101
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Peppicelli S, Andreucci E, Ruzzolini J, Laurenzana A, Margheri F, Fibbi G, Del Rosso M, Bianchini F, Calorini L. The acidic microenvironment as a possible niche of dormant tumor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2761-2771. [PMID: 28331999 PMCID: PMC11107711 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although surgical excision, chemo-, and radio-therapy are clearly advanced, tumors may relapse due to cells of the so-called "minimal residual disease". Indeed, small clusters of tumor cells persist in host tissues after treatment of the primary tumor elaborating strategies to survive and escape from immunological attacks before their relapse: this variable period of remission is known as "cancer dormancy". Therefore, it is crucial to understand and consider the major concepts addressing dormancy, to identify new targets and disclose potential clinical strategies. Here, we have particularly focused the relationships between tumor microenvironment and cancer dormancy, looking at a re-appreciated aspect of this compartment that is the low extracellular pH. Accumulating evidences indicate that acidity of tumor microenvironment is associated with a poor prognosis of tumor-bearing patients, stimulates a chemo- and radio-therapy resistant phenotype, and suppresses the tumoricidal activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and all these aspects are useful for dormancy. Therefore, this review discusses the possibility that acidity of tumor microenvironment may provide a new, not previously suggested, adequate milieu for "dormancy" of tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acidosis/complications
- Acidosis/immunology
- Acidosis/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Proliferation
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/etiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm, Residual/complications
- Neoplasm, Residual/immunology
- Neoplasm, Residual/pathology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Prognosis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Peppicelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Andreucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jessica Ruzzolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario Del Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Lido Calorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy.
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102
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Wu Y, Gao B, Xiong QJ, Wang YC, Huang DK, Wu WN. Acid-sensing ion channels contribute to the effect of extracellular acidosis on proliferation and migration of A549 cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317705750. [PMID: 28618956 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels, a proton-gated cation channel, can be activated by low extracellular pH and involved in pathogenesis of some tumors such as glioma and breast cancer. However, the role of acid-sensing ion channels in the growth of lung cancer cell is unclear. In this study, we investigated the expression of acid-sensing ion channels in human lung cancer cell line A549 and their possible role in proliferation and migration of A549 cells. The results show that acid-sensing ion channel 1, acid-sensing ion channel 2, and acid-sensing ion channel 3 are expressed in A549 cells at the messenger RNA and protein levels, and acid-sensing ion channel-like currents were elicited by extracellular acid stimuli. Moreover, we found that acidic extracellular medium or overexpressing acid-sensing ion channel 1a promotes proliferation and migration of A549 cells. In addition psalmotoxin 1, a specific acid-sensing ion channel 1a inhibitor, or acid-sensing ion channel 1a knockdown can abolish the effect of acid stimuli on A549 cells. In addition, acid-sensing ion channels mediate increase of [Ca2+]i induced by low extracellular pH in A549 cells. All these results indicate that acid-sensing ion channel-calcium signal mediate lung cancer cell proliferation and migration induced by extracellular acidosis, and acid-sensing ion channels may serve as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Ju Xiong
- 2 Department of Pain Management, Wuhan Pu'ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Chan Wang
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Da-Ke Huang
- 3 Synthetic Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ning Wu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China.,4 Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
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103
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Gravenmier CA, Siddique M, Gatenby RA. Adaptation to Stochastic Temporal Variations in Intratumoral Blood Flow: The Warburg Effect as a Bet Hedging Strategy. Bull Math Biol 2017; 80:954-970. [PMID: 28508297 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
While most cancers promote ingrowth of host blood vessels, the resulting vascular network usually fails to develop a mature organization, resulting in abnormal vascular dynamics with stochastic variations that include slowing, cessation, and even reversal of flow. Thus, substantial spatial and temporal variations in oxygen concentration are commonly observed in most cancers. Cancer cells, like all living systems, are subject to Darwinian dynamics such that their survival and proliferation are dependent on developing optimal phenotypic adaptations to local environmental conditions. Here, we consider the environmental stresses placed on tumors subject to profound, frequent, but stochastic variations in oxygen concentration as a result of temporal variations in blood flow. While vascular fluctuations will undoubtedly affect local concentrations of a wide range of molecules including growth factors (e.g., estrogen), substrate (oxygen, glucose, etc.), and metabolites ([Formula: see text], we focus on the selection forces that result solely from stochastic fluctuations in oxygen concentration. The glucose metabolism of cancer cells has been investigated for decades following observations that malignant cells ferment glucose regardless of oxygen concentration, a condition termed the Warburg effect. In contrast, normal cells cease fermentation under aerobic conditions and this physiological response is termed the Pasteur effect. Fermentation is markedly inefficient compared to cellular respiration in terms of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, generating just 2 ATP/glucose, whereas respiration generates 38 ATP/glucose. This inefficiency requires cancer cells to increase glycolytic flux, which subsequently increases acid production and can significantly acidify local tissue. Hence, it initially appears that cancer cells adopt a disadvantageous metabolic phenotype. Indeed, this metabolic "hallmark" of cancer is termed "energy dysregulation." However, if cancers arise through an evolutionary optimization process, any common observed property must confer an adaptive advantage. In the present work, we investigate the hypothesis that aerobic glycolysis represents an adaptation to stochastic variations in oxygen concentration stemming from disordered intratumoral blood flow. Using mathematical models, we demonstrate that the Warburg effect evolves as a conservative metabolic bet hedging strategy in response to stochastic fluctuations of oxygen. Specifically, the Warburg effect sacrifices fitness in physoxia by diverting resources from the more efficient process of respiration, but preemptively adapts cells to hypoxia because fermentation produces ATP anaerobically. An environment with sufficiently stochastic fluctuations of oxygen will select for the bet hedging (Warburg) phenotype since it is modestly successful irrespective of oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Siddique
- University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL, 33618, USA.
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104
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Pedersen SF, Novak I, Alves F, Schwab A, Pardo LA. Alternating pH landscapes shape epithelial cancer initiation and progression: Focus on pancreatic cancer. Bioessays 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stine F. Pedersen
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Frauke Alves
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology; University Medical Center; Göttingen Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II; University of Münster; Münster Germany
| | - Luis A. Pardo
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
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105
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Dumas JF, Brisson L, Chevalier S, Mahéo K, Fromont G, Moussata D, Besson P, Roger S. Metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, consequences on pH and tumour progression: Integrated therapeutic perspectives with dietary lipids as adjuvant to anticancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:90-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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106
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Pautu V, Leonetti D, Lepeltier E, Clere N, Passirani C. Nanomedicine as a potent strategy in melanoma tumor microenvironment. Pharmacol Res 2017; 126:31-53. [PMID: 28223185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma originated from melanocytes is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Despite considerable progresses in clinical treatment with the discovery of BRAF or MEK inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies, the durability of response to treatment is often limited to the development of acquired resistance and systemic toxicity. The limited success of conventional treatment highlights the importance of understanding the role of melanoma tumor microenvironment in tumor developement and drug resistance. Nanoparticles represent a promising strategy for the development of new cancer treatments able to improve the bioavailability of drugs and increase their penetration by targeting specifically tumors cells and/or tumor environment. In this review, we will discuss the main influence of tumor microenvironment in melanoma growth and treatment outcome. Furthermore, third generation loaded nanotechnologies represent an exciting tool for detection, treatment, and escape from possible mechanism of resistance mediated by tumor microenvironment, and will be highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pautu
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Bretagne Loire, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | | | - Elise Lepeltier
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Bretagne Loire, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Nicolas Clere
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Bretagne Loire, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France
| | - Catherine Passirani
- MINT, UNIV Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Université Bretagne Loire, IBS-CHU, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France.
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107
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Kolosenko I, Avnet S, Baldini N, Viklund J, De Milito A. Therapeutic implications of tumor interstitial acidification. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:119-133. [PMID: 28188829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial acidification is a hallmark of solid tumor tissues resulting from the combination of different factors, including cellular buffering systems, defective tissue perfusion and high rates of cellular metabolism. Besides contributing to tumor pathogenesis and promoting tumor progression, tumor acidosis constitutes an important intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism modulating therapy sensitivity and drug resistance. In fact, pharmacological properties of anticancer drugs can be affected not only by tissue structure and organization but also by the distribution of the interstitial tumor pH. The acidic tumor environment is believed to create a chemical barrier that limits the effects and activity of many anticancer drugs. In this review article we will discuss the general protumorigenic effects of acidosis, the role of tumor acidosis in the modulation of therapeutic efficacy and potential strategies to overcome pH-dependent therapy-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Angelo De Milito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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108
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Dong L, Krewson EA, Yang LV. Acidosis Activates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways through GPR4 in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020278. [PMID: 28134810 PMCID: PMC5343814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidosis commonly exists in the tissue microenvironment of various pathophysiological conditions such as tumors, inflammation, ischemia, metabolic disease, and respiratory disease. For instance, the tumor microenvironment is characterized by acidosis and hypoxia due to tumor heterogeneity, aerobic glycolysis (the "Warburg effect"), and the defective vasculature that cannot efficiently deliver oxygen and nutrients or remove metabolic acid byproduct. How the acidic microenvironment affects the function of blood vessels, however, is not well defined. GPR4 (G protein-coupled receptor 4) is a member of the proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors and it has high expression in endothelial cells (ECs). We have previously reported that acidosis induces a broad inflammatory response in ECs. Acidosis also increases the expression of several endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response genes such as CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein) and ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3). In the current study, we have examined acidosis/GPR4- induced ER stress pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and other types of ECs. All three arms of the ER stress/unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways were activated by acidosis in ECs as an increased expression of phosphorylated eIF2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α), phosphorylated IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α), and cleaved ATF6 upon acidic pH treatment was observed. The expression of other downstream mediators of the UPR, such as ATF4, ATF3, and spliced XBP-1 (X box-binding protein 1), was also induced by acidosis. Through genetic and pharmacological approaches to modulate the expression level or activity of GPR4 in HUVEC, we found that GPR4 plays an important role in mediating the ER stress response induced by acidosis. As ER stress/UPR can cause inflammation and cell apoptosis, acidosis/GPR4-induced ER stress pathways in ECs may regulate vascular growth and inflammatory response in the acidic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Dong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;.
| | - Elizabeth A Krewson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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109
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Simmons A, Burrage PM, Nicolau DV, Lakhani SR, Burrage K. Environmental factors in breast cancer invasion: a mathematical modelling review. Pathology 2017; 49:172-180. [PMID: 28081961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a brief overview of breast cancer, focussing on its heterogeneity and the role of mathematical modelling and simulation in teasing apart the underlying biophysical processes. Following a brief overview of the main known pathophysiological features of ductal carcinoma, attention is paid to differential equation-based models (both deterministic and stochastic), agent-based modelling, multi-scale modelling, lattice-based models and image-driven modelling. A number of vignettes are presented where these modelling approaches have elucidated novel aspects of breast cancer dynamics, and we conclude by offering some perspectives on the role mathematical modelling can play in understanding breast cancer development, invasion and treatment therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Simmons
- School of Mathematical Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Pamela M Burrage
- School of Mathematical Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Dan V Nicolau
- School of Mathematical Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Molecular Sense Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sunil R Lakhani
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Clinical Research and School of Medicine and Pathology Queensland, The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kevin Burrage
- School of Mathematical Sciences, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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110
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Zhao M, Liu Q, Gong Y, Xu X, Zhang C, Liu X, Zhang C, Guo H, Zhang X, Gong Y, Shao C. GSH-dependent antioxidant defense contributes to the acclimation of colon cancer cells to acidic microenvironment. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:1125-33. [PMID: 26950675 PMCID: PMC4889284 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1158374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increased glycolysis and poor local perfusion, solid tumors are usually immersed in an acidic microenvironment. While extracellular acidosis is cytotoxic, cancer cells eventually become acclimated to it. While previous studies have addressed the acute effect of acidosis on cancer cells, little is known about how cancer cells survive chronic acidosis. In this study we exposed colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HCT15, HCT116 and LoVo) to acidic pH (pH 6.5) continuously for over three months and obtained CRC cells that become acclimated to acidic pH, designated as CRC-acidosis-acclimated or CRC-AA. We unexpectedly found that while acute exposure to low pH resulted in an increase in the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), CRC-AA cells exhibited a significantly reduced level of ROS when compared to ancestor cells. CRC-AA cells were found to maintain a higher level of reduced glutathione, via the upregulation of CD44 and glutathione reductase (GSR), among others, than their ancestor cells. Importantly, CRC-AA cells were more sensitive to agents that deplete GSH. Moreover, downregulation of GSR by RNA interference was more deleterious to CRC-AA cells than to control cells. Together, our results demonstrate a critical role of glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense in acclimation of CRC cells to acidic extracellular pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnan Zhao
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Qiao Liu
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Yanchao Gong
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Xiuhua Xu
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Chen Zhang
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Caibo Zhang
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Haiyang Guo
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China
| | - Changshun Shao
- a Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine , Jinan , China.,b Department of Genetics/Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey , Rutgers University , Piscataway , NJ , USA
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111
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Stock C, Pedersen SF. Roles of pH and the Na +/H + exchanger NHE1 in cancer: From cell biology and animal models to an emerging translational perspective? Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 43:5-16. [PMID: 28007556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acidosis is characteristic of the solid tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells, because they are highly proliferative and anabolic, have greatly elevated metabolic acid production. To sustain a normal cytosolic pH homeostasis they therefore need to either extrude excess protons or to neutralize them by importing HCO3-, in both cases causing extracellular acidification in the poorly perfused tissue microenvironment. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) is a ubiquitously expressed acid-extruding membrane transport protein, and upregulation of its expression and/or activity is commonly correlated with tumor malignancy. The present review discusses current evidence on how altered pH homeostasis, and in particular NHE1, contributes to tumor cell motility, invasion, proliferation, and growth and facilitates evasion of chemotherapeutic cell death. We summarize data from in vitro studies, 2D-, 3D- and organotypic cell culture, animal models and human tissue, which collectively point to pH-regulation in general, and NHE1 in particular, as potential targets in combination chemotherapy. Finally, we discuss the possible pitfalls, side effects and cellular escape mechanisms that need to be considered in the process of translating the plethora of basic research data into a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stine Falsig Pedersen
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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112
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Martin JD, Fukumura D, Duda DG, Boucher Y, Jain RK. Reengineering the Tumor Microenvironment to Alleviate Hypoxia and Overcome Cancer Heterogeneity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:a027094. [PMID: 27663981 PMCID: PMC5131751 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors consist of cancer cells and stromal cells, including resident and transiting immune cells-all ensconced in an extracellular matrix (ECM)-nourished by blood vessels and drained by lymphatic vessels. The microenvironment constituents are abnormal and heterogeneous in morphology, phenotype, and physiology. Such irregularities include an inefficient tumor vascular network comprised of leaky and compressed vessels, which impair blood flow and oxygen delivery. Low oxygenation in certain tumor regions-or focal hypoxia-is a mediator of cancer progression, metastasis, immunosuppression, and treatment resistance. Thus, repairing an abnormal and heterogeneous microenvironment-and hypoxia in particular-can significantly improve treatments of solid tumors. Here, we summarize two strategies to reengineer the tumor microenvironment (TME)-vessel normalization and decompression-that can alleviate hypoxia. In addition, we discuss how these two strategies alone and in combination with each other-or other therapeutic strategies-may overcome the challenges posed by cancer heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Martin
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Dan G Duda
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Yves Boucher
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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113
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The Role of Autophagy in the Maintenance of Stemness and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:621-633. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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114
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Damaghi M, Gillies R. Phenotypic changes of acid-adapted cancer cells push them toward aggressiveness in their evolution in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Cycle 2016; 16:1739-1743. [PMID: 27635863 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1231284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inter- and intra-tumoral metabolic phenotypes of tumors are heterogeneous, and this is related to microenvironments that select for increased glycolysis. Increased glycolysis leads to decreased pH, and these local microenvironment effects lead to further selection. Hence, heterogeneity of phenotypes is an indirect consequence of altering microenvironments during carcinogenesis. In early stages of growth, tumors are stratified, with the most aggressive cells developing within the acidic interior of the tumor. However, these cells eventually find themselves at the tumor edge, where they invade into the normal tissue via acid-mediated invasion. We believe acid adaptation during the evolution of cancer cells in their niche is a Rubicon that, once crossed, allows cells to invade into and outcompete normal stromal tissue. In this study, we illustrate some acid-induced phenotypic changes due to acidosis resulting in more aggressiveness and invasiveness of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Damaghi
- a Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Robert Gillies
- a Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa , FL , USA
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Bohloli M, Atashi A, Soleimani M, Kaviani S, Anbarlou A. Investigating Effects of Acidic pH on Proliferation, Invasion and Drug-Induced Apoptosis in Lymphoblastic Leukemia. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2016; 9:119-126. [PMID: 27457339 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-016-0187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have shown that extracellular pH in tumors, which results in tumor progression, is less than that in normal tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extracellular acidic pH on proliferation, invasion, and drug-induced apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic cells. The cells were cultured in different pH (pH 6.6 and pH 7.4) for 12 days. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and cell invasion was assayed by invasion assay and gene expression analysis of MMP-9. Drug-induced apoptosis was evaluated after exposure to doxorubicin for 24 hours by annexin V/PI staining and gene expression analysis of BAX pro-apoptotic protein. The results indicated the enhanced growth and invasion of leukemic cells at pH 6.6 (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the cells at pH 6.6 were resistant to apoptosis by doxorubicin (P ≤ 0.05). It can be concluded that acidic pH increases the proliferation, invasion and reduces the drug-induced apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Extracellular acidity can influence the behavior of leukemic cells and therefore, the manipulation of extracellular liquid can be selected as a therapeutic strategy for leukemia, especially for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Bohloli
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Kaviani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Anbarlou
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Ippolito JE, Brandenburg MW, Ge X, Crowley JR, Kirmess KM, Som A, D’Avignon DA, Arbeit JM, Achilefu S, Yarasheski KE, Milbrandt J. Extracellular pH Modulates Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Cell Metabolism and Susceptibility to the Mitochondrial Inhibitor Niclosamide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159675. [PMID: 27438712 PMCID: PMC4954648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer is a lethal variant of prostate cancer that is associated with castrate-resistant growth, metastasis, and mortality. The tumor environment of neuroendocrine prostate cancer is heterogeneous and characterized by hypoxia, necrosis, and numerous mitoses. Although acidic extracellular pH has been implicated in aggressive cancer features including metastasis and therapeutic resistance, its role in neuroendocrine prostate cancer physiology and metabolism has not yet been explored. We used the well-characterized PNEC cell line as a model to establish the effects of extracellular pH (pH 6.5, 7.4, and 8.5) on neuroendocrine prostate cancer cell metabolism. We discovered that alkalinization of extracellular pH converted cellular metabolism to a nutrient consumption-dependent state that was susceptible to glucose deprivation, glutamine deprivation, and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) mediated inhibition of glycolysis. Conversely, acidic pH shifted cellular metabolism toward an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-dependent state that was susceptible to OXPHOS inhibition. Based upon this mechanistic knowledge of pH-dependent metabolism, we identified that the FDA-approved anti-helminthic niclosamide depolarized mitochondrial potential and depleted ATP levels in PNEC cells whose effects were enhanced in acidic pH. To further establish relevance of these findings, we tested the effects of extracellular pH on susceptibility to nutrient deprivation and OXPHOS inhibition in a cohort of castrate-resistant prostate cancer cell lines C4-2B, PC-3, and PC-3M. We discovered similar pH-dependent toxicity profiles among all cell lines with these treatments. These findings underscore a potential importance to acidic extracellular pH in the modulation of cell metabolism in tumors and development of an emerging paradigm that exploits the synergy of environment and therapeutic efficacy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Ippolito
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew W. Brandenburg
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xia Ge
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jan R. Crowley
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Resource, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristopher M. Kirmess
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Resource, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Avik Som
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - D. Andre D’Avignon
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Arbeit
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Samuel Achilefu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Yarasheski
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Resource, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Böhme I, Bosserhoff AK. Acidic tumor microenvironment in human melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:508-23. [PMID: 27233233 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One characteristic of solid tumors such as malignant melanoma is the acidification of the tumor microenvironment. The deregulation of cancer cell metabolism is considered a main cause of extracellular acidosis. Here, cancer cells utilize aerobic glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation even under normoxic conditions, as originally described by Otto Warburg. These metabolic alterations cause enhanced acid production, especially of lactate and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The extensive production of acidic metabolites and the enhanced acid export to the extracellular space cause a consistent acidification of the tumor microenvironment, thus promoting the formation of an acid-resistant tumor cell population with increased invasive and metastatic potential. As melanoma is one of the deadliest and most metastatic forms of cancer, understanding the effects of this extracellular acidosis on human melanoma cells with distinct metastatic properties is important. The aim of this review was to summarize recent studies of the acidification of the tumor microenvironment, focusing on the specific effects of the acidic milieu on melanoma cells and to give a short overview of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Böhme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Centrum, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Anja Katrin Bosserhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Centrum, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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119
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Li YI, Libby EF, Lewis MJ, Liu J, Shacka JJ, Hurst DR. Increased autophagic response in a population of metastatic breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:523-529. [PMID: 27347175 PMCID: PMC4906619 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells are heterogeneous in their ability to invade and fully metastasize, and thus also in their capacity to survive the numerous stresses encountered throughout the multiple steps of the metastatic cascade. Considering the role of autophagy as a survival response to stress, the present study hypothesized that distinct populations of breast cancer cells may possess an altered autophagic capacity that influences their metastatic potential. It was observed that a metastatic breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, that was sensitive to autophagic induction additionally possessed the ability to proliferate following nutrient deprivation. Furthermore, a selected subpopulation of these cells that survived multiple exposures to starvation conditions demonstrated a heightened response to autophagic induction compared to their parent cells. Although this subpopulation maintained a more grape-like pattern in three-dimensional culture compared to the extended spikes of the parent population, autophagic induction in this subpopulation elicited an invasive phenotype with extended spikes. Taken together, these results suggest that autophagic induction may contribute to the ability of distinct breast cancer cell populations to survive and invade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Emily Falk Libby
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
| | - Monica J Lewis
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
| | - John J Shacka
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
| | - Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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Targeting autophagy in antitumor agent design: furthering the 'lysosomal love' strategy. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:727-9. [PMID: 27149429 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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121
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Damaghi M, Gillies RJ. Lysosomal protein relocation as an adaptation mechanism to extracellular acidosis. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1659-60. [PMID: 27097301 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1176394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Damaghi
- a Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism , Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Robert J Gillies
- a Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism , Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa , FL , USA
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122
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Therapy-induced microenvironmental changes in cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:497-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1401-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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123
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Samanta S, Bogdanowicz DR, Lu HH, Koberstein JT. Polyacetals: Water-Soluble, pH-Degradable Polymers with Extraordinary Temperature Response. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Samanta
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Danielle R. Bogdanowicz
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Helen H. Lu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Koberstein
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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124
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Chronic acidosis in the tumour microenvironment selects for overexpression of LAMP2 in the plasma membrane. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8752. [PMID: 26658462 PMCID: PMC4682176 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early cancers are avascular and hence, profoundly acidic. Pre-malignant cells must adapt to acidosis to thrive in this hostile microenvironment. Here, we investigate MCF-7 cells that are adapted to grow in acidic conditions using SILAC proteomics and we reveal a significant upregulation of lysosomal proteins. Prominent among these is LAMP2 that functions to protect lysosomal membranes from acid proteolysis. LAMP2 upregulation by acidosis is confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we show that the depletion of LAMP2 is sufficient to increase acidosis-mediated toxicity. In breast cancer patient samples, there is a high correlation of LAMP2 mRNA and protein expression with progression. We also observe that LAMP2 is located at the plasma membrane in clinical samples and this redistribution is acid-induced in vitro. Our findings suggest a potential adaptive mechanism, wherein cells chronically exposed to an acidic environment translocate lysosomal proteins to their surface, thus protecting the plasmalemma from acid-induced hydrolysis. The protein LAMP2 functions to protect lysosomal membranes from acid proteolysis. In this study, the authors show that malignant cells adapt to the acidic tumour microenvironment by redirecting LAMP2 from lysosomes to the plasma membrane.
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125
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Xie WY, Zhou XD, Li Q, Chen LX, Ran DH. Acid-induced autophagy protects human lung cancer cells from apoptosis by activating ER stress. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:270-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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126
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Kimbrough CW, Khanal A, Zeiderman M, Khanal BR, Burton NC, McMasters KM, Vickers SM, Grizzle WE, McNally LR. Targeting Acidity in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography Detects pH-Low Insertion Peptide Probes In Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4576-85. [PMID: 26124201 PMCID: PMC4609270 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND pH-low insertion peptides (pHLIP) can serve as a targeting moiety that enables pH-sensitive probes to detect solid tumors. Using these probes in conjunction with multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) is a promising approach to improve imaging for pancreatic cancer. METHODS A pH-sensitive pHLIP (V7) was conjugated to 750 NIR fluorescent dye and evaluated as a targeted probe for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The pH-insensitive K7 pHLIP served as an untargeted control. Probe binding was assessed in vitro at pH 7.4, 6.8, and 6.6 using human pancreatic cell lines S2VP10 and S2013. Using MSOT, semiquantitative probe accumulation was then assessed in vivo with a murine orthotopic pancreatic adenocarcinoma model. RESULTS In vitro, the V7-750 probe demonstrated significantly higher fluorescence at pH 6.6 compared with pH 7.4 (S2VP10, P = 0.0119; S2013, P = 0.0160), whereas no difference was observed with the K7-750 control (S2VP10, P = 0.8783; S2013, P = 0.921). In the in vivo S2VP10 model, V7-750 probe resulted in 782.5 MSOT a.u. signal compared with 5.3 MSOT a.u. in K7-750 control in tumor (P = 0.0001). Similarly, V7-750 probe signal was 578.3 MSOT a.u. in the S2013 model compared with K7-750 signal at 5.1 MSOT a.u. (P = 0.0005). There was minimal off-target accumulation of the V7-750 probe within the liver or kidney, and probe distribution was confirmed with ex vivo imaging. CONCLUSIONS Compared with pH-insensitive controls, V7-750 pH-sensitive probe specifically targets pancreatic adenocarcinoma and has minimal off-target accumulation. The noninvasive detection of pH-targeted probes by means of MSOT represents a promising modality to improve the detection and monitoring of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Kimbrough
- The Hiram C. Polk Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Anil Khanal
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew Zeiderman
- The Hiram C. Polk Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Bigya R Khanal
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Kelly M McMasters
- The Hiram C. Polk Jr, MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | | | - Lacey R McNally
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
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Garbuzova-Davis S, Haller E, Williams SN, Haim ED, Tajiri N, Hernandez-Ontiveros DG, Frisina-Deyo A, Boffeli SM, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV. Compromised blood-brain barrier competence in remote brain areas in ischemic stroke rats at the chronic stage. J Comp Neurol 2015; 522:3120-37. [PMID: 24610730 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening disease leading to long-term disability in stroke survivors. Cerebral functional insufficiency in chronic stroke might be due to pathological changes in brain areas remote from the initial ischemic lesion, i.e., diaschisis. Previously, we showed that the damaged blood-brain barrier (BBB) was involved in subacute diaschisis. The present study investigated BBB competence in chronic diaschisis by using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model. Our results demonstrated significant BBB damage mostly in the ipsilateral striatum and motor cortex in rats at 30 days after tMCAO. The BBB alterations were also determined in the contralateral hemisphere via ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analyses. Major BBB pathological changes in contralateral remote striatum and motor cortex areas included 1) vacuolated endothelial cells containing large autophagosomes, 2) degenerated pericytes displaying mitochondria with cristae disruption, 3) degenerated astrocytes and perivascular edema, 4) Evans blue extravasation, and 5) appearance of parenchymal astrogliosis. Discrete analyses of striatal and motor cortex areas revealed significantly higher autophagosome accumulation in capillaries of ventral striatum and astrogliosis in dorsal striatum in both cerebral hemispheres. These widespread microvascular alterations in ipsilateral and contralateral brain hemispheres suggest persistent and/or continued BBB damage in chronic ischemia. The pathological changes in remote brain areas likely indicate chronic ischemic diaschisis, which should be considered in the development of treatment strategies for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612; Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, 33612
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Walsh M, Fais S, Spugnini EP, Harguindey S, Abu Izneid T, Scacco L, Williams P, Allegrucci C, Rauch C, Omran Z. Proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of cancer in companion animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:93. [PMID: 26337905 PMCID: PMC4559889 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cancer presents a clinical challenge both in human and veterinary medicine. Chemotherapy protocols require the use of toxic drugs that are not always specific, do not selectively target cancerous cells thus resulting in many side effects. A recent therapeutic approach takes advantage of the altered acidity of the tumour microenvironment by using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to block the hydrogen transport out of the cell. The alteration of the extracellular pH kills tumour cells, reverses drug resistance, and reduces cancer metastasis. Human clinical trials have prompted to consider this as a viable and safe option for the treatment of cancer in companion animals. Preliminary animal studies suggest that the same positive outcome could be achievable. The purpose of this review is to support investigations into the use of PPIs for cancer treatment cancer in companion animals by considering the evidence available in both human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Walsh
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Salvador Harguindey
- Institute for Clinical Biology and Metabolism, c) Postas 13, 01004, Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Tareq Abu Izneid
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyya, 21955, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Licia Scacco
- Equivet Roma Hospital, Equine Veterinary Clinic, Via di Torre di Sant'Anastasia 83, 00134, Rome, Italy
| | - Paula Williams
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Cyril Rauch
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Ziad Omran
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyya, 21955, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Simultaneous Hypoxia and Low Extracellular pH Suppress Overall Metabolic Rate and Protein Synthesis In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134955. [PMID: 26274822 PMCID: PMC4537201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment is characterized by regions of hypoxia and acidosis which are linked to poor prognosis. This occurs due to an aberrant vasculature as well as high rates of glycolysis and lactate production in tumor cells even in the presence of oxygen (the Warburg effect), which weakens the spatial linkage between hypoxia and acidosis. METHODS Five different human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SiHa, FaDuDD, UTSCC5, UTSCC14 and UTSCC15) were treated with hypoxia, acidosis (pH 6.3), or a combination, and gene expression analyzed using microarray. SiHa and FaDuDD were chosen for further characterization of cell energetics and protein synthesis. Total cellular ATP turnover and relative glycolytic dependency was determined by simultaneous measurements of oxygen consumption and lactate synthesis rates and total protein synthesis was determined by autoradiographic quantification of the incorporation of 35S-labelled methionine and cysteine into protein. RESULTS Microarray analysis allowed differentiation between genes induced at low oxygen only at normal extracellular pH (pHe), genes induced at low oxygen at both normal and low pHe, and genes induced at low pHe independent of oxygen concentration. Several genes were found to be upregulated by acidosis independent of oxygenation. Acidosis resulted in a more wide-scale change in gene expression profiles than hypoxia including upregulation of genes involved in the translation process, for example Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A, isoform 2 (EIF4A2), and Ribosomal protein L37 (RPL37). Acidosis suppressed overall ATP turnover and protein synthesis by 50%. Protein synthesis, but not total ATP production, was also suppressed under hypoxic conditions. A dramatic decrease in ATP turnover (SiHa) and protein synthesis (both cell lines) was observed when hypoxia and low pHe were combined. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate here that the influence of hypoxia and acidosis causes different responses, both in gene expression and in de novo protein synthesis, depending on whether the two factors induced alone or overlapping, and as such it is important for in vivo studies to take this into account.
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Robertson-Tessi M, Gillies RJ, Gatenby RA, Anderson ARA. Impact of metabolic heterogeneity on tumor growth, invasion, and treatment outcomes. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1567-79. [PMID: 25878146 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histopathologic knowledge that extensive heterogeneity exists between and within tumors has been confirmed and deepened recently by molecular studies. However, the impact of tumor heterogeneity on prognosis and treatment remains as poorly understood as ever. Using a hybrid multiscale mathematical model of tumor growth in vascularized tissue, we investigated the selection pressures exerted by spatial and temporal variations in tumor microenvironment and the resulting phenotypic adaptations. A key component of this model is normal and tumor metabolism and its interaction with microenvironmental factors. The metabolic phenotype of tumor cells is plastic, and microenvironmental selection leads to increased tumor glycolysis and decreased pH. Once this phenotype emerges, the tumor dramatically changes its behavior due to acid-mediated invasion, an effect that depends on both variations in the tumor cell phenotypes and their spatial distribution within the tumor. In early stages of growth, tumors are stratified, with the most aggressive cells developing within the interior of the tumor. These cells then grow to the edge of the tumor and invade into the normal tissue using acidosis. Simulations suggest that diffusible cytotoxic treatments, such as chemotherapy, may increase the metabolic aggressiveness of a tumor due to drug-mediated selection. Chemotherapy removes the metabolic stratification of the tumor and allows more aggressive cells to grow toward blood vessels and normal tissue. Antiangiogenic therapy also selects for aggressive phenotypes due to degradation of the tumor microenvironment, ultimately resulting in a more invasive tumor. In contrast, pH buffer therapy slows down the development of aggressive tumors, but only if administered when the tumor is still stratified. Overall, findings from this model highlight the risks of cytotoxic and antiangiogenic treatments in the context of tumor heterogeneity resulting from a selection for more aggressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson-Tessi
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Parks SK, Pouyssegur J. The Na(+)/HCO3(-) Co-Transporter SLC4A4 Plays a Role in Growth and Migration of Colon and Breast Cancer Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1954-63. [PMID: 25612232 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic and acidic tumor environment necessitates intracellular pH (pHi) regulation for tumor progression. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX; hypoxia-induced) is known to facilitate CO2 export and generate HCO3(-) in the extracellular tumor space. It has been proposed that HCO3(-) is re-captured by the cell to maintain an alkaline pHi . A diverse range of HCO3(-) transporters, coupled with a lack of a clear over-expression in cancers have limited molecular identification of this cellular process. Here, we report that hypoxia induces the Na(+)/HCO3(-) co-transporter (NBCe1) SLC4A4 mRNA expression exclusively in the LS174 colon adenocarcinoma cell line in a HIF1α dependent manner. HCO3(-) dependent pHi recovery observations revealed the predominant use of an NBC mechanism suggesting that reversal of a Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchanger is not utilized for tumor cell pHi regulation. Knockdown of SLC4A4 via shRNA reduced cell proliferation and increased mortality during external acidosis and spheroid growth. pHi recovery from acidosis was partially reduced with knockdown of SLC4A4. In MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells expressing high levels of SLC4A4 compared to LS174 cells, SLC4A4 knockdown had a strong impact on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. SLC4A4 knockdown also altered expression of other proteins including CA IX. Furthermore the Na(+)/HCO3(-) dependent pHi recovery from acidosis was reduced with SLC4A4 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells. Combined our results indicate that SLC4A4 contributes to the HCO3(-) transport and tumor cell phenotype. This study complements the on-going molecular characterization of the HCO3(-) re-uptake mechanism in other tumor cells for future strategies targeting these potentially important drug targets.
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Yang Q, Wang H, Chen S, Lan X, Xiao H, Shi H, Ma Y. Fiber-Optic-Based Micro-Probe Using Hexagonal 1-in-6 Fiber Configuration for Intracellular Single-Cell pH Measurement. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7171-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and
Single Molecular Monitoring, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Hanzheng Wang
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and
Single Molecular Monitoring, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Xinwei Lan
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Hai Xiao
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and
Single Molecular Monitoring, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Yinfa Ma
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and
Single Molecular Monitoring, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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133
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Liu KE, Frazier WA. Phosphorylation of the BNIP3 C-Terminus Inhibits Mitochondrial Damage and Cell Death without Blocking Autophagy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129667. [PMID: 26102349 PMCID: PMC4477977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BNIP3 is a dual function protein, able to activate autophagy and induce cell death. Upon expression of BNIP3, which is upregulated by hypoxia, the protein induces mitochondrial dysfunction, often leading to cell death. However, some highly respiring cells and cancer cells tolerate BNIP3 expression, suggesting that a yet unknown mechanism exists to restrain the lethal effects of BNIP3 on mitochondria. Here we present evidence that BNIP3 undergoes several phosphorylation events at its C-terminus, adjacent to the transmembrane domain. Phosphorylation at these residues inhibits BNIP3-induced mitochondrial damage, preventing a loss of mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as preventing an increase in reactive oxygen species. This decrease in mitochondrial damage, as well as the reduction of cell death upon C-terminal BNIP3 phosphorylation, can be explained by a diminished interaction between BNIP3 and OPA1, a key regulator of mitochondrial fusion and mitochondrial inner membrane structure. Importantly, phosphorylation of these C-terminal BNIP3 residues blocks cell death without preventing autophagy, providing evidence that the two functional roles of BNIP3 can be regulated independently. These findings establish phosphorylation as a switch to determine the pro-survival and pro-death effects of the protein. Our findings also suggest a novel target for the regulation of these activities in transformed cells where BNIP3 is often highly expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William A. Frazier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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134
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Abstract
The metabolism of malignant cells is profoundly altered in order to maintain their survival and proliferation in adverse microenvironmental conditions. Autophagy is an intracellular recycling process that maintains basal levels of metabolites and biosynthetic intermediates under starvation or other forms of stress, hence serving as an important mechanism for metabolic adaptation in cancer cells. Although it is widely acknowledged that autophagy sustains metabolism in neoplastic cells under duress, many questions remain with regard to the mutual relationship between autophagy and metabolism in cancer. Importantly, autophagy has often been described as a "double-edged sword" that can either impede or promote cancer initiation and progression. Here, we overview such a dual function of autophagy in tumorigenesis and our current understanding of the coordinated regulation of autophagy and cancer cell metabolism in the control of tumor growth, progression, and resistance to therapy.
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135
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Molecular Connections between Cancer Cell Metabolism and the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11055-86. [PMID: 25988385 PMCID: PMC4463690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells preferentially utilize glycolysis, instead of oxidative phosphorylation, for metabolism even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis, referred to as the “Warburg effect”, commonly exists in a variety of tumors. Recent studies further demonstrate that both genetic factors such as oncogenes and tumor suppressors and microenvironmental factors such as spatial hypoxia and acidosis can regulate the glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells. Reciprocally, altered cancer cell metabolism can modulate the tumor microenvironment which plays important roles in cancer cell somatic evolution, metastasis, and therapeutic response. In this article, we review the progression of current understandings on the molecular interaction between cancer cell metabolism and the tumor microenvironment. In addition, we discuss the implications of these interactions in cancer therapy and chemoprevention.
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136
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Chen LQ, Howison CM, Spier C, Stopeck AT, Malm SW, Pagel MD, Baker AF. Assessment of carbonic anhydrase IX expression and extracellular pH in B-cell lymphoma cell line models. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:1432-9. [PMID: 25130478 PMCID: PMC4697737 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.933218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The expression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) and its relationship to acidosis in lymphomas has not been widely studied. We investigated the protein expression of CA IX in a human B-cell lymphoma tissue microarray, and in Raji, Ramos and Granta 519 lymphoma cell lines and tumor models, while also investigating the relationship with hypoxia. An imaging method, acidoCEST magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was used to estimate lymphoma xenograft extracellular pH (pHe). Our results showed that clinical lymphoma tissues and cell line models in vitro and in vivo had moderate CA IX expression. Although in vitro studies showed that CA IX expression was induced by hypoxia, in vivo studies did not show this correlation. Untreated lymphoma xenograft tumor pHe had acidic fractions, and an acidity score was qualitatively correlated with CA IX expression. Therefore, CA IX is expressed in B-cell lymphomas and is qualitatively correlated with extracellular acidosis in xenograft tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Qi Chen
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | | | - Catherine Spier
- University of Arizona, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine
| | - Alison T. Stopeck
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Scott W. Malm
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, College of Pharmacy
| | - Mark D. Pagel
- University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Medical Imaging, and University of Arizona Cancer Center
| | - Amanda F. Baker
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine,Corresponding Author: Amanda Baker, Pharm.D., Ph.D., 1515 N. Campbell Ave., Room 3977A, Tucson, AZ, 85724, Tel: (520)-626-0301, Fax: (520)-626-0395,
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137
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Justus CR, Yang LV. GPR4 decreases B16F10 melanoma cell spreading and regulates focal adhesion dynamics through the G13/Rho signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2015; 334:100-13. [PMID: 25845498 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acidosis, a biochemical hallmark of the tumor microenvironment, on cancer progression and metastasis is complex. Both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects of acidosis have been reported and the acidic microenvironment has been exploited for specific delivery of drugs, imaging agents, and genetic constructs into tumors. In this study we investigate the spreading and focal adhesion of B16F10 melanoma cells that are genetically engineered to overexpress the pH-sensing G protein-coupled receptor GPR4. By using cell attachment assays we found that GPR4 overexpression delayed cell spreading and altered the spatial localization of dynamic focal adhesion complex, such as the localization of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, at acidic pH. The potential G-protein and downstream signaling pathways that are responsible for these effects were also investigated. By using the Rho inhibitor CT04 (C3 transferase), the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitors Y27632 and thiazovivin, the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor staurosporine or a G12/13 inhibitory construct, cell spreading was restored whereas the inhibition and activation of the Gq and Gs pathways had little or no effect. Altogether our results indicate that through the G12/13/Rho signaling pathway GPR4 modulates focal adhesion dynamics and reduces cell spreading and membrane ruffling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin R Justus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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138
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Archetti M. Heterogeneity and proliferation of invasive cancer subclones in game theory models of the Warburg effect. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:259-69. [PMID: 25643821 PMCID: PMC4964921 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Warburg effect, a switch from aerobic energy production to anaerobic glycolysis, promotes tumour proliferation and motility by inducing acidification of the tumour microenvironment. Therapies that reduce acidity could impair tumour growth and invasiveness. I analysed the dynamics of cell proliferation and of resistance to therapies that target acidity, in a population of cells, under the Warburg effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS The dynamics of mutant cells with increased glycolysis and motility has been assessed in a multi-player game with collective interactions in the framework of evolutionary game theory. Perturbations of the level of acidity in the microenvironment have been used to simulate the effect of therapies that target glycolysis. RESULTS The non-linear effects of glycolysis induce frequency-dependent clonal selection leading to coexistence of glycolytic and non-glycolytic cells within a tumour. Mutants with increased motility can invade such a polymorphic population and spread within the tumour. While reducing acidity may produce a sudden reduction in tumour cell proliferation, frequency-dependent selection enables it to adapt to the new conditions and can enable the tumour to restore its original levels of growth and invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS The acidity produced by glycolysis acts as a non-linear public good that leads to coexistence of cells with high and low glycolysis within the tumour. Such a heterogeneous population can easily adapt to changes in acidity. Therapies that target acidity can only be effective in the long term if the cost of glycolysis is high, that is, under non-limiting oxygen concentrations. Their efficacy, therefore, is reduced when combined with therapies that impair angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Archetti
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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139
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Extracellular acidity, a "reappreciated" trait of tumor environment driving malignancy: perspectives in diagnosis and therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:823-32. [PMID: 24984804 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumors are ecosystems which develop from stem cells endowed with unlimited self-renewal capability and genetic instability, under the effects of mutagenesis and natural selection imposed by environmental changes. Abnormal vascularization, reduced lymphatic network, uncontrolled cell growth frequently associated with hypoxia, and extracellular accumulation of glucose metabolites even in the presence of an adequate oxygen level are all factors contributing to reduce pH in the extracellular space of tumors. Evidence is accumulating that acidity is associated with a poor prognosis and participates actively to tumor progression. This review addresses some of the most experimental evidences providing that acidity of tumor environment facilitates local invasiveness and metastatic dissemination, independently from hypoxia, with which acidity is often but not always associated. Clinical investigations have also shown that tumors with acidic environment are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiation-induced apoptosis, suppression of cytotoxic lymphocytes, and natural killer cells tumoricidal activity. Therefore, new technologies for functional and molecular imaging as well as strategies directed to target low extracellular pH and low pH-adapted tumor cells might represent important issues in oncology.
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140
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Yang X, Yu DD, Yan F, Jing YY, Han ZP, Sun K, Liang L, Hou J, Wei LX. The role of autophagy induced by tumor microenvironment in different cells and stages of cancer. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:14. [PMID: 25844158 PMCID: PMC4384293 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a tumor is a very complex process, and invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors are hallmarks and are difficult problems to overcome. The tumor microenvironment plays an important role in controlling tumor fate and autophagy induced by the tumor microenvironment is attracting more and more attention. Autophagy can be induced by several stressors in the tumor microenvironment and autophagy modifies the tumor microenvironment, too. Autophagy has dual roles in tumor growth. In this review, we discussed the interaction between autophagy and the tumor microenvironment and the paradoxical roles of autophagy on tumor growth at different stages of tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Jing
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Han
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Central laboratory, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chang Hai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
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141
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Verduzco D, Lloyd M, Xu L, Ibrahim-Hashim A, Balagurunathan Y, Gatenby RA, Gillies RJ. Intermittent hypoxia selects for genotypes and phenotypes that increase survival, invasion, and therapy resistance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120958. [PMID: 25811878 PMCID: PMC4374837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in tumors correlates with greater risk of metastases, increased invasiveness, and resistance to systemic and radiation therapy. The evolutionary dynamics that links specific adaptations to hypoxia with these observed tumor properties have not been well investigated. While some tumor populations may experience fixed hypoxia, cyclical and stochastic transitions from normoxia to hypoxia are commonly observed in vivo. Although some phenotypic adaptations to this cyclic hypoxia are likely reversible, we hypothesize that some adaptations may become fixed through mutations promoted by hypoxia-induced genomic instability. Here we seek to identify genetic alterations and corresponding stable phenotypes that emerge following cyclic hypoxia. Although these changes may originate as adaptations to this specific environmental stress, their fixation in the tumor genome may result in their observation in tumors from regions of normoxia, a condition known as pseudohypoxia. We exposed several epithelial cell lines to 50 cycles of hypoxia-normoxia, followed by culture in normoxia over a period of several months. Molecular analyses demonstrated permanent changes in expression of several oncogenes and tumor-suppressors, including p53, E-cadherin, and Hif-1α. These changes were associated with increased resistance to multiple cytotoxins, increased survival in hypoxia and increased anchorage-independent growth. These results suggest cycles of hypoxia encountered in early cancers can select for specific and stable genotypic and phenotypic properties that persist even in normoxic conditions, which may promote tumor progression and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Verduzco
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark Lloyd
- Analytic Microscopy Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Liping Xu
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yoganand Balagurunathan
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Gatenby
- Department of Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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142
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Abstract
Cancers progress through a series of events that can be characterized as "somatic evolution." A central premise of Darwinian evolutionary theory is that the environment imparts pressure to select for species that are most fit within that particular microenvironmental context. Furthermore, the rate of evolution is proportional to both (1) the strength of the environmental selection and (2) the phenotypic variance of the selected population. It is notable that, during the progression of cancers from carcinogenesis to local invasion to metastasis, the selective landscape continuously changes, and throughout this process, there is increased selection for cells that have altered metabolic phenotypes: implying that these phenotypes impart a selective advantage during the process of environmental selection. One of the most prevalent selected phenotypes is that of aerobic glycolysis, that is, the continued fermentation of glucose even in the presence of adequate oxygen. The mechanisms of this so-called "Warburg effect" have been well studied, and there are multiple models to explain how this occurs at the molecular level. Herein, we propose that unifying insights can be gained by evaluating the environmental context within which this phenotype arises. In other words, we focus not on the "how" but the "why" do cancer cells exhibit high aerobic glycolysis. This is best approached by examining the sequelae of aerobic glycolysis that may impart a selective advantage. Many of these have been considered, including generation of anabolic substrates, response rates of glycolysis vis-à-vis respiration, and generation of antioxidants. A further sequeala considered here is that aerobic glycolysis results in a high rate of lactic acid production; resulting in acidification of the extracellular space. Indeed, it has been shown that a low extracellular pH promotes local invasion, promotes metastasis, and inhibits antitumor immunity. In naturally occurring cancers, low extracellular pH is a strong negative prognostic indicator of metastasis-free survival. Furthermore, it has been shown that inhibition of extracellular acidosis can inhibit metastasis and promote antitumor immunity. Hence, we propose that excess acid production confers a selective advantage for cells during the somatic evolution of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gillies
- From the Departments of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism and Radiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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143
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Krenn MA, Schürz M, Teufl B, Uchida K, Eckl PM, Bresgen N. Ferritin-stimulated lipid peroxidation, lysosomal leak, and macroautophagy promote lysosomal "metastability" in primary hepatocytes determining in vitro cell survival. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 80:48-58. [PMID: 25532933 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several pathologies are associated with elevated levels of serum ferritin, for which growth inhibitory properties have been reported; however, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly defined. Previously we have described cytotoxic properties of isoferritins released from primary hepatocytes in vitro, which induce apoptosis in an iron and oxidative stress-dependent mode. Here we show that this ferritin species stimulates endosome clustering and giant endosome formation in primary hepatocytes accompanied by enhanced lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP). In parallel, protein modification by lipid peroxidation-derived 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is strongly promoted by ferritin, the HNE-modified proteins (HNE-P) showing remarkable aggregation. Emphasizing the prooxidant context, GSH is rapidly depleted and the GSH/GSSG ratio is substantially declining in ferritin-treated cells. Furthermore, ferritin triggers a transient upregulation of macroautophagy which is abolished by iron chelation and apparently supports HNE-P clearance. Macroautophagy inhibition by 3-methyladenine strongly amplifies ferritin cytotoxicity in a time- and concentration-dependent mode, suggesting an important role of macroautophagy on cellular responses to ferritin endocytosis. Moreover, pointing at an involvement of lysosomal proteolysis, ferritin cytotoxicity and lysosome fragility are aggravated by the protease inhibitor leupeptin. In contrast, EGF which suppresses ferritin-induced cell death attenuates ferritin-mediated LMP. In conclusion, we propose that HNE-P accumulation, lysosome dysfunction, and macroautophagy stimulated by ferritin endocytosis provoke lysosomal "metastability" in primary hepatocytes which permits cell survival as long as in- and extrinsic determinants (e.g., antioxidant availability, damage repair, EGF signaling) keep the degree of lysosomal destabilization below cell death-inducing thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit A Krenn
- University of Salzburg, Department of Cell Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Melanie Schürz
- University of Salzburg, Department of Cell Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Teufl
- University of Salzburg, Department of Cell Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Peter M Eckl
- University of Salzburg, Department of Cell Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- University of Salzburg, Department of Cell Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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144
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Liu P, Chen H, Han L, Zou X, Shen W. Expression and role of V1A subunit of V-ATPases in gastric cancer cells. Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20:725-35. [PMID: 25652905 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-015-0782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vacuolar-ATPases (V-ATPases) play an important role in maintaining a relatively neutral pHi (internal pH) and are responsible for the progression of cancer. V-ATPases contain different subunits and few studies have been conducted on subunit V1A. This study aimed to investigate the gene expression of V1A subunit of V-ATPases in gastric cancer tissues and explore its role in the progression and prognosis of gastric cancer. METHODS The protein expressions of the V1A subunit of V-ATPase gene in 100 normal gastric specimens and 100 gastric cancer tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry. The role of V1A subunit of V-ATPases was studied using a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS The positive expression rate of the V1A subunit of V-ATPases was 76 % in gastric cancer tissue samples, much higher than that in normal tissue samples (30 %, P < 0.05), and was correlated with histological grade (P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.002), TNM (P = 0.040), and vascular invasion (P = 0.010), but not with patient age, sex, depth of tumor invasion, tumor size, or histological type. The median overall survival times of 76 patients who had positive staining for tumor cell V1A subunit of V-ATPases and 24 patients who had negative staining were 31.7 and 59.2 months, respectively. When the expression of V1A subunit was knocked down using siRNA, the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells in vitro were significantly inhibited. CONCLUSIONS V1A subunit of V-ATPases can be a prognostic indicator for poor outcome and is a therapeutic target in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Jiangyin People's Hospital, Medical School of University of Southeast, Wuxi, 214400, People's Republic of China
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145
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Cheong H. Integrating autophagy and metabolism in cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:358-71. [PMID: 25614051 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process mediated by lysosomal degradation and is a key player in regulating cellular metabolism during cancer progression. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading unnecessary cellular molecules, which also prevents tumorigenesis. Conversely, autophagy also provides nutrients that support malignant tumor growth in advanced tumors. Multiple novel mechanisms have been proposed to explain the tumor-facilitating role of autophagy. Autophagy regulates diverse metabolic pathways that promote tumor proliferation and survival, which are closely associated with oncogenic activators and tumor suppressors. Autophagy has been implicated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Accordingly, autophagy has emerged as a tumor-promoting mechanism that facilitates cancer cell growth and survival. Mechanistic studies of autophagy during tumor progression may identify potential targets that can be utilized to disrupt cancer development. Understanding the molecular networks integrating metabolic changes and autophagy in cancer cells could provide novel insights to enhance targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesun Cheong
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea,
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Wang Z, Dabrosin C, Yin X, Fuster MM, Arreola A, Rathmell WK, Generali D, Nagaraju GP, El-Rayes B, Ribatti D, Chen YC, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Nowsheen S, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich B, Yang X, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Halicka D, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bilsland A, Keith WN, Jensen LD. Broad targeting of angiogenesis for cancer prevention and therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S224-S243. [PMID: 25600295 PMCID: PMC4737670 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of angiogenesis – the growth of new blood vessels from an existing vasculature – is a main driving force in many severe human diseases including cancer. As such, tumor angiogenesis is important for delivering oxygen and nutrients to growing tumors, and therefore considered an essential pathologic feature of cancer, while also playing a key role in enabling other aspects of tumor pathology such as metabolic deregulation and tumor dissemination/metastasis. Recently, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis has become a clinical anti-cancer strategy in line with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, which underscore the critical importance of the angiogenic switch during early tumor development. Unfortunately the clinically approved anti-angiogenic drugs in use today are only effective in a subset of the patients, and many who initially respond develop resistance over time. Also, some of the anti-angiogenic drugs are toxic and it would be of great importance to identify alternative compounds, which could overcome these drawbacks and limitations of the currently available therapy. Finding “the most important target” may, however, prove a very challenging approach as the tumor environment is highly diverse, consisting of many different cell types, all of which may contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, the tumor cells themselves are genetically unstable, leading to a progressive increase in the number of different angiogenic factors produced as the cancer progresses to advanced stages. As an alternative approach to targeted therapy, options to broadly interfere with angiogenic signals by a mixture of non-toxic natural compound with pleiotropic actions were viewed by this team as an opportunity to develop a complementary anti-angiogenesis treatment option. As a part of the “Halifax Project” within the “Getting to know cancer” framework, we have here, based on a thorough review of the literature, identified 10 important aspects of tumor angiogenesis and the pathological tumor vasculature which would be well suited as targets for anti-angiogenic therapy: (1) endothelial cell migration/tip cell formation, (2) structural abnormalities of tumor vessels, (3) hypoxia, (4) lymphangiogenesis, (5) elevated interstitial fluid pressure, (6) poor perfusion, (7) disrupted circadian rhythms, (8) tumor promoting inflammation, (9) tumor promoting fibroblasts and (10) tumor cell metabolism/acidosis. Following this analysis, we scrutinized the available literature on broadly acting anti-angiogenic natural products, with a focus on finding qualitative information on phytochemicals which could inhibit these targets and came up with 10 prototypical phytochemical compounds: (1) oleanolic acid, (2) tripterine, (3) silibinin, (4) curcumin, (5) epigallocatechin-gallate, (6) kaempferol, (7) melatonin, (8) enterolactone, (9) withaferin A and (10) resveratrol. We suggest that these plant-derived compounds could be combined to constitute a broader acting and more effective inhibitory cocktail at doses that would not be likely to cause excessive toxicity. All the targets and phytochemical approaches were further cross-validated against their effects on other essential tumorigenic pathways (based on the “hallmarks” of cancer) in order to discover possible synergies or potentially harmful interactions, and were found to generally also have positive involvement in/effects on these other aspects of tumor biology. The aim is that this discussion could lead to the selection of combinations of such anti-angiogenic compounds which could be used in potent anti-tumor cocktails, for enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced toxicity and circumvention of single-agent anti-angiogenic resistance, as well as for possible use in primary or secondary cancer prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Charlotta Dabrosin
- Department of Oncology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Yin
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark M Fuster
- Medicine and Research Services, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System & University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Arreola
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniele Generali
- Molecular Therapy and Pharmacogenomics Unit, AO Isituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Ganji P Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Yi Charlie Chen
- Department of Biology, Alderson Broaddus University, Philippi, WV, USA
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Arthroplasty and Regenerative Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirate University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guilford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lasse D Jensen
- Department of Medical, and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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147
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Thakur B, Jayakumar S, Sawant SN. Probing extracellular acidity of live cells in real time for cancer detection and monitoring anti-cancer drug activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7015-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01445j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional platform is presented which (a) allows determination of extracellular pH in real time, (b) detects cancer cells, down to 5 cells, and (c) enables evaluating the efficacy of glycolysis inhibiting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Jayakumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
- Mumbai 400085
- India
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148
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Spugnini EP, Sonveaux P, Stock C, Perez-Sayans M, De Milito A, Avnet S, Garcìa AG, Harguindey S, Fais S. Proton channels and exchangers in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2715-26. [PMID: 25449995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although cancer is characterized by an intratumoral genetic heterogeneity, a totally deranged pH control is a common feature of most cancer histotypes. Major determinants of aberrant pH gradient in cancer are proton exchangers and transporters, including V-ATPase, Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE), monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) and carbonic anhydrases (CAs). Thanks to the activity of these proton transporters and exchangers, cancer becomes isolated and/or protected not only from the body reaction against the growing tumor, but also from the vast majority of drugs that when protonated into the acidic tumor microenvironment do not enter into cancer cells. Proton transporters and exchangers represent a key feature tumor cells use to survive in the very hostile microenvironmental conditions that they create and maintain. Detoxifying mechanisms may thus represent both a key survival option and a selection outcome for cells that behave as unicellular microorganisms rather than belonging to an organ, compartment or body. It is, in fact, typical of malignant tumors that, after a clinically measurable yet transient initial response to a therapy, resistant tumor clones emerge and proliferate, thus bursting a more malignant behavior and rapid tumor progression. This review critically presents the background of a novel and efficient approach that aims to fight cancer through blocking or inhibiting well characterized proton exchangers and transporters active in human cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pierluigi Spugnini
- Anti-Cancer Drug Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mario Perez-Sayans
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angelo De Milito
- Cancer Center Karolinska, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Laboratory for Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Abel Garcìa Garcìa
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Stefano Fais
- Anti-Cancer Drug Section, Department of Drug Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy.
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149
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Ostrakhovitch EA, Akakura S, Sanokawa-Akakura R, Goodwin S, Tabibzadeh S. Dedifferentiation of cancer cells following recovery from a potentially lethal damage is mediated by H2S-Nampt. Exp Cell Res 2014; 330:135-50. [PMID: 25278485 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that cancer cells that recover from a potentially lethal damage gain new phenotypic features comprised of mitochondrial structural remodeling associated with increased glycolytic dependency and drug resistance. Here, we demonstrate that a subset of cancer cells, upon recovery from a potentially lethal damage, undergo dedifferentiation and express genes, which are characteristic of undifferentiated stem cells. While these cells are competent in maintaining differentiated progeny of tumor, they also exhibit transdifferentiation potential. Dedifferentiation is characterized by accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which triggers up-regulation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) accompanied by changes in the redox state. The molecular events triggered by Nampt include elevated production of NAD(+) and up-regulation of H2S producing enzymes, cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) and cystathionase (CTH) with 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST) being detectable only in 3D spheroids. Suppression of Nampt, or inactivation of H2S producing enzymes, all reduce H2S production and reverse the ability of cells to dedifferentiate. Moreover, H2S induced stem cell markers in parental cancer cells in a manner similar to that observed in damage recovered cells. These data suggest of existence of a positive feedback loop between H2S and Nampt that controls dedifferentiation in cancer cells that recover from a potentially lethal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ostrakhovitch
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Shin Akakura
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | | | - Scott Goodwin
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Siamak Tabibzadeh
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA.
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150
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Wang L, Fan Z, Zhang J, Changyi Y, Huang C, Gu Y, Xu Z, Tang Z, Lu W, Wei X, Li C. Evaluating tumor metastatic potential by imaging intratumoral acidosisviapH-activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:E107-16. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200030 China
| | - Jingye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yinzhi Changyi
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Cuiyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yanjuan Gu
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom; Kowloon Hong Kong China
| | - Ziyao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhijia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University; Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200030 China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University; Shanghai 201203 China
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