101
|
Xue H, Zhang M, Ma J, Chen T, Wang F, Tang X. Lactose-Induced Chronic Diarrhea Results From Abnormal Luminal Microbial Fermentation and Disorder of Ion Transport in the Colon. Front Physiol 2020; 11:877. [PMID: 32848839 PMCID: PMC7403511 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is one of the major abdominal symptoms in lactose-intolerant subjects. The changes in the large intestinal luminal environment and disorder of the epithelial ion transport in lactose-induced diarrhea remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of an incremental high-lactose diet (IHLD, 30%/40%/50%) on luminal microbiota, microbiota-derived metabolite concentrations and colonic ion transport. Gut microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and the concentration of SCFAs by gas chromatography, galactose, lactose and lactic acid through assay kit; Ussing chamber was performed to detect basal and stimulated ion transport; The expression and location of SCFA transporters, the Na-H exchanger 3(NHE3), cystic fibrosis transporter regulater (CFTR) and NKCC1 in the colon mucosa were analyzed by western and immunostaining. The concentrations of lactose, galactose and lactic acid of the cecal content were markedly increased (P < 0.01) and SCFA concentration was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). This was associated with depletion of the Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus, escherichia-shigella and megamonas in the cecal microbiota. The expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 was decreased in the colonic mucosa of the IHLD group. Low NHE3 expression and phosphorylation levels, and decreases in delta basal short circuit current after apical Na+ removal in the colonic mucosa of the IHLD group contributed to Na+ accumulation in the lumen and decrease stimulated Cl– secretion with low CFTR and NKCC1 expression would compensate for water and electrolyte loss during the diarrhea process. These results indicated that the persistence of the diarrhea state was maintained by abnormal colonic microbiota fermentation leading to high concentrations of lactose, galactose and lactic acid and low SCFAs in the lumen, and decreased Na+ absorption with the low NHE3 expression and phosphorylation levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xue
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Digestive Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
102
|
Youhanna S, Lauschke VM. The Past, Present and Future of Intestinal In Vitro Cell Systems for Drug Absorption Studies. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:50-65. [PMID: 32628951 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium acts as a selective barrier for the absorption of water, nutrients and orally administered drugs. To evaluate the gastrointestinal permeability of a candidate molecule, scientists and drug developers have a multitude of cell culture models at their disposal. Static transwell cultures constitute the most extensively characterized intestinal in vitro system and can accurately categorize molecules into low, intermediate and high permeability compounds. However, they lack key aspects of intestinal physiology, including the cellular complexity of the intestinal epithelium, flow, mechanical strain, or interactions with intestinal mucus and microbes. To emulate these features, a variety of different culture paradigms, including microfluidic chips, organoids and intestinal slice cultures have been developed. Here, we provide an updated overview of intestinal in vitro cell culture systems and critically review their suitability for drug absorption studies. The available data show that these advanced culture models offer impressive possibilities for emulating intestinal complexity. However, there is a paucity of systematic absorption studies and benchmarking data and it remains unclear whether the increase in model complexity and costs translates into improved drug permeability predictions. In the absence of such data, conventional static transwell cultures remain the current gold-standard paradigm for drug absorption studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
103
|
Duff AF, Bielke LR, Relling AE. Technical note: fluorescein as an indicator of enteric mucosal barrier function in preruminant lambs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa198. [PMID: 32564064 PMCID: PMC7333214 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased intestinal permeability can be observed during the physiologic stress response and has been linked to suppression of animal health and performance. Previously published data have shown the efficacy of fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d; 4.17 mg/kg) as a marker of enteric inflammation and mucosal barrier function in multiple species. Fluorescein is a smaller, less expensive alternative molecule possessing similar properties. The following two experiments compared FITC-d and fluorescein as potential indicators of intestinal permeability in pre- and postweaned lambs administered daily intramuscular injections of dexamethasone (Dex; 0.1 mg/kg) for 1 wk. Experiment 1 consisted of five preweaned lambs that were placed in one of two treatment groups: fluorescein with Dex (F+Dex) or fluorescein only (F). On day 7, blood was collected before and 1 h after oral administration of fluorescein (50 mg/kg). Experiment 2 included 12 weaned lambs and four treatment groups: F+Dex, F, FITC-d with Dex (Fd+Dex), and FITC-d only (Fd). On day 7, blood was collected before and 2 h after oral administration of FITC-d (4.17 mg/kg) or fluorescein (50 mg/kg). Plasma fluorescence was reported as the ratio between T1h/T0 or T2h/T0 for experiment 1 or 2, respectively. Experiment 1 showed a significant increase in T1h/T0 ratio of F+Dex relative to F lambs (P = 0.05) indicative of increased leaky gut; however, no differences (P = 0.22) were obtained in experiment 2. Results of these experiments suggest fluorescein may serve as a suitable marker of enteric permeability in preruminant lambs, but not in those with functional rumens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey F Duff
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | - Lisa R Bielke
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | | |
Collapse
|
104
|
Wright L, Barnes TJ, Prestidge CA. Oral delivery of protein-based therapeutics: Gastroprotective strategies, physiological barriers and in vitro permeability prediction. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119488. [PMID: 32504774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of biological molecules emerging as therapeutics is growing exponentially due to their higher specificity and tolerability profiles compared to small molecules. Despite this, their traditionally parenteral delivery often results in poor patient compliance and incomplete treatment. Current research is focussed on developing effective oral delivery strategies to facilitate administration of these biomolecules, however no universal method exists to simultaneously provide gastric protection as well as enhance transport across the gastrointestinal epithelium. Furthermore, for efficient formulation development it is imperative that we can reliably analyse permeability of biomolecules through the gastrointestinal tract, highlighting the importance of the continual development and ongoing evaluation of in vitro predictive permeability tools. Here, we review the physiological obstacles associated with peptide and protein delivery throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we highlight methods utilised to circumvent these barriers and promote improved intestinal permeability. Lastly, we explore in vitro models employed to predict epithelial transport. Key findings highlight the need to carefully understand gastrointestinal physiology, allowing specific engineering of oral delivery systems for biomolecules. Significant importance is placed upon understanding enzymatic degradation susceptibility as well as uptake mechanisms for particulate and protein-based therapeutics for the development of successful oral protein delivery platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Wright
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, 5001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, UniSA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Barnes
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, 5001, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, UniSA, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Hoque KM, Dixon EE, Lewis RM, Allan J, Gamble GD, Phipps-Green AJ, Halperin Kuhns VL, Horne AM, Stamp LK, Merriman TR, Dalbeth N, Woodward OM. The ABCG2 Q141K hyperuricemia and gout associated variant illuminates the physiology of human urate excretion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2767. [PMID: 32488095 PMCID: PMC7265540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological nature of the common ABCG2 gout and hyperuricemia associated variant Q141K (rs2231142) remains undefined. Here, we use a human interventional cohort study (ACTRN12615001302549) to understand the physiological role of ABCG2 and find that participants with the Q141K ABCG2 variant display elevated serum urate, unaltered FEUA, and significant evidence of reduced extra-renal urate excretion. We explore mechanisms by generating a mouse model of the orthologous Q140K Abcg2 variant and find male mice have significant hyperuricemia and metabolic alterations, but only subtle alterations of renal urate excretion and ABCG2 abundance. By contrast, these mice display a severe defect in ABCG2 abundance and function in the intestinal tract. These results suggest a tissue specific pathobiology of the Q141K variant, support an important role for ABCG2 in urate excretion in both the human kidney and intestinal tract, and provide insight into the importance of intestinal urate excretion for serum urate homeostasis. The common ABCG2 variant Q141K contributes to hyperuricemia and gout risk. Here, using a human interventional study and a new orthologous mouse model, the authors report a tissue specific pathobiology of the Q141K variant, and support a significant role for ABCG2 in urate excretion in both the kidney and intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Mirajul Hoque
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eryn E Dixon
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raychel M Lewis
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jordyn Allan
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory D Gamble
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Anne M Horne
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa K Stamp
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tony R Merriman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Owen M Woodward
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Dietary Phytase and Lactic Acid-Treated CerealGrains Differently Affected Calcium and PhosphorusHomeostasis from Intestinal Uptake to SystemicMetabolism in a Pig Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051542. [PMID: 32466313 PMCID: PMC7284645 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High intestinal availability of dietary phosphorus (P) may impair calcium (Ca)homeostasis and bone integrity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of phytasesupplementation in comparison to the soaking of cereal grains in 2.5% lactic acid (LA) on intestinalCa and P absorption; intestinal, renal, and bone gene expression regarding Ca and P homeostasis;bone parameters; and serum levels of regulatory hormones in growing pigs. Thirty-two pigs wererandomly assigned to one of four diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design in four replicate batches for 19days. The diets comprised either untreated or LA-treated wheat and maize without and withphytase supplementation (500 phytase units/kg). Although both treatments improved the Pbalance, phytase and LA-treated cereals differently modulated gene expression related to intestinalabsorption, and renal and bone metabolism of Ca and P, thereby altering homeostatic regulatorymechanisms as indicated by serum Ca, P, vitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23 levels.Moreover, phytase increased the gene expression related to reabsorption of Ca in the kidney,whereas LA-treated cereals decreased the expression of genes for osteoclastogenesis in bones,indicating an unbalanced systemic availability of minerals. In conclusion, high intestinalavailability of dietary P may impair Ca homeostasis and bone integrity.
Collapse
|
107
|
Dissecting the cellular specificity of smoking effects and reconstructing lineages in the human airway epithelium. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2485. [PMID: 32427931 PMCID: PMC7237663 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke first interacts with the lung through the cellularly diverse airway epithelium and goes on to drive development of most chronic lung diseases. Here, through single cell RNA-sequencing analysis of the tracheal epithelium from smokers and non-smokers, we generate a comprehensive atlas of epithelial cell types and states, connect these into lineages, and define cell-specific responses to smoking. Our analysis infers multi-state lineages that develop into surface mucus secretory and ciliated cells and then contrasts these to the unique specification of submucosal gland (SMG) cells. Accompanying knockout studies reveal that tuft-like cells are the likely progenitor of both pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and CFTR-rich ionocytes. Our smoking analysis finds that all cell types, including protected stem and SMG populations, are affected by smoking through both pan-epithelial smoking response networks and hundreds of cell-specific response genes, redefining the penetrance and cellular specificity of smoking effects on the human airway epithelium.
Collapse
|
108
|
Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. Current status and applications of animal models in pre-clinical development of orally administered insulin-loaded nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2020; 28:882-903. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1759078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Y. Wong
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Hung CC, Chen CY, Chen BJ. Colistin and tylosin enhances disaccharidase activities, and improves morphology and permeability of the intestine of broilers. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:465-470. [PMID: 32216555 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1747598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The present study focused on the potential effects of antibiotics on intestinal digestion and integrity in broilers in terms of disaccharidase activity, electrophysiological properties and morphology. 2. One-day-old Arbour Acres birds were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups for 42 days; control, colistin (20 mg/kg), tylosin (55 mg/kg) or chlortetracycline (CTC, 55 mg/kg) groups. Colistin and tylosin supplementation, but not CTC supplementation, caused an increase in body weight gain. 3. Colistin and tylosin elevated the activities of maltase and sucrase in the mucosa of the jejunum on d 42. Age caused a gradual decrease in the short-circuit current (Isc) and conductance (Gt) of the ileum, as a measure of permeability. The Isc and Gt of the ileum were higher in the colistin-supplemented broilers than in the control birds on d 42. Tylosin- and CTC-supplemented birds displayed Isc and Gt values similar to those of the control birds. 4. Colistin supplementation increased the villus area in the jejunum and thinned the muscularis mucosae in the ileum compared with the control group. Tylosin supplementation decreased the thickness of the muscularis mucosae and the depth of crypt in the jejunum. CTC thickened the muscularis mucosae in the jejunum and ileum. 5. Colistin and tylosin exhibited a beneficial effect on intestinal digestion and integrity by enhancing disaccharidase activities and improving gut morphology and permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Hung
- Department of Nutrition, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture , Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - C Y Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University ; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - B J Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University ; Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Rasmussen LW, Stanford D, Patel K, Raju SV. Evaluation of secondhand smoke effects on CFTR function in vivo. Respir Res 2020; 21:70. [PMID: 32192506 PMCID: PMC7082971 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence W Rasmussen
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Denise Stanford
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Krina Patel
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - S Vamsee Raju
- Departments of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Baydoun M, Treizeibré A, Follet J, Benamrouz Vanneste S, Creusy C, Dercourt L, Delaire B, Mouray A, Viscogliosi E, Certad G, Senez V. An Interphase Microfluidic Culture System for the Study of Ex Vivo Intestinal Tissue. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E150. [PMID: 32019215 PMCID: PMC7074597 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo explant culture models offer unique properties to study complex mechanisms underlying tissue growth, renewal, and disease. A major weakness is the short viability depending on the biopsy origin and preparation protocol. We describe an interphase microfluidic culture system to cultivate full thickness murine colon explants which keeps morphological structures of the tissue up to 192 h. The system was composed of a central well on top of a porous membrane supported by a microchannel structure. The microfluidic perfusion allowed bathing the serosal side while preventing immersion of the villi. After eight days, up to 33% of the samples displayed no histological abnormalities. Numerical simulation of the transport of oxygen and glucose provided technical solutions to improve the functionality of the microdevice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Baydoun
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN-YNCREA, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- ISA-YNCREA Hauts de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9107-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
| | | | - Jérôme Follet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN-YNCREA, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- ISA-YNCREA Hauts de France, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sadia Benamrouz Vanneste
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9107-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biodiversité, Unité de Recherche Smart and Sustainable Cities, Faculté de Gestion Economie et Sciences, Institut Catholique de Lille, F-59800 Lille, France
| | - Colette Creusy
- Service d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l’Université Catholique de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Lucie Dercourt
- CNRS, Univ. Tokyo, UMI 2820 — LIMMS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Baptiste Delaire
- Service d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l’Université Catholique de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anthony Mouray
- Plateforme d’Expérimentations et de Hautes Technologies Animales, Institut Pasteur de Lille Lille, 59019 Lille, France
| | - Eric Viscogliosi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9107-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Gabriela Certad
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9107-CIIL-Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l’Innovation, Groupement des Hôpitaux de l’Institut Catholique de Lille (GHICL), Faculté de Médecine et Maïeutique, Université Catholique de Lille, 59800 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Senez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, ISEN-YNCREA, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, Univ. Tokyo, UMI 2820 — LIMMS, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Deficient Active Transport Activity in Healing Mucosa After Mild Gastric Epithelial Damage. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:119-131. [PMID: 31515722 PMCID: PMC7950857 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptic ulcers recur, suggesting that ulcer healing may leave tissue predisposed to subsequent damage. In mice, we have identified that the regenerated epithelium found after ulcer healing will remain abnormal for months after healing. AIM To determine whether healed gastric mucosa has altered epithelial function, as measured by electrophysiologic parameters. METHOD Ulcers were induced in mouse gastric corpus by serosal local application of acetic acid. Thirty days or 8 months after ulcer induction, tissue was mounted in an Ussing chamber. Transepithelial electrophysiologic parameters (short-circuit current, Isc. resistance, R) were compared between the regenerated healed ulcer region and the non-ulcerated contralateral region, in response to luminal hyperosmolar NaCl challenge (0.5 M). RESULTS In unperturbed stomach, luminal application of hyperosmolar NaCl transiently dropped Isc followed by gradual recovery over 2 h. Compared to the starting baseline Isc, percent Isc recovery was reduced in 30-day healing mucosa, but not at 8 months. Prior to NaCl challenge, a lower baseline Isc was observed in trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) knockout (KO) versus wild type (WT), with no Isc recovery in either non-ulcerated or healing mucosa of KO. Inhibiting Na/H exchanger (NHE) transport in WT mucosa inhibited Isc recovery in response to luminal challenge. NHE2-KO baseline Isc was reduced versus NHE2-WT. In murine gastric organoids, NHE inhibition slowed recovery of intracellular pH and delayed the repair of photic induced damage. CONCLUSION Healing gastric mucosa has deficient electrophysiological recovery in response to hypertonic NaCl. TFF2 and NHE2 contribute to Isc regulation, and the recovery and healing of transepithelial function.
Collapse
|
113
|
Chen Y, Dinges MM, Green A, Cramer SE, Larive CK, Lytle C. Absorptive transport of amino acids by the rat colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G189-G202. [PMID: 31760764 PMCID: PMC6985843 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00277.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of the colon to absorb microbially produced amino acids (AAs) and the underlying mechanisms of AA transport are incompletely defined. We measured the profile of 16 fecal AAs along the rat ceco-colonic axis and compared unidirectional absorptive AA fluxes across mucosal tissues isolated from the rat jejunum, cecum, and proximal colon using an Ussing chamber approach, in conjunction with 1H-NMR and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry chemical analyses. Passage of stool from cecum to midcolon was associated with segment-specific changes in fecal AA composition and a decrease in total AA content. Simultaneous measurement of up to 16 AA fluxes under native luminal conditions, with correction for endogenous AA release, demonstrated absorptive transfer of AAs across the cecum and proximal colon at rates comparable (30-80%) to those across the jejunum, with significant Na+-dependent and H+-stimulated components. Expression profiling of 30 major AA transporter genes by quantitative PCR revealed comparatively high levels of transcripts for 20 AA transporters in the cecum and/or colon, with the levels of 12 exceeding those in the small intestine. Our results suggest a more detailed model of major apical and basolateral AA transporters in rat colonocytes and provide evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of AAs across the colonic epithelium that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides evidence for a previously unappreciated transfer of microbially generated amino acids across the colonic epithelium under physiological conditions that could link the prodigious metabolic capacities of the luminal microbiota, the colonocytes, and the body tissues. The segment-specific expression of at least 20 amino acid transporter genes along the colon provides a detailed mechanistic basis for uniport, heteroexchange, Na+-cotransport, and H+-cotransport components of colonic amino acid absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chen
- 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Meredith M. Dinges
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Andrew Green
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Scott E. Cramer
- 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Cynthia K. Larive
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California
| | - Christian Lytle
- 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, California
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Xu J, Zeug A, Riederer B, Yeruva S, Griesbeck O, Daniel H, Tuo B, Ponimaskin E, Dong H, Seidler U. Calcium-sensing receptor regulates intestinal dipeptide absorption via Ca 2+ signaling and IK Ca activation. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14337. [PMID: 31960592 PMCID: PMC6971415 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although absorption of di- and tripeptides into intestinal epithelial cells occurs via the peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1, also called solute carrier family 15 member 1 (SLC15A1)), the detailed regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. We examined: (a) whether dipeptide absorption in villous enterocytes is associated with a rise in cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+ ]cyt ), (b) whether the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in dipeptide-elicited [Ca2+ ]cyt signaling, and (c) what potential consequences of [Ca2+ ]cyt signaling may enhance enterocyte dipeptide absorption. Dipeptide Gly-Sar and CaSR agonist spermine markedly raised [Ca2+ ]cyt in villous enterocytes, which was abolished by NPS-2143, a selective CaSR antagonist and U73122, an phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor. Apical application of Gly-Sar induced a jejunal short-circuit current (Isc), which was reduced by NPS-2143. CaSR expression was identified in the lamina propria and on the basal enterocyte membrane of mouse jejunal mucosa in both WT and Slc15a1-/- animals, but Gly-Sar-induced [Ca2+ ]cyt signaling was significantly decreased in Slc15a1-/- villi. Clotrimazole and TRM-34, two selective blockers of the intermediate conductance Ca2+ -activated K+ channel (IKCa ), but not iberiotoxin, a selective blocker of the large-conductance K+ channel (BKCa ) and apamin, a selective blocker of the small-conductance K+ channel (SKCa ), significantly inhibited Gly-Sar-induced Isc in native tissues. We reveal a novel CaSR-PLC-Ca2+ -IKCa pathway in the regulation of small intestinal dipeptide absorption, which may be exploited as a target for future drug development in human nutritional disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- Research GastroenterologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | - Andre Zeug
- Cellular NeurophysiologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Brigitte Riederer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | | | - Hannelore Daniel
- Nutritional PhysiologyTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Research GastroenterologyAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyiChina
| | | | - Hui Dong
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
A novel microfluidic mucus-chip for studying the permeation of compounds over the mucus barrier. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
116
|
Subramaniam M, Enns CB, Luu K, Weber LP, Loewen ME. Comparison of intestinal glucose flux and electrogenic current demonstrates two absorptive pathways in pig and one in Nile tilapia and rainbow trout. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 318:R245-R255. [PMID: 31746628 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00160.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal-to-serosal flux of 14C 3-O-methyl-d-glucose was compared against the electrogenic transport of d-glucose across ex vivo intestinal segments of Nile tilapia, rainbow trout, and pig in Ussing chambers. The difference in affinities (Km "fingerprints") between pig flux and electrogenic transport of glucose, and the absence of this difference in tilapia and trout, suggest two absorptive pathways in the pig and one in the fish species examined. More specifically, the total mucosal-to-serosal flux revealed a super high-affinity, high-capacity (sHa/Hc) total glucose transport system in tilapia; a super high-affinity, low-capacity (sHa/Lc) total glucose transport system in trout and a low-affinity, low-capacity (La/Lc) total glucose transport system in pig. Comparatively, electrogenic glucose absorption revealed similar Km in both fish species, with a super high-affinity, high capacity (sHa/Hc) system in tilapia; a super high-affinity/super low-capacity (sHa/sLc) system in trout; but a different Km fingerprint in the pig, with a high-affinity, low-capacity (Ha/Lc) system. This was supported by different responses to inhibitors of sodium-dependent glucose transporters (SGLTs) and glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) administered on the apical side between species. More specifically, tilapia flux was inhibited by SGLT inhibitors, but not the GLUT2 inhibitor, whereas trout lacked response to inhibitors. In contrast, the pig responded to inhibition by both SGLT and GLUT2 inhibitors with a higher expression of GLUT2. Altogether, it would appear that two pathways are working together in the pig, allowing it to have continued absorption at high glucose concentrations, whereas this is not present in both tilapia and trout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Subramaniam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cole B Enns
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Khanh Luu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
To VPTH, Masagounder K, Loewen ME. SLC transporters ASCT2, B 0 AT1-like, y + LAT1, and LAT4-like associate with methionine electrogenic and radio-isotope flux kinetics in rainbow trout intestine. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14274. [PMID: 31705630 PMCID: PMC6841986 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine (Met) is an important building block and metabolite for protein biosynthesis. However, the mechanism behind its absorption in the fish gut has not been elucidated. Here, we describe the fundamental properties of Met transport along trout gut at µmol/L and mmol/L concentration. Both electrogenic and unidirectional DL-[14 C]Met flux were employed to characterize Met transporters in Ussing chambers. Exploiting the differences in gene expression between diploid (2N) and triploid (3N) and intestinal segment as tools, allowed the association between gene and methionine transport. Specifically, three intestinal segments including pyloric caeca (PC), midgut (MG), and hindgut (HG) were assessed. Results at 0-150 µmol/L concentration demonstrated that the DL-Met was most likely transported by apical transporter ASCT2 (SLC1A5) and recycled by basolateral transporter y+ LAT1 (SLC7A7) due to five lines of observation: (1) lack of Na+ -independent kinetics, (2) low expression of B0 AT2-like gene, (3) Na+ -dependent, high-affinity (Km , µmol/L ranges) kinetics in DL-[14 C]Met flux, (4) association mRNA expression with the high-affinity kinetics and (5) electrogenic currents induced by Met. Results at 0.2-20 mmol/L concentration suggested that the DL-Met transport is likely transported by B0 AT1-like (SLC6A19-like) based on gene expression, Na+ -dependence and low-affinity kinetics (Km , mmol/L ranges). Similarly, genomic and gene expression analysis suggest that the basolateral exit of methionine was primarily through LAT4-like transporter (SLC43A2-like). Conclusively, DL-Met uptake in trout gut was most likely governed by Na+ -dependent apical transporters ASCT2 and B0 AT1-like and released through basolateral LAT4-like, with some recycling through y+ LAT1. A comparatively simpler model than that previously described in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van P. T. H. To
- Veterinary Biomedical SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | | | - Matthew E. Loewen
- Veterinary Biomedical SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Berlin P, Reiner J, Witte M, Wobar J, Lindemann S, Barrantes I, Kreikemeyer B, Bastian M, Schäffler H, Bannert K, Jaster R, Lamprecht G. Nod2 deficiency functionally impairs adaptation to short bowel syndrome via alterations of the epithelial barrier function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G727-G738. [PMID: 31509436 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00117.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) gene mutations are a risk factor for Crohn's disease and also associated with worse outcome in short bowel syndrome (SBS) patients independent of the underlying disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of Nod2 deficiency on barrier function and stool microbiome after extensive ileocecal resection in mice. Male C57BL6/J wild-type (WT) and Nod2-knockout (KO) mice underwent 40% ileocecal resection. Sham control mice received simple transection of the ileum. Clinical outcome was monitored daily. Barrier function was measured with Ussing chambers using FITC-4-kDa-Dextran flux, transmucosal electrical resistance, and dilution potentials. Immunofluorescence of claudin-2 was studied. Composition of the stool microbiome was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Resected Nod2-KO mice had impaired clinical outcome compared with resected WT mice. This was accompanied by increased stool water contents and increased plasma aldosterone. Histomorphological adaptation was independent of Nod2. Barrier function studies revealed impaired sodium to chloride permeability and altered claudin-2 localization in the absence of Nod2. Resection induced decreases of bacterial diversity and a shift of bacteriodetes-to-firmicutes ratios. Ileum and cecum resection-induced increase in proteobacteria was absent in Nod2-deficient mice. Verrucomicrobia were temporarily increased in Nod2-KO mice. Nod2 deficiency functionally impairs adaptation to short bowel syndrome via a lesser increase of epithelial sodium pore permeability, altered epithelial barrier function, and the microbiome.NEW & NOTEWORTHYNOD2 gene mutations are associated with the development of severe short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure. The influence of Nod2 mutations on intestinal adaptation in experimental short bowel syndrome has not been studied yet. Here, we provide data that Nod2 deficiency worsens clinical outcome and functional adaptation under SBS conditions in mice, indicating that NOD2 is required for successful adaptation after ileocecal resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Berlin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Reiner
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Witte
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular, and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Wobar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabeth Lindemann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Israel Barrantes
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute for Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University of Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Manuela Bastian
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Holger Schäffler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karen Bannert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Jaster
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Lamprecht
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Pusceddu MM, Stokes PJ, Wong A, Gareau MG, Genetos DC. Sexually Dimorphic Influence of Neonatal Antibiotics on Bone. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:2122-2129. [PMID: 31228216 PMCID: PMC6886746 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome (GM) contributes to host development, metabolism, and disease. Perturbations in GM composition, elicited through chronic administration of oral antibiotics (Abx) or studied using germ-free environments, alter bone mass, and microarchitecture. However, studies primarily involved chronic Abx exposure to adult mice prior to evaluating the skeletal phenotype. Children are more prone to infection with bacterial pathogens than adults and are thus treated more frequently with broad-spectrum Abx; consequently, Abx treatment disproportionately occurs during periods of greatest skeletal plasticity to anabolic cues. Because early-life exposures may exert long-lasting effects on adult health, we hypothesized that acute Abx administration during a developmentally sensitive period would elicit lasting effects on the skeletal phenotype. To test this hypothesis, neonatal mice were treated with Abx (P7-P23; oral gavage) or vehicle (water); GM composition, gut physiology, and bone structural and material properties were assessed in adulthood (8 weeks). We found sexually dimorphic effects of neonatal Abx administration on GM composition, gut barrier permeability, and the skeleton, indicating a negative role for neonatal Abx on bone mass and quality. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2122-2129, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Melanie G Gareau
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Damian C. Genetos, Associate Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, dgenetosATucdavisDOTedu, Melanie G. Gareau, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, mgareauATucdavisDOTedu
| | - Damian C. Genetos
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Damian C. Genetos, Associate Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, dgenetosATucdavisDOTedu, Melanie G. Gareau, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis CA, mgareauATucdavisDOTedu
| |
Collapse
|
120
|
Rude KM, Pusceddu MM, Keogh CE, Sladek JA, Rabasa G, Miller EN, Sethi S, Keil KP, Pessah IN, Lein PJ, Gareau MG. Developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the maternal diet causes host-microbe defects in weanling offspring mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:708-721. [PMID: 31336350 PMCID: PMC6719698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is important for maintaining homeostasis of the host. Gut microbes represent the initial site for toxicant processing following dietary exposures to environmental contaminants. The diet is the primary route of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are absorbed via the gut, and subsequently interfere with neurodevelopment and behavior. Developmental exposures to PCBs have been linked to increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which are also associated with a high prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) distress and intestinal dysbiosis. We hypothesized that developmental PCB exposure impacts colonization of the gut microbiota, resulting in GI pathophysiology, in a genetically susceptible host. Mouse dams expressing two heritable human mutations (double mutants [DM]) that result in abnormal Ca2+ dynamics and produce behavioral deficits (gain of function mutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 [T4826I-RYR1] and a human CGG repeat expansion [170-200 CGG repeats] in the fragile X mental retardation gene 1 [FMR1 premutation]). DM and congenic wild type (WT) controls were exposed to PCBs (0-6 mg/kg/d) in the diet starting 2 weeks before gestation and continuing through postnatal day 21 (P21). Intestinal physiology (Ussing chambers), inflammation (qPCR) and gut microbiome (16S sequencing) studies were performed in offspring mice (P28-P30). Developmental exposure to PCBs in the maternal diet caused significant mucosal barrier defects in ileum and colon (increased secretory state and tight junction permeability) of juvenile DM mice. Furthermore, PCB exposure increased the intestinal inflammatory profile (Il6, Il1β, and Il22), and resulted in dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including altered β-diversity, in juvenile DM mice developmentally exposed to 1 mg/kg/d PCBs when compared to WT controls. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a novel interaction between PCB exposure and the gut microbiota in a genetically susceptible host that provide novel insight into environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavi M Rude
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Matteo M Pusceddu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Ciara E Keogh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Jessica A Sladek
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Gonzalo Rabasa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Elaine N Miller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
| | - Mélanie G Gareau
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Nowak E, Livney YD, Niu Z, Singh H. Delivery of bioactives in food for optimal efficacy: What inspirations and insights can be gained from pharmaceutics? Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
122
|
Grubišić V, Perez-Medina AL, Fried DE, Sévigny J, Robson SC, Galligan JJ, Gulbransen BD. NTPDase1 and -2 are expressed by distinct cellular compartments in the mouse colon and differentially impact colonic physiology and function after DSS colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G314-G332. [PMID: 31188623 PMCID: PMC6774087 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00104.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ATP is both an important mediator of physiological gut functions such as motility and epithelial function, and a key danger signal that mediates cell death and tissue damage. The actions of extracellular ATP are regulated through the catalytic functions extracellular nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1), -2, -3, and -8, which ultimately generate nucleosides. Ectonucleotidases have distinct cellular associations, but the specific locations and functional roles of individual NTPDases in the intestine are still poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that differential and cell-selective regulation of purine hydrolysis by NTPDase1 and -2 plays important roles in gut physiology and disease. We studied Entpd1 and Entpd2 null mice in health and following colitis driven by 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration using functional readouts of gut motility, epithelial barrier function, and neuromuscular communication. NTPDase1 is expressed by immune cells, and the ablation of Entpd1 altered glial numbers in the myenteric plexus. NTPDase2 is expressed by enteric glia, and the ablation of Entpd2 altered myenteric neuron numbers. Mice lacking either NTPDase1 or -2 exhibited decreased inhibitory neuromuscular transmission and altered components of inhibitory junction potentials. Ablation of Entpd2 increased gut permeability following inflammation. In conclusion, the location- and context-dependent extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolysis by NTPDase1 and -2 substantially impacts gut function in health and disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Purines are important mediators of gastrointestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) regulate extracellular purines, but the roles of specific NTPDases in gut functions are poorly understood. Here, we used Entpd1- and Entpd2-deficient mice to show that the differential and cell-selective regulation of purine hydrolysis by NTPDase1 and -2 plays important roles in barrier function, gut motility, and neuromuscular communication in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Grubišić
- 1Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Alberto L. Perez-Medina
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - David E. Fried
- 1Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jean Sévigny
- 3Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada,4Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon C. Robson
- 5Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James J. Galligan
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Brian D. Gulbransen
- 1Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Xu JW, Gao DD, Peng L, Qiu ZE, Ke LJ, Zhu YX, Zhang YL, Zhou WL. The gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide inhibits transepithelial anion secretion of pregnant mouse endometrial epithelium. Nitric Oxide 2019; 90:37-46. [PMID: 31175932 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial epithelium exhibits a robust ion transport activity required for dynamical regulation of uterine fluid environment and thus embryo implantation. However, there still lacks a thorough understanding of the ion transport processes and regulatory mechanism in peri-implantation endometrial epithelium. As a gaseous signaling molecule or gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) regulates a myriad of cellular and physiological processes in various tissues, including the modulation of ion transport proteins in epithelium. This study aimed to investigate the effects of H2S on ion transport across mouse endometrial epithelium and its possible role in embryo implantation. The existence of endogenous H2S in pregnant mouse uterus was tested by the detection of two key H2S-generating enzymes and measurement of H2S production rate in tissue homogenates. Transepithelial ion transport processes were electrophysiologically assessed in Ussing chambers on early pregnant mouse endometrial epithelial layers, demonstrating that H2S suppressed the anion secretion by blocking cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). H2S increased intracellular Cl- concentration ([Cl-]i) in mouse endometrial epithelial cells, which was abolished by pretreatment with the CFTR selective inhibitor CFTRinh-172. The cAMP level in mouse endometrial epithelial cells was not affected by H2S, indicating that H2S blocked CFTR in a cAMP-independent way. In vivo study showed that interference with H2S synthesis impaired embryo implantation. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that H2S inhibits the transepithelial anion secretion of early pregnant mouse endometrial epithelium via blockade of CFTR, contributing to the preparation for embryo implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, No. 132, Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Dong Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, No. 132, Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, No. 132, Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Er Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, No. 132, Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Jiao Ke
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, No. 132, Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, No. 132, Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, No. 132, Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen-Liang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510006, No. 132, Waihuan Dong Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Gawenis LR, Hodges CA, McHugh DR, Valerio DM, Miron A, Cotton CU, Liu J, Walker NM, Strubberg AM, Gillen AE, Mutolo MJ, Kotzamanis G, Bosch J, Harris A, Drumm ML, Clarke LL. A BAC Transgene Expressing Human CFTR under Control of Its Regulatory Elements Rescues Cftr Knockout Mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11828. [PMID: 31413336 PMCID: PMC6694137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule modulators of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) biology show promise in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). A Cftr knockout (Cftr KO) mouse expressing mutants of human CFTR would advance in vivo testing of new modulators. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) carrying the complete hCFTR gene including regulatory elements within 40.1 kb of DNA 5' and 25 kb of DNA 3' to the gene was used to generate founder mice expressing hCFTR. Whole genome sequencing indicated a single integration site on mouse chromosome 8 (8qB2) with ~6 gene copies. hCFTR+ offspring were bred to murine Cftr KO mice, producing hCFTR+/mCftr- (H+/m-) mice, which had normal survival, growth and goblet cell function as compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Expression studies showed hCFTR protein and transcripts in tissues typically expressing mCftr. Functionally, nasal potential difference and large intestinal short-circuit (Isc) responses to cAMP stimulation were similar in magnitude to WT mice, whereas small intestinal cAMP ΔIsc responses were reduced. A BAC transgenic mouse with functional hCFTR under control of its regulatory elements has been developed to enable the generation of mouse models of hCFTR mutations by gene editing for in vivo testing of new CF therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara R Gawenis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr, Columbia, Missouri, 65211-3300, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, E102 Veterinary Medicine Bldg., Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Craig A Hodges
- Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel R McHugh
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dana M Valerio
- Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander Miron
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Calvin U Cotton
- Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr, Columbia, Missouri, 65211-3300, USA
| | - Nancy M Walker
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr, Columbia, Missouri, 65211-3300, USA
| | - Ashlee M Strubberg
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr, Columbia, Missouri, 65211-3300, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, E102 Veterinary Medicine Bldg., Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Austin E Gillen
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael J Mutolo
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Lurie Children's Research Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - George Kotzamanis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- InterRayBio, LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann Harris
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mitchell L Drumm
- Departments of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lane L Clarke
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 134 Research Park Dr, Columbia, Missouri, 65211-3300, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, E102 Veterinary Medicine Bldg., Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Beggs MR, Lee JJ, Busch K, Raza A, Dimke H, Weissgerber P, Engel J, Flockerzi V, Alexander RT. TRPV6 and Ca v1.3 Mediate Distal Small Intestine Calcium Absorption Before Weaning. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:625-642. [PMID: 31398491 PMCID: PMC6889763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal Ca2+ absorption early in life is vital to achieving optimal bone mineralization. The molecular details of intestinal Ca2+ absorption have been defined in adults after peak bone mass is obtained, but they are largely unexplored during development. We sought to delineate the molecular details of transcellular Ca2+ absorption during this critical period. METHODS Expression of small intestinal and renal calcium transport genes was assessed by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Net calcium flux across small intestinal segments was measured in Ussing chambers, including after pharmacologic inhibition or genetic manipulation of TRPV6 or Cav1.3 calcium channels. Femurs were analyzed by using micro-computed tomography and histology. RESULTS Net TRPV6-mediated Ca2+ flux across the duodenum was absent in pre-weaned (P14) mice but present after weaning. In contrast, we found significant transcellular Ca2+ absorption in the jejunum at 2 weeks but not 2 months of age. Net jejunal Ca2+ absorption observed at P14 was not present in either Trpv6 mutant (D541A) mice or Cav1.3 knockout mice. We observed significant nifedipine-sensitive transcellular absorption across the ileum at P14 but not 2 months. Cav1.3 knockout pups exhibited delayed bone mineral accrual, compensatory nifedipine-insensitive Ca2+ absorption in the ileum, and increased expression of renal Ca2+ reabsorption mediators at P14. Moreover, weaning pups at 2 weeks reduced jejunal and ileal Cav1.3 expression. CONCLUSIONS We have detailed novel pathways contributing to transcellular Ca2+ transport across the distal small intestine of mice during development, highlighting the complexity of the multiple mechanisms involved in achieving a positive Ca2+ balance early in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Beggs
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,The Women’s & Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin J. Lee
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,The Women’s & Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kai Busch
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ahsan Raza
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Petra Weissgerber
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Engel
- Department of Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), Saarland University, School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - R. Todd Alexander
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,The Women’s & Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Correspondence Address correspondence to: R. Todd Alexander, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, 4-585 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405 – 87 Avenue, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada. fax: (780) 248-5556.
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Grauso M, Lan A, Andriamihaja M, Bouillaud F, Blachier F. Hyperosmolar environment and intestinal epithelial cells: impact on mitochondrial oxygen consumption, proliferation, and barrier function in vitro. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11360. [PMID: 31388052 PMCID: PMC6684637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the in vitro short-term (2-h) and longer-term (24-h) effects of hyperosmolar media (500 and 680 mOsm/L) on intestinal epithelial cells using the human colonocyte Caco-2 cell line model. We found that a hyperosmolar environment slowed down cell proliferation compared to normal osmolarity (336 mOsm/L) without inducing cell detachment or necrosis. This was associated with a transient reduction of cell mitochondrial oxygen consumption, increase in proton leak, and decrease in intracellular ATP content. The barrier function of Caco-2 monolayers was also transiently affected since increased paracellular apical-to-basal permeability and modified electrolyte permeability were measured, allowing partial equilibration of the trans-epithelial osmotic difference. In addition, hyperosmotic stress induced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. By measuring expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, tight junction forming, electrolyte permeability and intracellular signaling, different response patterns to hyperosmotic stress occurred depending on its intensity and duration. These data highlight the potential impact of increased luminal osmolarity on the intestinal epithelium renewal and barrier function and point out some cellular adaptive capacities towards luminal hyperosmolar environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grauso
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Annaïg Lan
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - François Blachier
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
127
|
Phan TNQ, Le-Vinh B, Efiana NA, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Oral self-emulsifying delivery systems for systemic administration of therapeutic proteins: science fiction? J Drug Target 2019; 27:1017-1024. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1584200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nhu Quynh Phan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Vietnam
| | - Bao Le-Vinh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nuri Ari Efiana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jl. Prof.Dr. Soepomo, S.H., Janturan, Warungboto, Umbulharjo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
Collapse
|
129
|
Foster D, Jacob M, Stowe D, Smith G. Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a Salmonella Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral Salmonella challenge. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1796-1806. [PMID: 31134697 PMCID: PMC6639490 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonellosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal calves, often occurring before preventative vaccines can be administered. Hypothesis/Objective To evaluate the protective effect on calves of colostrum from cows vaccinated with a commercially available Salmonella Newport bacterin against a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. Animals Twenty Holstein bull calves from a university dairy farm. Methods Nonrandomized placebo‐controlled trial in which colostrum was harvested from 30 cows that received 2 doses of either Salmonella bacterin or saline before calving. Colostrum collected from each group was pooled and fed to 2 groups of 10 calves at birth. At approximately 2 weeks of age, calves were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Clinical, hematologic, microbiological, and postmortem findings were compared between the 2 groups. Results No differences in mortality, clinical findings, hematology results, blood and fecal cultures, or necropsy findings between the 2 groups were observed. Vaccinated cows had higher colostral titers, and calves fed this colostrum had higher serum titers (mean difference, 0.429; mean [SE], 0.852 [0.02] for vaccinated versus 0.423 [0.02] for control calves). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from Salmonella enterica serotype Newport bacterin to neonatal calves was not sufficient to decrease mortality, clinical signs, sepsis, intestinal damage, or fecal shedding when exposed to a highly pathogenic Salmonella isolate. A large‐scale randomized controlled clinical trial is needed to evaluate the efficacy of this bacterin when administered in the dry period for prevention of salmonellosis in neonatal calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Foster
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Megan Jacob
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Devorah Stowe
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Geof Smith
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Sex-Dependence in the Effect of Pharmaceutical Excipients: Polyoxyethylated Solubilising Excipients Increase Oral Drug Bioavailability in Male but not Female Rats. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050228. [PMID: 31083453 PMCID: PMC6571596 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that males and females respond differently to medicines and that differences in drug behaviour are due to inter-individual variability and sex specificity. In this work, we have examined the influence of pharmaceutical excipients on drug bioavailability in males and females. Using a rat model, we report that a portfolio of polyoxyethylated solubilising excipients (polyethylene glycol 2000, Cremophor RH 40, Poloxamer 188 and Tween 80) increase ranitidine bioavailability in males but not in females. The in vivo sex and excipient effects were reflected in vitro in intestinal permeability experiments using an Ussing chamber system. The mechanism of such an effect on drug bioavailability is suggested to be due to the interaction between the excipients and the efflux membrane transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), whose expression in terms of gene and protein levels were inhibited by the solubilising agents in male but not in female rats. In contrast, the non-polyoxyethylated excipient, Span 20, significantly increased ranitidine bioavailability in both males and females in a non-sex-dependent manner. These findings have significant implications for the use of polyoxyethylated solubilising excipients in drug formulation in light of their sex-specific modulation on the bioavailability of drugs that are P-gp substrates. As such, pharmaceutical research is required to retract from a ‘one size fits all’ approach and to, instead, evaluate the potential impact of the interplay between excipients and sex on drug effect to ensure effective pharmacotherapy.
Collapse
|
131
|
Subramaniam M, Enns CB, Loewen ME. Sigmoidal kinetics define porcine intestinal segregation of electrogenic monosaccharide transport systems as having multiple transporter population involvement. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14090. [PMID: 31062524 PMCID: PMC6503033 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic characterization of electrogenic sodium-dependent transport in Ussing chambers of d-glucose and d-galactose demonstrated sigmoidal/Hill kinetics in the porcine jejunum and ileum, with the absence of transport in the distal colon. In the jejunum, a high-affinity, super-low-capacity (Ha/sLc) kinetic system accounted for glucose transport, and a low-affinity, low-capacity (La/Lc) kinetic system accounted for galactose transport. In contrast, the ileum demonstrated a high-affinity, super-high-capacity (Ha/sHc) glucose transport and a low-affinity, high-capacity (La/Hc) galactose transport systems. Jejunal glucose transport was not inhibited by dapagliflozin, but galactose transport was inhibited. Comparatively, ileal glucose and galactose transport were both sensitive to dapagliflozin. Genomic and gene expression analyses identified 10 of the 12 known SLC5A family members in the porcine jejunum, ileum, and distal colon. Dominant SGLT1 (SLC5A1) and SGLT3 (SLC5A4) expression was associated with the sigmoidal Ha/sLc glucose and La/Lc galactose transport systems in the jejunum. Comparatively, the dominant expression of SGLT1 (SLC5A1) in the ileum was only associated with Ha glucose and La galactose kinetic systems. However, the sigmoidal kinetics and overall high capacity (Hc) of transport is unlikely accounted for by SGLT1 (SLC5A1) alone. Finally, the absence of transport and lack of pharmacological inhibition in the colon was associated with the poor expression of SLC5A genes. Altogether, the results demonstrated intestinal segregation of monosaccharide transport fit different sigmoidal kinetic systems. This reveals multiple transporter populations in each system, supported by gene expression profiles and pharmacological inhibition. Overall, this work demonstrates a complexity to transporter involvement in intestinal electrogenic monosaccharide absorption systems not previously defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Subramaniam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Cole B. Enns
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Matthew E. Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Zwirzitz B, Pinior B, Metzler-Zebeli B, Handler M, Gense K, Knecht C, Ladinig A, Dzieciol M, Wetzels SU, Wagner M, Schmitz-Esser S, Mann E. Microbiota of the Gut-Lymph Node Axis: Depletion of Mucosa-Associated Segmented Filamentous Bacteria and Enrichment of Methanobrevibacter by Colistin Sulfate and Linco-Spectin in Pigs. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:599. [PMID: 31031713 PMCID: PMC6470194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are translocated from the gut to lymphatic tissues via immune cells, thereby challenging and training the mammalian immune system. Antibiotics alter the gut microbiome and consecutively might also affect the corresponding translocation processes, resulting in an imbalanced state between the intestinal microbiota and the host. Hence, understanding the variant effects of antibiotics on the microbiome of gut-associated tissues is of vital importance for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and animal health. In the present study, we analyzed the microbiome of (i) pig feces, ileum, and ileocecal lymph nodes under the influence of antibiotics (Linco-Spectin and Colistin sulfate) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing for high-resolution community profiling and (ii) ileocecal lymph nodes in more detail with two additional methodological approaches, i.e., cultivation of ileocecal lymph node samples and (iii) metatranscriptome sequencing of a single lymph node sample. Supplementation of medicated feed showed a local effect on feces and ileal mucosa-associated microbiomes. Pigs that received antibiotics harbored significantly reduced amounts of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) along the ileal mucosa (p = 0.048; 199.17-fold change) and increased amounts of Methanobrevibacter, a methanogenic Euryarchaeote in fecal samples (p = 0.005; 20.17-fold change) compared to the control group. Analysis of the porcine ileocecal lymph node microbiome exposed large differences between the viable and the dead fraction of microorganisms and the microbiome was altered to a lesser extent by antibiotics compared with feces and ileum. The core microbiome of lymph nodes was constituted mainly of Proteobacteria. RNA-sequencing of a single lymph node sample unveiled transcripts responsible for amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as protein turnover, DNA replication and signal transduction. The study presented here is the first comparative study of microbial communities in feces, ileum, and its associated ileocecal lymph nodes. In each analyzed site, we identified specific phylotypes susceptible to antibiotic treatment that can have profound impacts on the host physiological and immunological state, or even on global biogeochemical cycles. Our results indicate that pathogenic bacteria, e.g., enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, could escape antibiotic treatment by translocating to lymph nodes. In general ileocecal lymph nodes harbor a more diverse and active community of microorganisms than previously assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Zwirzitz
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Beate Pinior
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Metzler-Zebeli
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Handler
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kristina Gense
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Dzieciol
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie U Wetzels
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | | | - Evelyne Mann
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Mazzoni C, Jacobsen RD, Mortensen J, Jørgensen JR, Vaut L, Jacobsen J, Gundlach C, Müllertz A, Nielsen LH, Boisen A. Polymeric Lids for Microcontainers for Oral Protein Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900004. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Mazzoni
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Rasmus Due Jacobsen
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Jacob Mortensen
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Jacob Rune Jørgensen
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken, 2 Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
| | - Lukas Vaut
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Jette Jacobsen
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken, 2 Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
| | - Carsten Gundlach
- Department of PhysicsTechnical University of Denmark Fysikvej 307 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken, 2 Copenhagen 2100 Denmark
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 345C Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Edwinson AL, Grover M. Measurement of novel intestinal secretory and barrier pathways and effects of proteases. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13547. [PMID: 30843358 PMCID: PMC6407641 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in conjunction with the enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in mediating solute absorption and secretion. A dysregulated ionic movement across the epithelium can result in GI diseases that manifest as either watery diarrhea or constipation. Hirschsprung disease is an example of an ENS disorder characterized by absence of enteric ganglia in distal gut resulting in obstructive phenotype. Receptor rearranged during transfection (RET) gene variants are the most commonly recognized genetic associations with Hirschsprung disease. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Russell et al demonstrate that RET mediates colonic ion transport through modulation of cholinergic nerves. They go on to show inhibition of RET can attenuate accelerated transit in a rat model. Normalizing secretory and absorptive defects has been an attractive therapeutic strategy. In addition to the intrinsic regulation of secretory processes, luminal mediators like bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and proteases can affect both secretion and barrier function of the intestinal epithelium. Elevated levels of proteases have been identified in a wide range of GI diseases including irritable bowel syndrome. Proteases are known to cause visceral hypersensitivity and barrier disruption in vitro and in animal models. The goals of this review are to describe fundamental concepts related to intestinal epithelial secretion, the utility of Ussing chambers to measure ionic mechanisms and to discuss examples of novel signaling pathways; namely the RET signaling cascade in secretomotor neurons and effects of luminal proteases on barrier and ionic secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Edwinson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Correspondence: Madhusudan Grover, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Physiology, Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: 507-284-2478, Fax: 507-266-0350,
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Sun Y, Reid B, Ferreira F, Luxardi G, Ma L, Lokken KL, Zhu K, Xu G, Sun Y, Ryzhuk V, Guo BP, Lebrilla CB, Maverakis E, Mogilner A, Zhao M. Infection-generated electric field in gut epithelium drives bidirectional migration of macrophages. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000044. [PMID: 30964858 PMCID: PMC6456179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens hijack macrophages to egress from the port of entry to the lymphatic drainage and/or bloodstream, causing dissemination of life-threatening infections. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we report that Salmonella infection generates directional electric fields (EFs) in the follicle-associated epithelium of mouse cecum. In vitro application of an EF, mimicking the infection-generated electric field (IGEF), induces directional migration of primary mouse macrophages to the anode, which is reversed to the cathode upon Salmonella infection. This infection-dependent directional switch is independent of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) type III secretion system. The switch is accompanied by a reduction of sialic acids on glycosylated surface components during phagocytosis of bacteria, which is absent in macrophages challenged by microspheres. Moreover, enzymatic cleavage of terminally exposed sialic acids reduces macrophage surface negativity and severely impairs directional migration of macrophages in response to an EF. Based on these findings, we propose that macrophages are attracted to the site of infection by a combination of chemotaxis and galvanotaxis; after phagocytosis of bacteria, surface electrical properties of the macrophage change, and galvanotaxis directs the cells away from the site of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Sun
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian Reid
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Guillaume Luxardi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Skin and Cosmetic Research Department, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kristen L. Lokken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yuxin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Volodymyr Ryzhuk
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Betty P. Guo
- Office of Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Enns CB, Harding JCS, Loewen ME. Decreased electrogenic anionic secretory response in the porcine colon following in vivo challenge with Brachyspira spp. supports an altered mucin environment. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G495-G508. [PMID: 30629469 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00348.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brachyspira spp. cause diarrheal disease in multiple animal species by colonization of the colon, resulting in colitis, mucus induction, and disrupted ion transport. Unique to spirochete pathogenesis is the immense production of mucus, resulting in a niche mucin environment likely favoring spirochete colonization. Mucin rheological properties are heavily influenced by anionic secretion, and loss of secretory function has been implicated in diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Here, the effects on the agonist-induced electrogenic anionic secretory response by infectious colonic spirochete bacteria Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira hampsonii were assessed in the proximal, apex, and distal sections of colon in Ussing chambers. Activation of secretion via isoproterenol, carbachol, and forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine demonstrated a significantly decreased change in short-circuit current ( Isc) in Brachyspira-infected pigs in all sections. Tissue resistances did not account for this difference, rather, it was attributed to a decrease in anionic secretion as indicated by a decrease in bumetanide inhibitable Isc. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analyses determined that the major anionic channels of the epithelium were downregulated in diarrheic pigs paired with altered mucin gene expression. The investigated cytokines were not responsible for the downregulation of anion channel gene transcripts. Although IL-1α was upregulated in all segments, it did not alter cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mRNA expression in Caco-2 monolayers. However, a whole cell Brachyspira hampsonii lysate significantly reduced CFTR mRNA expression in Caco-2 monolayers. Together, these findings indicate that these two Brachyspira spp. may directly cause a decreased anionic secretory response in the porcine colon, supporting an altered mucin environment likely favoring spirochete colonization. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research demonstrates for the first time that the niche mucin environment produced by two infectious spirochete spp. is supported by a decrease in the electrogenic anionic secretory response throughout the porcine colon. Our findings suggest that the host's cytokine response is not likely responsible for the decrease in anionic secretory function. Rather, it appears that Brachyspira spp. directly impede ion channel transcription and translation, potentially altering colonic mucin rheological properties, which may favor spirochete colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cole B Enns
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
Drug Transport across Porcine Intestine Using an Ussing Chamber System: Regional Differences and the Effect of P-Glycoprotein and CYP3A4 Activity on Drug Absorption. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030139. [PMID: 30901927 PMCID: PMC6471532 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug absorption across viable porcine intestines was investigated using an Ussing chamber system. The apparent permeability coefficients, Papp,pig, were compared to the permeability coefficients determined in humans in vivo, Peff,human. Eleven drugs from the different Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) categories absorbed by passive diffusion with published Peff,human values were used to test the system. The initial experiments measured Papp,pig for each drug after application in a Krebs–Bicarbonate Ringer (KBR) buffer and in biorelevant media FaSSIF V2 and FeSSIF V2, mimicking fasted and fed states. Strong sigmoidal correlations were observed between Peff,human and Papp,pig. Differences in the segmental Papp,pig of antipyrine, cimetidine and metoprolol confirmed the discrimination between drug uptake in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum (and colon); the results were in good agreement with human data in vivo. The presence of the P-gp inhibitor verapamil significantly increased Papp,pig across the ileum of the P-gp substrates cimetidine and ranitidine (p < 0.05). Clotrimazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, significantly increased Papp,pig of the CYP3A4 substrates midazolam, verapamil and tamoxifen and significantly decreased the formation of their main metabolites. In conclusion, the results showed that this is a robust technique to predict passive drug permeability under fasted and fed states, to identify regional differences in drug permeability and to demonstrate the activity of P-gp and CYP3A4.
Collapse
|
138
|
Wang X, Zhang M, Flores SRL, Woloshun RR, Yang C, Yin L, Xiang P, Xu X, Garrick MD, Vidyasagar S, Merlin D, Collins JF. Oral Gavage of Ginger Nanoparticle-Derived Lipid Vectors Carrying Dmt1 siRNA Blunts Iron Loading in Murine Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Mol Ther 2019; 27:493-506. [PMID: 30713087 PMCID: PMC6401192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have been utilized to deliver drugs to the intestinal epithelium in vivo. Moreover, NPs derived from edible plants are less toxic than synthetic NPs. Here, we utilized ginger NP-derived lipid vectors (GDLVs) in a proof-of-concept investigation to test the hypothesis that inhibiting expression of divalent metal-ion transporter 1 (Dmt1) would attenuate iron loading in a mouse model of hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). Initial experiments using duodenal epithelial organ cultures from intestine-specific Dmt1 knockout (KO) (Dmt1int/int) mice in the Ussing chamber established that Dmt1 is the only active iron importer during iron-deficiency anemia. Further, when Dmt1int/int mice were crossed with mice lacking the iron-regulatory hormone, hepcidin (Hepc-/-), iron loading was abolished. Hence, intestinal Dmt1 is required for the excessive iron absorption that typifies HH. Additional experiments established a protocol to produce GDLVs carrying functional Dmt1 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and to target these gene delivery vehicles to the duodenal epithelium in vivo (by incorporating folic acid [FA]). When FA-GDLVs carrying Dmt1 siRNA were administered to weanling Hepc-/- mice for 16 days, intestinal Dmt1 mRNA expression was attenuated and tissue iron accumulation was blunted. Oral delivery of functional siRNAs by FA-GDLVs is a suitable therapeutic approach to mitigate iron loading in murine HH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shireen R L Flores
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Regina R Woloshun
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liangjie Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ping Xiang
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; State Key Lab of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael D Garrick
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Didier Merlin
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - James F Collins
- Food Science & Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Subramaniam M, Weber LP, Loewen ME. Intestinal electrogenic sodium-dependent glucose absorption in tilapia and trout reveal species differences in SLC5A-associated kinetic segmental segregation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R222-R234. [PMID: 30601703 PMCID: PMC6459381 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrogenic sodium-dependent glucose transport along the length of the intestine was compared between the omnivorous Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) and the carnivorous rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Ussing chambers. In tilapia, a high-affinity, high-capacity kinetic system accounted for the transport throughout the proximal intestine, midintestine, and hindgut segments. Similar dapagliflozin and phloridzin dihydrate inhibition across all segments support this homogenous high-affinity, high-capacity system throughout the tilapia intestine. Genomic and gene expression analysis supported findings by identifying 10 of the known 12 SLC5A family members, with homogeneous expression throughout the segments with dominant expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1; SLC5A1) and sodium-myoinositol cotransporter 2 (SMIT2; SLC5A11). In contrast, trout's electrogenic sodium-dependent glucose absorption was 20-35 times lower and segregated into three significantly different kinetic systems found in different anatomical segments: a high-affinity, low-capacity system in the pyloric ceca; a super-high-affinity, low-capacity system in the midgut; and a low-affinity, low-capacity system in the hindgut. Genomic and gene expression analysis found 5 of the known 12 SLC5A family members with dominant expression of SGLT1 ( SLC5A1), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2; SLC5A2), and SMIT2 ( SLC5A11) in the pyloric ceca, and only SGLT1 ( SLC5A1) in the midgut, accounting for differences in kinetics between the two. The hindgut presented a low-affinity, low-capacity system partially attributed to a decrease in SGLT1 ( SLC5A1). Overall, the omnivorous tilapia had a higher electrogenic glucose absorption than the carnivorous trout, represented with different kinetic systems and a greater expression and number of SLC5A orthologs. Fish differ from mammals, having hindgut electrogenic glucose absorption and segment specific transport kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Subramaniam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Stephens CE, Whittamore JM, Hatch M. 125 Iodide as a surrogate tracer for epithelial chloride transport by the mouse large intestine in vitro. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:334-344. [PMID: 30615234 PMCID: PMC6397055 DOI: 10.1113/ep087445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The tracer 36 Cl- , currently used to measure transepithelial Cl- fluxes, has become prohibitively expensive, threatening its future use. 125 Iodide, previously validated alongside 36 Cl- as a tracer of Cl- efflux by cells, has not been tested as a surrogate for 36 Cl- across epithelia. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrate that 125 I- can serve as an inexpensive replacement for measuring Cl- transport across mouse large intestine, tracking Cl- transport in response to cAMP stimulation (inducing Cl- secretion) in the presence and absence of the main gastrointestinal Cl- -HCO3- exchanger, DRA. ABSTRACT Chloride transport is important for driving fluid secretion and absorption by the large intestine, with dysregulation resulting in diarrhoea-associated pathologies. The radioisotope 36 Cl- has long been used as a tracer to measure epithelial Cl- transport but is prohibitively expensive. 125 Iodide has been used as an alternative to 36 Cl- in some transport assays but has never been validated as an alternative for tracing bidirectional transepithelial Cl- fluxes. The goal of this study was to validate 125 I- as an alternative to 36 Cl- for measurement of Cl- transport by the intestine. Simultaneous fluxes of 36 Cl- and 125 I- were measured across the mouse caecum and distal colon. Net Cl- secretion was induced by the stimulation of cAMP with a cocktail of forskolin (FSK) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Unidirectional fluxes of 125 I- correlated well with 36 Cl- fluxes after cAMP-induced net Cl- secretion, occurring predominantly through a reduction in the absorptive mucosal-to-serosal Cl- flux rather than by stimulation of the secretory serosal-to-mucosal Cl- flux. Correlations between 125 I- fluxes and 36 Cl- fluxes were maintained in epithelia from mice lacking DRA (Slc26a3), the main Cl- -HCO3- exchanger responsible for Cl- absorption by the large intestine. Lower rates of Cl- and I- absorption in the DRA knockout intestine suggest that DRA might have a previously unrecognized role in iodide uptake. This study validates that 125 I- traces transepithelial Cl- fluxes across the mouse large intestine, provides insights into the mechanism of net Cl- secretion and suggests that DRA might be involved in intestinal iodide absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Stephens
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan M Whittamore
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marguerite Hatch
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Induction of sublingual immunotherapy to cow's milk (raw, pasteurized and sterilized) in Balb/c mice sensitized to beta-lactoglobulin. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
142
|
Feed Restriction Modifies Intestinal Microbiota-Host Mucosal Networking in Chickens Divergent in Residual Feed Intake. mSystems 2019; 4:mSystems00261-18. [PMID: 30701192 PMCID: PMC6351724 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00261-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of the FE-associated differences in feed intake on intestinal bacterial and host physiological parameters has so far not been clarified. Understanding the underlying principles is essential for the development of cost-effective strategies to improve FE in chicken production. Under conditions of quantitative feed restriction, low- and high-RFI chickens ate the same amount of feed. Therefore, this research helps in distinguishing intestinal bacterial taxa and functions that were highly reliant on feed intake from those that were associated with physiological adaptations to RFI-associated differences in host nutritional needs and intestinal nutrient availability. This work provides a background for further research to assess manipulation of the intestinal microbiota, host physiology, and FE in chickens by dietary intervention. Differences in chickens’ feed intake may be the underlying factor influencing feed-efficiency (FE)-associated variation in intestinal microbiota and physiology. In chickens eating the same amount of feed, quantitative feed restriction may create similar intestinal conditions and help clarify this cause-and-effect relationship. This study investigated the effect of ad libitum versus restrictive feeding (85% of ad libitum) on ileal and cecal microbiota, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, visceral organ size, intestinal morphology, permeability, and expression of genes related to nutrient uptake, barrier function, and innate immune response in broiler chickens with divergent residual feed intake (RFI; metric for FE). On day 30 posthatch, 28 low-RFI (good FE) and 29 high-RFI (poor FE) chickens across both feeding-level groups (n = 112) were selected. Supervised multigroup data integration and relevance network analyses showed that especially Lactobacillus (negative) in ileal digesta, Turicibacter (positive) in cecal digesta, and Enterobacteriaceae (positive) in both intestinal segments depended on chicken’s feed intake, whereas the level of Anaerotruncus in cecal digesta was most discriminative for high RFI. Moreover, shallower crypts and fewer goblet cells in ceca indicated host-related energy-saving mechanisms with low RFI, whereas greater tissue resistance suggested a stronger jejunal barrier function in low-RFI chickens. Values corresponding to feed intake level × RFI interactions indicated larger pancreas and lower levels of ileal and cecal short-chain fatty acids in restrictively fed high-RFI chickens than in the other 3 groups, suggesting host physiological adaptations to support greater energy and nutrient needs of high-RFI chickens compensating for the restricted feeding. IMPORTANCE The impact of the FE-associated differences in feed intake on intestinal bacterial and host physiological parameters has so far not been clarified. Understanding the underlying principles is essential for the development of cost-effective strategies to improve FE in chicken production. Under conditions of quantitative feed restriction, low- and high-RFI chickens ate the same amount of feed. Therefore, this research helps in distinguishing intestinal bacterial taxa and functions that were highly reliant on feed intake from those that were associated with physiological adaptations to RFI-associated differences in host nutritional needs and intestinal nutrient availability. This work provides a background for further research to assess manipulation of the intestinal microbiota, host physiology, and FE in chickens by dietary intervention.
Collapse
|
143
|
Effects of dietary leucine and phenylalanine on gastrointestinal development and small intestinal enzyme activities in milk-fed holstein dairy calves. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181733. [PMID: 30563927 PMCID: PMC6350069 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of leucine and phenylalanine on the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the intestinal digestive enzyme activity in male Holstein dairy calves. Twenty calves with a body weight of 38 ± 3 kg at 1 day of age were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a leucine group (1.435 g·l−1), a phenylalanine group (0.725 g·l−1), and a mixed amino acid group (1.435 g·l−1 leucine plus 0.725 g·l−1 phenylalanine). The supplementation of leucine decreased the short-circuit current (Isc) of the rumen and duodenum (P<0.01); phenylalanine did not show any influence on the Isc of rumen and duodenum (P>0.05), and also counteracted the Isc reduction caused by leucine. Leucine increased the trypsin activity at the 20% relative site of the small intestine (P<0.05). There was no difference in the activity of α-amylase and of lactase in the small intestinal chyme among four treatments (P>0.05). The trypsin activity in the anterior segment of the small intestine was higher than other segments, whereas the α-amylase activity in the posterior segment of the small intestine was higher than other segments. Leucine can reduce Isc of the rumen and duodenum, improve the development of the gastrointestinal tract, and enhance trypsin activity; phenylalanine could inhibit the effect of leucine in promoting intestinal development.
Collapse
|
144
|
González-González M, Díaz-Zepeda C, Eyzaguirre-Velásquez J, González-Arancibia C, Bravo JA, Julio-Pieper M. Investigating Gut Permeability in Animal Models of Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1962. [PMID: 30697168 PMCID: PMC6341294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of investigations report the association between gut permeability and intestinal or extra-intestinal disorders under the basis that translocation of gut luminal contents could affect tissue function, either directly or indirectly. Still, in many cases it is unknown whether disruption of the gut barrier is a causative agent or a consequence of these conditions. Adequate experimental models are therefore required to further understand the pathophysiology of health disorders associated to gut barrier disruption and to develop and test pharmacological treatments. Here, we review the current animal models that display enhanced intestinal permeability, and discuss (1) their suitability to address mechanistic questions, such as the association between gut barrier alterations and disease and (2) their validity to test potential treatments for pathologies that are characterized by enhanced intestinal permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianela González-González
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camilo Díaz-Zepeda
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Johana Eyzaguirre-Velásquez
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila González-Arancibia
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Javier A Bravo
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcela Julio-Pieper
- Grupo de NeuroGastroBioquímica, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Intestinal permeability enhancement of benzopyran HP1-loaded nanoemulsions. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 127:115-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
146
|
Gunasekara DB, Speer J, Wang Y, Nguyen DL, Reed MI, Smiddy NM, Parker JS, Fallon JK, Smith PC, Sims CE, Magness ST, Allbritton NL. A Monolayer of Primary Colonic Epithelium Generated on a Scaffold with a Gradient of Stiffness for Drug Transport Studies. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13331-13340. [PMID: 30350627 PMCID: PMC6339567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are frequently used for in vitro physiologic and drug transport studies of the colon, but there exists significant pressure to improve assay throughput as well as to achieve tighter control of experimental variables than can be achieved with animals. Thus, development of a primary in vitro colonic epithelium cultured as high resistance with transport protein expression and functional behavior similar to that of a native colonic would be of enormous value for pharmaceutical research. A collagen scaffold, in which the degree of collagen cross-linking was present as a gradient, was developed to support the proliferation of primary colonic cells. The gradient of cross-linking created a gradient in stiffness across the scaffold, enabling the scaffold to resist deformation by cells. mRNA expression and quantitative proteomic mass spectrometry of cells growing on these surfaces as a monolayer suggested that the transporters present were similar to those in vivo. Confluent monolayers acted as a barrier to small molecules so that drug transport studies were readily performed. Transport function was evaluated using atenolol (a substrate for passive paracellular transport), propranolol (a substrate for passive transcellular transport), rhodamine 123 (Rh123, a substrate for P-glycoprotein), and riboflavin (a substrate for solute carrier transporters). Atenolol was poorly transported with an apparent permeability ( Papp) of <5 × 10-7 cm s-1, while propranolol demonstrated a Papp of 9.69 × 10-6 cm s-1. Rh123 was transported in a luminal direction ( Papp,efflux/ Papp,influx = 7) and was blocked by verapamil, a known inhibitor of P-glycoprotein. Riboflavin was transported in a basal direction, and saturation of the transporter was observed at high riboflavin concentrations as occurs in vivo. It is anticipated that this platform of primary colonic epithelium will find utility in drug development and physiological studies, since the tissue possesses high integrity and active transporters and metabolism similar to that in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dulan B. Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jennifer Speer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel L. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark I. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole M. Smiddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joel S. Parker
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - John K. Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Philip C. Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Christopher E. Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Jaworska K, Huc T, Gawrys M, Onyszkiewicz M, Samborowska E, Ufnal M. An In Vivo Method for Evaluating the Gut-Blood Barrier and Liver Metabolism of Microbiota Products. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30394384 DOI: 10.3791/58456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-blood barrier (GBB) controls the passage of nutrients, bacterial metabolites and drugs from intestinal lumen to the bloodstream. The GBB integrity is disturbed in gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, which may result in easier access of biologically active compounds, such as gut bacterial metabolites, to the bloodstream. Thus, the permeability of the GBB may be a marker of both intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Furthermore, the increased penetration of bacterial metabolites may affect the functioning of the entire organism. Commonly used methods for studying the GBB permeability are performed ex vivo. The accuracy of those methods is limited, because the functioning of the GBB depends on intestinal blood flow. On the other hand, commonly used in vivo methods may be biased by liver and kidney performance, as those methods are based on evaluation of urine or/and peripheral blood concentrations of exogenous markers. Here, we present a direct measurement of GBB permeability in rats using an in vivo method based on portal blood sampling, which preserves intestinal blood flow and is virtually not affected by the liver and kidney function. Polyurethane catheters are inserted into the portal vein and inferior vena cava just above the hepatic veins confluence. Blood is sampled at baseline and after administration of a selected marker into a desired part of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we present several applications of the method including (1) evaluation of the colon permeability to TMA, a gut bacterial metabolite, (2) evaluation of liver clearance of TMA, and (3) evaluation of a gut-portal blood-liver-peripheral blood pathway of gut bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, the protocol may also be used for tracking intestinal absorption and liver metabolism of drugs or for measurements of portal blood pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Jaworska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Tomasz Huc
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Marta Gawrys
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Maksymilian Onyszkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw
| | - Emilia Samborowska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences
| | - Marcin Ufnal
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw;
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
De Schepper S, Verheijden S, Aguilera-Lizarraga J, Viola MF, Boesmans W, Stakenborg N, Voytyuk I, Schmidt I, Boeckx B, Dierckx de Casterlé I, Baekelandt V, Gonzalez Dominguez E, Mack M, Depoortere I, De Strooper B, Sprangers B, Himmelreich U, Soenen S, Guilliams M, Vanden Berghe P, Jones E, Lambrechts D, Boeckxstaens G. Self-Maintaining Gut Macrophages Are Essential for Intestinal Homeostasis. Cell 2018; 175:400-415.e13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
149
|
Endothelial Protrusions in Junctional Integrity and Barrier Function. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 82:93-140. [PMID: 30360784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells of the microcirculation form a semi-permeable diffusion barrier between the blood and tissues. This permeability of the endothelium, particularly in the capillaries and postcapillary venules, is a normal physiological function needed for blood-tissue exchange in the microcirculation. During inflammation, microvascular permeability increases dramatically and can lead to tissue edema, which in turn can lead to dysfunction of tissues and organs. The molecular mechanisms that control the barrier function of endothelial cells have been under investigation for several decades and remain an important topic due to the potential for discovery of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce edema. This review highlights current knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to endothelial hyperpermeability during inflammatory conditions associated with injury and disease. This includes a discussion of recent findings demonstrating temporal protrusions by endothelial cells that may contribute to intercellular junction integrity between endothelial cells and affect the diffusion distance for solutes via the paracellular pathway.
Collapse
|
150
|
Gaffney-Stomberg E, Marszewski P, MacArthur M, McClung JP, Matheny RW. Paracellular calcium flux across Caco-2 cell monolayers: Effects of individual amino acids. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:114-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|