101
|
Ijtihād Holds Supremacy in Islamic Law: Muslim Communities and the Evolution of Law. RELIGIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rel13040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
While the traditional view of Islamic law (sharīʿah) and jurisprudence is to consider the Qur’an as the starting point for legal matters, followed by the prophetic tradition, and then resorting to various forms of “ijtihād”, it is argued here that the Qur’an was not really held in a position of legal supremacy. Since the time of the earliest Muslim community, it is “ijtihād” that has created the criteria by which Qur’anic and even prophetic rules are to be kept, suspended, and contradicted. Therefore, the Qur’an is not viewed historically as having legal supremacy for Islamic law and is not considered similar to some constitutions, against which laws are measured. Hence, in modern-day Islamic legal discourse, it would not be unreasonable to argue that “ijtihād” has supremacy in Islamic law, giving some flexibility to Muslim communities in the evolution of such laws.
Collapse
|
102
|
Tang Y, Cheng S, Wang J, Jin Y, Yang H, Lin Q, Xu S, Hui L, Yin Q, Yang Y, Wu X. Acupuncture for the Treatment of Itch: Peripheral and Central Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:786892. [PMID: 35431769 PMCID: PMC9005788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.786892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread clinical use of acupuncture in the treatment of pruritus caused by psoriasis, urticaria, uremic, and other diseases, insights into the mechanism of action of acupuncture are still emerging. For the above reasons, a beneficial effect of acupuncture on pruritus was not recommended or reported in recent clinical practice guidelines. Acupuncture is a kind of physical stimulation, which has the characteristics of multi-channel and multi-target effects. The biomechanical stimulation signal of acupuncture needling can be transformed into bioelectric and chemical signals; interfere with kinds of cells and nerve fibers in the skin and muscle; alter signaling pathways and transcriptional activity of cells, mediators, and receptors; and result in inhibition of peripheral and central transmission of pruritus. Available mechanistic data give insights into the biological regulation potency of acupuncture for pruritus and provide a basis for more in-depth and comprehensive mechanism research.
Collapse
|
103
|
Frontal corticostriatal functional connectivity reveals task positive and negative network dysregulation in relation to ADHD, sex, and inhibitory control. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 54:101101. [PMID: 35338900 PMCID: PMC8956922 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontal corticostriatal circuits (FCSC) are involved in self-regulation of cognition, emotion, and motor function. While these circuits are implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the literature establishing FCSC associations with ADHD is inconsistent. This may be due to study variability in considerations of how fMRI motion regression was handled between groups, or study specific differences in age, sex, or the striatal subregions under investigation. Given the importance of these domains in ADHD it is crucial to consider the complex interactions of age, sex, striatal subregions and FCSC in ADHD presentation and diagnosis. In this large-scale study of 362 8-12 year-old children with ADHD (n = 165) and typically developing (TD; n = 197) children, we investigate associations between FCSC with ADHD diagnosis and symptoms, sex, and go/no-go (GNG) task performance. Results include: (1) increased striatal connectivity with age across striatal subregions with most of the frontal cortex, (2) increased frontal-limbic striatum connectivity among boys with ADHD only, mostly in default mode network (DMN) regions not associated with age, and (3) increased frontal-motor striatum connectivity to regions of the DMN were associated with greater parent-rated inattention problems, particularly among the ADHD group. Although diagnostic group differences were no longer significant when strictly controlling for head motion, with motion possibly reflecting the phenotypic variance of ADHD itself, the spatial distribution of all symptom, age, sex, and other ADHD group effects were nearly identical to the initial results. These results demonstrate differential associations of FCSC between striatal subregions with the DMN and FPN in relation to age, ADHD, sex, and inhibitory control.
Collapse
|
104
|
Animal models of action control and cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 269:227-255. [PMID: 35248196 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has historically been considered a motor disorder induced by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. More recently, it has been recognized to have significant non-motor symptoms, most prominently cognitive symptoms associated with a dysexecutive syndrome. It is common in the literature to see motor and cognitive symptoms treated separately and, indeed, there has been a general call for specialized treatment of the latter, particularly in the more severe cases of PD with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Animal studies have similarly been developed to model the motor or non-motor symptoms. Nevertheless, considerable research has established that segregating consideration of cognition from the precursors to motor movement, particularly movement associated with goal-directed action, is difficult if not impossible. Indeed, on some contemporary views cognition is embodied in action control, something that is particularly prevalent in theory and evidence relating to the integration of goal-directed and habitual control processes. The current paper addresses these issues within the literature detailing animal models of cognitive dysfunction in PD and their neural and neurochemical bases. Generally, studies using animal models of PD provide some of the clearest evidence for the integration of these action control processes at multiple levels of analysis and imply that consideration of this integrative process may have significant benefits for developing new approaches to the treatment of PD.
Collapse
|
105
|
Striatal synaptic adaptations in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 167:105686. [PMID: 35272023 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum is densely innervated by mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that modulate acquisition and vigor of goal-directed actions and habits. This innervation is progressively lost in Parkinson's disease (PD), contributing to the defining movement deficits of the disease. Although boosting dopaminergic signaling with levodopa early in the course of the disease alleviates these deficits, later this strategy leads to the emergence of debilitating dyskinesia. Here, recent advances in our understanding of how striatal cells and circuits adapt to this progressive de-innervation and to levodopa therapy are discussed. First, we discuss how dopamine (DA) depletion triggers cell type-specific, homeostatic changes in spiny projection neurons (SPNs) that tend to normalize striatal activity but also lead to disruption of the synaptic architecture sculpted by experience. Second, we discuss the roles played by cholinergic and nitric oxide-releasing interneurons in these adaptations. Third, we examine recent work in freely moving mice suggesting that alterations in the spatiotemporal dynamics of striatal ensembles contributes to PD movement deficits. Lastly, we discuss recently published evidence from a progressive model of PD suggesting that contrary to the classical model, striatal pathway imbalance is necessary but not sufficient to produce frank parkinsonism.
Collapse
|
106
|
Abstract
This paper is a preliminary attempt to bring to the fore some questions and issues regarding the role of habits in aesthetics. Indeed, much attention has recently been given to habits across a wide range of fields of inquiry: philosophers turn to the concept to investigate its significance to the historical development of Western thought; neuroscientists look into the role that habits play in the functioning of the human mind and identify the neural and psychological underpinnings of habitual behavior; anthropologists, political scientists and sociologists tap into habits as a key notion to explain social dynamics and collective behavior. For all of these waves that the notion has made in other parts of the humanities and social sciences, there have been so far, however, only a few sustained discussions of habits in conjunction with aesthetics. What is the role of habits in aesthetic experience? How do habits influence and regulate artistic creative processes?
Collapse
|
107
|
Ruiz-Tejada A, Neisewander J, Katsanos CS. Regulation of Voluntary Physical Activity Behavior: A Review of Evidence Involving Dopaminergic Pathways in the Brain. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030333. [PMID: 35326289 PMCID: PMC8946175 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity leads to well-established health benefits. Current efforts to enhance physical activity have targeted mainly socioeconomic factors. However, despite these efforts, only a small number of adults engage in regular physical activity to the point of meeting current recommendations. Evidence collected in rodent models and humans establish a strong central nervous system component that regulates physical activity behavior. In particular, dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system are among the best-characterized biological mechanisms to date with respect to regulating reward, motivation, and habit formation, which are critical for establishing regular physical activity. Herein, we discuss evidence for a role of brain dopamine in the regulation of voluntary physical activity behavior based on selective breeding and pharmacological studies in rodents, as well as genetic studies in both rodents and humans. While these studies establish a role of dopamine and associated mechanisms in the brain in the regulation of voluntary physical activity behavior, there is clearly need for more research on the underlying biology involved in motivation for physical activity and the formation of a physical activity habit. Such knowledge at the basic science level may ultimately be translated into better strategies to enhance physical activity levels within the society.
Collapse
|
108
|
Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Is Required for Neurodevelopment of Striosome-Dendron Bouquets. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0318-21.2022. [PMID: 35361667 PMCID: PMC9007419 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0318-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) has strong effects on neurogenesis and axon pathfinding in the prenatal brain. Endocannabinoids that activate CB1R are abundant in the early postnatal brain and in mother's milk, but few studies have investigated their function in newborns. We examined postnatal CB1R expression in the major striatonigral circuit from striosomes of the striatum to the dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra. CB1R enrichment was first detectable between postnatal day (P)5 and P7, and this timing coincided with the formation of "striosome-dendron bouquets," the elaborate anatomic structures by which striosomal neurons control dopaminergic cell activity through inhibitory synapses. In Cnr1-/- knock-out mice lacking CB1R expression, striosome-dendron bouquets were markedly disorganized by P11 and at adulthood, suggesting a postnatal pathfinding connectivity function for CB1R in connecting striosomal axons and dopaminergic neurons analogous to CB1R's prenatal function in other brain regions. Our finding that CB1R plays a major role in postnatal wiring of the striatonigral dopamine-control system, with lasting consequences at least in mice, points to a crucial need to determine whether lactating mothers' use of CB1R agonists (e.g., in marijuana) or antagonists (e.g., type 2 diabetes therapies) can disrupt brain development in nursing offspring.
Collapse
|
109
|
Sensorimotor Learning in Response to Errors in Task Performance. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0371-21.2022. [PMID: 35110383 PMCID: PMC8938978 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0371-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human sensorimotor system is sensitive to both limb-related prediction errors and task-related performance errors. Prediction error signals are believed to drive implicit refinements to motor plans. However, an understanding of the mechanisms that performance errors stimulate has remained unclear largely because their effects have not been probed in isolation from prediction errors. Diverging from past work, we induced performance errors independent of prediction errors by shifting the location of a reach target but keeping the intended and actual kinematic consequences of the motion matched. Our first two experiments revealed that rather than implicit learning, motor adjustments in response to performance errors reflect the use of deliberative, volitional strategies. Our third experiment revealed a potential dissociation of performance-error-driven strategies based on error size. Specifically, behavioral changes following large errors were consistent with goal-directed or model-based control, known to be supported by connections between prefrontal cortex and associative striatum. In contrast, motor changes following smaller performance errors carried signatures of model-free stimulus-response learning, of the kind underpinned by pathways between motor cortical areas and sensorimotor striatum. Across all experiments, we also found remarkably faster re-learning, advocating that such “savings” is associated with retrieval of previously learned strategic error compensation and may not require a history of exposure to limb-related errors.
Collapse
|
110
|
Du Y, Krakauer JW, Haith AM. The relationship between habits and motor skills in humans. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:371-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
111
|
Tonna M, Ottoni R, Pellegrini C, Mora L, Gambolo L, Di Donna A, Parmigiani S, Marchesi C. The motor profile of obsessive-compulsive rituals: psychopathological and evolutionary implications. CNS Spectr 2022; 28:1-9. [PMID: 35184763 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852922000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating obsessive-compulsive disorder from an ethological approach have highlighted a specific motor pattern of compulsive rituals with respect to corresponding ordinary behaviors. Particularly, compulsive motor profile is built through the repetition of acts, with prevalence of nonfunctional ones and redirection of attention to its basic structural units. These formal features would characterize ritual behavior throughout evolution, from nonhuman animals to human cultures. However, no study to date has investigated a possible relationship between such motor profile and underlying psychopathology. Therefore, the first objective of the study was to confirm previous findings on a larger sample size of obsessive patients; the second objective was to elucidate whether motor profile might be associated with obsessive-compulsive psychopathology and/or prepsychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. METHODS Twenty-one obsessive-compulsive outpatients provided a videotape of their rituals. An equal number of healthy controls, matched for sex and age, were registered for corresponding ordinary acts. Obsessive patients were administered the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire. RESULTS The results of the present study confirm that ritual compulsions present a specific motor structure characterized by repetition of both functional and nonfunctional acts and their longer duration. Such a motor pattern is independent from obsessive-compulsive psychopathology, whereas it results specifically associated with prepsychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS We argue that this association may reflect the adaptive significance of ritual behavior across evolution, that is, its homeostatic function in conditions of unpredictability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tonna
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rebecca Ottoni
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Mora
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Gambolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Di Donna
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Parmigiani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Unit of Behavioral Biology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Marchesi
- Department of Mental Health, Local Health Service, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Psychiatric Unit, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Conen KE, Desrochers TM. Unpacking self-ordered sequences. Neuron 2022; 110:566-568. [PMID: 35176240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Chiang et al. examine population coding of self-ordered sequences in prefrontal cortex. They find better decoding, more distributed information, and less variability when order is consistent. Consistent ordering produces reliable population response patterns that may aid planning and memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Conen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Theresa M Desrochers
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
MacIver MA, Finlay BL. The neuroecology of the water-to-land transition and the evolution of the vertebrate brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200523. [PMID: 34957852 PMCID: PMC8710882 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-to-land transition in vertebrate evolution offers an unusual opportunity to consider computational affordances of a new ecology for the brain. All sensory modalities are changed, particularly a greatly enlarged visual sensorium owing to air versus water as a medium, and expanded by mobile eyes and neck. The multiplication of limbs, as evolved to exploit aspects of life on land, is a comparable computational challenge. As the total mass of living organisms on land is a hundredfold larger than the mass underwater, computational improvements promise great rewards. In water, the midbrain tectum coordinates approach/avoid decisions, contextualized by water flow and by the animal's body state and learning. On land, the relative motions of sensory surfaces and effectors must be resolved, adding on computational architectures from the dorsal pallium, such as the parietal cortex. For the large-brained and long-living denizens of land, making the right decision when the wrong one means death may be the basis of planning, which allows animals to learn from hypothetical experience before enactment. Integration of value-weighted, memorized panoramas in basal ganglia/frontal cortex circuitry, with allocentric cognitive maps of the hippocampus and its associated cortices becomes a cognitive habit-to-plan transition as substantial as the change in ecology. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm A. MacIver
- Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Barbara L. Finlay
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Evolutionary Neuroscience Group, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
LeDoux JE. As soon as there was life, there was danger: the deep history of survival behaviours and the shallower history of consciousness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210292. [PMID: 34957848 PMCID: PMC8710881 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often said that fear is a universal innate emotion that we humans have inherited from our mammalian ancestors by virtue of having inherited conserved features of their nervous systems. Contrary to this common sense-based scientific point of view, I have argued that what we have inherited from our mammalian ancestors, and they from their distal vertebrate ancestors, and they from their chordate ancestors, and so forth, is not a fear circuit. It is, instead, a defensive survival circuit that detects threats, and in response, initiates defensive survival behaviours and supporting physiological adjustments. Seen in this light, the defensive survival circuits of humans and other mammals can be conceptualized as manifestations of an ancient survival function-the ability to detect danger and respond to it-that may in fact predate animals and their nervous systems, and perhaps may go back to the beginning of life. Fear, on the other hand, from my perspective, is a product of cortical cognitive circuits. This conception is not just of academic interest. It also has practical implications, offering clues as to why efforts to treat problems related to fear and anxiety are not more effective, and what might make them better. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. LeDoux
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
van Elzelingen W, Warnaar P, Matos J, Bastet W, Jonkman R, Smulders D, Goedhoop J, Denys D, Arbab T, Willuhn I. Striatal dopamine signals are region specific and temporally stable across action-sequence habit formation. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1163-1174.e6. [PMID: 35134325 PMCID: PMC8926842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Habits are automatic, inflexible behaviors that develop slowly with repeated performance. Striatal dopamine signaling instantiates this habit-formation process, presumably region specifically and via ventral-to-dorsal and medial-to-lateral signal shifts. Here, we quantify dopamine release in regions implicated in these presumed shifts (ventromedial striatum [VMS], dorsomedial striatum [DMS], and dorsolateral striatum [DLS]) in rats performing an action-sequence task and characterize habit development throughout a 10-week training. Surprisingly, all regions exhibited stable dopamine dynamics throughout habit development. VMS and DLS signals did not differ between habitual and non-habitual animals, but DMS dopamine release increased during action-sequence initiation and decreased during action-sequence completion in habitual rats, whereas non-habitual rats showed opposite effects. Consistently, optogenetic stimulation of DMS dopamine release accelerated habit formation. Thus, we demonstrate that dopamine signals do not shift regionally during habit formation and that dopamine in DMS, but not VMS or DLS, determines habit bias, attributing “habit functions” to a region previously associated exclusively with non-habitual behavior. Validation of a novel test that monitors habit development individually across time Dopamine release during habit development is stable across relevant striatal regions Only dopamine release in dorsomedial striatum correlates with habit development Optogenetic stimulation of dorsomedial striatal dopamine accelerates habit formation
Collapse
|
116
|
Kumar MG, Tan C, Libedinsky C, Yen SC, Tan AYY. A Nonlinear Hidden Layer Enables Actor-Critic Agents to Learn Multiple Paired Association Navigation. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:3917-3936. [PMID: 35034127 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigation to multiple cued reward locations has been increasingly used to study rodent learning. Though deep reinforcement learning agents have been shown to be able to learn the task, they are not biologically plausible. Biologically plausible classic actor-critic agents have been shown to learn to navigate to single reward locations, but which biologically plausible agents are able to learn multiple cue-reward location tasks has remained unclear. In this computational study, we show versions of classic agents that learn to navigate to a single reward location, and adapt to reward location displacement, but are not able to learn multiple paired association navigation. The limitation is overcome by an agent in which place cell and cue information are first processed by a feedforward nonlinear hidden layer with synapses to the actor and critic subject to temporal difference error-modulated plasticity. Faster learning is obtained when the feedforward layer is replaced by a recurrent reservoir network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ganesh Kumar
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Innovation and Design Programme, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore
| | - Cheston Tan
- Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Camilo Libedinsky
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Shih-Cheng Yen
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
- Innovation and Design Programme, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117579, Singapore
| | - Andrew Y Y Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Heidrich TE, Bastianel L, Gelain GM, Candotti CT. Content validity of an instrument for motor assessment of youth with autism. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fm.2022.35135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present motor disorders that have been the focus of physical therapy interventions. However, the standardized motor assessments available in the literature have important gaps, among them the complexity of the tasks evaluated and the absence of qualitative information about the subjects' performance. Objective To develop and evaluate the content validity of the Gross Motor Assessment of Children and Adolescents with ASD checklist (GMA-AUT checklist). Methods The GMA-AUT checklist was sent to a committee of experts for content validation. The content validity index (CVI) was used to assess the degree of agreement between the experts. To verify the content validity of the checklist, the minimal acceptable CVI was 0.80. Results Based on the suggestions made, the GMA-AUT was reformulated and submitted to the same panel of experts for reassessment. In the second and final draft of the checklist, only two items had a CVI of 0.88, while all others reached a CVI of 1.00. Conclusion The GMA-AUT checklist presents adequate content validity for assessing gross motor in children and adolescents with ASD according to experts in the field.
Collapse
|
118
|
Wertsch JV, Jäggi OL. Habits of collective memory. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 274:149-166. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
119
|
Pierce JE, Péron JA. Reward-Based Learning and Emotional Habit Formation in the Cerebellum. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1378:125-140. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
120
|
Zamani A, Carhart-Harris R, Christoff K. Prefrontal contributions to the stability and variability of thought and conscious experience. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:329-348. [PMID: 34545195 PMCID: PMC8616944 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human prefrontal cortex is a structurally and functionally heterogenous brain region, including multiple subregions that have been linked to different large-scale brain networks. It contributes to a broad range of mental phenomena, from goal-directed thought and executive functions to mind-wandering and psychedelic experience. Here we review what is known about the functions of different prefrontal subregions and their affiliations with large-scale brain networks to examine how they may differentially contribute to the diversity of mental phenomena associated with prefrontal function. An important dimension that distinguishes across different kinds of conscious experience is the stability or variability of mental states across time. This dimension is a central feature of two recently introduced theoretical frameworks-the dynamic framework of thought (DFT) and the relaxed beliefs under psychedelics (REBUS) model-that treat neurocognitive dynamics as central to understanding and distinguishing between different mental phenomena. Here, we bring these two frameworks together to provide a synthesis of how prefrontal subregions may differentially contribute to the stability and variability of thought and conscious experience. We close by considering future directions for this work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Zamani
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Robin Carhart-Harris
- Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kalina Christoff
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Arnautovska U, Kesby JP, Korman N, Rebar AL, Chapman J, Warren N, Rossell SL, Dark FL, Siskind D. Biopsychology of Physical Activity in People with Schizophrenia: An Integrative Perspective on Barriers and Intervention Strategies. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2917-2926. [PMID: 36544549 PMCID: PMC9763049 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s393775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
People with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia experience high physical comorbidity, leading to a 15-20-year mortality gap compared with the general population. Lifestyle behaviours such as physical activity (PA) play important roles in the quest to bridge this gap. Interventions to increase PA engagement in this population have potential to be efficacious; however, their effectiveness can be hindered by low participant engagement, including low adherence and high drop-out, and by implementation of interventions that are not designed to compensate for the cognitive and motivational impairments characteristic for this group. Moreover, and importantly, the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with neurobiological changes in the brain, which-based on principles of biopsychology-can contribute to poor motivation and impaired decision-making processes and behavioural maintenance. To increase PA levels in people with schizophrenia, better understanding of these neurological changes that impact PA engagement is needed. This has the potential to inform the design of interventions that, through enhancement of motivation, could effectively increase PA levels in this specific population. Incorporating strategies that address the dopamine dysregulation associated with schizophrenia, such as boosting the role of reward and self-determined motivation, may improve long-term PA maintenance, leading to habitual PA. Consideration of motivation and behavioural maintenance is also needed to impart health benefits such as prevention of chronic disease, which is associated with currently low PA levels in this high metabolic risk population. Taking a biopsychological perspective, we outline the neural pathways involved in motivation that are impacted by schizophrenia and propose strategies for promoting motivation for and PA engagement from adoption to habit formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urska Arnautovska
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Metro South Addictions and Mental Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - James P Kesby
- Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia
| | - Nicole Korman
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Metro South Addictions and Mental Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda L Rebar
- Motivation of Health Behaviours Lab, Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
| | - Justin Chapman
- Metro South Addictions and Mental Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicola Warren
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Metro South Addictions and Mental Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Susan L Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia.,Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Frances L Dark
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Metro South Addictions and Mental Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Dan Siskind
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Metro South Addictions and Mental Health Service, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, 4076, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
122
|
Principles of Brain and Emotion: Beyond the Cortico-Centric Bias. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1378:13-24. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99550-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
123
|
Martinez MC, Zold CL, Coletti MA, Murer MG, Belluscio MA. Dorsal striatum coding for the timely execution of action sequences. eLife 2022; 11:74929. [PMID: 36426715 PMCID: PMC9699698 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The automatic initiation of actions can be highly functional. But occasionally these actions cannot be withheld and are released at inappropriate times, impulsively. Striatal activity has been shown to participate in the timing of action sequence initiation and it has been linked to impulsivity. Using a self-initiated task, we trained adult male rats to withhold a rewarded action sequence until a waiting time interval has elapsed. By analyzing neuronal activity we show that the striatal response preceding the initiation of the learned sequence is strongly modulated by the time subjects wait before eliciting the sequence. Interestingly, the modulation is steeper in adolescent rats, which show a strong prevalence of impulsive responses compared to adults. We hypothesize this anticipatory striatal activity reflects the animals’ subjective reward expectation, based on the elapsed waiting time, while the steeper waiting modulation in adolescence reflects age-related differences in temporal discounting, internal urgency states, or explore–exploit balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Martinez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular “Dr. Héctor Maldonado”Buenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Camila Lidia Zold
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de FisiologíaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marcos Antonio Coletti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de FisiologíaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Mario Gustavo Murer
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de FisiologíaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Mariano Andrés Belluscio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (IFIBIO-Houssay), Grupo de Neurociencia de SistemasBuenos AiresArgentina,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Departamento de FisiologíaBuenos AiresArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Luis E, Bermejo-Martins E, Martinez M, Sarrionandia A, Cortes C, Oliveros EY, Garces MS, Oron JV, Fernández-Berrocal P. Relationship between self-care activities, stress and well-being during COVID-19 lockdown: a cross-cultural mediation model. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048469. [PMID: 34911708 PMCID: PMC8678542 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the mediation role of self-care between stress and psychological well-being in the general population of four countries and to assess the impact of sociodemographic variables on this relationship. DESIGN Cross-sectional, online survey. PARTICIPANTS A stratified sample of confined general population (N=1082) from four Ibero-American countries-Chile (n=261), Colombia (n=268), Ecuador (n=282) and Spain (n=271)-balanced by age and gender. PRIMARY OUTCOMES MEASURES Sociodemographic information (age, gender, country, education and income level), information related to COVID-19 lockdown (number of days in quarantine, number of people with whom the individuals live, absence/presence of adults and minors in charge and attitude towards the search of information related to COVID-19), Perceived Stress Scale-10, Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale-29 and Self-Care Activities Screening Scale-14. RESULTS Self-care partially mediates the relationship between stress and well-being during COVID-19 confinement in the general population in the total sample (F (3,1078)=370.01, p<0.001, R2=0.507) and in each country. On the other hand, among the evaluated sociodemographic variables, only age affects this relationship. CONCLUSION The results have broad implications for public health, highlighting the importance of promoting people's active role in their own care and health behaviour to improve psychological well-being if stress management and social determinants of health are jointly addressed first. The present study provides the first transnational evidence from the earlier stages of the COVID-19 lockdown, showing that the higher perception of stress, the less self-care activities are adopted, and in turn the lower the beneficial effects on well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elkin Luis
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarre Institute of Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Bermejo-Martins
- IdiSNA, Navarre Institute of Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Faculty of Nursing, Department of Community Nursing and Midwifery, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Martín Martinez
- School of Education and Psychology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarre Institute of Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Cristian Cortes
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - María Sol Garces
- Neuroscience Institute, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
125
|
Hoddinott JD, Schuit D, Grahn JA. Comparisons between short-term memory systems for verbal and rhythmic stimuli. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108080. [PMID: 34728240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Auditory short-term memory is often conceived of as a unitary capacity, with memory for different auditory materials (such as syllables, pitches, rhythms) posited to rely on similar neural mechanisms. One spontaneous behavior observed in short-term memory studies is 'chunking'. For example, individuals often recount digit sequences in groups, or chunks, of 3-4 digits, and chunking is associated with better performance. Chunking may also operate in musical rhythm, with beats acting as potential chunk boundaries for tones in rhythmic sequences. Similar to chunking, beat-based structure in rhythms also improves performance. Thus, it is possible that beat processing relies on the same mechanisms that underlie chunking of verbal material. The current fMRI study examined whether beat perception is indeed a type of chunking, measuring brain responses to chunked and 'unchunked' letter sequences relative to beat-based and non-beat-based rhythmic sequences. Participants completed a sequence discrimination task, and comparisons between stimulus encoding, maintenance, and discrimination were made for both rhythmic and verbal sequences. Overall, rhythm and verbal short-term memory networks overlapped substantially. When contrasting rhythmic and verbal conditions, rhythms activated basal ganglia, supplementary motor area, and anterior insula more than letter strings did, during both encoding and discrimination. Verbal letter strings activated bilateral auditory cortex more than rhythms did during encoding, and parietal cortex, precuneus, and middle frontal gyri more than rhythms did during discrimination. Importantly, there was a significant interaction in the basal ganglia during encoding: activation for beat-based rhythms was greater than for non-beat-based rhythms, but verbal chunked and unchunked conditions did not differ. The interaction indicates that beat perception is not simply a case of chunking, suggesting a dissociation between beat processing and chunking-based grouping mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hoddinott
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Neuroscience Program, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dirk Schuit
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica A Grahn
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Farkas BC, Tóth-Fáber E, Janacsek K, Nemeth D. A Process-Oriented View of Procedural Memory Can Help Better Understand Tourette's Syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:683885. [PMID: 34955784 PMCID: PMC8707288 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.683885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette's syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive movements and vocalizations, also known as tics. The phenomenology of tics and the underlying neurobiology of the disorder have suggested that the altered functioning of the procedural memory system might contribute to its etiology. However, contrary to the robust findings of impaired procedural memory in neurodevelopmental disorders of language, results from TS have been somewhat mixed. We review the previous studies in the field and note that they have reported normal, impaired, and even enhanced procedural performance. These mixed findings may be at least partially be explained by the diversity of the samples in both age and tic severity, the vast array of tasks used, the low sample sizes, and the possible confounding effects of other cognitive functions, such as executive functions, working memory or attention. However, we propose that another often overlooked factor could also contribute to the mixed findings, namely the multiprocess nature of the procedural system itself. We propose that a process-oriented view of procedural memory functions could serve as a theoretical framework to help integrate these varied findings. We discuss evidence suggesting heterogeneity in the neural regions and their functional contributions to procedural memory. Our process-oriented framework can help to deepen our understanding of the complex profile of procedural functioning in TS and atypical development in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bence Cs. Farkas
- LNC, Département d’Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Eszter Tóth-Fáber
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Karolina Janacsek
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre for Thinking and Learning, Institute for Lifecourse Development, School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Education, Health and Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dezso Nemeth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Zhang YF, Vargas Cifuentes L, Wright KN, Bhattarai JP, Mohrhardt J, Fleck D, Janke E, Jiang C, Cranfill SL, Goldstein N, Schreck M, Moberly AH, Yu Y, Arenkiel BR, Betley JN, Luo W, Stegmaier J, Wesson DW, Spehr M, Fuccillo MV, Ma M. Ventral striatal islands of Calleja neurons control grooming in mice. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1699-1710. [PMID: 34795450 PMCID: PMC8639805 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The striatum comprises multiple subdivisions and neural circuits that differentially control motor output. The islands of Calleja (IC) contain clusters of densely packed granule cells situated in the ventral striatum, predominantly in the olfactory tubercle (OT). Characterized by expression of the D3 dopamine receptor, the IC are evolutionally conserved, but have undefined functions. Here, we show that optogenetic activation of OT D3 neurons robustly initiates self-grooming in mice while suppressing other ongoing behaviors. Conversely, optogenetic inhibition of these neurons halts ongoing grooming, and genetic ablation reduces spontaneous grooming. Furthermore, OT D3 neurons show increased activity before and during grooming and influence local striatal output via synaptic connections with neighboring OT neurons (primarily spiny projection neurons), whose firing rates display grooming-related modulation. Our study uncovers a new role of the ventral striatum's IC in regulating motor output and has important implications for the neural control of grooming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luigim Vargas Cifuentes
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine N Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Janardhan P Bhattarai
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julia Mohrhardt
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David Fleck
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Emma Janke
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chunjie Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Suna L Cranfill
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nitsan Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Schreck
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew H Moberly
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yiqun Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - J Nicholas Betley
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Marc Spehr
- Department of Chemosensation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Marc V Fuccillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Minghong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
K Namboodiri VM, Stuber GD. The learning of prospective and retrospective cognitive maps within neural circuits. Neuron 2021; 109:3552-3575. [PMID: 34678148 PMCID: PMC8809184 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain circuits are thought to form a "cognitive map" to process and store statistical relationships in the environment. A cognitive map is commonly defined as a mental representation that describes environmental states (i.e., variables or events) and the relationship between these states. This process is commonly conceptualized as a prospective process, as it is based on the relationships between states in chronological order (e.g., does reward follow a given state?). In this perspective, we expand this concept on the basis of recent findings to postulate that in addition to a prospective map, the brain forms and uses a retrospective cognitive map (e.g., does a given state precede reward?). In doing so, we demonstrate that many neural signals and behaviors (e.g., habits) that seem inflexible and non-cognitive can result from retrospective cognitive maps. Together, we present a significant conceptual reframing of the neurobiological study of associative learning, memory, and decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Mohan K Namboodiri
- Department of Neurology, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Kim HF. Brain substrates for automatic retrieval of value memory in the primate basal ganglia. Mol Brain 2021; 14:168. [PMID: 34784931 PMCID: PMC8597290 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00871-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our behavior is often carried out automatically. Automatic behavior can be guided by past experiences, such as learned values associated with objects. Passive-viewing and free-viewing tasks with no immediate outcomes provide a testable condition in which monkeys and humans automatically retrieve value memories and perform habitual searching. Interestingly, in these tasks, caudal regions of the basal ganglia structures are involved in automatic retrieval of learned object values and habitual gaze. In contrast, rostral regions do not participate in these activities but instead monitor the changes in outcomes. These findings indicate that automatic behaviors based on the value memories are processed selectively by the caudal regions of the primate basal ganglia system. Understanding the distinct roles of the caudal basal ganglia may provide insight into finding selective causes of behavioral disorders in basal ganglia disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung F Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University (SNU), Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Si R, Rowe JB, Zhang J. Functional localization and categorization of intentional decisions in humans: A meta-analysis of brain imaging studies. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118468. [PMID: 34390878 PMCID: PMC8463837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-imaging research on intentional decision-making often employs a "free-choice" paradigm, in which participants choose among options with identical values or outcomes. Although the medial prefrontal cortex has commonly been associated with choices, there is no consensus on the wider network that underlies diverse intentional decisions and behaviours. Our systematic literature search identified 35 fMRI/PET experiments using various free-choice paradigms, with appropriate control conditions using external instructions. An Activation Likelihood Estimate (ALE) meta-analysis showed that, compared with external instructions, intentional decisions consistently activate the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the left insula and the inferior parietal lobule. We then categorized the studies into four different types according to their experimental designs: reactive motor intention, perceptual intention, inhibitory intention, and cognitive intention. We conducted conjunction and contrast meta-analyses to identify consistent and selective spatial convergence of brain activation within each specific category of intentional decision. Finally, we used meta-analytic decoding to probe cognitive processes underlying free choices. Our findings suggest that the neurocognitive process underlying intentional decision incorporates anatomically separated components subserving distinct cognitive and computational roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruoguang Si
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Kato S, Nishizawa K, Kobayashi K. Thalamostriatal System Controls the Acquisition, Performance, and Flexibility of Learning Behavior. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:729389. [PMID: 34733142 PMCID: PMC8558393 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.729389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal striatum (DS) is a key structure of the basal ganglia circuitry, which regulates various types of learning processes and flexible switching of behavior. Intralaminar thalamic nuclei (ILNs) provide the main source of thalamostriatal inputs to the DS and constitute multiple nuclear groups, each of which innervates specific subdivisions of the striatum. Although the anatomical and electrophysiological properties of thalamostriatal neurons have been previously characterized, the behavioral and physiological functions of these neurons remain unclarified. Two representative thalamostriatal cell groups in the parafascicular nucleus (PF) and the central lateral nucleus (CL) are located in the caudal and rostral regions of the ILNs in rodents. Recently, the behavioral roles of these thalamostriatal cell groups have been investigated by the use of genetic and pharmacological manipulation techniques. In the current review, we summarize behavioral studies on thalamostriatal neurons, showing the key roles of these neurons in different learning processes, such as the acquisition, performance, and flexibility of behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kayo Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Wang Y, Yin X, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhao W, Guo ZV. A cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical channel underlying short-term memory. Neuron 2021; 109:3486-3499.e7. [PMID: 34469773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Persistent activity underlying short-term memory encodes sensory information or instructs specific future movement and, consequently, has a crucial role in cognition. Despite extensive study, how the same set of neurons respond differentially to form selective persistent activity remains unknown. Here, we report that the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBTC) circuit supports the formation of selective persistent activity in mice. Optogenetic activation or inactivation of the basal ganglia output nucleus substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)-to-thalamus pathway biased future licking choice, without affecting licking execution. This perturbation differentially affected persistent activity in the frontal cortex and selectively modulated neural trajectory that encodes one choice but not the other. Recording showed that SNr neurons had selective persistent activity distributed across SNr, but with a hotspot in the mediolateral region. Optogenetic inactivation of the frontal cortex also differentially affected persistent activity in the SNr. Together, these results reveal a CBTC channel functioning to produce selective persistent activity underlying short-term memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Xinxin Yin
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Zhouzhou Zhang
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Jiejue Li
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Wenyu Zhao
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Zengcai V Guo
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China 100084.
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Bowden DM, German DC. Mapping reward mechanisms by intracerebral self-stimulation in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:3564-3592. [PMID: 33978232 PMCID: PMC8920750 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to identify brain structures that mediate reward as evidenced by positive reinforcing effects of stimuli on behavior. Testing by intracerebral self-stimulation enabled monkeys to inform whether activation of ~2900 sites in 74 structures of 4 sensorimotor pathways and 4 modulatory loop pathways was positive, negative or neutral. Stimulation was rewarding at 30% of sites, negative at 17%, neutral at 52%. Virtually all (99%) structures yielded some positive or negative sites, suggesting a ubiquitous distribution of pathways transmitting valence information. Mapping of sites to structures with dense versus sparse dopaminergic (DA) or noradrenergic (NA) innervation showed that stimulation of DA-pathways was rewarding or neutral. Stimulation of NA-pathways was not rewarding. Stimulation of association areas was generally rewarding; stimulation of purely sensory or motor structures was generally negative. Reward related more to structures' sensorimotor function than to density of DA-innervation. Stimulation of basal ganglia loop pathways was rewarding except in lateral globus pallidus, an inhibitory structure in the negative feedback loop; stimulation of the cerebellar loop was rewarding in anterior vermis and the spinocerebellar pathway; and stimulation of the hippocampal CA1 loop was rewarding. While most positive sites were in the DA reward system, numerous sites in sparsely DA-innervated posterior cingulate and parietal cortices may represent a separate reward system. DA-density represents concentrations of plastic synapses that mediate acquisition of new synaptic connections. DA-sparse areas may represent innate, genetically programmed reward-associated pathways. Implications of findings in regard to response habituation and addiction are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M. Bowden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dwight C. German
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Jaquins-Gerstl A, Nesbitt KM, Michael AC. In vivo evidence for the unique kinetics of evoked dopamine release in the patch and matrix compartments of the striatum. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6703-6713. [PMID: 33843017 PMCID: PMC8551084 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neurochemical transmitter dopamine (DA) is implicated in a number of diseases states, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and drug abuse. DA terminal fields in the dorsal striatum and core region of the nucleus accumbens in the rat brain are organized as heterogeneous domains exhibiting fast and slow kinetic of DA release. The rates of dopamine release are significantly and substantially faster in the fast domains relative to the slow domains. The striatum is composed of a mosaic of spatial compartments known as the striosomes (patches) and the matrix. Extensive literature exists on the spatial organization of the patch and matrix compartments and their functions. However, little is known about these compartments as they relate to fast and slow kinetic DA domains observed by fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). Thus, we combined high spatial resolution of FSCV with detailed immunohistochemical analysis of these architectural compartments (patch and matrix) using fluorescence microscopy. Our findings demonstrated a direct correlation between patch compartments with fast domain DA kinetics and matrix compartments to slow domain DA kinetics. We also investigated the kinetic domains in two very distinct sub-regions in the striatum, the lateral dorsal striatum (LDS) and the medial dorsal striatum (MDS). The lateral dorsal striatum as opposed to the medial dorsal striatum is mainly governed by fast kinetic DA domains. These finding are highly relevant as they may hold key promise in unraveling the fast and slow kinetic DA domains and their physiological significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jaquins-Gerstl
- Department of Chemistry, Chevron Science Center, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Nesbitt
- Department of Chemistry, Chevron Science Center, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Adrian C Michael
- Department of Chemistry, Chevron Science Center, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Hong SI, Kang S, Baker M, Choi DS. Astrocyte-neuron interaction in the dorsal striatum-pallidal circuits and alcohol-seeking behaviors. Neuropharmacology 2021; 198:108759. [PMID: 34433087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the striatum, two main types of GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs), denoted striatonigral (or direct-pathway MSNs, dMSNs) and striatopallidal neurons (indirect-pathway MSNs, iMSNs), form circuits with distinct pallidal nuclei, which sends "GO" or "NO-GO" signals through the thalamus. These striatopallidal circuits evaluate and execute reward-seeking and taking behaviors. Especially, the dorsal striatum can be further divided into the dorsomedial striatum (DMS, equivalent to caudate in primates and humans) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS, equivalent to putamen), which orchestrates goal-directed and habitual reward-seeking and taking behaviors, respectively. Using optogenetics, chemogenetics and in vivo calcium imaging technologies combined with electrophysiology and digitalized behavior phenotyping, recent studies have revealed cell-, circuit- and context-specific functions of these microcircuits in addictive behaviors. Also, region-specific astrocytes regulate the homeostatic activities of the dMSNs and iMSNs as well as the downstream circuits, which determine the net balance of cortico-striato-pallidal activities to the thalamic neurons. This review will summarize the recent progress of striatopallidal circuits focusing on astrocyte-neuron interaction and, reward- and alcohol-seeking behaviors. Our review will also discuss the translational and clinical implications of these microcircuit studies. This article is part of the special Issue on "Neurocircuitry Modulating Drug and Alcohol Abuse".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Ik Hong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Aslan DH, Hernandez ME, Frechette ML, Gephart AT, Soloveychik IM, Sosnoff JJ. The neural underpinnings of motor learning in people with neurodegenerative diseases: A scoping review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:882-898. [PMID: 34624367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic progressive neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) cause mobility and cognitive impairments that disrupt quality of life. The learning of new motor skills, motor learning, is a critical component of rehabilitation efforts to counteract these chronic progressive impairments. In people with NDD, there are impairments in motor learning which appear to scale with the severity of impairment. Compensatory cortical activity plays a role in counteracting motor learning impairments in NDD. Yet, the functional and structural brain alterations associated with motor learning have not been synthesized in people with NDD. The purpose of this scoping review is to explore the neural alterations of motor learning in NDD. Thirty-five peer-reviewed original articles met the inclusion criteria. Participant demographics, motor learning results, and brain imaging results were extracted. Distinct motor learning associated compensatory processes were identified across NDD populations. Evidence from this review suggests the success of motor learning in NDD populations depends on the neural alterations and their interaction with motor learning networks, as well as the progression of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Aslan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, United States.
| | | | - Mikaela L Frechette
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, United States
| | - Aaron T Gephart
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, United States
| | - Isaac M Soloveychik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, United States
| | - Jacob J Sosnoff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, United States
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Zhen S, Yaple ZA, Eickhoff SB, Yu R. To learn or to gain: neural signatures of exploration in human decision-making. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:63-76. [PMID: 34596757 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals not only take actions to obtain immediate rewards but also to gain more information to guide future choices. An ideal exploration-exploitation balance is crucial for maximizing reward over the long run. However, the neural signatures of exploration in humans remain unclear. Using quantitative meta-analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments on exploratory behaviors, we sought to identify the concordant activity pertaining to exploration over a range of experiments. The results revealed that exploration activates concordant brain activity associated with risk (e.g., dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and anterior insula), cognitive control (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus), and motor processing (e.g., premotor cortex). These stereotaxic maps of exploration may indicate that exploration is highly linked to risk processing, but is also specifically associated with regions involved in executive control processes. Although this explanation should be treated as exploratory, these findings support theories positing an important role for the prefrontal-insular-motor cortical network in exploration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhen
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zachary A Yaple
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Hamid AA. Dopaminergic specializations for flexible behavioral control: linking levels of analysis and functional architectures. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
139
|
Morris A, Phillips J, Huang K, Cushman F. Generating Options and Choosing Between Them Depend on Distinct Forms of Value Representation. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1731-1746. [PMID: 34570638 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211005702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have a remarkable capacity for flexible decision-making, deliberating among actions by modeling their likely outcomes. This capacity allows us to adapt to the specific features of diverse circumstances. In real-world decision-making, however, people face an important challenge: There are often an enormous number of possibilities to choose among, far too many for exhaustive consideration. There is a crucial, understudied prechoice step in which, among myriad possibilities, a few good candidates come quickly to mind. How do people accomplish this? We show across nine experiments (N = 3,972 U.S. residents) that people use computationally frugal cached value estimates to propose a few candidate actions on the basis of their success in past contexts (even when irrelevant for the current context). Deliberative planning is then deployed just within this set, allowing people to compute more accurate values on the basis of context-specific criteria. This hybrid architecture illuminates how typically valuable thoughts come quickly to mind during decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Morris
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University
| | | | - Karen Huang
- McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University
| | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Koshimizu H, Matsuoka H, Nakajima Y, Kawai A, Ono J, Ohta K, Miki T, Sunagawa M, Adachi N, Suzuki S. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor predominantly regulates the expression of synapse-related genes in the striatum: Insights from in vitro transcriptomics. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2021; 41:485-495. [PMID: 34529365 PMCID: PMC8698681 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The striatum, a main component of the basal ganglia, is a critical part of the motor and reward systems of the brain. It consists of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons and receives projections of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurons from other brain regions. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays multiple roles in the central nervous system, and striatal BDNF has been suggested to be involved in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the transcriptomic impact of BDNF on the striatum remains largely unknown. In the present study, we performed transcriptomic profiling of striatal cells stimulated with BDNF to identify enriched gene sets (GSs) and their novel target genes in vitro. Methods We carried out RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) of messenger RNA extracted from primary dissociated cultures of rat striatum stimulated with BDNF and conducted Generally Applicable Gene‐set Enrichment (GAGE) analysis on 10599 genes. Significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined by differential expression analysis for sequence count data 2 (DESeq2). Results GAGE analysis identified significantly enriched GSs that included GSs related to regulation and dysregulation of synaptic functions, such as synaptic vesicle cycle and addiction to nicotine and morphine, respectively. It also detected GSs related to various types of synapses, including not only GABAergic and cholinergic synapses but also dopaminergic and glutamatergic synapses. DESeq2 revealed 72 significant DEGs, among which the highest significance was observed in the apolipoprotein L domain containing 1 (Apold1). Conclusions The present study indicates that BDNF predominantly regulates the expression of synaptic‐function‐related genes and that BDNF promotes synaptogenesis in various subtypes of neurons in the developing striatum. Apold1 may represent a unique target gene of BDNF in the striatum. In the present study, we performed transcriptomic profiling of striatal cells stimulated with BDNF to identify enriched gene sets (GSs) in vitro. Generally Applicable Gene‐set Enrichment (GAGE) analysis followed by differential expression analysis for sequence count data 2 (DESeq2) suggested that BDNF predominantly regulates the expression of synaptic‐function‐related genes and that BDNF promotes synaptogenesis in various subtypes of neurons in the developing striatum.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisatsugu Koshimizu
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical ScienceFujita Health UniversityToyoakeJapan
| | - Hidetada Matsuoka
- Department of Pharmaceutical ScienceYokohama University of PharmacyYokohamaJapan
- School of MedicineUniversity of Occupational and Environmental HealthKitakyushuJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TakamatsuJapan
| | - Anna Kawai
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyFaculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityKagawaJapan
| | - Junichiro Ono
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyFaculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityKagawaJapan
| | - Ken‐ichi Ohta
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyFaculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityKagawaJapan
| | - Takanori Miki
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyFaculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityKagawaJapan
| | - Masataka Sunagawa
- Department of PhysiologyShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Adachi
- Department of PhysiologyShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Mental Disorder ResearchNational Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP)TokyoJapan
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Health Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)TakamatsuJapan
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyFaculty of MedicineKagawa UniversityKagawaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Karunakaran KB, Amemori S, Balakrishnan N, Ganapathiraju MK, Amemori KI. Generalized and social anxiety disorder interactomes show distinctive overlaps with striosome and matrix interactomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18392. [PMID: 34526518 PMCID: PMC8443595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97418-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying anxiety disorders remain elusive despite the discovery of several associated genes. We constructed the protein-protein interaction networks (interactomes) of six anxiety disorders and noted enrichment for striatal expression among common genes in the interactomes. Five of these interactomes shared distinctive overlaps with the interactomes of genes that were differentially expressed in two striatal compartments (striosomes and matrix). Generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder interactomes showed exclusive and statistically significant overlaps with the striosome and matrix interactomes, respectively. Systematic gene expression analysis with the anxiety disorder interactomes constrained to contain only those genes that were shared with striatal compartment interactomes revealed a bifurcation among the disorders, which was influenced by the anterior cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus, and the dopaminergic signaling pathway. Our results indicate that the functionally distinct striatal pathways constituted by the striosome and the matrix may influence the etiological differentiation of various anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani B Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Satoko Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Balakrishnan
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Madhavi K Ganapathiraju
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
- Intelligent Systems Program, School of Computing and Information, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Ken-Ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Tolve M, Ulusoy A, Patikas N, Islam KUS, Bodea GO, Öztürk E, Broske B, Mentani A, Wagener A, van Loo KMJ, Britsch S, Liu P, Khaled WT, Metzakopian E, Baader SL, Di Monte DA, Blaess S. The transcription factor BCL11A defines distinct subsets of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109697. [PMID: 34525371 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons are diverse in their projection targets, effect on behavior, and susceptibility to neurodegeneration. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms establishing this diversity during development. We show that the transcription factor BCL11A is expressed in a subset of mDA neurons in the developing and adult murine brain and in a subpopulation of pluripotent-stem-cell-derived human mDA neurons. By combining intersectional labeling and viral-mediated tracing, we demonstrate that Bcl11a-expressing mDA neurons form a highly specific subcircuit within the murine dopaminergic system. In the substantia nigra, the Bcl11a-expressing mDA subset is particularly vulnerable to neurodegeneration upon α-synuclein overexpression or oxidative stress. Inactivation of Bcl11a in murine mDA neurons increases this susceptibility further, alters the distribution of mDA neurons, and results in deficits in skilled motor behavior. In summary, BCL11A defines mDA subpopulations with highly distinctive characteristics and is required for establishing and maintaining their normal physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tolve
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ayse Ulusoy
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Patikas
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - K Ushna S Islam
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriela O Bodea
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ece Öztürk
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bianca Broske
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Mentani
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonia Wagener
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Karen M J van Loo
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Britsch
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Pengtao Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB 21PD, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Emmanouil Metzakopian
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Stephan L Baader
- Institute of Anatomy, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Donato A Di Monte
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Blaess
- Neurodevelopmental Genetics, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Fifel K, Deboer T. Heterogenous electrophysiological responses of functionally distinct striatal subregions to circadian and sleep-related homeostatic processes. Sleep 2021; 45:6369544. [PMID: 34516641 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal Ganglia (BG) are a set of subcortical nuclei that are involved in the control of a wide variety of motor, cognitive and affective behaviors. Although many behavioral abnormalities associated with BG dysfunction overlap with the clinical picture precipitated by the lack of sleep, the impact of sleep alterations on neuronal activity in BG is unknown. Using wildtype C57BI mice, we investigated the circadian and sleep-related homeostatic modulation of neuronal activity in the 3 functional subdivisions of the striatum (i.e. sensorimotor, associative and limbic striatum). We found no circadian modulation of activity in both ventral and dorso-medial striatum while the dorso-lateral striatum displayed a significant circadian rhythm with increased firing rates during the subjective dark, active phase. By combining neuronal activity recordings with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, we found a strong modulation of neuronal activity by the nature of vigilance states with increased activity during wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep relative to non-rapid eye movement sleep in all striatal subregions. Depriving animals of sleep for 6 hours induced significant, but heterogenous alterations in the neuronal activity across striatal subregions. Notably, these alterations lasted for up to 48 hours in the sensorimotor striatum and persisted even after the normalization of cortical EEG power densities. Our results show that vigilance and sleep states as well as their disturbances significantly affect neuronal activity within the striatum. We propose that these changes in neuronal activity underlie both the well-established links between sleep alterations and several disorders involving BG dysfunction as well as the maladaptive changes in behavior induced in healthy subjects following sleep loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fifel
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tom Deboer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Involvement of Midbrain Dopamine Neuron Activity in Negative Reinforcement Learning in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5667-5681. [PMID: 34387814 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The activity of the midbrain dopamine system reflects the valence of environmental events and modulates various brain structures to modify an organism's behavior. A series of recent studies reported that the direct and indirect pathways in the striatum are critical for instrumental learning, but the dynamic changes in dopamine neuron activity that occur during negative reinforcement learning are still largely unclear. In the present study, by using a negative reinforcement learning paradigm employing foot shocks as aversive stimuli, bidirectional changes in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine neuron activity in the learning and habituation phases were observed. The results showed that in the learning phase, before mice had mastered the skill of escaping foot shocks, the presence of foot shocks induced a transient reduction in the activity of SNc dopamine neurons; however, in the habituation phase, in which the learned skill was automated, it induced a transient increase. Microinjection of a dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) or D2 receptor (D2R) antagonist into the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) significantly impaired learning behavior, suggesting that the modulatory effects of dopamine on both the direct and indirect pathways are required. Moreover, during the learning phase, excitatory synaptic transmission to DMS D2R-expressing medium spiny neurons (D2-MSNs) was potentiated. However, upon completion of the learning and habituation phases, the synapses onto D1R-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) were potentiated, and those onto D2-MSNs were restored to normal levels. The bidirectional changes in both SNc dopamine neuron activity and DMS synaptic plasticity might be the critical neural correlates for negative reinforcement learning.
Collapse
|
145
|
Sloley C, Shipton EA, Bell C, Williman J. Protocol for a mixed-method cohort study investigating the prevalence and impact of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in chronic pain rehabilitation. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052288. [PMID: 34389581 PMCID: PMC8365798 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While there is considerable and growing research in the individual fields of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and chronic pain, focused research into their potential association remains limited. By exploring this potential association, better theoretical understanding of and better therapeutic approaches to chronic pain management could be developed. The study's aim is to explore the prevalence and impact of obsessions-compulsions on the experience and rehabilitation of chronic pain among individuals attending different branches of a New Zealand pain service. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a cohort study using well-validated questionnaires and semistructured interviews. Participants will be recruited through community pain services from a private rehabilitation-focused company with branches across New Zealand. Participants will complete an OCD screening measure (Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R)). These results will be used to compare results from the specialist pain services benchmarking electronic Persistent Pain Outcomes Collaboration measure sets, at both participant intake and completion of each Pain Service Programme. Prevalence rates of OCD caseness from the OCI-R will be estimated with 95% CI. Generalised linear regression models will be used to explore differences in pain baseline and outcome factors between those with high and low obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Semistructured interviews, assessed through interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), will be used to provide information on lived experiences of individuals with comorbid chronic pain and OCD. This will be supported through the administration of an Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire 44. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been obtained from the Health and Disability Ethics Committee (HDEC20/CEN/82). Study results will be disseminated at professional conferences and in peer-reviewed journals. A lay summary of findings will be provided to requesting participants or through attendance at a local hui (gathering). TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000758808).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Sloley
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Edward A Shipton
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Caroline Bell
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Williman
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Astrocyte-derived neurons provide excitatory input to the adult striatal circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104119118. [PMID: 34389674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104119118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have emerged as a potential source for new neurons in the adult mammalian brain. In mice, adult striatal neurogenesis can be stimulated by local damage, which recruits striatal astrocytes into a neurogenic program by suppression of active Notch signaling (J. P. Magnusson et al., Science 346, 237-241 [2014]). Here, we induced adult striatal neurogenesis in the intact mouse brain by the inhibition of Notch signaling in astrocytes. We show that most striatal astrocyte-derived neurons are confined to the anterior medial striatum, do not express established striatal neuronal markers, and exhibit dendritic spines, which are atypical for striatal interneurons. In contrast to striatal neurons generated during development, which are GABAergic or cholinergic, most adult astrocyte-derived striatal neurons possess distinct electrophysiological properties, constituting the only glutamatergic striatal population. Astrocyte-derived neurons integrate into the adult striatal microcircuitry, both receiving and providing synaptic input. The glutamatergic nature of these neurons has the potential to provide excitatory input to the striatal circuitry and may represent an efficient strategy to compensate for reduced neuronal activity caused by aging or lesion-induced neuronal loss.
Collapse
|
147
|
He Y, Huang L, Wang K, Pan X, Cai Q, Zhang F, Yang J, Fang G, Zhao X, You F, Feng Y, Li Y, Chen JF. α-Synuclein Selectively Impairs Motor Sequence Learning and Value Sensitivity: Reversal by the Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonists. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:808-823. [PMID: 34339491 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized pathologically by alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates and clinically by the motor as well as cognitive deficits, including impairments in sequence learning and habit learning. Using intracerebral injection of WT and A53T mutant α-Syn fibrils, we investigate the behavioral mechanism of α-Syn for procedure-learning deficit in PD by critically determining the α-Syn-induced effects on model-based goal-directed behavior, model-free (probability-based) habit learning, and hierarchically organized sequence learning. 1) Contrary to the widely held view of habit-learning deficit in early PD, α-Syn aggregates in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS) did not affect acquisition of habit learning, but selectively impaired goal-directed behavior with reduced value sensitivity. 2) α-Syn in the DLS (but not DMS) and SNc selectively impaired the sequence learning by affecting sequence initiation with the reduced first-step accuracy. 3) Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist KW6002 selectively improved sequence learning by preferentially improving sequence initiation and shift of sequence learning as well as behavioral reactivity. These findings established a casual role of α-Syn in the SN-DLS pathway in sequence-learning deficit and DMS α-Syn in goal-directed behavior deficit and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy to improve sequence-learning deficit in PD with enhanced sequence initiation by A2AR antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Linshan Huang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ke Wang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xinran Pan
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qionghui Cai
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Feiyang Zhang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Gengjing Fang
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Feng You
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yijia Feng
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Chen
- The Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory and the Eye-Brain Research Center, The State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Dacre J, Colligan M, Clarke T, Ammer JJ, Schiemann J, Chamosa-Pino V, Claudi F, Harston JA, Eleftheriou C, Pakan JMP, Huang CC, Hantman AW, Rochefort NL, Duguid I. A cerebellar-thalamocortical pathway drives behavioral context-dependent movement initiation. Neuron 2021; 109:2326-2338.e8. [PMID: 34146469 PMCID: PMC8315304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Executing learned motor behaviors often requires the transformation of sensory cues into patterns of motor commands that generate appropriately timed actions. The cerebellum and thalamus are two key areas involved in shaping cortical output and movement, but the contribution of a cerebellar-thalamocortical pathway to voluntary movement initiation remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how an auditory "go cue" transforms thalamocortical activity patterns and how these changes relate to movement initiation. Population responses in dentate/interpositus-recipient regions of motor thalamus reflect a time-locked increase in activity immediately prior to movement initiation that is temporally uncoupled from the go cue, indicative of a fixed-latency feedforward motor timing signal. Blocking cerebellar or motor thalamic output suppresses movement initiation, while stimulation triggers movements in a behavioral context-dependent manner. Our findings show how cerebellar output, via the thalamus, shapes cortical activity patterns necessary for learned context-dependent movement initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Dacre
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matt Colligan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Clarke
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Julian J Ammer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Julia Schiemann
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Victor Chamosa-Pino
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Federico Claudi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Alex Harston
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Constantinos Eleftheriou
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janelle M P Pakan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Nathalie L Rochefort
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian Duguid
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Taylor VA, Moseley I, Sun S, Smith R, Roy A, Ludwig VU, Brewer JA. Awareness drives changes in reward value which predict eating behavior change: Probing reinforcement learning using experience sampling from mobile mindfulness training for maladaptive eating. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:482-497. [PMID: 34264854 PMCID: PMC8997232 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maladaptive eating habits are a major cause of obesity and weight-related illness. The development of empirically-based approaches, such as mindfulness training (MT) that target accurate mechanisms of action to address these behaviors is therefore critical. Two studies were conducted to examine the impact of MT on maladaptive eating and determine the involvement of reinforcement learning mechanisms underlying these effects. METHODS In Study1, maladaptive eating behaviors were assessed using self-report questionnaires at baseline and 8 weeks after an app-based MT intervention (n = 46). A novel mindful eating craving tool was embedded in our intervention to assess: eating behaviors (intake frequency/magnitude), and reward (contentment ratings) experienced after eating. Using a well-established reinforcement learning (Rescorla-Wagner) model, expected reward values (EV) were estimated as a function of contentment levels reported after eating. In Study2 (n = 1,119), craving tool assessments were examined in an independent sample using the app in a real-world naturalistic context. RESULTS Study 1's results revealed a significant decrease in EV and eating behaviors across craving tool uses. In addition, changes in reward values predicted decreases in eating behaviors. Finally, Study 1's results revealed significant pre-post intervention reductions in self-reported eating behaviors. In Study2, we observed a significant decrease in EV, but not in eating behaviors, across craving tool uses. Study 2 also revealed a predictive relationship between EV and eating behaviors. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results support the implementation of MT to prevent and treat maladaptive eating behaviors, which target reinforcement learning processes as mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique A. Taylor
- Mindfulness Center, Brown School of Public Health and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Isabelle Moseley
- Mindfulness Center, Brown School of Public Health and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Shufang Sun
- Mindfulness Center, Brown School of Public Health and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ryan Smith
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Ave, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Alexandra Roy
- Mindfulness Center, Brown School of Public Health and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Vera U. Ludwig
- Mindfulness Center, Brown School of Public Health and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine & Wharton Neuroscience Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, 106 Steinberg-Dietrich Hall, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Judson A. Brewer
- Mindfulness Center, Brown School of Public Health and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
McGonigal A, Bartolomei F, Chauvel P. On seizure semiology. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2019-2035. [PMID: 34247399 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The clinical expression of seizures represents the main symptomatic burden of epilepsy. Neural mechanisms of semiologic production in epilepsy, especially for complex behaviors, remain poorly known. In a framework of epilepsy as a network rather than as a focal disorder, we can think of semiology as being dynamically produced by a set of interconnected structures, in which specific rhythmic interactions, and not just anatomical localization, are likely to play an important part in clinical expression. This requires a paradigm shift in how we think about seizure organization, including from a presurgical evaluation perspective. Semiology is a key data source, albeit with significant methodological challenges for its use in research, including observer bias and choice of semiologic categories. Better understanding of semiologic categorization and pathophysiological correlates is relevant to seizure classification systems. Advances in knowledge of neural mechanisms as well as anatomic correlates of different semiologic patterns could help improve knowledge of epilepsy networks and potentially contribute to therapeutic innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen McGonigal
- Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Clinical Neurophysiology, APHM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Bartolomei
- Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Clinical Neurophysiology, APHM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Chauvel
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|