101
|
Korine C, Pilosof S, Gross A, Morales-Malacara JB, Krasnov BR. The effect of water contamination and host-related factors on ectoparasite load in an insectivorous bat. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2517-2526. [PMID: 28735468 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of sex, age, and reproductive state of the insectivorous bat Pipistrellus kuhlii on the abundance and prevalence of arthropod ectoparasites (Macronyssidae and Cimicidae) in habitats with either sewage-polluted or natural bodies of water, in the Negev Desert, Israel. We chose water pollution as an environmental factor because of the importance of water availability in desert environments, particularly for P. kuhlii, which needs to drink on a daily basis. We predicted that parasite infestation rates would be affected by both environment and demographic cohort of the host. We found that female bats in the polluted site harbored significantly more mites than female bats in the natural site and that juveniles in the polluted site harbored significantly more cimicid individuals than juveniles in the natural site. We further found that age and sex (host-related factors) affected ectoparasite prevalence and intensity (i.e., the abundance of parasites) in the polluted site. Our results may suggest that the interaction between host-related and environment-related factors affected parasite infestations, with females and young bats being more susceptible to ectoparasites when foraging over polluted water. This effect may be particularly important for bats that must drink or forage above water for other wildlife that depend on drinking water for survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmi Korine
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel.
| | - Shai Pilosof
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Amit Gross
- Department of Environmental Hydrology and Microbiology, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Juan B Morales-Malacara
- Laboratorio Espeleobiología y Acarología, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, 76230, Querétaro, C.P., Mexico
| | - Boris R Krasnov
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Swiss Institute for Dryland Environmental and Energy Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, 8499000, Beersheba, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Seri Masran SNA, Ab Majid AH. Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit I in Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Populations in Malaysia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:974-979. [PMID: 28399302 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The tropical bed bug is scientifically recognized as a significant public health problem. While there is an increased awareness about their resurgence by medical and life science committees, efficient bed bug management still remains unresolved. The solution may soon arise, as information about bed bugs' infestation dynamics and systematics are becoming more distinguishable. Recent developments in studies about bed bugs are based on molecular intervention by determining their genetic variation and phylogeography. The aim of this study is to assess the phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity among the populations of tropical bed bugs inhabiting Malaysia. A molecular genotyping study was conducted with 22 tropical bed bug populations composed of three individuals per population. The mitochondrial (COI) gene was used as a marker. The data obtained were analyzed using the T-Coffee, ClustalX, MEGA 6.0, and PAUP software. The results showed one main monophyletic clade that consisted of two groups: Ch01 and Ch02. Ch02 consists of samples from the Bandar Hilir population, differing from the other populations studied by one singleton base. However, as there were no changes in the amino acid, this singleton genetic variation was considered to have no effect on genetic differentiation. Ch01 shows similarity with some sequence of Cimex hemipterus (F.) from Thailand, suggesting an international diversity connection. The disparity index apparently suggests that all isolates are homogeneous populations and are supported by the low value of the mean pairwise distance between isolates. This study will increase the knowledge about phylogeographic diversity of tropical bed bug in Malaysia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nor Ain Seri Masran
- Household & Structural Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Hafiz Ab Majid
- Household & Structural Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Runjaic J, Bellovich IJ, Page CE, Brown CR, Booth W. No Detectable Insecticide Resistance in Swallow Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Following Long-Term Exposure to Naled (Dibrom 8). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:994-998. [PMID: 28399289 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, is a hematophagous ectoparasite of the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Vieillot, and is closely related to bed bugs (Cimex spp.). Evolution of insecticide resistance has been documented for bed bugs but not studied in Oeciacus. For periods of 17 and 32 yr, two cliff swallow colonies in western Nebraska were treated during the summer breeding season using the organophosphate insecticide Dibrom. Despite continual treatments, O. vicarius has been observed frequently within these colonies. We evaluated the efficacy of Dibrom 8 on O. vicarius during the 2016 season at two treated colonies and four that had never experienced treatment. Dibrom 8 was found to be effective in 100% of trials, with immobilization within minutes and death within 72 h, for individuals from all colonies. In control treatments (water), individuals collected from treated colonies exhibited greater survival than individuals from untreated colonies, and those from active colonies (bugs fed) had greater survival than those from inactive colonies (bugs unfed). A residual effect was observed in both lab and field trials: 100% mortality occurred in the lab after exposure to filter paper substrates treated both 5 and 10 d earlier, and in the field, nests treated once early in the season had O. vicarius counts 43 d later that were <1% of those from untreated nests within the same colony. We hypothesize that the lack of resistance results from the limited potential for resistance allele fixation due to outbreeding and frequent immigration of insecticide-naïve individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Runjaic
- Department of Integrative Biology and School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Ian J Bellovich
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Catherine E Page
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Charles R Brown
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| | - Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Tsujimoto H, Sakamoto JM, Rasgon JL. Functional characterization of Aquaporin-like genes in the human bed bug Cimex lectularius. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3214. [PMID: 28607409 PMCID: PMC5468273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed bug Cimex lectularius is a blood-feeding re-emerging annoyance pest insect that has the ability to transmit Trypanosoma cruzi under experimental laboratory conditions. Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channel proteins that are essential in biological organisms. C. lectularius are constantly exposed to water-related stress, suggesting that AQPs may offer novel control avenues. We identified and cloned four AQPs from C. lectularius, assessed tissue and lifestage-specific expression, and characterized biochemical functions in vitro and in vivo. We identified an efficient water-specific AQP (ClAQP1), two aquaglyceroporins (ClGlp1 and ClGlp2) and a homolog of Drosophila melanogaster big brain (ClBib). ClGlp1 was only functional when co-expressed with the water-specific AQP. Simultaneous RNAi gene silencing of ClAQP1 and ClGlp1 significantly reduced water and urea excretion post blood feeding. The Bib homologue was enriched in embryos, exclusively expressed in ovaries, and when silenced, dramatically increased bug fecundity. Our data demonstrate that AQPs have critical roles in excretion, water homeostasis and reproduction in C. lectularius, and could be potential targets for control in this notorious pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Tsujimoto
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16832, USA.,Department of Entomology, Texas A& University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Joyce M Sakamoto
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16832, USA
| | - Jason L Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16832, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Ashbrook AR, Scharf ME, Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD. Detection of Reduced Susceptibility to Chlorfenapyr- and Bifenthrin-Containing Products in Field Populations of the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1195-1202. [PMID: 28398497 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a major impediment for effective control of Cimex lectularius L. Previous resistance detection studies with bed bugs have focused on certain pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate insecticides. Within the pyrethroid class, resistance studies have mostly been limited to deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and alpha- and beta-cyfluthrin. The goal of this study was to develop diagnostic concentration bioassays for assessing bed bug susceptibility levels to chlorfenapyr- and bifenthrin-containing products. First, glass vial and filter paper bioassay methods were compared for their utility in susceptibility monitoring. Statistical comparison of toxicity data between bioassays indicated that the vial assay was less confounded by assay susbtrate effects, required less insecticide, and was faster, especially for chlorfenapyr. Next, using vial diagnostic concentrations (LC99) for each insecticide, 10 laboratory-adapted field strains and the Harlan lab-susceptible strain were screened for susceptibility to chlorfenapyr and bifenthrin. The results of this study reveal recent bed bug susceptibility levels to certain chlorfenapyr- and bifenthrin-containing products. Reduced susceptibility was detected in three and five field strains to chlorfenapyr and bifenthrin, respectively. Detection of reduced susceptibility suggests that certain strains may be segregating toward greater chlorfenapyr and bifenthrin resistance. These results merit continuous resistance monitoring efforts to detect chlorfenapyr and bifenthrin susceptibility shifts. Additionally, to reduce insecticide selection pressures and delay resistance development, adoption of integrated bed bug control strategies that combine chemical and nonchemical methods is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Ashbrook
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (; ; ; )
| | - Michael E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (; ; ; )
| | - Gary W Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (; ; ; )
| | - Ameya D Gondhalekar
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 ( ; ; ; )
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Impact of sublethal exposure to a pyrethroid-neonicotinoid insecticide on mating, fecundity and development in the bed bug Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177410. [PMID: 28489937 PMCID: PMC5425214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sublethal exposure to an insecticide may alter insect feeding, mating, oviposition, fecundity, development, and many other life history parameters. Such effects may have population-level consequences that are not apparent in traditional dose-mortality evaluations. Earlier, we found that a routinely used combination insecticide that includes a pyrethroid and a neonicotinoid (Temprid® SC) had deleterious effects on multiple bed bug (Cimex lectularius, L.) behaviors. Here, we demonstrate that sublethal exposure impacts physiology and reproduction as well. We report that sublethal exposure to Temprid SC has variable aberrant effects on bed bugs depending on the strain, including: a reduction in male mating success and delayed oviposition by females. However, after sublethal exposure, egg hatch rate consistently declined in every strain tested, anywhere from 34%-73%. Conversely, impact on fifth instar eclosion time was not significant. While the strains that we tested varied in their respective magnitude of sublethal effects, taken together, these effects could reduce bed bug population growth. These changes in bed bug behavior and fecundity could lead to improved efficacy of Temprid SC in the field, but recovery of impacted bugs must be considered in future studies. Sublethal effects should not be overlooked when evaluating insecticide efficacy, as it is likely that other products may also have indirect effects on population dynamics that could either aid or inhibit successful management of pest populations.
Collapse
|
107
|
Masini P, Zampetti S, Moretta I, Bianchi L, Miñón Llera G, Biancolini F, Stingeni L. Bed bug dermatitis: detection dog as a useful survey tool for environmental research of Cimex lectularius. Int J Dermatol 2017; 56:e204-e206. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iolanda Moretta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Leonardo Bianchi
- Section of Clinical, Allergological, and Venereological Dermatology; Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Stingeni
- Section of Clinical, Allergological, and Venereological Dermatology; Department of Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Anderson JF, Ferrandino FJ, Vasil MP, Bedoukian RH, Maher M, Mckenzie K. Relatively Small Quantities of CO2, Ammonium Bicarbonate, and a Blend of (E)-2-Hexenal Plus (E)-2-Octenal Attract Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:362-367. [PMID: 28399295 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., feed on humans, have increased exponentially in the past two decades in many major cities throughout the world, have caused intense infestations, and have become a significant health concern. Improved traps are needed to detect early infestations, to assess control programs, and for control of bed bugs. Carbon dioxide released alone or simultaneously with other attractants into three types of traps at the relatively low rate of 1 ml/min caught significantly more bed bugs than untreated controls in a 183- by 183-cm arena. This finding may enable CO2 to be used more economically in traps. Three percent ammonium bicarbonate released at a rate of ≤0.03 ml/h also caught significantly more bed bugs than untreated controls. A blend of (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal at concentrations of 0.025% or 0.1% each and released at 0.02 ml/h attracted significantly more bed bugs than untreated controls. These findings ought to improve detection of bed bugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F Anderson
- Department of Entomology and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., New Haven, CT 06511-1106
| | - Francis J Ferrandino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., New Haven, CT 06511-1106
| | - Michael P Vasil
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., New Haven, CT 06511-1106
| | | | - Marie Maher
- Bedoukian Research, 21 Finance Drive, Danbury, CT 06810 (; ; )
| | - Karen Mckenzie
- Bedoukian Research, 21 Finance Drive, Danbury, CT 06810 (; ; )
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Crawley SE, Kowles KA, Gordon JR, Potter MF, Haynes KF. Behavioral effects of sublethal exposure to a combination of β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:598-603. [PMID: 27322625 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are blood-feeding insect pests with public health relevance. Their rapid evolution of resistance to pyrethroids has prompted a shift to combination products that include both a pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticide. Insecticides have both a direct impact on mortality and an indirect effect on behavior. Thus, we assessed the sublethal effects of a widely used combination product containing β-cyfluthrin (a pyrethroid) and imidacloprid (a neonicotinoid), as unexpected behavioral changes after exposure have been known to affect efficacy of insecticides. RESULTS We found that bed bugs exposed to sublethal doses of a combination product containing β-cyfluthrin and imidacloprid did not feed as effectively as untreated bugs. Their locomotion behavior was also reduced. However, aggregation in response to the presence of conspecific harborages was not affected by sublethal exposure. CONCLUSION Bed bugs exhibit behavioral changes after sublethal exposure to a combination product that could affect pest management choices and outcomes. A reduction in host-finding efficiency and feeding could complement the lethal effects of the insecticide. Alternatively, reduced locomotion following exposure could limit ongoing contact with insecticide deposits. However, an overall reduction in movement indicates that treatments are unlikely to cause dispersal of bugs to adjacent dwellings. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E Crawley
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Katelyn A Kowles
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Texas A&M Agrilife Extension, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer R Gordon
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael F Potter
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kenneth F Haynes
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Sierras A, Schal C. Comparison of ingestion and topical application of insecticides against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:521-527. [PMID: 27766740 PMCID: PMC5288133 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of Cimex lectularius infestations has challenged current intervention efforts, as pyrethroid resistance has become ubiquitous, availability of labeled insecticides for bed bugs is limited, and non-chemical treatment options, such as heat, are often unaffordable. We evaluated representative insecticides toward the goal of developing a novel, ingestible liquid bait for hematophagous arthropods. RESULTS LC50 values were estimated for adult males and first instar nymphs of an insecticide-susceptible strain for abamectin, clothianidin, fipronil and indoxacarb, after ingestion from an artificial feeder. LD50 values were calculated based on the ingested blood volume. Ingested abamectin, clothianidin and fipronil caused rapid mortality in both life stages. Fipronil was ∼43-fold more effective by ingestion than by topical application. Indoxacarb and its bioactive metabolite decarbomethoxylated JW062 (DCJW) were ineffective at causing bed bug mortality even at concentrations as high as 1000 ng mL-1 blood. CONCLUSIONS Fipronil, clothianidin and abamectin have potential for being incorporated into a liquid bait for bed bug control; indoxacarb and DCJW were not effective. Bed bugs are a good candidate for an ingestible liquid bait because systemic formulations generally require less active ingredient than residual sprays, they remain contained and more effectively target hematophagous arthropods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Coby Schal
- Correspondence to: Coby Schal, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh NC 27695-7613, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Rost-Roszkowska MM, Vilimova J, Włodarczyk A, Sonakowska L, Kamińska K, Kaszuba F, Marchewka A, Sadílek D. Investigation of the midgut structure and ultrastructure in Cimex lectularius and Cimex pipistrelli (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:45-57. [PMID: 27553718 PMCID: PMC5243908 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cimicidae are temporary ectoparasites, which means that they cannot obtain food continuously. Both Cimex species examined here, Cimex lectularius (Linnaeus 1758) and Cimex pipistrelli (Jenyns 1839), can feed on a non-natal host, C. lectularius from humans on bats, C. pipistrelli on humans, but never naturally. The midgut of C. lectularius and C. pipistrelli is composed of three distinct regions-the anterior midgut (AMG), which has a sack-like shape, the long tube-shaped middle midgut (MMG), and the posterior midgut (PMG). The different ultrastructures of the AMG, MMG, and PMG in both of the species examined suggest that these regions must fulfill different functions in the digestive system. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the AMG fulfills the role of storing food and synthesizing and secreting enzymes, while the MMG is the main organ for the synthesis of enzymes, secretion, and the storage of the reserve material. Additionally, both regions, the AMG and MMG, are involved in water absorption in the digestive system of both Cimex species. The PMG is the part of the midgut in which spherites accumulate. The results of our studies confirm the suggestion of former authors that the structure of the digestive tract of insects is not attributed solely to diet but to the basic adaptation of an ancestor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rost-Roszkowska
- Dept of Animal Histology and Embryology, Univ of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - J Vilimova
- Faculty of Science, Dept of Zoology, Charles Univ, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - A Włodarczyk
- Dept of Animal Histology and Embryology, Univ of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - L Sonakowska
- Dept of Animal Histology and Embryology, Univ of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - K Kamińska
- Dept of Animal Histology and Embryology, Univ of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - F Kaszuba
- Dept of Animal Histology and Embryology, Univ of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - A Marchewka
- Dept of Animal Histology and Embryology, Univ of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - D Sadílek
- Faculty of Science, Dept of Zoology, Charles Univ, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Olson JF, Vers LMV, Moon RD, Kells SA. Two compounds in bed bug feces are sufficient to elicit off-host aggregation by bed bugs, Cimex lectularius. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:198-205. [PMID: 27060680 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After feeding, bed bugs aggregate in cracks and crevices near a host. Aggregation and arrestment are mediated by tactile and chemical stimuli associated with the bugs' feces and exuviae. Volatiles derived from fecally stained filter papers were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and evaluated using a multichoice behavioral assay to determine their impact on bed bug aggregation. In addition, crude fecal extracts were collected in methanol, analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with electroantennogram detection (GC-EAD) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated in open-air multichoice behavioral assays. RESULTS The SPME method was used to detect (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal in heated bed bug feces. The presence of these two volatile components did not affect aggregation. Analysis of the crude fecal extracts revealed several semi-volatile nitrogenous compounds, a carboxylic acid and a sulfur-based compound. Adult antennae responded to compounds eluted from three regions of the crude extract using GC-EAD. A combination of two compounds, dimethyl trisulfide and methyldiethanolamine, resulted in aggregation responses equivalent to the original crude extract. CONCLUSION Bed bug aggregation is mediated by semi-volatile compounds derived from fecal extracts, and two compounds are sufficient to elicit aggregation. The two compounds identified here could be used to enhance the effectiveness of insecticidal applications or improve monitoring techniques. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joelle F Olson
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Roger D Moon
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Stephen A Kells
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Gapon D. First records of the tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (Heteroptera: Cimicidae) from Russia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.31610/zsr/2016.25.2.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The tropical bedbug Cimex hemipterus (Fabricius, 1803) was found for the first time in Russia: in many districts of Moscow in 2015–16, in four districts of St Petersburg, in Moscow Prov., Smolensk and Saransk in 2016. Unusual activity during daytime in autumn was characteristic of individuals of this species in different places of St Petersburg. C. lectularius Linnaeus, 1758 was absent in St Petersburg and Moscow in places where C. hemipterus was found, and apparently the former species is displaced by the latter. In all localities, C. hemipterus is resistant to insecticides used for controlling C. lectularius. It may be expected that C. hemipterus will overwinter successfully in heated facilities in Russia and spread to other regions where it can displace C. lectularius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Gapon
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Sivakoff FS, Jones SC, Machtley SA, Hagler JR. Protein Self-Marking by Ectoparasites: A Case Study Using Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1370-1377. [PMID: 27493250 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to mark individuals is a critical feature of many entomological investigations, including dispersal studies. Insect dispersal is generally investigated using mark-release-recapture techniques, whereby marked individuals are released at a known location and then captured at a measured distance. Ectoparasite dispersal has historically been challenging to study, in part because of the ethical concerns associated with releasing marked individuals. Here, we introduce the protein self-marking technique, whereby ectoparasites mark themselves in the field by feeding on the blood of an introduced host. We demonstrate the potential of this technique using laboratory-reared bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) that marked themselves by feeding on either rabbit or chicken blood. We then used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect host-specific blood serum proteins in bed bugs. We assessed these protein markers' ability to 1) distinctively identify marked individuals, 2) persist following multiple feedings on an alternate diet, 3) persist over time across a range of temperatures, and 4) transfer from marked to unmarked individuals. Protein markers were detectable in bed bugs before and after molting, remained detectible after multiple feedings on an alternate diet, persisted regardless of whether an individual was starved or fed on an alternate diet following original mark acquisition, and did not transfer between individuals. The duration of detectability depended on temperature. Our results suggest that protein self-marking is an effective technique for marking bed bugs and holds promise for use in dispersal studies of ectoparasitic insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances S Sivakoff
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (; )
| | - Susan C Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210 (; )
| | - Scott A Machtley
- Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA - ARS, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138 (; )
| | - James R Hagler
- Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, USDA - ARS, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138 (; )
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Lai O, Ho D, Glick S, Jagdeo J. Bed bugs and possible transmission of human pathogens: a systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:531-8. [PMID: 27295087 PMCID: PMC5007277 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global population of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius and Cimex hemipterus, family Cimicidae) has undergone a significant resurgence since the late 1990s. This is likely due to an increase in global travel, trade, and the number of insecticide-resistant bed bugs. The global bed bug population is estimated to be increasing by 100-500 % annually. The worldwide spread of bed bugs is concerning, because they are a significant socioeconomic burden and a major concern to public health. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, bed bugs are "a pest of significant health importance." Additionally, 68 % of U.S. pest professionals reported that bed bugs are the most challenging pest to treat. Upwards of 45 disease pathogens have been reported in bed bugs. Recent studies report that bed bugs may be competent vectors for pathogens, such as Bartonella quintana and Trypanosoma cruzi. However, public health reports have thus far failed to produce evidence that major infectious disease outbreaks have been associated with bed bugs. Since many disease pathogens have previously been reported in bed bugs and the worldwide bed bug population is now drastically increasing, it stands to reason to wonder if bed bugs might transmit human pathogens. This review includes a literature search on recently published clinical and laboratory studies (1990-2016) investigating bed bugs as potential vectors of infectious disease, and reports the significant findings and limitations of the reviewed studies. To date, no published study has demonstrated a causal relationship between bed bugs and infectious disease transmission in humans. Also, we present and propose to expand on previous hypotheses as to why bed bugs do not transmit human pathogens. Bed bugs may contain "neutralizing factors" that attenuate pathogen virulence and, thereby, decrease the ability of bed bugs to transmit infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Lai
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Derek Ho
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Sharon Glick
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Chemically Mediated Arrestment of the Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius, by Volatiles Associated with Exuviae of Conspecifics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159520. [PMID: 27434044 PMCID: PMC4951025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of the exuviae (cast skins) of nymphal bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) were analyzed for volatile compounds that might contribute to arrestment of adult bed bugs. Four volatile aldehydes, (E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, and 4-oxo-(E)-2-octenal were consistently detected in the headspace of freshly shed exuviae regardless of the developmental stages from which the exuviae were obtained. Quantification of the aldehydes in the solvent extracts of homogenized fresh, 45- or 99-d aged 5th instar exuviae indicated that the aldehydes are present in the exuviae and dissipate over time, through evaporation or degradation. Microscopic observation of the fifth instar exuviae indicated that the dorsal abdominal glands on the exuviae maintained their pocket-like structures with gland reservoirs, within which the aldehydes might be retained. Two-choice olfactometer studies with the volatiles from exuviae or a synthetic blend mimicking the volatiles indicated that adult bed bugs tend to settle close to sources of the aldehydes. Our results imply that the presence and accumulation of bed bug exuviae and the aldehydes volatilizing from the exuviae might mediate bed bugs’ interaction with their microhabitats.
Collapse
|
117
|
Reisenman CE, Lei H, Guerenstein PG. Neuroethology of Olfactory-Guided Behavior and Its Potential Application in the Control of Harmful Insects. Front Physiol 2016; 7:271. [PMID: 27445858 PMCID: PMC4928593 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful insects include pests of crops and storage goods, and vectors of human and animal diseases. Throughout their history, humans have been fighting them using diverse methods. The fairly recent development of synthetic chemical insecticides promised efficient crop and health protection at a relatively low cost. However, the negative effects of those insecticides on human health and the environment, as well as the development of insect resistance, have been fueling the search for alternative control tools. New and promising alternative methods to fight harmful insects include the manipulation of their behavior using synthetic versions of "semiochemicals", which are natural volatile and non-volatile substances involved in the intra- and/or inter-specific communication between organisms. Synthetic semiochemicals can be used as trap baits to monitor the presence of insects, so that insecticide spraying can be planned rationally (i.e., only when and where insects are actually present). Other methods that use semiochemicals include insect annihilation by mass trapping, attract-and- kill techniques, behavioral disruption, and the use of repellents. In the last decades many investigations focused on the neural bases of insect's responses to semiochemicals. Those studies help understand how the olfactory system detects and processes information about odors, which could lead to the design of efficient control tools, including odor baits, repellents or ways to confound insects. Here we review our current knowledge about the neural mechanisms controlling olfactory responses to semiochemicals in harmful insects. We also discuss how this neuroethology approach can be used to design or improve pest/vector management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina E. Reisenman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Essig Museum of Entomology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hong Lei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pablo G. Guerenstein
- Lab. de Estudio de la Biología de Insectos, CICyTTP-CONICETDiamante, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Entre RíosOro Verde, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Aak A, Roligheten E, Rukke BA, Birkemoe T. Desiccant dust and the use of CO 2 gas as a mobility stimulant for bed bugs: a potential control solution? JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2016; 90:249-259. [PMID: 28217039 PMCID: PMC5290065 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-016-0784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius, Hemiptera; Cimicidae) infests homes and service industries, and the number of infestations has greatly increased over the past 20 years. At present, no cost-effective control methods are available, and eradication programs are expensive and laborious. We investigated the control potential of desiccant dust in combination with CO2 as a bed bug activity stimulant. An initial experiment with two desiccant dusts was followed by arena studies with varying doses, available hiding places and the presence or absence of host signals. Finally, we conducted a field experiment with Syloid 244FP with or without CO2 gas. Syloid was superior compared to diatomaceous earth, and effective at the concentration of 1.0 g/m2 in the field experiment. The number of harborages and partial application of desiccant dust decreased mortality in the laboratory. Bed bug activation by CO2 appeared of minor importance in the arena studies, but was crucial for the eradication in the student dormitories. In fact, all 5 bed bug-infested dormitories with a combined treatment of desiccant dust and CO2 were freed of bed bugs, whereas eradication was not successful in any of the 6 dormitories with only desiccant dust treatment. The different results in the laboratory and field experiment were most likely caused by the longer activation and higher dose of CO2 used in the field experiment than the laboratory experiment. Our study showed that application of desiccant dust in combination with release of CO2 gas to mimic human presence is a promising option for bed bug control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Aak
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 4404 Nydalen, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Roligheten
- Oslo Boligbygg, Wergelandsveien 3, Postboks 1192, Sentrum 0107 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Department of Pest Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 4404 Nydalen, NO-0456 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tone Birkemoe
- Ecology and Natural Resource Management. Campus Ås, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, NO1430-Ås Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE, Córdoba-Aguilar A, Zenteno E, Lowenberger C, Espinoza B. Origin, evolution and function of the hemipteran perimicrovillar membrane with emphasis on Reduviidae that transmit Chagas disease. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 106:279-291. [PMID: 26639621 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix is a chitin-protein structure that envelops the food bolus in the midgut of the majority of insects, but is absent in some groups which have, instead, an unusual extra-cellular lipoprotein membrane named the perimicrovillar membrane. The presence of the perimicrovillar membrane (PMM) allows these insects to exploit restricted ecological niches during all life stages. It is found only in some members of the superorder Paraneoptera and many of these species are of medical and economic importance. In this review we present an overview of the midgut and the digestive system of insects with an emphasis on the order Paraneoptera and differences found across phylogenetic groups. We discuss the importance of the PMM in Hemiptera and the apparent conservation of this structure among hemipteran groups, suggesting that the basic mechanism of PMM production is the same for different hemipteran species. We propose that the PMM is intimately involved in the interaction with parasites and as such should be a target for biological and chemical control of hemipteran insects of economic and medical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Gutiérrez-Cabrera
- Departamento de Inmunología,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Apdo. 70228,Circuito Exterior,Ciudad Universitaria,04510,Coyoacán,Distrito Federal,México
| | - A Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva,Instituto de Ecología,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Apdo. P. 70-275,Circuito Exterior,Ciudad Universitaria,04510,Coyoacán,Distrito Federal,Mexico
| | - E Zenteno
- Departamento de Bioquímica,Facultad de Medicina,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Ciudad Universitaria,04510 D.F.,Mexico
| | - C Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences,Simon Fraser University,Burnaby, B.C., V5A 1S6,Canada
| | - B Espinoza
- Departamento de Inmunología,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,Apdo. 70228,Circuito Exterior,Ciudad Universitaria,04510,Coyoacán,Distrito Federal,México
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Grandeur Alliances: Symbiont Metabolic Integration and Obligate Arthropod Hematophagy. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:739-749. [PMID: 27236581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Several arthropod taxa live exclusively on vertebrate blood. This food source lacks essential metabolites required for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, and as such, these arthropods have formed symbioses with nutrient-supplementing microbes that facilitate their host's 'hematophagous' feeding ecology. Herein we highlight metabolic contributions of bacterial symbionts that reside within tsetse flies, bed bugs, lice, reduviid bugs, and ticks, with specific emphasis on B vitamin and cofactor biosynthesis. Importantly, these arthropods can transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary relevance and/or cause infestations that induce psychological and dermatological distress. Microbial metabolites, and the biochemical pathways that generate them, can serve as specific targets of novel control mechanisms aimed at disrupting the metabolism of hematophagous arthropods, thus combatting pest invasion and vector-borne pathogen transmission.
Collapse
|
121
|
Krüppel homolog 1 and E93 mediate Juvenile hormone regulation of metamorphosis in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26092. [PMID: 27185064 PMCID: PMC4869114 DOI: 10.1038/srep26092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The common bed bug is an obligate hematophagous parasite of humans. We studied the regulation of molting and metamorphosis in bed bugs with a goal to identify key players involved. qRT-PCR studies on the expression of genes known to be involved in molting and metamorphosis showed high levels of Krüppel homolog 1 [Kr-h1, a transcription factor that plays key roles in juvenile hormone (JH) action] mRNA in the penultimate nymphal stage (N4). However, low levels of Kr-h1 mRNA were detected in the fifth and last nymphal stage (N5). Knockdown of Kr-h1 in N4 resulted in a precocious development of adult structures. Kr-h1 maintains the immature stage by suppressing E93 (early ecdysone response gene) in N4. E93 expression increases during the N5 in the absence of Kr-h1 and promotes the development of adult structures. Knockdown of E93 in N5 results in the formation of supernumerary nymphs. The role of JH in the suppression of adult structures through interaction with Kr-h1 and E93 was also studied by the topical application of JH analog, methoprene, to N5. Methoprene induced Kr-h1 and suppressed E93 and induced formation of the supernumerary nymph. These data show interactions between Kr-h1, E93 and JH in the regulation of metamorphosis in the bed bugs.
Collapse
|
122
|
Rahim AHA, Zahran Z, Majid AHA. Human skin reactions towards bites of tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus F. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): A preliminary case study. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
123
|
Wang D, Wang C, Singh N, Cooper R, Zha C, Eiden AL. Effect of Mating Status and Age on the Male Mate Choice and Mating Competency in the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1333-1340. [PMID: 27126612 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated male mate choice and mating competency in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., using video tracking for 10 min per experiment. In the male mate choice experiment, when a male was placed with two females of different mating status, males preferred to initiate copulation with the virgin female more quickly than with the mated female, and the mean total copulation duration with virgin females (38.0 ± 3.0 s) was significantly longer than with mated females (14.6 ± 3.0 s). When a male was placed with two females of different age, males initiated copulation more quickly with the old virgin female (29-34 d adult emergence) than with the young virgin one (<7 d adult emergence), and the mean total copulation duration with old virgin females (38.4 ± 4.0 s) was significantly longer than with young virgin females (24.0 ± 3.0 s). In the male mating competency experiment where a female was placed with two males of different mating status or age, the virgin males were more eager to mate than the mated males, and the old virgin males (29-34 d adult emergence) were more eager than the young virgin males (<7 d adult emergence), with eagerness measured by the percentage of first mate selected (first copulation occurred) and the total copulation duration by each group of males. Male mating competency is related to postmating duration (PMD); males mated 1 d earlier were significantly less likely to mate than virgin males. However, males mated 7 d earlier showed no significant difference in mating competency compared to virgin males. In conclusion, mate choice in C. lectularius is associated with both male and female mating status, age, and PMD.
Collapse
|
124
|
Moriyama M, Hosokawa T, Tanahashi M, Nikoh N, Fukatsu T. Suppression of Bedbug's Reproduction by RNA Interference of Vitellogenin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153984. [PMID: 27096422 PMCID: PMC4838255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent resurgence of the bedbug Cimex lectularius is a global problem on the public health. On account of the worldwide rise of insecticide-resistant bedbug populations, exploration of new approaches to the bedbug control and management is anticipated. In this context, gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) has been considered for its potential application to pest control and management, because RNAi enables specific suppression of target genes and thus flexible selection of target traits to be disrupted. In this study, in an attempt to develop a control strategy targeting reproduction of the bedbug, we investigated RNAi-mediated gene silencing of vitellogenin (Vg), a major yolk protein precursor essential for oogenesis. From the bedbug transcriptomes, we identified a typical Vg gene and a truncated Vg gene, which were designated as ClVg and ClVg-like, respectively. ClVg gene was highly expressed mainly in the fat body of adult females, which was more than 100 times higher than the expression level of ClVg-like gene, indicating that ClVg gene is the primary functional Vg gene in the bedbug. RNAi-mediated suppression of ClVg gene expression in adult females resulted in drastically reduced egg production, atrophied ovaries, and inflated abdomen due to hypertrophied fat bodies. These phenotypic consequences are expected not only to suppress the bedbug reproduction directly but also to deteriorate its feeding and survival indirectly via behavioral modifications. These results suggest the potential of ClVg gene as a promising target for RNAi-based population management of the bedbug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Moriyama
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hosokawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tanahashi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naruo Nikoh
- Department of Liberal Arts, The Open University of Japan, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Kaldun B, Otti O. Condition-dependent ejaculate production affects male mating behavior in the common bedbug Cimex lectularius. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2548-58. [PMID: 27066237 PMCID: PMC4797159 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Food availability in the environment is often low and variable, constraining organisms in their resource allocation to different life‐history traits. For example, variation in food availability is likely to induce condition‐dependent investment in reproduction. Further, diet has been shown to affect ejaculate size, composition and quality. How these effects translate into male reproductive success or change male mating behavior is still largely unknown. Here, we concentrated on the effect of meal size on ejaculate production, male reproductive success and mating behavior in the common bedbug Cimex lectularius. We analyzed the production of sperm and seminal fluid within three different feeding regimes in six different populations. Males receiving large meals produced significantly more sperm and seminal fluid than males receiving small meals or no meals at all. While such condition‐dependent ejaculate production did not affect the number of offspring produced after a single mating, food‐restricted males could perform significantly fewer matings than fully fed males. Therefore, in a multiple mating context food‐restricted males paid a fitness cost and might have to adjust their mating strategy according to the ejaculate available to them. Our results indicate that meal size has no direct effect on ejaculate quality, but food availability forces a condition‐dependent mating rate on males. Environmental variation translating into variation in male reproductive traits reveals that natural selection can interact with sexual selection and shape reproductive traits. As males can modulate their ejaculate size depending on the mating situation, future studies are needed to elucidate whether environmental variation affecting the amount of ejaculate available might induce different mating strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Kaldun
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Oliver Otti
- Animal Population Ecology, Animal Ecology I University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Rosenfeld JA, Reeves D, Brugler MR, Narechania A, Simon S, Durrett R, Foox J, Shianna K, Schatz MC, Gandara J, Afshinnekoo E, Lam ET, Hastie AR, Chan S, Cao H, Saghbini M, Kentsis A, Planet PJ, Kholodovych V, Tessler M, Baker R, DeSalle R, Sorkin LN, Kolokotronis SO, Siddall ME, Amato G, Mason CE. Genome assembly and geospatial phylogenomics of the bed bug Cimex lectularius. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10164. [PMID: 26836631 PMCID: PMC4740774 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The common bed bug (Cimex lectularius) has been a persistent pest of humans for thousands of years, yet the genetic basis of the bed bug's basic biology and adaptation to dense human environments is largely unknown. Here we report the assembly, annotation and phylogenetic mapping of the 697.9-Mb Cimex lectularius genome, with an N50 of 971 kb, using both long and short read technologies. A RNA-seq time course across all five developmental stages and male and female adults generated 36,985 coding and noncoding gene models. The most pronounced change in gene expression during the life cycle occurs after feeding on human blood and included genes from the Wolbachia endosymbiont, which shows a simultaneous and coordinated host/commensal response to haematophagous activity. These data provide a rich genetic resource for mapping activity and density of C. lectularius across human hosts and cities, which can help track, manage and control bed bug infestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rosenfeld
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08908, USA
| | - Darryl Reeves
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mercer R Brugler
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Biological Sciences Department, NYC College of Technology (CUNY), Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
| | - Apurva Narechania
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Biosystematics, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Russell Durrett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Kevin Shianna
- Illumina Inc. 5200 Illumina Way, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Michael C Schatz
- Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Jorge Gandara
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ernest T Lam
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Alex R Hastie
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Saki Chan
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Han Cao
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Michael Saghbini
- BioNanoGenomics Inc. 9640 Towne Centre Drive Ste. 100, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Department of Pediatrics, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Paul J Planet
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Vladyslav Kholodovych
- High Performance and Research Computing Group, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
| | - Michael Tessler
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Richard Baker
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Rob DeSalle
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Louis N Sorkin
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Sergios-Orestis Kolokotronis
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458, USA
| | - Mark E Siddall
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - George Amato
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Tri-Institutional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA.,The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Unique features of a global human ectoparasite identified through sequencing of the bed bug genome. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10165. [PMID: 26836814 PMCID: PMC4740739 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, has re-established itself as a ubiquitous human ectoparasite throughout much of the world during the past two decades. This global resurgence is likely linked to increased international travel and commerce in addition to widespread insecticide resistance. Analyses of the C. lectularius sequenced genome (650 Mb) and 14,220 predicted protein-coding genes provide a comprehensive representation of genes that are linked to traumatic insemination, a reduced chemosensory repertoire of genes related to obligate hematophagy, host–symbiont interactions, and several mechanisms of insecticide resistance. In addition, we document the presence of multiple putative lateral gene transfer events. Genome sequencing and annotation establish a solid foundation for future research on mechanisms of insecticide resistance, human–bed bug and symbiont–bed bug associations, and unique features of bed bug biology that contribute to the unprecedented success of C. lectularius as a human ectoparasite. The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is a ubiquitous human ectoparasite with global distribution. Here, the authors sequence the genome of the bed bug and identify reductions in chemosensory genes, expansion of genes associated with blood digestion and genes linked to pesticide resistance.
Collapse
|
128
|
Singh N, Wang C, Cooper R. Posttreatment Feeding Affects Mortality of Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Exposed to Insecticides. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:273-283. [PMID: 26494709 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide sprays and dusts are used for controlling bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L. In natural environments, bed bugs have daily access to hosts after they are exposed to insecticides. The established laboratory insecticide bioassay protocols do not provide feeding after insecticide treatments, which can result in inflated mortality compared with what would be encountered in the field. We evaluated the effect of posttreatment feeding on mortality of bed bugs treated with different insecticides. None of the insecticides tested had a significant effect on the amount of blood consumed and percent feeding. The effect of posttreatment feeding on bed bug mortality varied among different insecticides. Feeding significantly reduced mortality in bed bugs exposed to deltamethrin spray, an essential oil mixture (Bed Bug Fix) spray, and diatomaceous earth dust. Feeding increased the mean survival time for bed bugs treated with chlorfenapyr spray and a spray containing an essential oil mixture (Ecoraider), but did not affect the final mortality. First instars hatched from eggs treated with chlorfenapyr liquid spray had reduced feeding compared with nymphs hatched from nontreated eggs. Those nymphs hatched from eggs treated with chlorfenapyr liquid spray and successfully fed had reduced mortality and a higher mean survival time than those without feeding. We conclude that the availability of a bloodmeal after insecticide exposure has a significant effect on bed bug mortality. Protocols for insecticide efficacy testing should consider offering a bloodmeal to the treated bed bugs within 1 to 3 d after treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 93 Lipman Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (; ; ) and
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 93 Lipman Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (; ; ) and
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 93 Lipman Dr., New Brunswick, NJ 08901 (; ; ) and
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Insecticide Resistance and Management Strategies in Urban Ecosystems. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7010002. [PMID: 26751480 PMCID: PMC4808782 DOI: 10.3390/insects7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The increased urbanization of a growing global population makes imperative the development of sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for urban pest control. This emphasizes pests that are closely associated with the health and wellbeing of humans and domesticated animals. Concurrently there are regulatory requirements enforced to minimize inadvertent exposures to insecticides in the urban environment. Development of insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies in urban ecosystems involves understanding the status and mechanisms of insecticide resistance and reducing insecticide selection pressure by combining multiple chemical and non-chemical approaches. In this review, we will focus on the commonly used insecticides and molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying insecticide resistance in six major urban insect pests: house fly, German cockroach, mosquitoes, red flour beetle, bed bugs and head louse. We will also discuss several strategies that may prove promising for future urban IPM programs.
Collapse
|
130
|
Bennett GW, Gondhalekar AD, Wang C, Buczkowski G, Gibb TJ. Using research and education to implement practical bed bug control programs in multifamily housing. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:8-14. [PMID: 26251256 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multifamily housing facilities serving low-income populations have been at the forefront of bed bug outbreaks. Research conducted in the past 8 years has consistently proven that integrated pest management (IPM) is the best approach for successful suppression of bed bug infestations. Bed bug IPM in multifamily settings is especially dependent upon a collaborative community or building-wide effort involving residents, building staff and pest control technicians. Other components of a bed bug IPM program include regular monitoring to detect early-stage bed bug infestations and combined use of non-chemical and chemical interventions. Lastly, to reduce reinfestation rates and costs associated with bed bug control, it is critical to continue periodic monitoring and implement preventive control measures even after successful elimination of bed bugs has been achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Bennett
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Timothy J Gibb
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
A survey on the infestation levels of tropical bed bugs in Peninsular Malaysia: Current updates and status on resurgence of Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
132
|
Abd Rahim AH, Ab Majid AH, Ahmad AH. Laboratory rearing of Cimex hemipterus F. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) feeding on different types of human blood compositions by using modified artificial feeding system. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
133
|
BANDYOPADHYAY T, KUMAR A, SAILI A. Bed bug outbreak in a neonatal unit. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:2865-70. [PMID: 25591490 PMCID: PMC9170676 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814003690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a worldwide increase in bed bug infestations over the last 10-15 years. A major stigma is placed upon the institutions found to be infested. We report our experience with an outbreak of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, in a neonatal unit. The outbreak not only affected the admitted newborns and mothers by causing a wide variety of rashes and inducing sleeplessness, but also impinged upon the health professionals and their families by producing similar symptomology. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of, and for each healthcare facility to have, bed bug prevention and control policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T. BANDYOPADHYAY
- Department of Neonatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - A. KUMAR
- Department of Neonatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - A. SAILI
- Department of Neonatology, Lady Hardinge Medical College and associated Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Diffusion Rates and Dispersal Patterns of Unfed versus Recently Fed Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.). INSECTS 2015; 6:792-804. [PMID: 26466900 PMCID: PMC4693170 DOI: 10.3390/insects6040792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bed bug problems have been increasing since the 1980s, and accordingly, there have been intensive efforts to better understand their biology and behavior for control purposes. Understanding bed bug diffusion rates and dispersal patterns from one site to another (or lack thereof) is a key component in prevention and control campaigns. This study analyzed diffusion rates and dispersal patterns in a population of bed bugs, recently fed and unfed, in both one-dimensional and two-dimensional settings. When placed in the middle of a 71 cm × 2.7 cm artificial lane, approximately half of the bugs regardless of feeding status stayed at or near the release point during the 10 min observation periods, while about a fourth of them walked to the end of the lane. When placed in the middle of an arena measuring 51 cm × 76 cm and allowed to walk in any direction, approximately one-fourth of bed bugs, fed or unfed, still remained near their release point (no significant difference between fed or unfed). As for long-distance dispersal, 11/50 (22%) of recently fed bed bugs moved as far as possible in the arena during the 10 min replications, while only 2/50 (4%) unfed bed bugs moved to the maximum distance. This difference was significantly different (p < 0.0038), and indicates that unfed bed bugs did not move as far as recently fed ones. A mathematical diffusion model was used to quantify bed bug movements and an estimated diffusion rate range of 0.00006 cm²/s to 0.416 cm²/s was determined, which is almost no movement to a predicted root mean squared distance of approximately 19 cm per 10 min. The results of this study suggest that bed bugs, upon initial introduction into a new area, would have a difficult time traversing long distances when left alone to randomly disperse.
Collapse
|
135
|
Cooper R, Wang C, Singh N. Mark-Release-Recapture Reveals Extensive Movement of Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) within and between Apartments. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136462. [PMID: 26352145 PMCID: PMC4564232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding movement and dispersal of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) under field conditions is important in the control of infestations and for managing the spread of bed bugs to new locations. We investigated bed bug movement within and between apartments using mark-release-recapture (m-r-r) technique combined with apartment-wide monitoring using pitfall-style interceptors. Bed bugs were collected, marked, and released in six apartments. The distribution of marked and unmarked bed bugs in these apartments and their 24 neighboring units were monitored over 32 days. Extensive movement of marked bed bugs within and between apartments occurred regardless of the number of bed bugs released or presence/absence of a host. Comparison of marked and unmarked bed bug distributions confirms that the extensive bed bug activity observed was not an artifact of the m-r-r technique used. Marked bed bugs were recovered in apartments neighboring five of six m-r-r apartments. Their dispersal rates at 14 or 15 d were 0.0–5.0%. The estimated number of bed bugs per apartment in the six m-r-r apartments was 2,433–14,291 at 4–7 d after release. Longevity of bed bugs in the absence of a host was recorded in a vacant apartment. Marked large nymphs (3rd– 5th instar), adult females, and adult males continued to be recovered up to 57, 113, and 134 d after host absence, respectively. Among the naturally existing unmarked bed bugs, unfed small nymphs (1st– 2nd instar) were recovered up to 134 d; large nymphs and adults were still found at 155 d when the study ended. Our findings provide important insight into the behavioral ecology of bed bugs in infested apartments and have significant implications in regards to eradication programs and managing the spread of bed bugs within multi-occupancy dwellings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Palenchar DJ, Gellatly KJ, Yoon KS, Mumcuoglu KY, Shalom U, Clark JM. Quantitative Sequencing for the Determination of Kdr-type Resistance Allele (V419L, L925I, I936F) Frequencies in Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Populations Collected from Israel. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1018-1027. [PMID: 26336243 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human bed bug infestations have dramatically increased worldwide since the mid-1990s. A similar phenomenon was also observed in Israel since 2005, when infestations were reported from all over the country. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (V419L and L925I) in the bed bug voltage-sensitive sodium channel confer kdr-type resistance to pyrethroids. Using quantitative sequencing (QS), the resistance allele frequencies of Israeli bed bug populations from across the country were determined. Genomic DNA was extracted from samples of 12 populations of bed bugs collected from Israel and DNA fragments containing the V419L or L925I and I936F mutations sites were PCR amplified. The PCR products were analyzed by QS and the nucleotide signal ratios calculated and used to predict the resistance allele frequencies of the unknown populations. Results of the genetic analysis show that resistant nucleotide signals are highly correlated to resistance allele frequencies for both mutations. Ten of the 12 tested populations had 100% of the L925I mutation and 0% of the V419L mutation. One population was heterogeneous for the L925I mutation and had 0% of the V419L mutation and another population was heterogeneous for the V419L mutation and had 100% of the L925I mutation. I936F occurred only at low levels. These results indicate that bed bugs in Israel are genetically resistant to pyrethroids. Thus, pyrethroids should only be used for bed bug management with caution using effective application and careful monitoring procedures. Additionally, new and novel-acting insecticides and nonchemical means of controlling bed bugs should be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Palenchar
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kyle J Gellatly
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Kyong Sup Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environmental Sciences Program, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL 62026
| | - Kosta Y Mumcuoglu
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, the Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - Uri Shalom
- Divison of Pest Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Jerusalem, Israel 91120
| | - J Marshall Clark
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003. Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003.
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Bernardes Filho F, Quaresma MV, Avelleira JCR, Azulay DR, Azulay-Abulafia L, Bastos AQ, Gonçalves TCM. Bed bug dermatitis, description of two cases in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. An Bras Dermatol 2015; 90:240-3. [PMID: 25830996 PMCID: PMC4371675 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bed bugs are hematophagous insects which due to their morphological and
biological characteristics are able to easily adapt themselves to human
households. The authors describe two cases of dermatitis caused by bed bug bites
in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Patients presented linear lesions in the
usual "breakfast, lunch and dinner" arrangement, suggesting this diagnosis. A
visit to their dwellings showed infestation of insects identified as
Cimex hemipterus. The knowledge of these insects by the
dermatological community will contribute to an accurate diagnosis as well as
subsidize the dissemination of information aiming for prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Bernardes Filho
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Victória Quaresma
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Regazzi Avelleira
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David Rubem Azulay
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luna Azulay-Abulafia
- Instituto de Dermatologia Professor Rubem David Azulay, Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Teresa Cristina Monte Gonçalves
- Setor de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Spatial genetic structure and restricted gene flow in bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) populations in France. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:236-43. [PMID: 26140960 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) are resurgent blood-sucking ectoparasites that are currently increasing at a rapid rate, particularly in industrialized countries, such as France. Despite the rapid spread of bed bugs, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the population structure and gene flow among C. lectularius populations in France. To fill this gap, a genetic study was conducted using 183 C. lectularius from 14 populations of bed bugs collected in a hotel and in individual apartments in the French Riviera and in the Saint Ouen suburb of Paris. The samples were genotyped using an isolated set of six polymorphic microsatellite loci, including five new loci which were newly isolated and chosen based on prior successful amplification, and one previously described loci (bb15b). The low genetic diversity observed in the samples (of one to five alleles) suggested that most of prospected populations were established by only a few individuals, possibly from a single mated female. The overall genetic differentiation was high and statistically significant (FST=0.556, p<0.0001). Pairwise analysis of the populations indicated significant genetic differentiation for 24 out of the 45 (53%) population pairs associated with FST, ranging from 0.0042 to 0.862. No obvious relationship between the level of genetic differentiation and the geographic distance was observed when considering all samples. Analysis with Structure software identified nine distinct genetic clusters within the dataset. These preliminary results help to elucidate the genetic structure and gene flow of C. lectularius populations in France; however, the available information should be expanded in further studies.
Collapse
|
139
|
Cannet A, Akhoundi M, Berenger JM, Michel G, Marty P, Delaunay P. A review of data on laboratory colonies of bed bugs (Cimicidae), an insect of emerging medical relevance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:21. [PMID: 26091944 PMCID: PMC4475256 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cimicidae are hematophagous Heteroptera, feeding on human blood, that have been the subject of significant medical investigation. In particular, they have been colonized under laboratory conditions to study their medical relevance. Laboratory colonization of these bugs is a multifactorial phenomenon. Our goal was to conduct a comparative literature review to classify the published data, demonstrating preferred bed bug colony conditions. We show that physical factors including temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod, and physiological factors such as type and frequency of blood meals play important roles in laboratory colonies. Any change in these factors produces changes in life-cycle duration. Temperature and blood meal are the most important factors, with a marked impact on the life-cycle of laboratory populations, depending on the species. A wide range of temperatures (15–34 °C) and relative humidity (46–75%) with an average of 25 °C and 59% were found for these colonies. Two widely used blood sources for the colonies were rabbits and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Cannet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3 M, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 151, Route St Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06202 Nice, France
| | - Jean-Michel Berenger
- URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Aix-Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Michel
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3 M, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 151, Route St Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3 M, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 151, Route St Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex, France - Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06202 Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, C3 M, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 151, Route St Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204 Nice Cedex, France - Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06202 Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Brown CR, Page CE, Robison GA, O'Brien VA, Booth W. Predation by ants controls swallow bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Oeciacus vicarius) infestations. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2015; 40:152-157. [PMID: 26047195 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The swallow bug (Oeciacus vicarius) is the only known vector for Buggy Creek virus (BCRV), an alphavirus that circulates in cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in North America. We discovered ants (Crematogaster lineolata and Formica spp.) preying on swallow bugs at cliff swallow colonies in western Nebraska, U.S.A. Ants reduced the numbers of visible bugs on active swallow nests by 74-90%, relative to nests in the same colony without ants. Ant predation on bugs had no effect on the reproductive success of cliff swallows inhabiting the nests where ants foraged. Ants represent an effective and presumably benign way of controlling swallow bugs at nests in some colonies. They may constitute an alternative to insecticide use at sites where ecologists wish to remove the effects of swallow bugs on cliff swallows or house sparrows. By reducing bug numbers, ant presence may also lessen BCRV transmission at the spatial foci (bird colony sites) where epizootics occur. The effect of ants on swallow bugs should be accounted for in studying variation among sites in vector abundance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Brown
- University of Tulsa, Department of Biological Sciences, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, U.S.A., 74104.
| | - Catherine E Page
- University of Tulsa, Department of Biological Sciences, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, U.S.A., 74104
| | - Grant A Robison
- University of Tulsa, Department of Biological Sciences, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, U.S.A., 74104
| | - Valerie A O'Brien
- University of Tulsa, Department of Biological Sciences, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, U.S.A., 74104
| | - Warren Booth
- University of Tulsa, Department of Biological Sciences, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK, U.S.A., 74104
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Rukke BA, Aak A, Edgar KS. Mortality, temporary sterilization, and maternal effects of sublethal heat in bed bugs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127555. [PMID: 25996999 PMCID: PMC4440821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult bed bugs were exposed to the sublethal temperatures 34.0°C, 35.5°C, 37.0°C, 38.5°C, or 40.0°C for 3, 6, or 9 days. The two uppermost temperatures induced 100% mortality within 9 and 2 days, respectively, whereas 34.0°C had no observable effect. The intermediate temperatures interacted with time to induce a limited level of mortality but had distinct effects on fecundity, reflected by decreases in the number of eggs produced and hatching success. Adult fecundity remained low for up to 40 days after heat exposure, and the time until fertility was restored correlated with the temperature-sum experienced during heat exposure. Three or 6 days of parental exposure to 38.5°C significantly lowered their offspring’s feeding and moulting ability, which consequently led to a failure to continue beyond the third instar. Eggs that were deposited at 22.0°C before being exposed to 37.0°C for 3 or 6 days died, whereas eggs that were exposed to lower temperatures were not significantly affected. Eggs that were deposited during heat treatment exhibited high levels of mortality also at 34.0°C and 35.5°C. The observed negative effects of temperatures between 34.0°C and 40.0°C may be utilized in pest management, and sublethal temperature exposure ought to be further investigated as an additional tool to decimate or potentially eradicate bed bug populations. The effect of parental heat exposure on progeny demonstrates the importance of including maternal considerations when studying bed bug environmental stress reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Arne Rukke
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Anders Aak
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Skarsfjord Edgar
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Pest Control, Lovisenberggata 8, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, NO-0456, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Jones SC, Bryant JL, Sivakoff FS. Sublethal Effects of ActiveGuard Exposure on Feeding Behavior and Fecundity of the Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:413-418. [PMID: 26334815 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal exposure to pesticides can alter insect behavior with potential for population-level consequences. We investigated sublethal effects of ActiveGuard, a permethrin-impregnated fabric, on feeding behavior and fecundity of bed bugs (Cimex lectularius L.) from five populations that ranged from susceptible to highly pyrethroid resistant. After exposure to ActiveGuard fabric or untreated fabric for 1 or 10 min, adult virgin female bed bugs were individually observed when offered a blood meal to determine feeding attempts and weight gain. Because bed bug feeding behavior is tightly coupled with its fecundity, all females were then mated, and the number of eggs laid and egg hatch rate were used as fecundity measures. We observed that pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible bugs were not significantly different for all feeding and fecundity parameters. Bed bugs exposed to ActiveGuard for 10 min were significantly less likely to attempt to feed or successfully feed, and their average blood meal size was significantly smaller compared with individuals in all other groups. Independent of whether or not feeding occurred, females exposed to ActiveGuard for 10 min were significantly more likely to lay no eggs. Only a single female exposed to ActiveGuard for 10 min laid any eggs. Among the other fabric treatment-exposure time groups, there were no observable differences in egg numbers or hatch rates. Brief exposure of 10 min to ActiveGuard fabric appeared to decrease feeding and fecundity of pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible bed bugs, suggesting the potentially important role of sublethal exposure for the control of this ectoparasitic insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Jones
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1065.
| | - Joshua L Bryant
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1065
| | - Frances S Sivakoff
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Rothenbuhler Research Lab, 2501 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210-1065
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Zorrilla-Vaca A, Silva-Medina MM, Escandón-Vargas K. Bedbugs, Cimex spp.: their current world resurgence and healthcare impact. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
144
|
[The worldwide expansion of bed bugs also constitutes a problem in Germany]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2015; 57:524-30. [PMID: 24781909 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-013-1922-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, reports of the spread of the bed bugs Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus (in Australia) are increasing. Irrespective of hygiene conditions, the insects can be especially found in hotels and hostels as well as in other holiday accommodation, health facilities, transport and in the secondhand trade. From these localities the insects spread to private households. A bed bug infestation may well have health consequences and constitutes a heavy burden for those affected. The global spread of bed bugs appears to be multifactorially conditioned and the causes are controversially discussed. The spread could be explained, among other things, by the increase in international travel and trade in used goods. The limited availability of insecticides with long-term effects and the development of resistance to available agents could play a crucial role. In the absence of official data it is impossible to quantify the extent of the spread in Germany but pest controllers and public authorities report increasing numbers of cases and problems in control. As in other countries the latter appear to be caused among other things by the development of drug resistance (particularly pyrethroids). Against this background, prevention and thus the education of the public on the habits and dissemination routes of these insects remain crucial in order to counteract the spread of bed bugs.
Collapse
|
145
|
Orr TJ, Brennan PLR. Sperm storage: distinguishing selective processes and evaluating criteria. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:261-72. [PMID: 25843274 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sperm storage, the extended maintenance of viable sperm, probably occurs in most internally fertilizing animals. Because it temporally separates mating from conception, sperm storage can be adaptive in ecologically diverse habitats and affect life histories, mating systems, cryptic female choice, sperm competition, and sexual conflict. Sperm storage can result from different selective forces acting on females and/or males, sometimes resulting in coevolution. The various criteria often used to determine the presence of sperm storage in any given taxon can result from the action of any one or all of these selective forces. Here we discuss the criteria used to study sperm storage and how we can use these to better understand the evolution of diversity in sperm-storage adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teri J Orr
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Patricia L R Brennan
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, and Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Singh N, Wang C, Cooper R. Role of vision and mechanoreception in bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. behavior. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118855. [PMID: 25748041 PMCID: PMC4351988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of olfactory cues such as carbon dioxide, pheromones, and kairomones in bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. behavior has been demonstrated. However, the role of vision and mechanoreception in bed bug behavior is poorly understood. We investigated bed bug vision by determining their responses to different colors, vertical objects, and their ability to detect colors and vertical objects under low and complete dark conditions. Results show black and red paper harborages are preferred compared to yellow, green, blue, and white harborages. A bed bug trapping device with a black or red exterior surface was significantly more attractive to bed bugs than that with a white exterior surface. Bed bugs exhibited strong orientation behavior toward vertical objects. The height (15 vs. 30 cm tall) and color (brown vs. black) of the vertical object had no significant effect on orientation behavior of bed bugs. Bed bugs could differentiate color and detect vertical objects at very low background light conditions, but not in complete darkness. Bed bug preference to different substrate textures (mechanoreception) was also explored. Bed bugs preferred dyed tape compared to painted tape, textured painted plastic, and felt. These results revealed that substrate color, presence of vertical objects, and substrate texture affect host-seeking and harborage-searching behavior of bed bugs. Bed bugs may use a combination of vision, mechanoreception, and chemoreception to locate hosts and seek harborages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narinderpal Singh
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Booth W, Balvín O, Vargo EL, Vilímová J, Schal C. Host association drives genetic divergence in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:980-92. [PMID: 25611460 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic differentiation may exist among sympatric populations of a species due to long-term associations with alternative hosts (i.e. host-associated differentiation). While host-associated differentiation has been documented in several phytophagus insects, there are far fewer cases known in animal parasites. The bed bug, Cimex lectularius, a wingless insect, represents a potential model organism for elucidating the processes involved in host-associated differentiation in animal parasites with relatively limited mobility. In conjunction with the expansion of modern humans from Africa into Eurasia, it has been speculated that bed bugs extended their host range from bats to humans in their shared cave domiciles throughout Eurasia. C. lectularius that associate with humans have a cosmopolitan distribution, whereas those associated with bats occur across Europe, often in human-built structures. We assessed genetic structure and gene flow within and among populations collected in association with each host using mtDNA, microsatellite loci and knock-down resistance gene variants. Both nuclear and mitochondrial data support a lack of significant contemporary gene flow between host-specific populations. Within locations human-associated bed bug populations exhibit limited genetic diversity and elevated levels of inbreeding, likely due to human-mediated movement, infrequent additional introduction events per infestation, and pest control. In contrast, populations within bat roosts exhibit higher genetic diversity and lower levels of relatedness, suggesting populations are stable with temporal fluctuations due to host dispersal and bug mortality. In concert with previously published evidence of morphological and behavioural differentiation, the genetic data presented here suggest C. lectularius is currently undergoing lineage divergence through host association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Booth
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
148
|
DeVries ZC, Reid WR, Kells SA, Appel AG. Effects of Starvation on Deltamethrin Tolerance in Bed Bugs, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). INSECTS 2015; 6:102-11. [PMID: 26463068 PMCID: PMC4553531 DOI: 10.3390/insects6010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., are a major pest in the urban environment. Their presence often results in physical, psychological, and financial distress of homeowners and apartment dwellers. Although many insecticide bioassays have been performed on this pest, little attention has been paid to bed bug feeding status, which is closely linked to metabolism, molting, and mass. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity of topically applied deltamethrin on insecticide susceptible adult male bed bugs fed 2 d, 9 d, and 21 d prior to testing. When toxicity was evaluated on a "per-bug" basis, there was no difference between 2 d [LD50 = 0.498 (0.316 - 0.692) ng·bug(-1)] and 9 d [LD50 = 0.572 (0.436 - 0.724) ng·bug(-1)] starved bugs, while 21 d starved bugs had a significantly lower LD50 [0.221 (0.075 - 0.386) ng·bug(-1)]. When toxicity was evaluated in terms of body mass, 9 d starved bugs had the highest LD50 values [0.138 (0.102 - 0.176) ng·mg(-1)], followed by 2 d starved bugs [0.095 (0.060 - 0.134) ng·mg(-1)], and then 21 d starved bugs [0.058 (0.019-0.102) ng·mg(-)¹]; the LD50 values of 2 d and 9 d starved bugs were significantly different from 21 d starved bugs. These results indicate that feeding status plays an important role in the toxicity of deltamethrin. In addition, the lack of differences between 2 d and 9 d starved bugs indicate that the blood meal itself has little impact on tolerance, but rather it is some physiological change following feeding that confers increased tolerance to bed bugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C DeVries
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - William R Reid
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Stephen A Kells
- Department of Entomology, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Ave., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Arthur G Appel
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Wang L, Cai X, Xu Y. Status of Urban Bed Bug Infestations in Southern China: An Analysis of Pest Control Service Records in Shenzhen in 2012 and Dongguan in 2013. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:76-80. [PMID: 26336282 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The recent resurgence of bed bugs (Cimex spp.) in many developed countries has drawn increasing attention worldwide. The status of urban bed bug infestations were investigated in Shenzhen and Dongguan, two major cities in southern Guangdong Province of southern China, based on pest control service records from two different companies (one during 2012 and another during 2013). The results showed that Shenzhen and Dongguan have a severe problem with bed bug infestations: the control of bed bugs is a constant concern, except during the winter. In Shenzhen, a similar number of premises were treated for bed bugs in central business districts and suburban districts. However, in Dongguan, more premises were treated for bed bugs in suburban districts than in central business districts. The treatment rate for worker sleeping quarters, apartments, hotel, and private houses in Shenzhen was 53.8, 43.0, 1.9, and 1.3%, respectively. The percentage of treated rooms was 56.1% for worker sleeping quarters and 91.1% for apartments. In Dongguan, the treatment rate for worker sleeping quarters, apartments, hotel, and private houses was 90.0, 10.0, 0.0, and 0.0%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Rd., Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xuquan Cai
- Shenzhen Yili Pest Control Co. Ltd, 1279 Hongling Zhonglu, Shenzhen, 518022, China
| | - Yijuan Xu
- Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Rd., Guangzhou, 510642 China.
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Luguterah A, Lawer EA. Effect of dietary guild (frugivory and insectivory) and other host characteristics on ectoparasite abundance (mite and nycteribiid) of chiropterans. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015; 62. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|