intensity during its early development stage. PTOX is very important for carotenoid biosynthesis, since the phytoene desaturation, a key step in the carotenoid biosynthesis, is blocked in the white sectors of Arabidopsis im mutant. PTOX is found to be a stress-related protein in numerous research instances. It is generally believed that PTOX can protect plants from various environmental stresses, especially high light stress. PTOX also plays significant roles in chloroplast development and plant morphogenesis. Global physiological roles played by PTOX could be a direct or indirect consequence of its PQH2 oxidase activity to maintain the PQ pool redox state on the thylakoid membrane. The PTOX-dependent chloroplast RETC (so-called chlororespiration) does not contribute significantly when chloroplast PETC is normally developed and functions well. However, PTOX-mediated RETC could be the major force to regulate the PQ pool redox balance in the darkness, under conditions of stress, in nonphotosynthetic plastids, especially in the early development from proplastids to chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China
| | - A Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China.
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144
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Enhanced astaxanthin production from Haematococcus pluvialis using butylated hydroxyanisole. J Biotechnol 2016; 236:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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145
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Hou X, Rivers J, León P, McQuinn RP, Pogson BJ. Synthesis and Function of Apocarotenoid Signals in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:792-803. [PMID: 27344539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In plants, carotenoids are essential for photosynthesis and photoprotection. However, carotenoids are not the end products of the pathway; apocarotenoids are produced by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs) or non-enzymatic processes. Apocarotenoids are more soluble or volatile than carotenoids but they are not simply breakdown products, as there can be modifications post-cleavage and their functions include hormones, volatiles, and signals. Evidence is emerging for a class of apocarotenoids, here referred to as apocarotenoid signals (ACSs), that have regulatory roles throughout plant development beyond those ascribed to abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactone (SL). In this context we review studies of carotenoid feedback regulation, chloroplast biogenesis, stress signaling, and leaf and root development providing evidence that apocarotenoids may fine-tune plant development and responses to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Rivers
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Patricia León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Ryan P McQuinn
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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146
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Zhai S, Xia X, He Z. Carotenoids in Staple Cereals: Metabolism, Regulation, and Genetic Manipulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1197. [PMID: 27559339 PMCID: PMC4978713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play a critical role in animal and human health. Animals and humans are unable to synthesize carotenoids de novo, and therefore rely upon diet as sources of these compounds. However, major staple cereals often contain only small amounts of carotenoids in their grains. Consequently, there is considerable interest in genetic manipulation of carotenoid content in cereal grain. In this review, we focus on carotenoid metabolism and regulation in non-green plant tissues, as well as genetic manipulation in staple cereals such as rice, maize, and wheat. Significant progress has been made in three aspects: (1) seven carotenogenes play vital roles in carotenoid regulation in non-green plant tissues, including 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase influencing isoprenoid precursor supply, phytoene synthase, β-cyclase, and ε-cyclase controlling biosynthesis, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase and carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases responsible for degradation, and orange gene conditioning sequestration sink; (2) provitamin A-biofortified crops, such as rice and maize, were developed by either metabolic engineering or marker-assisted breeding; (3) quantitative trait loci for carotenoid content on chromosomes 3B, 7A, and 7B were consistently identified, eight carotenogenes including 23 loci were detected, and 10 gene-specific markers for carotenoid accumulation were developed and applied in wheat improvement. A comprehensive and deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism in crops will be beneficial in improving our precision in improving carotenoid contents. Genomic selection and gene editing are emerging as transformative technologies for provitamin A biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Zhai
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xianchun Xia
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhonghu He
- National Wheat Improvement Center, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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147
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Mieog JC, Ral JPF. Fast and Efficient Screening for Wheat Loss-of-Gene Mutants Using Multiplexed Melt Curve Analyses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159955. [PMID: 27459606 PMCID: PMC4961375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a new approach in the screening for loss-of-gene mutants in Heavy Ion Bombardment (HIB) mutant populations of genetically complex organisms such as hexaploid bread wheat using multiplexed single-color (SYBR Green) melt curve analyses. The assay was set up for three target genes to test its validity and applicability. For each gene, three genome-specific primer pairs (one for each genome) with distinct melt curves were developed and multiplexed. This allowed screening for "single null mutants" (plants with the target gene deleted in one of the three genomes) for all three genomes in a single reaction. The first two genes (α-Amylase 3 and Epsilon Cyclase) were used to test the approach as HIB null lines for all three genomes were already available for these. The third assay was successfully applied to identify new single null lines of the target gene α-Amylase 2 in an in-house HIB wheat collection. The use of SYBR Green greatly reduced the time and/or cost investment compared to other techniques and the approach proved highly suitable for high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos C. Mieog
- CSIRO Agriculture, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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148
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Ma G, Zhang L, Yungyuen W, Tsukamoto I, Iijima N, Oikawa M, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Kato M. Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 27358074 PMCID: PMC4928310 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated. RESULTS In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (CitHYb, CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C) in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression results showed that the expression of CitHYb increased in the flavedo and juice sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation of β,β-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of CitCYP97A and CitCYP97C increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of CitCYP97B was much lower than that of CitHYb, CitCYP97A, and CitCYP97C in the juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene and α-carotene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, α-carotene was hydroxylated on the β-ring and ε-ring sequentially to produce lutein. CONCLUSIONS CitHYb was a key gene for β,β-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. CitCYP97C functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and commercial qualities of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Lancui Zhang
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Witchulada Yungyuen
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
- />The United Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Gifu University (Shizuoka University), Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Issei Tsukamoto
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Natsumi Iijima
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Michiru Oikawa
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
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149
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Carvalho LJ, Agustini MA, Anderson JV, Vieira EA, de Souza CR, Chen S, Schaal BA, Silva JP. Natural variation in expression of genes associated with carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage root. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:133. [PMID: 27286876 PMCID: PMC4902922 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage root provides a staple food source for millions of people worldwide. Increasing the carotenoid content in storage root of cassava could provide improved nutritional and health benefits. Because carotenoid accumulation has been associated with storage root color, this study characterized carotenoid profiles, and abundance of key transcripts associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, from 23 landraces of cassava storage root ranging in color from white-to-yellow-to-pink. This study provides important information to plant breeding programs aimed at improving cassava storage root nutritional quality. RESULTS Among the 23 landraces, five carotenoid types were detected in storage root with white color, while carotenoid types ranged from 1 to 21 in storage root with pink and yellow color. The majority of storage root in these landraces ranged in color from pale-to-intense yellow. In this color group, total β-carotene, containing all-E-, 9-Z-, and 13-Z-β-carotene isomers, was the major carotenoid type detected, varying from 26.13 to 76.72 %. Although no α-carotene was observed, variable amounts of a α-ring derived xanthophyll, lutein, was detected; with greater accumulation of α-ring xanthophylls than of β-ring xanthophyll. Lycopene was detected in a landrace (Cas51) with pink color storage root, but it was not detected in storage root with yellow color. Based on microarray and qRT-PCR analyses, abundance of transcripts coding for enzymes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were consistent with carotenoid composition determined by contrasting HPLC-Diode Array profiles from storage root of landraces IAC12, Cas64, and Cas51. Abundance of transcripts encoding for proteins regulating plastid division were also consistent with the observed differences in total β-carotene accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Among the 23 cassava landraces with varying storage root color and diverse carotenoid types and profiles, landrace Cas51 (pink color storage root) had low LYCb transcript abundance, whereas landrace Cas64 (intense yellow storage root) had decreased HYb transcript abundance. These results may explain the increased amounts of lycopene and total β-carotene observed in landraces Cas51 and Cas64, respectively. Overall, total carotenoid content in cassava storage root of color class representatives were associated with spatial patterns of secondary growth, color, and abundance of transcripts linked to plastid division. Finally, a partial carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James V Anderson
- USDA-ARS, Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | | | - Songbi Chen
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture, Hainan, China.
| | - Barbara A Schaal
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joseane P Silva
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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150
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Ahrazem O, Rubio-Moraga A, Argandoña-Picazo J, Castillo R, Gómez-Gómez L. Intron retention and rhythmic diel pattern regulation of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2 during crocetin biosynthesis in saffron. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:355-374. [PMID: 27071403 PMCID: PMC4884571 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 2, a new member of the CCD family, catalyzes the conversion of zeaxanthin into crocetin-dialdehyde in Crocus. CCD2 is expressed in flowers, being responsible for the yellow, orange and red colorations displayed by tepals and stigma. Three CsCCD2 genes were identified in Crocus sativus, the longest contains ten exons and the shorter is a truncated copy with no introns and which lacks one exon sequence. Analysis of RNA-seq datasets of three developmental stages of saffron stigma allowed the determination of alternative splicing in CsCCD2, being intron retention (IR) the prevalent form of alternative splicing in CsCCD2. Further, high IR was observed in tissues that do not accumulate crocetin. The analysis of one CsCCD2 promoter showed cis-regulatory motifs involved in the response to light, temperature, and circadian regulation. The light and circadian regulation are common elements shared with the previously characterized CsLycB2a promoter, and these shared common cis-acting elements may represent binding sites for transcription factors responsible for co-regulation of these genes during the development of the stigma in saffron. A daily coordinated rhythmic regulation for CsCCD2 and CsLycB2a was observed, with higher levels of mRNA occurring at low temperatures during darkness, confirming the results obtained in the in silico promoter analysis. In addition, to the light and temperature dependent regulation of CsCCD2 expression, the apocarotenoid β-cyclocitral up-regulated CsCCD2 expression and could acts as a mediator of chromoplast-to-nucleus signalling, coordinating the expression of CsCCD2 with the developmental state of the chromoplast in the developing stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Ahrazem
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Argandoña-Picazo
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo
- VITAB Laboratorios, Polígono Industrial Garysol C/Pino, parcela 53, La Gineta, 02110, Albacete, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gómez-Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain.
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