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Rebello CJ, Greenway FL, Finley JW. Whole grains and pulses: a comparison of the nutritional and health benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7029-7049. [PMID: 24992700 DOI: 10.1021/jf500932z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition plays an important role in the prevention and management of disease. Whole grain cereals contain a host of nutrients and bioactive substances that have health-promoting effects. Epidemiological evidence shows a consistent inverse association between whole grain intake and the risk of chronic disease. Despite a concerted effort by scientists, educators, and policy makers to promote the consumption of whole grains, it remains dismally short of the recommended intakes. Pulses (dried beans and peas) differ from whole grains in their structural and physicochemical properties and have varying amounts of fiber, resistant starch, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components; nevertheless, these food groups complement each other. Observational as well as intervention trials show that pulse consumption has beneficial effects on the prevention and management of chronic disease. The nutritional and phytochemical components of pulses coupled with those of whole grains suggest a potential synergistic effect that could provide significant health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candida J Rebello
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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Velázquez-López L, Santiago-Díaz G, Nava-Hernández J, Muñoz-Torres AV, Medina-Bravo P, Torres-Tamayo M. Mediterranean-style diet reduces metabolic syndrome components in obese children and adolescents with obesity. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:175. [PMID: 24997634 PMCID: PMC4102089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet have been amply proven in adults with cardiovascular risk factors. The effects of this diet have not been extensively assessed in pediatric populations with obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of the Mediterranean style diet (MSD) to decrease cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with obesity. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to a MSD rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, flavonoids and antioxidants (60% of energy from carbohydrate, 25% from fat, and 15% from protein, (n = 24); or a standard diet (55% of carbohydrate, 30% from fat and 15% from protein, (n = 25), the caloric ingest was individualized. At baseline and 16-week of intervention, the glucose, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C were measured as well as the body composition and anthropometric data. The diet compliance was determined by the 24-hour recalls.Paired Student's t and Macnemar's test were used to compare effects in biochemical, body composition, anthropometric, and dietary variables. RESULTS The MSD group had a significantly decrease in BMI, lean mass, fat mass, glucose, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C. (p < 0.05); the diet compliance increased consumption of omega 9 fatty acids, zinc, vitamin E, selenium, and decreased consumption of saturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). The standard diet group decrease in glucose levels and frequency of glucose >100 mg/dL (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The MSD improves the BMI, glucose and lipid profile in children and adolescents with obesity and any MetS component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubia Velázquez-López
- Clinical Epidemiology Research Unit, Hospital General Regional No. 1 Carlos Macgregor Sánchez-Navarro, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santiago-Díaz
- Centro Médico Nacional la Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Julia Nava-Hernández
- Centro Médico Nacional la Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abril V Muñoz-Torres
- Public Health Department, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Medina-Bravo
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Torres-Tamayo
- Community Health Research Unit, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud (SSA), Mexico City, Mexico
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Cho Y, Shin MJ, Chung HK. Effects of diet modification on meal quality and quality of life in korean diabetic patients: data from Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (2007-2011). Clin Nutr Res 2014; 3:106-14. [PMID: 25136538 PMCID: PMC4135238 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2014.3.2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that diet modification provides beneficial effects on the management of diabetes. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of diet modification on nutrient intake and quality of life in a large sample of diabetic patients. This study was conducted using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV and V (2007-2010). A total of 2,484 of diabetic patients were included in the analysis. Then, we compared the overall quality of dietary intake between diabetic patients with diet modification and those without dietary modification. The result showed that subjects on diabetic diet (DDG) showed lower levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and AST before and after the adjustment for covariates (all p < 0.05). The results of nutrient assessment showed that DDG had lower intakes of total energy, fat, and carbohydrate (all p < 0.05), but higher intakes of energy from protein, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin and vitamin C than NDG. (all p < 0.05). In addition, nutritional adequacy ratio of calcium and vitamin B2 were significantly higher in DDG than those in normal diet group (NDG) (p < 0.05). However, we observed no significant differences in quality of life between two groups. In conclusion, diet modification in diabetic patients seemed to be effective to improve blood lipid profile and the adequacy of nutrient intake without sacrificing the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsu Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, South Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, South Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, South Korea
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 136-703, South Korea
- Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Chung
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
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Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional foods-based diet as a novel dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications: A review. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:267-281. [PMID: 24936248 PMCID: PMC4058731 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a complicated metabolic disorder with both short- and long-term undesirable complications. In recent years, there has been growing evidence that functional foods and their bioactive compounds, due to their biological properties, may be used as complementary treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we have highlighted various functional foods as missing part of medical nutrition therapy in diabetic patients. Several in vitro, animal models and some human studies, have demonstrated that functional foods and nutraceuticals may improve postprandial hyperglycemia and adipose tissue metabolism modulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Functional foods may also improve dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory processes and subsequently could prevent the development of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy. In conclusion available data indicate that a functional foods-based diet may be a novel and comprehensive dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes.
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Hu T, Bazzano LA. The low-carbohydrate diet and cardiovascular risk factors: evidence from epidemiologic studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:337-43. [PMID: 24613757 PMCID: PMC4351995 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity is an important public health issue because of its high prevalence and concomitant increase in risk of cardiovascular diseases. Low carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss and weight management but are not recommended in leading guidelines due to the perception that increases in dietary fat intake may lead to an adverse cardiovascular risk profile. To clarify the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss on cardiovascular disease risk factors as compared to a low fat diet for weight loss, we systematically reviewed data from randomized controlled clinical trials and large observational studies. DATA SYNTHESIS We searched the MEDLINE database (Jan 1966-Nov 2013) to identify studies that examined a low-carbohydrate diet as compared to a low-fat diet for weight loss or the improvement of cardiovascular disease risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Recent randomized controlled trials document that low-carbohydrate diets not only decrease body weight but also improve cardiovascular risk factors. In light of this evidence from randomized controlled trials, dietary guidelines should be re-visited advocating a healthy low carbohydrate dietary pattern as an alternative dietary strategy for the prevention of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - L A Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Cocoa polyphenols and inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:844-80. [PMID: 24566441 PMCID: PMC3942736 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of plant-derived food intake in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The potential bioactivity of cocoa and its polyphenolic components in modulating cardiovascular health is now being studied worldwide and continues to grow at a rapid pace. In fact, the high polyphenol content of cocoa is of particular interest from the nutritional and pharmacological viewpoints. Cocoa polyphenols are shown to possess a range of cardiovascular-protective properties, and can play a meaningful role through modulating different inflammatory markers involved in atherosclerosis. Accumulated evidence on related anti-inflammatory effects of cocoa polyphenols is summarized in the present review.
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'The way to a man's heart is through his gut microbiota'--dietary pro- and prebiotics for the management of cardiovascular risk. Proc Nutr Soc 2014; 73:172-85. [PMID: 24495527 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665113003911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has been identified as a possible novel CVD risk factor. This review aims to summarise recent insights connecting human gut microbiome activities with CVD and how such activities may be modulated by diet. Aberrant gut microbiota profiles have been associated with obesity, type 1 and type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Transfer of microbiota from obese animals induces metabolic disease and obesity in germ-free animals. Conversely, transfer of pathogen-free microbiota from lean healthy human donors to patients with metabolic disease can increase insulin sensitivity. Not only are aberrant microbiota profiles associated with metabolic disease, but the flux of metabolites derived from gut microbial metabolism of choline, phosphatidylcholine and l-carnitine has been shown to contribute directly to CVD pathology, providing one explanation for increased disease risk of eating too much red meat. Diet, especially high intake of fermentable fibres and plant polyphenols, appears to regulate microbial activities within the gut, supporting regulatory guidelines encouraging increased consumption of whole-plant foods (fruit, vegetables and whole-grain cereals), and providing the scientific rationale for the design of efficacious prebiotics. Similarly, recent human studies with carefully selected probiotic strains show that ingestion of viable microorganisms with the ability to hydrolyse bile salts can lower blood cholesterol, a recognised risk factor in CVD. Taken together such observations raise the intriguing possibility that gut microbiome modulation by whole-plant foods, probiotics and prebiotics may be at the base of healthy eating pyramids advised by regulatory agencies across the globe. In conclusion, dietary strategies which modulate the gut microbiota or their metabolic activities are emerging as efficacious tools for reducing CVD risk and indicate that indeed, the way to a healthy heart may be through a healthy gut microbiota.
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Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Neumiller JJ, Nwankwo R, Verdi CL, Urbanski P, Yancy WS. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 37 Suppl 1:S120-43. [PMID: 24357208 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-s120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fujii H, Iwase M, Ohkuma T, Ogata-Kaizu S, Ide H, Kikuchi Y, Idewaki Y, Joudai T, Hirakawa Y, Uchida K, Sasaki S, Nakamura U, Kitazono T. Impact of dietary fiber intake on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry. Nutr J 2013; 12:159. [PMID: 24330576 PMCID: PMC3878841 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fiber is beneficial for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it is consumed differently in ethnic foods around the world. We investigated the association between dietary fiber intake and obesity, glycemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Methods A total of 4,399 patients were assessed for dietary fiber intake using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. The associations between dietary fiber intake and various cardiovascular risk factors were investigated cross-sectionally. Results Body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, triglyceride and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein negatively associated with dietary fiber intake after adjusting for age, sex, duration of diabetes, current smoking, current drinking, total energy intake, fat intake, saturated fatty acid intake, leisure-time physical activity and use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. The homeostasis model assessment insulin sensitivity and HDL cholesterol positively associated with dietary fiber intake. Dietary fiber intake was associated with reduced prevalence of abdominal obesity, hypertension and metabolic syndrome after multivariate adjustments including obesity. Furthermore, dietary fiber intake was associated with lower prevalence of albuminuria, low estimated glomerular filtration rate and chronic kidney disease after multivariate adjustments including protein intake. Additional adjustments for obesity, hypertension or metabolic syndrome did not change these associations. Conclusion We demonstrated that increased dietary fiber intake was associated with better glycemic control and more favorable cardiovascular disease risk factors including chronic kidney disease in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetic patients should be encouraged to consume more dietary fiber in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masanori Iwase
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Tanaka S, Yoshimura Y, Kamada C, Tanaka S, Horikawa C, Okumura R, Ito H, Ohashi Y, Akanuma Y, Yamada N, Sone H. Intakes of dietary fiber, vegetables, and fruits and incidence of cardiovascular disease in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3916-22. [PMID: 24170762 PMCID: PMC3836113 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Foods rich in fiber, such as vegetables and fruits, prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) among healthy adults, but such data in patients with diabetes are sparse. We investigated this association in a cohort with type 2 diabetes aged 40-70 years whose HbA1c values were ≥ 6.5% in Japan Diabetes Society values. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this cohort study, 1,414 patients were analyzed after exclusion of patients with history of CVDs and nonresponders to a dietary survey. Primary outcomes were times to stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD). Hazard ratios (HRs) of dietary intake were estimated by Cox regression adjusted for systolic blood pressure, lipids, energy intake, and other confounders. RESULTS Mean daily dietary fiber in quartiles ranged from 8.7 to 21.8 g, and mean energy intake ranged from 1,442.3 to 2,058.9 kcal. Mean daily intake of vegetables and fruits in quartiles ranged from 228.7 to 721.4 g. During the follow-up of a median of 8.1 years, 68 strokes and 96 CHDs were observed. HRs for stroke in the fourth quartile vs. the first quartile were 0.39 (95% CI 0.12-1.29, P = 0.12) for dietary fiber and 0.35 (0.13-0.96, P = 0.04) for vegetables and fruits. There were no significant associations with CHD. The HR per 1-g increase was smaller for soluble dietary fiber (0.48 [95% CI 0.30-0.79], P < 0.01) than for total (0.82 [0.73-0.93], P < 0.01) and insoluble (0.79 [0.68-0.93], P < 0.01) dietary fiber. CONCLUSIONS Increased dietary fiber, particularly soluble fiber, and vegetables and fruits were associated with lower incident stroke but not CHD in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Evert AB, Boucher JL, Cypress M, Dunbar SA, Franz MJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Neumiller JJ, Nwankwo R, Verdi CL, Urbanski P, Yancy WS. Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 36:3821-42. [PMID: 24107659 PMCID: PMC3816916 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is no standard meal plan or eating pattern that works universally for all people with diabetes. In order to be effective, nutrition therapy should be individualized for each patient/client based on his or her individual health goals; personal and cultural preferences; health literacy and numeracy; access to healthful choices; and readiness, willingness, and ability to change. Nutrition interventions should emphasize a variety of minimally processed nutrient dense foods in appropriate portion sizes as part of a healthful eating pattern and provide the individual with diabetes with practical tools for day-to-day food plan and behavior change that can be maintained over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Birkett
- The Kellogg Company, Battle Creek, MI, U.S.A
- Corresponding author
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Al-Khudairy L, Stranges S, Kumar S, Al-Daghri N, Rees K. Dietary factors and type 2 diabetes in the Middle East: what is the evidence for an association?--a systematic review. Nutrients 2013; 5:3871-97. [PMID: 24077241 PMCID: PMC3820049 DOI: 10.3390/nu5103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to search and summarise the available evidence on the association between dietary factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Middle Eastern populations, where diabetes prevalence is among the highest in the world. Electronic databases were searched; authors, libraries, and research centres in the Middle East were contacted for further studies and unpublished literature. Included studies assessed potential dietary factors for T2DM in Middle Eastern adults. Two reviewers assessed studies independently. Extensive searching yielded 17 studies which met the inclusion criteria for this review. The findings showed that whole-grain intake reduces the risk of T2DM, and potato consumption was positively correlated with T2DM. Vegetables and vegetable oil may play a protective role against T2DM. Dietary patterns that are associated with diabetes were identified, such as Fast Food and Refined Grains patterns. Two studies demonstrated that lifestyle interventions decreased the risk of T2DM. In summary, the identified studies support an association between some dietary factors and T2DM; however, many of the included studies were of poor methodological quality so the findings should be interpreted with caution. The review draws attention to major gaps in current evidence and the need for well-designed studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Al-Khudairy
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; E-Mails: (S.S.); (K.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-2476-575-593
| | - Saverio Stranges
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; E-Mails: (S.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Sudhesh Kumar
- WISDEM Centre, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire, NHS Trust, Clifford, Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Nasser Al-Daghri
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box, 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; E-Mail:
| | - Karen Rees
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; E-Mails: (S.S.); (K.R.)
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Cho SS, Qi L, Fahey GC, Klurfeld DM. Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:594-619. [PMID: 23803885 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of whole grain and chronic disease have often included bran-enriched foods and other ingredients that do not meet the current definition of whole grains. Therefore, we assessed the literature to test whether whole grains alone had benefits on these diseases. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the contribution of bran or cereal fiber on the impact of whole grains on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and body weight measures, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in human studies as the basis for establishing an American Society for Nutrition (ASN) position on this subject. DESIGN We performed a comprehensive PubMed search of human studies published from 1965 to December 2010. RESULTS Most whole-grain studies included mixtures of whole grains and foods with ≥25% bran. Prospective studies consistently showed a reduced risk of T2D with high intakes of cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran. For body weight, a limited number of prospective studies on cereal fiber and whole grains reported small but significant reductions in weight gain. For CVD, studies found reduced risk with high intakes of cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran. CONCLUSIONS The ASN position, based on the current state of the science, is that consumption of foods rich in cereal fiber or mixtures of whole grains and bran is modestly associated with a reduced risk of obesity, T2D, and CVD. The data for whole grains alone are limited primarily because of varying definitions among epidemiologic studies of what, and how much, was included in that food category.
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Ross AB, Pere-Trépat E, Montoliu I, Martin FPJ, Collino S, Moco S, Godin JP, Cléroux M, Guy PA, Breton I, Bibiloni R, Thorimbert A, Tavazzi I, Tornier L, Bebuis A, Bruce SJ, Beaumont M, Fay LB, Kochhar S. A whole-grain-rich diet reduces urinary excretion of markers of protein catabolism and gut microbiota metabolism in healthy men after one week. J Nutr 2013; 143:766-73. [PMID: 23616503 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.172197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies consistently find that diets rich in whole-grain (WG) cereals lead to decreased risk of disease compared with refined grain (RG)-based diets. Aside from a greater amount of fiber and micronutrients, possible mechanisms for why WGs may be beneficial for health remain speculative. In an exploratory, randomized, researcher-blinded, crossover trial, we measured metabolic profile differences between healthy participants eating a diet based on WGs compared with a diet based on RGs. Seventeen healthy adult participants (11 female, 6 male) consumed a controlled diet based on either WG-rich or RG-rich foods for 2 wk, followed by the other diet after a 5-wk washout period. Both diets were the same except for the use of WG (150 g/d) or RG foods. The metabolic profiles of plasma, urine, and fecal water were measured using (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (plasma only). After 1 wk of intervention, the WG diet led to decreases in urinary excretion of metabolites related to protein catabolism (urea, methylguanadine), lipid (carnitine and acylcarnitines) and gut microbial (4-hydroxyphenylacetate, trimethylacetate, dimethylacetate) metabolism in men compared with the same time point during the RG intervention. There were no differences between the interventions after 2 wk. Urinary urea, carnitine, and acylcarnitine were lower at wk 1 of the WG intervention relative to the RG intervention in all participants. Fecal water short-chain fatty acids acetate and butyrate were relatively greater after the WG diet compared to the RG diet. Although based on a small population and for a short time period, these observations suggest that a WG diet may affect protein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B Ross
- Nestlé Research Centre, Vers chez les Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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McKeown NM, Jacques PF, Seal CJ, de Vries J, Jonnalagadda SS, Clemens R, Webb D, Murphy LA, van Klinken JW, Topping D, Murray R, Degeneffe D, Marquart LF. Whole grains and health: from theory to practice--highlights of The Grains for Health Foundation's Whole Grains Summit 2012. J Nutr 2013; 143:744S-758S. [PMID: 23514771 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.172536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Grains for Health Foundation's Whole Grains Summit, held May 19-22, 2012 in Minneapolis, was the first meeting of its kind to convene >300 scientists, educators, food technologists, grain breeders, food manufacturers, marketers, health professionals, and regulators from around the world. Its goals were to identify potential avenues for collaborative efforts and formulate new approaches to whole-grains research and health communications that support global public health and business. This paper summarizes some of the challenges and opportunities that researchers and nutrition educators face in expanding the knowledge base on whole grains and health and in translating and disseminating that knowledge to consumers. The consensus of the summit was that effective, long-term, public-private partnerships are needed to reach across the globe and galvanize the whole-grains community to collaborate effectively in translating whole-grains science into strategies that increase the availability and affordability of more healthful, grain-based food products. A prerequisite of that is the need to build trust among diverse multidisciplinary professionals involved in the growing, producing, marketing, and regulating of whole-grain products and between the grain and public health communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M McKeown
- Nutritional Epidemiology Program, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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O’Neil CE, Keast DR, Fulgoni VL, Nicklas TA. Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006. Nutrients 2012; 4:2097-120. [PMID: 23363999 PMCID: PMC3546624 DOI: 10.3390/nu4122097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of current food sources of energy and nutrients among US adults is needed to help with public health efforts to implement feasible and appropriate dietary recommendations. To determine the food sources of energy and 26 nutrients consumed by US adults the 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 24-h recall (Day 1) dietary intake data from a nationally representative sample of adults 19+ years of age (y) (n = 9490) were analyzed. An updated USDA Dietary Source Nutrient Database was developed for NHANES 2003-2006 using current food composition databases. Food grouping included ingredients from disaggregated mixtures. Mean energy and nutrient intakes from food sources were sample-weighted. Percentages of total dietary intake contributed from food sources were ranked. The highest ranked sources of energy and nutrients among adults more than 19 years old were: energy - yeast bread/rolls (7.2%) and cake/cookies/quick bread/pastry/pie (7.2%); protein-poultry (14.4%) and beef (14.0%); total fat - other fats and oils (9.8%); saturated fatty acids - cheese (16.5%) and beef (9.1%); carbohydrate - soft drinks/soda (11.4%) and yeast breads/rolls (10.9%); dietary fiber - yeast breads/rolls (10.9%) and fruit (10.2%); calcium - milk (22.5%) and cheese (21.6%); vitamin D - milk (45.1%) and fish/shellfish (14.4%); and potassium - milk (9.6%) and coffee/tea/other non-alcoholic beverages (8.4%). Knowledge of primary food sources of energy and nutrients can help health professionals design effective strategies to reduce excess energy consumed by US adults and increase the nutrient adequacy of their diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E. O’Neil
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Debra R. Keast
- Food & Nutrition Database Research, Inc., Shadywood Lane, Okemos, MI 48864, USA; E-Mail:
| | | | - Theresa A. Nicklas
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; E-Mail:
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Varraso R, Garcia-Aymerich J, Monier F, Le Moual N, De Batlle J, Miranda G, Pison C, Romieu I, Kauffmann F, Maccario J. Assessment of dietary patterns in nutritional epidemiology: principal component analysis compared with confirmatory factor analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1079-92. [PMID: 23034967 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.038109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the field of nutritional epidemiology, principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to derive patterns, but the robustness of interpretation might be an issue when the sample size is small. The authors proposed the alternative use of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to define such patterns. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare dietary patterns derived through PCA and CFA used as equivalent approaches in terms of stability and relevance. DESIGN PCA and CFA were performed in 2 different studies: the Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma 2-France (EGEA2-France; n = 1236) and the Phenotype and Course of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease study-Spain (n = 274). To check for stability, PCA and CFA were also performed in 2 subsamples from the EGEA2 study (n = 618 and 309). Statistical proprieties were evaluated by 1000 bootstrapped random sets of observations for each of the 4 subsamples. For each random set of observations, the distribution of the factor loading for each pattern was obtained and represented by using box-plots. To check for relevance, partial correlations between different nutrients and the different patterns derived by either PCA or CFA were calculated. RESULTS With the use of CFA, 2 consistent dietary patterns were derived in each subsample (the Prudent and the Western patterns), whereas dietary factors were less interpretable with the use of PCA (smaller median of factor loadings and higher dispersion), especially for the smallest subsample. Higher correlations were reported among total fiber, vitamins, minerals, and total lipids with patterns derived by using CFA than with patterns derived by using PCA. CONCLUSION The current study shows that CFA may be a useful alternative to PCA in epidemiologic studies, especially when the sample size is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Varraso
- INSERM U1018/CESP, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology team (team 5), 16 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France.
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Jiang J, Qiu H, Zhao G, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Jiang Q, Sun Q, Wu H, Yang L, Ruan X, Xu WH. Dietary fiber intake is associated with HbA1c level among prevalent patients with type 2 diabetes in Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46552. [PMID: 23077514 PMCID: PMC3473058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary factors play an important role in glycemic control in diabetic patients. However, little is known about their effects among Chinese diabetic patients, whose diets are typically abundant in fiber and high in glycemic index (GI) values. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 934 patients with type 2 diabetes and 918 healthy volunteers from Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, were interviewed during the period of Oct-Dec, 2006 to elicit demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements, bio-specimen collection and biochemical assays were conducted at the interview according to a standard protocol. In this population, diabetic patients consumed lower levels of energy and macronutrients but had higher levels of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycolated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), triglyceride and body mass index than healthy adults. While the average consumption levels of the nutrients among diabetic patients did not vary along duration of the disease, the average levels of FPG and HbA1c increased with increasing duration. Regardless of diabetes duration, HbA1c level was observed lower in patients having a higher fiber or lower GI intake. Compared with those with the lowest tertile intake of fiber, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for poor glycemic control reduced from 0.75 (95%CI: 0.54-1.06) to 0.51 (95%CI: 0.34-0.75) with increasing tertile intake (P for trend <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Dietary fiber may play an important role in reducing HbA1c level. Increasing fiber intake may be an effective approach to improve glycemic control among Chinese diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Qiu
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Genming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Sun
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Yang
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Ruan
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XR); (WX)
| | - Wang-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XR); (WX)
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Antihyperglycemic effects of fermented and nonfermented mung bean extracts on alloxan-induced-diabetic mice. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:285430. [PMID: 23091343 PMCID: PMC3469204 DOI: 10.1155/2012/285430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mung bean was reported as a potential antidiabetic agent while fermented food has been proposed as one of the major contributors that can reduce the risk of diabetes in Asian populations. In this study, we have compared the normoglycemic effect, glucose-induced hyperglycemic effect, and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic effect of fermented and nonfermented mung bean extracts. Our results showed that fermented mung bean extracts did not induce hypoglycemic effect on normal mice but significantly reduced the blood sugar levels of glucose- and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice. The serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were also lowered while insulin secretion and antioxidant level as measured by malonaldehyde (MDA) assays were significantly improved in the plasma of the fermented mung bean-treated group in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mouse. These results indicated that fermentation using Mardi Rhizopus sp. strain 5351 inoculums could enhance the antihyperglycemic and the antioxidant effects of mung bean in alloxan-treated mice. The improvement in the antihyperglycemic effect may also be contributed by the increased content of GABA and the free amino acid that are present in the fermented mung bean extracts.
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Burger KNJ, Beulens JWJ, van der Schouw YT, Sluijs I, Spijkerman AMW, Sluik D, Boeing H, Kaaks R, Teucher B, Dethlefsen C, Overvad K, Tjønneland A, Kyrø C, Barricarte A, Bendinelli B, Krogh V, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Mattiello A, Nilsson PM, Orho-Melander M, Rolandsson O, Huerta JM, Crowe F, Allen N, Nöthlings U. Dietary fiber, carbohydrate quality and quantity, and mortality risk of individuals with diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43127. [PMID: 22927948 PMCID: PMC3426551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fiber, carbohydrate quality and quantity are associated with mortality risk in the general population. Whether this is also the case among diabetes patients is unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess the associations of dietary fiber, glycemic load, glycemic index, carbohydrate, sugar, and starch intake with mortality risk in individuals with diabetes. METHODS This study was a prospective cohort study among 6,192 individuals with confirmed diabetes mellitus (mean age of 57.4 years, and median diabetes duration of 4.4 years at baseline) from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Dietary intake was assessed at baseline (1992-2000) with validated dietary questionnaires. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, while adjusting for CVD-related, diabetes-related, and nutritional factors. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 9.2 y, 791 deaths were recorded, 306 due to CVD. Dietary fiber was inversely associated with all-cause mortality risk (adjusted HR per SD increase, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.75-0.91]) and CVD mortality risk (0.76[0.64-0.89]). No significant associations were observed for glycemic load, glycemic index, carbohydrate, sugar, or starch. Glycemic load (1.42[1.07-1.88]), carbohydrate (1.67[1.18-2.37]) and sugar intake (1.53[1.12-2.09]) were associated with an increased total mortality risk among normal weight individuals (BMI≤25 kg/m(2); 22% of study population) but not among overweight individuals (P interaction≤0.04). These associations became stronger after exclusion of energy misreporters. CONCLUSIONS High fiber intake was associated with a decreased mortality risk. High glycemic load, carbohydrate and sugar intake were associated with an increased mortality risk in normal weight individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koert N. J. Burger
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joline W. J. Beulens
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne T. van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M. W. Spijkerman
- Center for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Diewertje Sluik
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Claus Dethlefsen
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Cecilie Kyrø
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP),Pamplona, Spain
| | - Benedetta Bendinelli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Istituto per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Oncologica, Florence, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, “Civile M. P. Arezzo” Hospital, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Center for Cancer Prevention (Piedmont), and Human Genetic Foundation, Turin, Italy
| | - Amalia Mattiello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Peter M. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - José María Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Authority, and CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francesca Crowe
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Allen
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Epidemiology Section, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Schoenaker DAJM, Toeller M, Chaturvedi N, Fuller JH, Soedamah-Muthu SS. Dietary saturated fat and fibre and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality among type 1 diabetic patients: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2132-41. [PMID: 22526612 PMCID: PMC3390695 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Low adherence to recommendations for dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) and fibre intake in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus may heighten their increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. We examined the relationship of SFA and total, soluble and insoluble fibre with incident CVD and all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetic patients. METHODS A prospective cohort analysis was performed in 2,108 European type 1 diabetic patients aged 15-60 years who were free of CVD at baseline and enrolled in the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study (51% male). Diet was assessed from a standardised 3 day dietary record. HR were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 7.3 years, 148 incident cases of fatal and non-fatal CVD and 46 all-cause deaths were documented. No statistically significant association was found between SFA and CVD and all-cause mortality. Total dietary fibre, per 5 g/day, was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk (HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.55, 0.95). This association was stronger for soluble fibre (per 5 g/day, HR 0.34; 95% CI 0.14, 0.80) compared with insoluble fibre (per 5 g/day; HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.45, 0.97). Similar results were found for the association with CVD. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study suggests that reported dietary SFA is not significantly associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetic patients. On the contrary, higher dietary fibre consumption, especially soluble fibre, within the range commonly consumed by type 1 diabetic patients, may contribute to the prevention of CVD and all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. J. M. Schoenaker
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Toeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N. Chaturvedi
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J. H. Fuller
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S. S. Soedamah-Muthu
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Hall M, Flinkman T. Do Fiber and Psyllium Fiber Improve Diabetic Metabolism? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 27:513-6. [DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2012.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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129
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Frassinetti S, Della Croce CM, Caltavuturo L, Longo V. Antimutagenic and antioxidant activity of Lisosan G in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Food Chem 2012; 135:2029-34. [PMID: 22953954 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the antimutagenic and antioxidant effects of a powder of grain (Lisosan G) in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. Results showed that Lisosan G treatment decreased significantly the intracellular ROS concentration and mutagenesis induced by hydrogen peroxide in S. cerevisiae D7 strain. The effect of Lisosan G was then evaluated by using superoxide dismutase (SOD) proficient and deficient strains of S. cerevisiae. Lisosan G showed protective activity in sod1Δ and sod2Δ mutant strains, indicating an in vivo antioxidant effect. A high radical scavenging activity of Lisosan G was also demonstrated in vitro using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The obtained results showed a protective effect of Lisosan G in yeast cells, indicating that its antioxidant capacity contributes to its antimutagenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Frassinetti
- National Research Council, Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology (IBBA), Pisa Unit, Research Area of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Ye EQ, Chacko SA, Chou EL, Kugizaki M, Liu S. Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and weight gain. J Nutr 2012; 142:1304-13. [PMID: 22649266 PMCID: PMC6498460 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-grain and high fiber intakes are routinely recommended for prevention of vascular diseases; however, there are no comprehensive and quantitative assessments of available data in humans. The aim of this study was to systematically examine longitudinal studies investigating whole-grain and fiber intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), weight gain, and metabolic risk factors. We identified 45 prospective cohort studies and 21 randomized-controlled trials (RCT) between 1966 and February 2012 by searching the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane, Elsevier Medical Database, and PubMed. Study characteristics, whole-grain and dietary fiber intakes, and risk estimates were extracted using a standardized protocol. Using random effects models, we found that compared with never/rare consumers of whole grains, those consuming 48-80 g whole grain/d (3-5 serving/d) had an ~26% lower risk of T2D [RR = 0.74 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.80)], ~21% lower risk of CVD [RR = 0.79 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.85)], and consistently less weight gain during 8-13 y (1.27 vs 1.64 kg; P = 0.001). Among RCT, weighted mean differences in post-intervention circulating concentrations of fasting glucose and total and LDL-cholesterol comparing whole-grain intervention groups with controls indicated significantly lower concentrations after whole-grain interventions [differences in fasting glucose: -0.93 mmol/L (95% CI: -1.65, -0.21), total cholesterol: -0.83 mmol/L (-1.23, -0.42); and LDL-cholesterol: -0.82 mmol/L (-1.31, -0.33)]. [corrected] Findings from this meta-analysis provide evidence to support beneficial effects of whole-grain intake on vascular disease prevention. Potential mechanisms responsible for whole grains' effects on metabolic intermediates require further investigation in large intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Qing Ye
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Sara A. Chacko
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth L. Chou
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Matthew Kugizaki
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Simin Liu
- Program on Genomics and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Center for Metabolic Disease Prevention, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Medicine, David Gefffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Stevenson L, Phillips F, O'Sullivan K, Walton J. Wheat bran: its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 63:1001-13. [PMID: 22716911 PMCID: PMC3507301 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.687366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wheat bran is a concentrated source of insoluble fibre. Fibre intakes are generally lower than recommendations. This paper reviews the physiological effects of wheat bran and the health benefits it may provide in terms of the prevention of diseases such as colon and breast cancers, cardiovascular disease, obesity and gastrointestinal diseases. In recognition of the weight of evidence, the European Food Safety Authority has recently approved two health claims for wheat bran and gastrointestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Stevenson
- Food & Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Education, Community & Leisure, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Landberg R, Townsend MK, Neelakantan N, Sun Q, Sampson L, Spiegelman D, van Dam RM. Alkylresorcinol metabolite concentrations in spot urine samples correlated with whole grain and cereal fiber intake but showed low to modest reproducibility over one to three years in U.S. women. J Nutr 2012; 142:872-7. [PMID: 22437553 PMCID: PMC3327746 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.156398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two alkylresorcinol (AR) metabolites, 3, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA), in urine have been suggested as biomarkers of whole grain (WG) and cereal fiber intake but the long-term reproducibility and correlation with habitual intake has not been determined. Therefore, we evaluated the long-term reproducibility of AR metabolites in spot urine samples and investigated their correlation with habitual WG and cereal fiber intake in U.S. women. AR metabolites were analyzed in 104 women participating in the Nurses' Health Study II and WG and fiber intakes were assessed using a FFQ. Long-term reproducibility was assessed by calculating the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) using samples taken 1-3 y (mean 1.8 y) apart. The observed Spearman correlation coefficients (r(s)) and r(s) adjusted for within-participant variation in the biomarker were calculated between WG and fiber intake and biomarkers. The long-term reproducibility was poor for DHBA [ICC = 0.17 (95% CI: 0.05, 0.43)] and modest for DHPPA [ICC = 0.31 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.51)]. The correlation between WG intake in 1995 and DHPPA measured 2 y later was 0.37 (P < 0.0001); the adjusted correlation was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.76). Cereal fiber and WG intake were similarly correlated to the biomarkers. DHPPA in spot urine samples reflected WG intake despite relatively low intake of food sources of AR. The poor to modest reproducibility may limit the use of single measurements of these biomarkers in cohort studies in the US, where WG intake is relatively low and has changed over time. But DHPPA in repeated samples may be useful for validating WG intake and assessing compliance in WG intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikard Landberg
- Department of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mary K. Townsend
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston; MA
| | - Nithya Neelakantan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Sun
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston; MA,Department of Nutrition, and
| | | | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA; and
| | - Rob M. van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Nutrition, and,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Healthy Eating: Incorporating Nutritional Management Into Lifestyle. DIABETES EDUCATOR 2012; 38:124-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0145721711426070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wheeler ML, Dunbar SA, Jaacks LM, Karmally W, Mayer-Davis EJ, Wylie-Rosett J, Yancy WS. Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010. Diabetes Care 2012; 35:434-45. [PMID: 22275443 PMCID: PMC3263899 DOI: 10.2337/dc11-2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lindsay M. Jaacks
- School of Public Health, Nutritional Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Wahida Karmally
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Judith Wylie-Rosett
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - William S. Yancy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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135
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Optimization of alkylresorcinols extraction from triticale bran using response surface methodology. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-011-0756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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136
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Hodge AM, English DR, Itsiopoulos C, O'Dea K, Giles GG. Does a Mediterranean diet reduce the mortality risk associated with diabetes: evidence from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21:733-739. [PMID: 21194913 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetes is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet southern European migrants to Australia with high rates of type 2 diabetes have relatively low CVD mortality. Our aim was to determine whether a Mediterranean style diet could reduce mortality in people with diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants included 16,610 males and 23,860 females from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study; 25% were born in Greece or Italy, and 2150 had previously been diagnosed with diabetes or had elevated blood glucose at baseline (1990-94). Data on demographic, behavioral and physical risk factors were also collected. A personal Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) was calculated using data from a validated 121-item food frequency questionnaire. Total and CVD mortality data were available up to 2003. Diabetes (new and known) at baseline, was associated with total mortality (men HR 1.43, 95%CI 1.26-1.62; women HR 1.86 95%CI 1.58-2.18), and CVD mortality (men HR 1.53, 95%CI 1.21-1.94; women HR 2.10 95%CI 1.48-2.97) in multivariate models. There was no evidence that glucose tolerance modified the associations between MDS and total or CVD mortality (p interaction all > 0.16). The HRs for total mortality per unit of MDS were 0.96 (95% CI 0.93-0.99) in men and 0.94 (95% CI 0.92-0.97) in women. The HRs for CVD mortality per unit of MDS were 0.94 (95% CI 0.89-0.99) in men and 0.94 (95% CI 0.87-1.01) in women. CONCLUSION Our results add to the evidence supporting the benefit of a Mediterranean style diet for people with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hodge
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
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Bhupathiraju SN, Tucker KL. Coronary heart disease prevention: nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1493-514. [PMID: 21575619 PMCID: PMC5945285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet is a key modifiable risk factor in the prevention and risk reduction of coronary heart disease (CHD). Results from the Seven Countries Study in the early 1970s spurred an interest in the role of single nutrients such as total fat in CHD risk. With accumulating evidence, we have moved away from a focus on total fat to the importance of considering the quality of fat. Recent meta-analyses of intervention studies confirm the beneficial effects of replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids on CHD risk. Scientific evidence for a detrimental role of trans fat intake from industrial sources on CHD risk has led to important policy changes including listing trans fatty acid content on the "Nutrition Facts" panel and banning the use of trans fatty acids in food service establishments in some cities. The effects of such policy changes on changes in CHD incidence are yet to be evaluated. There has been a surging interest in the protective effects of vitamin D in primary prevention. Yet, its associations with secondary events have been mixed and intervention studies are needed to clarify its role in CHD prevention. Epidemiological and clinical trial evidence surrounding the benefit of B vitamins and antioxidants such as carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C, have been contradictory. While pharmacological supplementation of these vitamins in populations with existing CHD has been ineffective and, in some cases, even detrimental, data repeatedly show that consumption of a healthy dietary pattern has considerable cardioprotective effects for primary prevention. Results from these studies and the general ineffectiveness of nutrient-based interventions have shifted interest to the role of foods in CHD risk reduction. The strongest and most consistent protective associations are seen with fruit and vegetables, fish, and whole grains. Epidemiological and clinical trial data also show risk reduction with moderate alcohol consumption. In the past decade, there has been a paradigm shift in nutritional epidemiology to examine associations between dietary patterns and health. Several epidemiological studies show that people following the Mediterranean style diet or the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet have lower risk of CHD and lower likelihood of developing hypertension. Studies using empirical or data driven dietary patterns have frequently identified two patterns - "Healthy or Prudent" and "Western". In general, the "Healthy", compared to the "Western" pattern has been associated with more favorable biological profiles, slower progression of atherosclerosis, and reduced incidence. Evidence on changes in dietary patterns and changes in CHD risk is still emerging. With the emergence of the concept of personalized nutrition, studies are increasingly considering the role of genetic factors in the modulation of the association between nutrients and CHD. More studies of genetic variation and dietary patterns in relation to CHD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine L. Tucker
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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138
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Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F. Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract 2011; 17:132-42. [PMID: 20713332 DOI: 10.4158/ep10204.ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review outcomes of randomized controlled clinical trials exploring the efficacy of different types of diets containing various amounts of fiber in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS We searched PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar for published data from the past decade (through December 2009) on dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Only randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of whole grains, fiber, or vegetarian diets on type 2 diabetes were included. Search criteria included whole grain, fruit, vegetable, fiber, and meat intake regarding insulin sensitivity and glycemic responses in healthy, prediabetic, and diabetic persons. RESULTS A total of 14 randomized clinical trials were included. Addition of insoluble or soluble fiber to meals, increased consumption of diets rich in whole grains and vegetables, and vegan diets improve glucose metabolism and increase insulin sensitivity. The greatest improvement in blood lipids, body weight, and hemoglobin A(1c) level occurred in participants following low-fat, plant-based diets. CONCLUSIONS Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Wolfram
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4954, USA
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139
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Thornton SN. Letter by Thornton regarding article, "Whole-grain, cereal fiber, bran, and germ intake and the risks of all-cause and cardiovascular disease-specific mortality among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus". Circulation 2011; 123:e265; author reply e266. [PMID: 21382900 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.967968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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