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Abstract
The global incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing, and metastatic spread to the lymph nodes is common in papillary thyroid carcinoma. The metastatic course of thyroid carcinoma is an intricate process involving invasion, angiogenesis, cell trafficking, extravasation, organ specific homing, and growth. A key aspect in this process involves a multitude of interactions between chemokines and their receptors. Chemokines are a group of small proteins, which act to elicit normal physiologic and immune responses principally through recruitment of specific cell populations to the site of infection or malignancy. Thyroid cancer cells, like other tumors, possess the ability to corrupt the chemokine system to their advantage by altering cell movement into the tumor microenvironment and affecting all aspects of thyroid cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharinie Yapa
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital , Cottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Omar Mulla
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital , Cottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Green
- 2 School of Life Sciences, University of Hull , Hull, United Kingdom
| | - James England
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital , Cottingham, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenman
- 2 School of Life Sciences, University of Hull , Hull, United Kingdom
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102
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Jeong W, Bae H, Lim W, Bazer FW, Song G. Differential expression and functional roles of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 and its receptor chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 1 in the uterine endometrium during early pregnancy in pigs. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:316-325. [PMID: 28694169 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many chemokines expressed by cells of the uterine endometrium of mammals are involved in cell-cell interactions. However, little is known about expression and functional roles of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 (CCL23) in the uterine endometrium. Results of this study demonstrated that CCL23 and its receptor, chemokine (C-C motif) receptor type 1 (CCR1), are up-regulated in porcine endometria during pregnancy. CCL23 and CCR1 mRNAs were strongly expressed in endometrial glandular (GE) and luminal (LE) epithelial cells. Treatment of porcine uterine luminal epithelial (pLE) cells with recombinant CCL23 increased the abundances of PCNA and cyclin D1, and enhanced proliferation and cell cycle progression in pLE cells. CCL23 also stimulated phosphorylation of cell signaling molecules including AKT and MAPKs in pLE cells. Furthermore, ER stress-related molecules were reduced by CCL23. These results suggest that CCL23-CCR1 signaling is important for endometrial development and establishment of pregnancy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooyoung Jeong
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyocheol Bae
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-2471, TX, USA
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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103
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Cerny KL, Ribeiro RAC, Li Q, Matthews JC, Bridges PJ. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of inflammatory mRNAs and microRNAs in the mouse oviduct. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 30:600-608. [PMID: 28945983 DOI: 10.1071/rd17241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Gram-negative bacteria is a major cause of aberrant inflammation in the oviduct; consequences can include tubal-based infertility and/or ectopic pregnancy. Understanding the inflammatory response is necessary for the development of novel treatment options that counter inflammation-induced infertility. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the acute expression of inflammatory mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the oviduct. On the day of oestrus, 6- to 8-week-old CD1 mice were injected i.p. with 0, 2 or 10µg LPS in 100μL phosphate-buffered saline. Mice were killed 24h later and the oviducts collected for gene expression analyses. The effect of treatment on the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs was evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with treatment means of differentially expressed (P<0.05) transcripts separated using Scheffé's test. LPS treatment affected 49 of 179 targeted inflammatory mRNAs and 51 of 578 miRNAs (P<0.05). The identity of differentially expressed miRNAs predicted as regulators of chemokine and interleukin ligand mRNAs was then extracted using the microRNA.org database. The results of the present study indicate that systemic treatment with LPS induces a robust inflammatory response in the oviducts of mice, and identify key mRNAs and putative miRNAs modulating this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheryn L Cerny
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Rosanne A C Ribeiro
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - James C Matthews
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Phillip J Bridges
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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104
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Recombinant Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor (rBm33) exploits host signaling events to regulate inflammatory responses associated with lymphatic filarial infections. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:195-208. [PMID: 28942176 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged existence of filarial parasites and their molecules within the host modulate the host immune system to instigate their survival and induce inflammatory responses that contribute to disease progression. Recombinant Brugia malayi pepsin inhibitor (rBm33) modulates the host immune responses by skewing towards Th1 responses characterized by secretion of inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-6, nitric oxide (NO). Here we also specified the molecular signaling events triggered by rBm33 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of filarial endemic normals (EN). rBm33 predominantly enhanced the levels of nitric oxide in cultured PBMCs but did not result in oxidative stress to the host cells. Further, rBm33 treatment of human PBMCs resulted in higher GSH/GSSG levels. MYD88 dependent activation was found to be associated with rBm33 specific inflammatory cytokine production. rBm33 triggered intracellular signaling events also involved JNK activation in host PBMCs. In addition, c-Fos and not NF-κB was identified as the transcription factor regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines in rBm33 stimulated PBMCs. rBm33 marked its role in filarial pathology by altered levels of growth factors but did not have a significant impact on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) activity of host PBMCs. Thus, the study outlines the signaling network of rBm33 induced inflammatory responses within the host immune cells.
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105
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López-Cotarelo P, Gómez-Moreira C, Criado-García O, Sánchez L, Rodríguez-Fernández JL. Beyond Chemoattraction: Multifunctionality of Chemokine Receptors in Leukocytes. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:927-941. [PMID: 28935522 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The word chemokine is a combination of the words chemotactic and cytokine, in other words cytokines that promote chemotaxis. Hence, the term chemokine receptor refers largely to the ability to regulate chemoattraction. However, these receptors can modulate additional leukocyte functions, as exemplified by the case of CCR7 which, apart from chemotaxis, regulates survival, migratory speed, endocytosis, differentiation and cytoarchitecture. We present evidence highlighting that multifunctionality is a common feature of chemokine receptors. Based on the activities that they regulate, we suggest that chemokine receptors can be classified into inflammatory (which control both inflammatory and homeostatic functions) and homeostatic families. The information accrued also suggests that the non-chemotactic functions controlled by chemokine receptors may contribute to optimizing leukocyte functioning under normal physiological conditions and during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar López-Cotarelo
- Molecular Microbiology and Infection Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; Equal first authors
| | - Carolina Gómez-Moreira
- Molecular Microbiology and Infection Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; Equal first authors
| | - Olga Criado-García
- Molecular Microbiology and Infection Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain; Equal first authors
| | - Lucas Sánchez
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Fernández
- Molecular Microbiology and Infection Biology Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
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106
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Qi Z, Holland JW, Jiang Y, Secombes CJ, Nie P, Wang T. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of four fish-specific CC chemokine receptors CCR4La, CCR4Lc1, CCR4Lc2 and CCR11 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:411-427. [PMID: 28732768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine and chemokine receptor networks regulate leukocyte trafficking, inflammation, immune cell differentiation, cancer and other biological processes. Comparative immunological studies have revealed that both chemokines and their receptors have expanded greatly in a species/lineage specific way. Of the 10 human CC chemokine receptors (CCR1-10) that bind CC chemokines, orthologues only to CCR6, 7, 9 and 10 are present in teleost fish. In this study, four fish-specific CCRs, termed as CCR4La, CCR4Lc1, CCR4Lc2 and CCR11, with a close link to human CCR1-5 and 8, in terms of amino acid homology and syntenic conservation, have been identified and characterized in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These CCRs were found to possess the conserved features of the G protein-linked receptor family, including an extracellular N-terminal, seven TM domains, three extracellular loops and three intracellular loops, and a cytoplasmic carboxyl tail with multiple potential serine/threonine phosphorylation sites. Four cysteine residues known to be involved in forming two disulfide bonds are present in the extracellular domains and a DRY motif is present in the second intracellular loop. Signaling mediated by these receptors might be regulated by N-glycosylation, tyrosine sulfation, S-palmitoylation, a PDZ ligand motif and di-leucine motifs. Studies of intron/exon structure revealed distinct fish-specific CCR gene organization in different fish species/lineages that might contribute to the diversification of the chemokine ligand-receptor networks in different fish lineages. Fish-specific trout CCRs are highly expressed in immune tissues/organs, such as thymus, spleen, head kidney and gills. Their expression can be induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6 and IFNγ, by the pathogen associated molecular patterns, PolyIC and peptidoglycan, and by bacterial infection. These data suggest that fish-specific CCRs are likely to have an important role in immune regulation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Qi
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Jiangsu, Yancheng, 224051, China
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; College of Fishery and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei province 430072, China
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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107
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Chemokines as a Conductor of Bone Marrow Microenvironment in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081824. [PMID: 28829353 PMCID: PMC5578209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
All blood lineage cells are generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which reside in bone marrow after birth. HSCs self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate into mature progeny under the control of local microenvironments including hematopoietic niche, which can deliver regulatory signals in the form of bound or secreted molecules and from physical cues such as oxygen tension and shear stress. Among these mediators, accumulating evidence indicates the potential involvement of several chemokines, particularly CXCL12, in the interaction between HSCs and bone marrow microenvironments. Fusion between breakpoint cluster region (BCR) and Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ABL)-1 gene gives rise to BCR-ABL protein with a constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and transforms HSCs and/or hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) into disease-propagating leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). LSCs can self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate under the influence of the signals delivered by bone marrow microenvironments including niche, as HSCs can. Thus, the interaction with bone marrow microenvironments is indispensable for the initiation, maintenance, and progression of CML. Moreover, the crosstalk between LSCs and bone marrow microenvironments can contribute to some instances of therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating to indicate the important roles of bone marrow microenvironment-derived chemokines. Hence, we will herein discuss the roles of chemokines in CML with a focus on bone marrow microenvironments.
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108
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Guan X, Hou Y, Sun F, Yang Z, Li C. Dysregulated Chemokine Signaling in Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 17:1535-44. [PMID: 26648071 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666151209120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CF lung disease is characterized by a chronic and non-resolving activation of the innate immune system with excessive release of chemokines/cytokines including IL-8 and persistent infiltration of immune cells, mainly neutrophils, into the airways. Chronic infection and impaired immune response eventually lead to pulmonary damage characterized by bronchiectasis, emphysema, and lung fibrosis. As a complete knowledge of the pathways responsible for the exaggerated inflammatory response in CF lung disease is lacking, understanding these pathways could reveal new therapeutic targets, and lead to novel treatments. Therefore, there is a strong rationale for the identification of mechanisms and pathways underlying the exaggerated inflammatory response in CF lung disease. This article reviews the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease, with a focus on the dysregulated signaling involved in the overexpression of chemokine IL-8 and excessive recruitment of neutrophils in CF airways. The findings suggest that targeting the exaggerated IL-8/IL-8 receptor (mainly CXCR2) signaling pathway in immune cells (especially neutrophils) may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for CF lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine. 540 E. Canfield Avenue, 5312 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine. 540 E. Canfield Avenue, 5312 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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109
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Glycosaminoglycan Interactions with Chemokines Add Complexity to a Complex System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:ph10030070. [PMID: 28792472 PMCID: PMC5620614 DOI: 10.3390/ph10030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have two types of interactions that function cooperatively to control cell migration. Chemokine receptors on migrating cells integrate signals initiated upon chemokine binding to promote cell movement. Interactions with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) localize chemokines on and near cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix to provide direction to the cell movement. The matrix of interacting chemokine–receptor partners has been known for some time, precise signaling and trafficking properties of many chemokine–receptor pairs have been characterized, and recent structural information has revealed atomic level detail on chemokine–receptor recognition and activation. However, precise knowledge of the interactions of chemokines with GAGs has lagged far behind such that a single paradigm of GAG presentation on surfaces is generally applied to all chemokines. This review summarizes accumulating evidence which suggests that there is a great deal of diversity and specificity in these interactions, that GAG interactions help fine-tune the function of chemokines, and that GAGs have other roles in chemokine biology beyond localization and surface presentation. This suggests that chemokine–GAG interactions add complexity to the already complex functions of the receptors and ligands.
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110
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Nguyen TTT, Nguyen HT, Wang PC, Chen SC. Identification and expression analysis of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-8, in cobia (Rachycentron canadum L.) in response to Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:159-171. [PMID: 28600195 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) play pivotal roles in mediating inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. In this study, we identified and analyzed expressions of cobia TNF-α and IL-8 during Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection. The cloned cDNA transcript of cobia TNF-α comprised of 1281 base pairs (bp), with a 774 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 257 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of cobia TNF-α showed a close relationship (84% similarity) with TNF-α of yellowtail amberjack. The cloned IL-8 cDNA sequence was 828 bp long, including a 300-bp ORF encoding 99 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of cobia IL-8 shared 90% identity with IL-8 of striped trumpeter. Cobia challenged with a virulent S. dysgalactiae strain displayed an early significant up-regulation of TNF-α and IL-8 in head kidney, liver, and spleen. Notably, IL-8 expression level increased dramatically in the liver at the severe stage of infection (72 h). In conclusion, a better understanding of TNF-α and IL-8 allows more detailed investigation of immune responses in cobia and furthers study on controlling the infectious disease caused by S. dysgalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Hai Trong Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Science and Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, No. 1, Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
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111
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Oh M, Bathige SDNK, Kim Y, Lee S, Yang H, Kim MJ, Lee J. A CXCL ortholog from Hippocampus abdominalis: Molecular features and functional delineation as a pro-inflammatory chemokine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:218-227. [PMID: 28546023 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that regulate leukocyte migration. They are classified into four groups namely, CXC, CC, C and CX3C, based on the formation of a disulfide bridge. Among these, CXC chemokines have been identified as the largest group of chemokines in humans. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized a homolog of CXC chemokine from the big-belly seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis, and designated it as ShCXCL. The cDNA of ShCXCL composed of a 342-bp open reading frame encoding 113 amino acids (aa). The CXC family-specific small cytokine domain (SCY) was identified from the mature peptide region, which comprised of a conserved CXC motif. As ShCXCL lacks an ELR (Glutamic acid-Leucine-Arginine) motif, it belongs to ELR- subfamily. The recombinant ShCXCL protein strongly induced the nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophage cells (RAW 264.7 cell line) and showed the chemotactic effect on flounder peripheral blood leukocytes. Tissue profiling showed a ubiquitous expression pattern in all examined tissues, with a high abundance in spleen. The up-regulated mRNA expression pattern of ShCXCL was observed in blood and kidney tissues after immune stimulation by live bacteria, such as Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella tarda, and mitogens, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), suggesting its important role in host immune defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyoung Oh
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yucheol Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdo Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Development Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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112
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Wang GL, Wang MC, Zhang XW, Chang MX, Xie HX, Nie P. Molecular cloning, biological effect, and tissue distribution of interleukin-8 protein in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuasti) upon Flavobacterium columnare infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:112-119. [PMID: 28478260 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a CXC-type chemokine, plays a key role in acute inflammation by recruiting neutrophils in mammals. In the present study, the open reading frame (ORF) of IL-8, encoding 99 amino acids was cloned in mandarin fish, and its function in inflammation was investigated. The IL-8 contains four conserved cysteine residues, with the first two forming the CXC signature motif. The genomic sequence of mandarin fish IL-8 has four exons and three introns, a typical gene organization of the CXC chemokine. Bioactive recombinant IL-8 (rIL-8) exhibited a chemotactic effect on head kidney leukocytes in vitro, and activates the transcription of the inflammatory genes, IL-8 and IL-1β. When mandarin fish was challenged intraperitoneally with the pathogenic bacterium Flavobacterium columnare G4, the steady-state protein level of IL-8 was up-regulated in trunk kidney and head kidney. These results suggest that IL-8 is a functional CXC chemokine in mandarin fish, and plays a key role in the inflammatory responses towards bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan Province, 463000, China
| | - Ming Cheng Wang
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, Henan Province, 463000, China
| | - Xiao Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Hai Xia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China.
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
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113
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Kim WH, Lillehoj HS, Lim Y, Min W, Sullivan YB, Kakach L, LaBresh JW. Development and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with chicken CXCLi2. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 72:30-36. [PMID: 28223253 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-8(IL-8)/CXCL8 is a CXC-family chemokine that attracts lymphocytes to sites of tissue damage and plays a role in the inflammatory response and wound healing. Chicken chemotactic and angiogenic factor was referred to as chCXCLi2 and has been studied as one of human CXCL8 homologue for more than 20 years. However, no monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically detect chCXCLi2 have been developed. Here, we developed and characterized mouse mAbs against chCXCLi2 to define its immunological properties. Two mouse mAbs against chCXCLi2 were generated and confirmed to display specific binding with not only recombinants, but endogenous chCXCLi2 by Western blot analysis, ELISA, and immunocytochemistry. Inhibition of chCXCLi2-induced chemotactic activity on peripheral blood lymphocytes, proliferation of chicken macrophage cells and expression of alpha smooth-muscle actin in chicken embryonic fibroblast cells by antibodies indicate that these antibodies are capable of blocking chCXCLi2 bioactivity. These chCXCLi2 mAbs will be useful reagents for future investigations of inflammation in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo H Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Yeaseul Lim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
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Yeast surface display identifies a family of evasins from ticks with novel polyvalent CC chemokine-binding activities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4267. [PMID: 28655871 PMCID: PMC5487423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines function via G-protein coupled receptors in a robust network to recruit immune cells to sites of inflammation. Due to the complexity of this network, targeting single chemokines or receptors has not been successful in inflammatory disease. Dog tick saliva contains polyvalent CC-chemokine binding peptides termed evasins 1 and 4, that efficiently disrupt the chemokine network in models of inflammatory disease. Here we develop yeast surface display as a tool for functionally identifying evasins, and use it to identify 10 novel polyvalent CC-chemokine binding evasin-like peptides from salivary transcriptomes of eight tick species in Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma genera. These evasins have unique binding profiles compared to evasins 1 and 4, targeting CCL2 and CCL13 in addition to other CC-chemokines. Evasin binding leads to neutralisation of chemokine function including that of complex chemokine mixtures, suggesting therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory disease. We propose that yeast surface display is a powerful approach to mine potential therapeutics from inter-species protein interactions that have arisen during evolution of parasitism in ticks.
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115
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David KS, Oliveira ERA, Horta BAC, Valente AP, de Paula VS. Insights into CC Chemokine Ligand 2/Chemokine Receptor 2 Molecular Recognition: A Step Forward toward Antichemotactic Agents. Biochemistry 2017; 56:3197-3210. [PMID: 28570817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), is a chemokine that recruits immune cells to inflammatory sites by interacting with G protein-coupled receptor CCR2. The CCL2/CCR2 axis is also involved in pathological processes such as tumor growth and metastasis and hence is currently considered as an important drug target. CCL2 exists in a dynamic monomer-dimer equilibrium that is modulated by CCR2 binding. We used solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions between CCL2 and a sulfopeptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of CCR2 (CCR218-31). Peptide binding induced the dissociation of CCL2 into monomers, forming stable CCL2/CCR218-31 complexes. NMR relaxation measurements indicated that residues around the CCR218-31 binding site, which are located at the dimer interface, undergo a complex regime of motions. NMR data were used to construct a three-dimensional structural model of the CCL2/CCR218-31 complex, revealing that CCR218-31 occupies a binding site juxtaposed to the dimer interface, partially replacing monomer-monomer contacts, explaining why CCR218-31 binding weakens the dimer interface and induces dissociation. We found that the main interactions governing receptor binding are highly stable salt bridges with conserved chemokine residues as well as hydrophobic interactions. These data provide new insights into the structure-function relationship of the CCL2-CCR2 interaction and may be helpful for the design of novel antichemotactic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn S David
- Campus Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 25245-390, Brazil
| | - Edson R A Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bruno A C Horta
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ana P Valente
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Centro Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Jiri Jonas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil
| | - Viviane S de Paula
- Campus Xerém, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro 25245-390, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem , Rio de Janeiro 21941-920, Brazil
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Chin-Quee K, Donahue HJ. MDA-MET-conditioned-medium augments the chemoattractant-dependent migration of MDA-MET cells towards hFOB-conditioned medium and increases collagenase activity. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:324. [PMID: 28494752 PMCID: PMC5426062 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis of breast cancer displays site-specificity towards bone. Recently, studies have emerged indicating that primary tumors may remotely influence creation of a pre-metastatic niche. In this study, we used human fetal osteoblastic cells and MDA-MET, a metastatic and preferentially bone homing derivative of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. We examined 1) whether secreted factors from MDA-MET cells increase generation of chemoattractants by human foetal osteoblastic cells 2) whether MDA-MET cells were responsive to these chemoattractants and 3) the identity of these chemoattractants. Methods Human foetal osteoblastic cells were treated with conditioned medium of MDA-MET cells for 24 hours and then washed with phosphate-buffered saline. Serum-free replacement medium was conditioned by treated hFOB cells for 18 hours, before its use in in vitro quantification of MDA-MET migration. We also quantified collagen levels and collagenase activity in conditioned medium from human foetal osteoblastic cells. Results Conditioned medium from human foetal osteoblastic cells that had been treated with MDA-MET-conditioned medium attracted more MDA-MET cells than hFOB cells pre-exposed to their own medium. This conditioned medium had increased collagenase activity. The addition of bacterial collagenase removed the ability of conditioned medium from human foetal osteoblastic cells to attract MDA-MET cells. Conclusions Our data suggest that an increase in collagenase activity in osteoblastic cells induced by their exposure to breast cancer cell–secreted factors may increase their ability to attract breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karis Chin-Quee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033-2391, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284-3067, USA.
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Al-Jokhadar M, Al-Mandily A, Zaid K, Azar Maalouf E. CCR7 and CXCR4 Expression in Primary Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Nodal Metastases – a Clinical and Immunohistochemical Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1093-1104. [PMID: 28547946 PMCID: PMC5494221 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.4.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common head and neck malignancies demonstrating lymph node LN involvement. Recently chemokine receptor overxpression has been reported in many cancers. Of particular interest, CCR7 appears to be a strong mediator of LN metastases, while CXCR4 may mediate distant metastases. Any relations between their expression in primary HNSCCs and metastatic lymph nodes need to be clarified. Aims: To investigate CCR7 andCXCR4 expression in primary HNSCCs of all tumor sizes, clinical stages and histological grades, as well as involved lymph nodes, then make comparisons, also with control normal oral epithelium. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 60 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens of primary HNSCCs, 77 others of metastasi-positive lymph nodes, and 10 of control normal oral epithelial tissues. Sections were conventionally stained with H&E and immunohistochemically with monoclonal anti-CCR7 and monoclonal anti-CXCR4 antibodies. Positive cells were counted under microscopic assessment in four fields (X40) per case. Results: There was no variation among primary HNSCC tumors staining positive for CCR7 and CXCR4 with tumor size of for CCR7 with lymph node involvement. However, a difference was noted between primary HNSCC tumors stained by CXCR4 with a single as compared to more numerous node involvement. CXCR4 appear to vary with the clinical stagebut no links were noted with histological grades. Staining for primary HNSCC tumors and metastatic lymph nodes correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Al-Jokhadar
- Department of Oral Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
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Brown AJ, Joseph PRB, Sawant KV, Rajarathnam K. Chemokine CXCL7 Heterodimers: Structural Insights, CXCR2 Receptor Function, and Glycosaminoglycan Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040748. [PMID: 28368308 PMCID: PMC5412333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines mediate diverse fundamental biological processes, including combating infection. Multiple chemokines are expressed at the site of infection; thus chemokine synergy by heterodimer formation may play a role in determining function. Chemokine function involves interactions with G-protein-coupled receptors and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG). However, very little is known regarding heterodimer structural features and receptor and GAG interactions. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular dynamics characterization of platelet-derived chemokine CXCL7 heterodimerization with chemokines CXCL1, CXCL4, and CXCL8 indicated that packing interactions promote CXCL7-CXCL1 and CXCL7-CXCL4 heterodimers, and electrostatic repulsive interactions disfavor the CXCL7-CXCL8 heterodimer. As characterizing the native heterodimer is challenging due to interference from monomers and homodimers, we engineered a “trapped” disulfide-linked CXCL7-CXCL1 heterodimer. NMR and modeling studies indicated that GAG heparin binding to the heterodimer is distinctly different from the CXCL7 monomer and that the GAG-bound heterodimer is unlikely to bind the receptor. Interestingly, the trapped heterodimer was highly active in a Ca2+ release assay. These data collectively suggest that GAG interactions play a prominent role in determining heterodimer function in vivo. Further, this study provides proof-of-concept that the disulfide trapping strategy can serve as a valuable tool for characterizing the structural and functional features of a chemokine heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Prem Raj B Joseph
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Kirti V Sawant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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SDF-1/CXCR4 Signaling Maintains Stemness Signature in Mouse Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2493752. [PMID: 28408934 PMCID: PMC5376953 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2493752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SDF-1 and its primary receptor, CXCR4, are highly expressed in the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) and play a crucial role in brain architecture. Loss of SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling causes abnormal development of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex. However, the mechanism of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in NSCs/NPCs regulation remains unknown. In this study, we found that elimination of SDF-1/CXCR4 transduction caused NSCs/NPCs to lose their stemness characteristics and to encounter neurogenic differentiation. Moreover, Notch and RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) both play an essential role in NSCs/NPCs maintenance and neuronal differentiation and were dramatically downregulated following SDF-1/CXCR4 cascade inhibition. Finally, we demonstrated that the expression of achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1), a proneural gene, and p27, an antiproliferative gene, were significantly increased after genetic elimination of SDF-1 alleles. Our results support that the loss of functional SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway in NSCs/NPCs induces exit of cell cycle and promotes premature neural differentiation.
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Ravindran D, Ridiandries A, Vanags LZ, Henriquez R, Cartland S, Tan JTM, Bursill CA. Chemokine binding protein 'M3' limits atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-/- mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173224. [PMID: 28282403 PMCID: PMC5345809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are important in macrophage recruitment and the progression of atherosclerosis. The ‘M3’ chemokine binding protein inactivates key chemokines involved in atherosclerosis (e.g. CCL2, CCL5 and CX3CL1). We aimed to determine the effect of M3 on plaque development and composition. In vitro chemotaxis studies confirmed that M3 protein inhibited the activity of chemokines CCL2, CCL5 and CX3CL1 as primary human monocyte migration as well as CCR2-, CCR5- and CX3CR1-directed migration was attenuated by M3. In vivo, adenoviruses encoding M3 (AdM3) or green fluorescence protein (AdGFP; control) were infused systemically into apolipoprotein (apo)-E-/- mice. Two models of atherosclerosis development were used in which the rate of plaque progression was varied by diet including: (1) a ‘rapid promotion’ model (6-week high-fat-fed) and (2) a ‘slow progression’ model (12-week chow-fed). Plasma chemokine activity was suppressed in AdM3-infused mice as indicated by significantly less monocyte migration towards AdM3 mouse plasma ex vivo (29.56%, p = 0.014). In the ‘slow progression’ model AdM3 mice had reduced lesion area (45.3%, p = 0.035) and increased aortic smooth muscle cell α-actin expression (60.3%, p = 0.014). The reduction in lesion size could not be explained by changes in circulating inflammatory monocytes as they were higher in the AdM3 group. In the ‘rapid promotion’ model AdM3 mice had no changes in plaque size but reduced plaque macrophage content (46.8%, p = 0.006) and suppressed lipid deposition in thoracic aortas (66.9%, p<0.05). There was also a reduction in phosphorylated p65, the active subunit of NF-κb, in the aortas of AdM3 mice (37.3%, p<0.0001). M3 inhibited liver CCL2 concentrations in both models with no change in CCL5 or systemic chemokine levels. These findings show M3 causes varying effects on atherosclerosis progression and plaque composition depending on the rate of lesion progression. Overall, our studies support a promising role for chemokine inhibition with M3 for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Ravindran
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anisyah Ridiandries
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Z. Vanags
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rodney Henriquez
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Siân Cartland
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joanne T. M. Tan
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christina A. Bursill
- Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Brown AJ, Sepuru KM, Rajarathnam K. Structural Basis of Native CXCL7 Monomer Binding to CXCR2 Receptor N-Domain and Glycosaminoglycan Heparin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030508. [PMID: 28245630 PMCID: PMC5372524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL7, a chemokine highly expressed in platelets, orchestrates neutrophil recruitment during thrombosis and related pathophysiological processes by interacting with CXCR2 receptor and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG). CXCL7 exists as monomers and dimers, and dimerization (~50 μM) and CXCR2 binding (~10 nM) constants indicate that CXCL7 is a potent agonist as a monomer. Currently, nothing is known regarding the structural basis by which receptor and GAG interactions mediate CXCL7 function. Using solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we characterized the binding of CXCL7 monomer to the CXCR2 N-terminal domain (CXCR2Nd) that constitutes a critical docking site and to GAG heparin. We found that CXCR2Nd binds a hydrophobic groove and that ionic interactions also play a role in mediating binding. Heparin binds a set of contiguous basic residues indicating a prominent role for ionic interactions. Modeling studies reveal that the binding interface is dynamic and that GAG adopts different binding geometries. Most importantly, several residues involved in GAG binding are also involved in receptor interactions, suggesting that GAG-bound monomer cannot activate the receptor. Further, this is the first study that describes the structural basis of receptor and GAG interactions of a native monomer of the neutrophil-activating chemokine family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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Guruswamy R, ElAli A. Complex Roles of Microglial Cells in Ischemic Stroke Pathobiology: New Insights and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030496. [PMID: 28245599 PMCID: PMC5372512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke constitutes the major cause of death and disability in the industrialized world. The interest in microglia arose from the evidence outlining the role of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke pathobiology. Microglia constitute the powerhouse of innate immunity in the brain. Microglial cells are highly ramified, and use these ramifications as sentinels to detect changes in brain homeostasis. Once a danger signal is recognized, cells become activated and mount specialized responses that range from eliminating cell debris to secreting inflammatory signals and trophic factors. Originally, it was suggested that microglia play essentially a detrimental role in ischemic stroke. However, recent reports are providing evidence that the role of these cells is more complex than what was originally thought. Although these cells play detrimental role in the acute phase, they are required for tissue regeneration in the post-acute phases. This complex role of microglia in ischemic stroke pathobiology constitutes a major challenge for the development of efficient immunomodulatory therapies. This review aims at providing an overview regarding the role of resident microglia and peripherally recruited macrophages in ischemic pathobiology. Furthermore, the review will highlight future directions towards the development of novel fine-tuning immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Guruswamy
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Cimadamore A, Scarpelli M, Piva F, Massari F, Gasparrini S, Doria A, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A, Montironi R. Activity of chemokines in prostate and renal tumors and their potential role as future therapeutic targets. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1105-1114. [PMID: 28147707 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a class of low-molecular-weight proteins that induce chemotaxis and are implicated in the modulation of angiogenesis. The imbalance among angiogenic and antiangiogenic chemokines can promote the development of several conditions, including chronic inflammation, dysplastic transformation and cancer. In this review, we describe the activity and clinical significance of chemokines in prostate and renal tumors and provide an update on ongoing studies in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marina Scarpelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialist Clinical & Odontostomatological Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Gasparrini
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Surgery & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain.,Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
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Fu Q, Zeng Q, Li Y, Yang Y, Li C, Liu S, Zhou T, Li N, Yao J, Jiang C, Li D, Liu Z. The chemokinome superfamily in channel catfish: I. CXC subfamily and their involvement in disease defense and hypoxia responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:380-390. [PMID: 27919758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a superfamily of structurally related chemotactic cytokines exerting significant roles in regulating cell migration and activation. They are defined by the presence of four conserved cysteine residues and are divided into four subfamilies depending on the arrangement of the first two conserved cysteines residues: CXC, CC, C and CX3C. In this study, a complete set of 17 CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) genes was systematically identified and characterized from channel catfish genome through data mining of existing genomic resources. Phylogenetic analysis allowed annotation of the 17 CXC chemokines. Extensive comparative genomic analyses supported their annotations and orthologies, revealing the existence of fish-specific CXC chemokines and the expansion of CXC chemokines in the teleost genomes. The analysis of gene expression after bacterial infection indicated the CXC chemokines were expressed in a gene-specific manner. CXCL11.3 and CXCL20.3 were expressed significantly higher in resistant fish than in susceptible fish after ESC infection, while CXCL20.2 were expressed significantly higher in resistant fish than in susceptible fish after columnaris infection. The expression of those CXC chemokines, therefore can be a useful indicator of disease resistance. A similar pattern of expression was observed between resistant and susceptible fish with biotic and abiotic stresses, ESC, columnaris and hypoxia, suggesting that high levels of expression of the majority of CXC chemokines, with exception of CXC11 and CXC20, are detrimental to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Qifan Zeng
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yun Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yujia Yang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tao Zhou
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ning Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chen Jiang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Daoji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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The Role of CC-Chemokines in the Regulation of Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111856. [PMID: 27834814 PMCID: PMC5133856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is critical for survival and in the regenerative response to tissue injury or ischemia. However, in diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis, inflammation can cause unregulated angiogenesis leading to excessive neovascularization, which exacerbates disease. Current anti-angiogenic therapies cause complete inhibition of both inflammatory and ischemia driven angiogenesis causing a range of side effects in patients. Specific inhibition of inflammation-driven angiogenesis would therefore be immensely valuable. Increasing evidence suggests that the CC-chemokine class promotes inflammation-driven angiogenesis, whilst there is little evidence for a role in ischemia-mediated angiogenesis. The differential regulation of angiogenesis by CC-chemokines suggests it may provide an alternate strategy to treat angiogenesis associated pathological diseases. The focus of this review is to highlight the significant role of the CC-chemokine class in inflammation, versus ischemia driven angiogenesis, and to discuss the related pathologies including atherosclerosis, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis. We examine the pros and cons of anti-angiogenic therapies currently in clinical trials. We also reveal novel therapeutic strategies that cause broad-spectrum inhibition of the CC-chemokine class that may have future potential for the specific inhibition of inflammatory angiogenesis.
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Lorenz N, Loef EJ, Kelch ID, Verdon DJ, Black MM, Middleditch MJ, Greenwood DR, Graham ES, Brooks AE, Dunbar PR, Birch NP. Plasmin and regulators of plasmin activity control the migratory capacity and adhesion of human T cells and dendritic cells by regulating cleavage of the chemokine CCL21. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:955-963. [PMID: 27301418 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The homeostatic chemokine CCL21 has a pivotal role in lymphocyte homing and compartment localisation within the lymph node, and also affects adhesion between immune cells. The effects of CCL21 are modulated by its mode of presentation, with different cellular responses seen for surface-bound and soluble forms. Here we show that plasmin cleaves surface-bound CCL21 to release the C-terminal peptide responsible for CCL21 binding to glycosaminoglycans on the extracellular matrix and cell surfaces, thereby generating the soluble form. Loss of this anchoring peptide enabled the chemotactic activity of CCL21 and reduced cell tethering. Tissue plasminogen activator did not cleave CCL21 directly but enhanced CCL21 processing through generation of plasmin from plasminogen. The tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor neuroserpin prevented processing of CCL21 and blocked the effects of soluble CCL21 on cell migration. Similarly, the plasmin-specific inhibitor α2-antiplasmin inhibited CCL21-mediated migration of human T cells and dendritic cells and tethering of T cells to APCs. We conclude that the plasmin system proteins plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator and neuroserpin regulate CCL21 function in the immune system by controlling the balance of matrix- and cell-bound CCL21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lorenz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evert Jan Loef
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Inken D Kelch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Verdon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Moyra M Black
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin J Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland Science Analytical Services, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David R Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Centre for Brain Research, Rangahau Roro, Aotearoa, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Es Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, Rangahau Roro, Aotearoa, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand, Rangahau Roro, Aotearoa, New Zealand
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127
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Sánchez JA, Alfonso A, Rodriguez I, Alonso E, Cifuentes JM, Bermudez R, Rateb ME, Jaspars M, Houssen WE, Ebel R, Tabudravu J, Botana LM. Spongionella Secondary Metabolites, Promising Modulators of Immune Response through CD147 Receptor Modulation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:452. [PMID: 27822214 PMCID: PMC5075563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of the immune system can have multiple applications such as cancer treatment, and a wide type of processes involving inflammation where the potent chemotactic agent cyclophilin A (Cyp A) is implicated. The Porifera phylum, in which Spongionella is encompassed, is the main producer of marine bioactive compounds. Four secondary metabolites obtained from Spongionella (Gracilin H, A, L, and Tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1) were described to hit Cyp A and to block the release of inflammation mediators. Based on these results, some role of Spongionella compounds on other steps of the signaling pathway mediated by this chemotactic agent can be hypothesized. In the present paper, we studied the effect of these four compounds on the surface membrane CD147 receptor expression, on the extracellular levels of Cyp A and on the ability to migrate of concanavalin (Con A)-activated T lymphocytes. Similar to a well-known immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A (CsA), Gracilin H, A, L, and tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 were able to reduce the CD147 membrane expression and to block the release of Cyp A to the medium. Besides, by using Cyp A as chemotactic agent, T cell migration was inhibited when cells were previously incubated with Gracilin A and Gracilin L. These positive results lead us to test the in vivo effect of Gracilin H and L in a mouse ear delayed hypersensitive reaction. Thus, both compounds efficiently reduce the ear swelling as well as the inflammatory cell infiltration. These results provide more evidences for their potential therapeutic application in immune-related diseases of Spongionella compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Andoni Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Ines Rodriguez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - José Manuel Cifuentes
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Roberto Bermudez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland , UK
| | - Wael E Houssen
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland , UK
| | - Jioji Tabudravu
- Department of Chemistry, Marine Biodiscovery Centre, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland , UK
| | - Luís M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , Lugo , Spain
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128
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Smith EW, Lewandowski EM, Moussouras NA, Kroeck KG, Volkman BF, Veldkamp CT, Chen Y. Crystallographic Structure of Truncated CCL21 and the Putative Sulfotyrosine-Binding Site. Biochemistry 2016; 55:5746-5753. [PMID: 27617343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CCL21 chemokine binds the G protein-coupled receptor CCR7, aiding not only in immune response but also in cancer metastasis. Compared with other chemokines, CCL21 has a unique extended unstructured C-terminus that is truncated in some naturally occurring variants. We have determined the X-ray crystallographic structure of a truncated CCL21 (residues 1-79) lacking the extended C-terminus and identified, via two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a putative sulfotyrosine-binding site that may recognize such post-translationally modified tyrosine residues on the receptor. Compared to the previously determined NMR structure of full-length CCL21, the crystal structure presents new druggable binding hot spots resulting from an alternative N-loop conformation. In addition, whereas the previous NMR structure did not provide any structural information after residue 70, the C-terminus of the truncated CCL21, ordered up to Ala77 in our crystal structure, is placed near the N-loop and sulfotyrosine-binding site, indicating that the extended C-terminus of full-length CCL21 can interact with this important region for receptor binding. These observations suggest a potential origin for the autoinhibition of CCL21 activity that was recently described. The new crystal structure and binding hot spot analysis have important implications for the function of the CCL21 C-terminus and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel W Smith
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Eric M Lewandowski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Natasha A Moussouras
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Kyle G Kroeck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Christopher T Veldkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater , Whitewater, Wisconsin 53190, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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129
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Di Maro S, Trotta AM, Brancaccio D, Di Leva FS, La Pietra V, Ieranò C, Napolitano M, Portella L, D'Alterio C, Siciliano RA, Sementa D, Tomassi S, Carotenuto A, Novellino E, Scala S, Marinelli L. Exploring the N-Terminal Region of C-X-C Motif Chemokine 12 (CXCL12): Identification of Plasma-Stable Cyclic Peptides As Novel, Potent C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8369-80. [PMID: 27571038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the discovery of a CXCL12-mimetic cyclic peptide (2) as a selective CXCR4 antagonist showing promising in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. However, further development of this peptide was hampered by its degradation in biological fluids as well as by its low micromolar affinity for the receptor. Herein, extensive chemical modifications led to the development of a new analogue (10) with enhanced potency, specificity, and plasma stability. A combined approach of Ala-amino acid scan, NMR, and molecular modeling unraveled the reasons behind the improved binding properties of 10 vs 2. Biological investigations on leukemia (CEM) and colon (HT29 and HCT116) cancer cell lines showed that 10 is able to impair CXCL12-mediated cell migration, ERK-phosphorylation, and CXCR4 internalization. These outcomes might pave the way for the future preclinical development of 10 in CXCR4 overexpressing leukemia and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Di Maro
- DiSTABiF, Second University of Naples , Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Trotta
- Genomica Funzionale, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS-ITALY , Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Diego Brancaccio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Dipartimento di Agraria (QuaSic.A.Tec.), Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria , Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria La Pietra
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Ieranò
- Genomica Funzionale, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS-ITALY , Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Napolitano
- Genomica Funzionale, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS-ITALY , Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Portella
- Genomica Funzionale, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS-ITALY , Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Crescenzo D'Alterio
- Genomica Funzionale, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS-ITALY , Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Siciliano
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, CNR , Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Deborah Sementa
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Tomassi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Genomica Funzionale, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Fondazione "Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS-ITALY , Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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130
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Ma Z, Jin X, He L, Wang Y. CXCL16 regulates renal injury and fibrosis in experimental renal artery stenosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H815-21. [PMID: 27496882 PMCID: PMC5142186 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00948.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of hypertensive kidney disease, including renal artery stenosis. However, the signaling mechanisms underlying the induction of inflammation are poorly understood. We found that CXCL16 was induced in the kidney in a murine model of renal artery stenosis. To determine whether CXCL16 is involved in renal injury and fibrosis, wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice were subjected to renal artery stenosis induced by placing a cuff on the left renal artery. Wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice had comparable blood pressure at baseline. Renal artery stenosis caused an increase in blood pressure that was similar between wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice. CXCL16 knockout mice were protected from RAS-induced renal injury and fibrosis. CXCL16 deficiency suppressed bone marrow-derived fibroblast accumulation and myofibroblast formation in the stenotic kidneys, which was associated with less expression of extracellular matrix proteins. Furthermore, CXCL16 deficiency inhibited infiltration of F4/80(+) macrophages and CD3(+) T cells in the stenotic kidneys compared with those of wild-type mice. Taken together, our results indicate that CXCL16 plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal artery stenosis-induced renal injury and fibrosis through regulation of bone marrow-derived fibroblast accumulation and macrophage and T-cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiheng Ma
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Xiaogao Jin
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Liqun He
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases and Renal Section, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
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131
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González-Motos V, Kropp KA, Viejo-Borbolla A. Chemokine binding proteins: An immunomodulatory strategy going viral. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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132
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Sepuru KM, Nagarajan B, Desai UR, Rajarathnam K. Molecular Basis of Chemokine CXCL5-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20539-50. [PMID: 27471273 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines, a large family of highly versatile small soluble proteins, play crucial roles in defining innate and adaptive immune responses by regulating the trafficking of leukocytes, and also play a key role in various aspects of human physiology. Chemokines share the characteristic feature of reversibly existing as monomers and dimers, and their functional response is intimately coupled to interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Currently, nothing is known regarding the structural basis or molecular mechanisms underlying CXCL5-GAG interactions. To address this missing knowledge, we characterized the interaction of a panel of heparin oligosaccharides to CXCL5 using solution NMR, isothermal titration calorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. NMR studies indicated that the dimer is the high-affinity GAG binding ligand and that lysine residues from the N-loop, 40s turn, β3 strand, and C-terminal helix mediate binding. Isothermal titration calorimetry indicated a stoichiometry of two oligosaccharides per CXCL5 dimer. NMR-based structural models reveal that these residues form a contiguous surface within a monomer and, interestingly, that the GAG-binding domain overlaps with the receptor-binding domain, indicating that a GAG-bound chemokine cannot activate the receptor. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the roles of the individual lysines are not equivalent and that helical lysines play a more prominent role in determining binding geometry and affinity. Further, binding interactions and GAG geometry in CXCL5 are novel and distinctly different compared with the related chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8. We conclude that a finely tuned balance between the GAG-bound dimer and free soluble monomer regulates CXCL5-mediated receptor signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555 and
| | - Balaji Nagarajan
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219
| | - Umesh R Desai
- the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555 and
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133
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Rajasekaran D, Gröning S, Schmitz C, Zierow S, Drucker N, Bakou M, Kohl K, Mertens A, Lue H, Weber C, Xiao A, Luker G, Kapurniotu A, Lolis E, Bernhagen J. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-CXCR4 Receptor Interactions: EVIDENCE FOR PARTIAL ALLOSTERIC AGONISM IN COMPARISON WITH CXCL12 CHEMOKINE. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15881-95. [PMID: 27226569 PMCID: PMC4957068 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging number of non-chemokine mediators are found to bind to classical chemokine receptors and to elicit critical biological responses. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory cytokine that exhibits chemokine-like activities through non-cognate interactions with the chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4, in addition to activating the type II receptor CD74. Activation of the MIF-CXCR2 and -CXCR4 axes promotes leukocyte recruitment, mediating the exacerbating role of MIF in atherosclerosis and contributing to the wealth of other MIF biological activities. Although the structural basis of the MIF-CXCR2 interaction has been well studied and was found to engage a pseudo-ELR and an N-like loop motif, nothing is known about the regions of CXCR4 and MIF that are involved in binding to each other. Using a genetic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that expresses a functional CXCR4 receptor, site-specific mutagenesis, hybrid CXCR3/CXCR4 receptors, pharmacological reagents, peptide array analysis, chemotaxis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and circular dichroism, we provide novel molecular information about the structural elements that govern the interaction between MIF and CXCR4. The data identify similarities with classical chemokine-receptor interactions but also provide evidence for a partial allosteric agonist compared with CXCL12 that is possible due to the two binding sites of CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Rajasekaran
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Sabine Gröning
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Corinna Schmitz
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, and
| | - Swen Zierow
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Natalie Drucker
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Maria Bakou
- the Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Kristian Kohl
- the Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - André Mertens
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hongqi Lue
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Pettenkofer Strasse 8, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Annie Xiao
- the Center for Molecular Imaging, Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gary Luker
- the Center for Molecular Imaging, Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Aphrodite Kapurniotu
- the Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany,
| | - Elias Lolis
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH), Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany, Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 17, and the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
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134
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Abstract
Microglia constitute the powerhouse of the innate immune system in the brain. It is now widely accepted that they are monocytic-derived cells that infiltrate the developing brain at the early embryonic stages, and acquire a resting phenotype characterized by the presence of dense branching processes, called ramifications. Microglia use these dynamic ramifications as sentinels to sense and detect any occurring alteration in brain homeostasis. Once a danger signal is detected, such as molecular factors associated to brain damage or infection, they get activated by acquiring a less ramified phenotype, and mount adequate responses that range from phagocyting cell debris to secreting inflammatory and trophic factors. Here, we review the origin of microglia and we summarize the main molecular signals involved in controlling their function under physiological conditions. In addition, their implication in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University Quebec, CA, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University Quebec, CA, Canada
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135
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Liang H, Ma Z, Peng H, He L, Hu Z, Wang Y. CXCL16 Deficiency Attenuates Renal Injury and Fibrosis in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28715. [PMID: 27353044 PMCID: PMC4926114 DOI: 10.1038/srep28715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive kidney disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of inflammation are not completely understood. We have found that CXCL16 is induced in the kidney in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. Here we examined whether CXCL16 is involved in DOCA-salt-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis. Wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice were subjected to uninephrectomy and DOCA-salt treatment for 3 weeks. There was no difference in blood pressure at baseline between wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice. DOCA-salt treatment resulted in significant elevation in blood pressure that was comparable between wild-type and CXCL16 knockout mice. CXCL16 knockout mice exhibited less severe renal dysfunction, proteinuria, and fibrosis after DOCA-salt treatment compared with wild-type mice. CXCL16 deficiency attenuated extracellular matrix protein production and suppressed bone marrow–derived fibroblast accumulation and myofibroblast formation in the kidneys following DOCA-salt treatment. Furthermore, CXCL16 deficiency reduced macrophage and T cell infiltration into the kidneys in response to DOCA-salt hypertension. Taken together, our results indicate that CXCL16 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of renal injury and fibrosis in salt-sensitive hypertension through regulation of bone marrow–derived fibroblast accumulation and macrophage and T cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liang
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Foshan, China
| | - Zhiheng Ma
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liqun He
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyong Hu
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health and Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID) and Renal Section, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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136
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Salimi P, Esmaeili A. The Role of Atypical Chemokine Receptor CCXCKR (CCRL1) in Human Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BASIC SCIENCE IN MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.15171/ijbsm.2016.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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137
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Dorgham K, Dejou C, Piesse C, Gorochov G, Pène J, Yssel H. Identification of the Single Immunodominant Region of the Native Human CC Chemokine Receptor 6 Recognized by Mouse Monoclonal Antibodies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157740. [PMID: 27336468 PMCID: PMC4919008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors play an important role in cell trafficking and recruitment. The CCR6 chemokine receptor, selectively expressed on leukocyte populations, has been shown to play a deleterious role in the pathogenesis of various chronic inflammatory diseases and, as such, may constitute a prime target in the development of immunotherapeutic treatment. However, to date no neutralizing mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for this chemokine receptor have been reported, whereas information on small molecules capable of interfering with the interaction of CCR6 and its ligands is scant. Here, we report the failure to generate neutralizing mouse mAbs specific for human (hu)CCR6. Immunization of mice with peptides mimicking extracellular domains, potentially involved in CCR6 function, failed to induce Abs reactive with the native receptor. Although the use of NIH-3T3 cells expressing huCCR6 resulted in the isolation of mAbs specific for this receptor, they were not able to block the interaction between huCCR6 and huCCL20. Investigation of the anti-huCCR6 mAbs generated in the present study, as well as those commercially available, show that all mAbs invariably recognize a unique, non-neutralizing, immunodominant region in the first part of its N-terminal domain. Together, these results indicate that the generation of potential neutralizing anti-huCCR6 mAbs in the mouse is unlikely to succeed and that alternative techniques, such as the use of other animal species for immunization, might constitute a better approach to generate such a potentially therapeutic tool for the treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Dorgham
- Sorbonne Universités, Inserm U1135, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Dejou
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie, F-34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Piesse
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS-FR 3631, Service de Synthèse Peptidique, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Universités, Inserm U1135, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), F-75013, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupement Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d’Immunologie, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Pène
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Inserm U1183, F-34295, Montpellier, France
| | - Hans Yssel
- Sorbonne Universités, Inserm U1135, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (Cimi-Paris), F-75013, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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138
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Barmore AJ, Castex SM, Gouletas BA, Griffith AJ, Metz SW, Muelder NG, Populin MJ, Sackett DM, Schuster AM, Veldkamp CT. Transferring the C-terminus of the chemokine CCL21 to CCL19 confers enhanced heparin binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:602-606. [PMID: 27338641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines direct the migration of cells during various immune processes and are involved in many disease states. For example, CCL19 and CCL21, through activation of the CCR7 receptor, recruit dendritic cells and naïve T-cells to the secondary lymphoid organs aiding in balancing immune response and tolerance. However, CCL19 and CCL21 can also direct the metastasis of CCR7 expressing cancers. Chemokine binding to glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, is as important to chemokine function as receptor activation. CCL21 is unique in that it contains an extended C-terminus not found in other chemokines like CCL19. Deletion of this extended C-terminus reduces CCL21's affinity for heparin and transferring the CCL21 C-terminus to CCL19 enhances heparin binding mainly through non-specific, electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Barmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Sally M Castex
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Brittany A Gouletas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Alex J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Slater W Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Nicolas G Muelder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Michael J Populin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - David M Sackett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Abigail M Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Christopher T Veldkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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139
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"Inflammaging" as a Druggable Target: A Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype-Centered View of Type 2 Diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1810327. [PMID: 27340505 PMCID: PMC4908264 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1810327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex phenomenon driven by a variety of molecular alterations. A relevant feature of aging is chronic low-grade inflammation, termed “inflammaging.” In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), many elements of aging appear earlier or are overrepresented, including consistent inflammaging. T2DM patients have an increased death rate, associated with an incremented inflammatory score. The source of this inflammation is debated. Recently, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) has been proposed as the main origin of inflammaging in both aging and T2DM. Different pathogenic mechanisms linked to T2DM progression and complications development have been linked to senescence and SASP, that is, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here we review the latest data connecting oxidative and ER stress with the SASP in the context of aging and T2DM, with emphasis on endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, since current medical practice is insufficient to completely suppress the increased death rate of diabetic patients, we propose a SASP-centered view of T2DM as a futuristic therapeutic option, possibly opening new prospects by moving the attention from one-organ studies of diabetes complications to a wider targeting of the aging process.
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140
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Nakharuthai C, Areechon N, Srisapoome P. Molecular characterization, functional analysis, and defense mechanisms of two CC chemokines in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in response to severely pathogenic bacteria. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 59:207-228. [PMID: 26853931 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two full-length cDNAs encoding CC chemokine genes in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (On-CC1 and On-CC2) were cloned and characterized. On-CC1 and On-CC2 showed signature cysteine motifs consisting of four cysteines. The expression levels of On-CC1 and On-CC2 were analyzed by RT-PCR, which showed that low expression of these two genes was only observed in the peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and spleen of normal fish. Expression levels of these two molecules were quantified in 13 tissues of fish infected with virulent strains of Streptococcus agalactiae and Flavobacterium columnare. Most tissues, especially PBLs, the spleen and the liver, expressed significantly higher mRNA levels than the controls, particularly at 12 and 24 h after infection (P < 0.05). The current study strongly indicates that CC chemokine genes in Nile tilapia are crucially involved in the early immune responses to pathogens. Functional analyses clearly demonstrated that 10 and 100 μg/ml of recombinant rOn-CC1 and rOn-CC2 proteins efficiently enhanced the phagocytic activity (in vitro) of Nile tilapia phagocytes. Finally, Southern blot analysis and searching in Ensembl databases demonstrated that two different functional CC chemokine genes and other pseudogene fragments were discovered in the Nile tilapia genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatsirin Nakharuthai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand; Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nontawith Areechon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand; Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand; Center of Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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141
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Xu H, Lu H, Xu Z, Luan L, Li C, Xu Y, Dong K, Zhang J, Li X, Li Y, Liu G, Gong S, Zhao YG, Liu A, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Cai X, Xiang JN, Elliott JD, Lin X. Discovery of CNS Penetrant CXCR2 Antagonists for the Potential Treatment of CNS Demyelinating Disorders. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:397-402. [PMID: 27096048 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship exploration of the historical biarylurea series led to the identification of novel CNS penetrant CXCR2 antagonists with nanomolar potency, favorable PK profile, and good developability potentials. More importantly, the key compound 22 showed efficacy in a cuprizone-induced demyelination model with twice daily oral administration, thereby supporting CXCR2 to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine,
Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Hongfu Lu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmiao Xu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Linbo Luan
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kelly Dong
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiong Li
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yvonne Li
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Gentao Liu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Sophie Gong
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Gang Zhao
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Ailian Liu
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xin Cai
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ning Xiang
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - John D. Elliott
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xichen Lin
- Research
and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, No. 3 Building, 898 Halei Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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142
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Abstract
Heart failure accounts for a significant portion of heart diseases. Molecular mechanisms gradually emerge that participate in pathways leading to left ventricular dysfunction in common systolic heart failure (SHF) and diastolic heart failure (DHF). A human genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified two markers for SHF and no GWAS on DHF has been documented. However, genetic analyses in rat models of SHF and DHF have begun to unravel the genetic components known as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) initiating systolic and diastolic function. A QTL for systolic function was detected and the gene responsible for it is identified to be that encoding the soluble epoxide hydrolase. Diastolic function is determined by multiple QTLs and the Ccl2/monocyte chemotactic protein gene is the strongest candidate. An amelioration on diastolic dysfunction is merely transient from changing such a single QTL accompanied by a blood pressure reduction. A long-term protection can be achieved only via combining alleles of several QTLs. Thus, distinct genes in synergy are involved in physiological mechanisms durably ameliorating or reversing diastolic dysfunction. These data lay the foundation for identifying causal genes responsible for individual diastolic function QTLs and the essential combination of them to attain a permanent protection against diastolic dysfunction, and consequently will facilitate the elucidation of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hypertensive diastolic dysfunction. Novel pathways triggering systolic and diastolic dysfunction have emerged that will likely provide new diagnostic tools, innovative therapeutic targets and strategies in reducing, curing and even reversing SHF and DHF.
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143
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Dorgham K, Cerini F, Gaertner H, Melotti A, Rossitto-Borlat I, Gorochov G, Hartley O. Generating Chemokine Analogs with Enhanced Pharmacological Properties Using Phage Display. Methods Enzymol 2016; 570:47-72. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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144
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Ślusarczyk J, Trojan E, Chwastek J, Głombik K, Basta-Kaim A. A Potential Contribution of Chemokine Network Dysfunction to the Depressive Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:705-20. [PMID: 26893168 PMCID: PMC5050392 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160219131357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of many years of research, the pathomechanism of depression has not yet been elucidated. Among many hypotheses, the immune theory has generated a substantial interest. Up till now, it has been thought that depression is accompanied by the activation of inflammatory response and increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. However, recently this view has become controversial, mainly due to the family of small proteins called chemokines. They play a key role in the modulation of peripheral function of the immune system by controlling immune reactions, mediating immune cell communication, and regulating chemotaxis and cell adhesion. Last studies underline significance of chemokines in the central nervous system, not only in the neuromodulation but also in the regulation of neurodevelopmental processes, neuroendocrine functions and in mediating the action of classical neurotransmitters. Moreover, it was demonstrated that these proteins are responsible for maintaining interactions between neuronal and glial cells both in the developing and adult brain also in the course of diseases. This review outlines the role of chemokine in the central nervous system under physiological and pathological conditions and their involvement in processes underlying depressive disorder. It summarizes the most important data from experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St. 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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145
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Wang J, Shu M, Wang Y, Hu Y, Wang Y, Luo Y, Lin Z. Identification of potential CCR5 inhibitors through pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy analysis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:3396-3406. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00577b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Employing the combined strategy to identify novel CCR5 inhibitors and provide a basis for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- Research Center of Bioinspired Material Science and Engineering
- Bioengineering College
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
| | - Mao Shu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
| | - Yuanqiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
| | - Yong Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- Research Center of Bioinspired Material Science and Engineering
- Bioengineering College
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
| | - Yanfeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Ministry of Education)
- Research Center of Bioinspired Material Science and Engineering
- Bioengineering College
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400044
| | - Zhihua Lin
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Chongqing University of Technology
- Chongqing 400054
- China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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146
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Gulati K, Poluri KM. Deciphering the in vitro homo and hetero oligomerization characteristics of CXCL1/CXCL2 chemokines. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01884j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine GRO chemokines CXCL1(mKC)/CXCL2(MIP2) forms heterodimers and thus adding another layer of regulatory mechanism for leukocyte trafficking during infection/inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Gulati
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
- Centre for Nanotechnology
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147
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Jiang SJ, Liou JW, Chang CC, Chung Y, Lin LF, Hsu HJ. Peptides derived from CXCL8 based on in silico analysis inhibit CXCL8 interactions with its receptor CXCR1. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18638. [PMID: 26689258 PMCID: PMC4686899 DOI: 10.1038/srep18638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL8 is crucial for regulation of inflammatory and immune responses via activating its cognate receptor CXCR1. In this study, molecular docking and binding free energy calculations were combined to predict the initial binding event of CXCL8 to CXCR1 for peptide drug design. The simulations reveal that in the initial binding, the N-loop of CXCL8 interacts with the N-terminus of CXCR1, which is dominated by electrostatic interactions. The derived peptides from the binding region of CXCL8 are synthesized for further confirmation. Surface plasmon resonance analyses indicate that the CXCL8 derived peptide with 14 residues is able to bind to the receptor CXCR1 derived peptide with equilibrium KD of 252 μM while the peptide encompassing a CXCL8 K15A mutation hardly binds to CXCR1 derived peptide (KD = 1553 μM). The cell experiments show that the designed peptide inhibits CXCL8-induced and LPS-activated monocytes adhesion and transmigration. However, when the peptides were mutated on two lysine residues (K15 and K20), the inhibition effects were greatly reduced indicating these two amino acids are key residues for the initial binding of CXCL8 to CXCR1. This study demonstrates that in silico prediction based functional peptide design can be effective for developing anti-inflammation drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinn-Jong Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Je-Wen Liou
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Chang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yi Chung
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Fong Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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148
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Lubman OY, Fremont DH. Parallel Evolution of Chemokine Binding by Structurally Related Herpesvirus Decoy Receptors. Structure 2015; 24:57-69. [PMID: 26671708 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of pathogens targets chemokine signaling networks in order to disrupt host immune surveillance and defense. Here, we report a structural and mutational analysis of rodent herpesvirus Peru encoded R17, a potent chemokine inhibitor that sequesters CC and C chemokines with high affinity. R17 consists of a pair of β-sandwich domains linked together by a bridging sheet, which form an acidic binding cleft for the chemokine CCL3 on the opposite face of a basic surface cluster that binds glycosaminoglycans. R17 promiscuously engages chemokines primarily through the same N-loop determinants used for host receptor recognition while residues located in the chemokine 40s loop drive kinetically stable complex formation. The core fold adopted by R17 is unexpectedly similar to that of the M3 chemokine decoy receptor encoded by MHV-68, although, strikingly, neither the location of ligand engagement nor the stoichiometry of binding is conserved, suggesting that their functions evolved independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y Lubman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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149
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Hao LX, Li MF. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of nine CC chemokines in half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:717-724. [PMID: 26470888 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are a large, diverse group of small cytokines that can be classified into several families, including the CC chemokine family, which plays a pivotal role in host defense by inducing leukocyte chemotaxis under physiological and inflammatory conditions. Here we studied 9 CC chemokines from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Phylogenetic analysis divided these chemokines into four groups. The tissue specific expression patterns of the 9 chemokines under normal physiological conditions varied much, with most chemokines highly expressed in immune organs, while some other chemokines showing high expression levels in non-immune organs. In addition, the 9 chemokines exhibited similar or distinctly different expression profiles in response to the challenge of virus and intracellular and extracellular bacterial pathogens. These results indicate that in tongue sole, CC chemokines may be involved in different immune responses as homeostatic or inflammatory chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-xu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mo-fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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150
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Cobbina SJ, Xu H, Zhao T, Mao G, Zhou Z, Wu X, Liu H, Zou Y, Wu X, Yang L. A multivariate assessment of innate immune-related gene expressions due to exposure to low concentration individual and mixtures of four kinds of heavy metals on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:1032-1042. [PMID: 26549173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over the potential health effects of mixtures of low concentration heavy metals on living organisms keep growing by the day. However, the toxicity of low concentration metal mixtures on the immune system of fish species has rarely been investigated. In this study, the zebrafish model was employed to investigate the effect on innate immune and antioxidant-related gene expressions, on exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of individual and mixtures of Pb (0.01 mg/L), Hg (0.001 mg/L), As (0.01 mg/L) and Cd (0.005 mg/L). Messenger-RNA (mRNA) levels of IL1β, TNF-α, IFNγ, Mx, Lyz, C3B and CXCL-Clc which are closely associated with the innate immune system were affected after exposing zebrafish embryos to metals for 120 h post fertilization (hpf). Individual and mixtures of metals exhibited different potentials to modulate innate-immune gene transcription. IL1β genes were significantly up regulated on exposure to Pb + As (2.01-fold) and inhibited on exposure to Pb + Hg + Cd (0.13-fold). TNF-α was significantly inhibited on exposure to As (0.40-fold) and Pb + As (0.32-fold) compared to control. Metal mixtures generally up regulated IFNγ compared to individual metals. Additionally, antioxidant genes were affected, as CAT and GPx gene expressions generally increased, whiles Mn-SOD and Zn/Cu-SOD reduced. Multivariate analysis showed that exposure to individual metals greatly influenced modulation of innate immune genes; whiles metal mixtures influenced antioxidant gene expressions. This suggests that beside oxidative stress, there may be other pathways influencing gene expressions of innate immune and antioxidant-related genes. Low concentration heavy metals also affect expression of development-related (wnt8a and vegf) genes. Altogether, the results of this study clearly demonstrate that low concentration individual and mixtures of metals in aquatic systems will greatly influence the immune system. It is indicative that mechanisms associated with toxicity of metal mixtures is complex, however, further studies to elucidate them are ongoing in our research laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Jerry Cobbina
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Xu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guanghua Mao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xueshan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Xuefu Rd. 301, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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