101
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Murakami M, Yamamoto K, Miki Y, Murase R, Sato H, Taketomi Y. The Roles of the Secreted Phospholipase A 2 Gene Family in Immunology. Adv Immunol 2016; 132:91-134. [PMID: 27769509 PMCID: PMC7112020 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family that hydrolyzes phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) enzymes comprise the largest group containing 11 isoforms in mammals. Individual sPLA2s exhibit unique tissue or cellular distributions and enzymatic properties, suggesting their distinct biological roles. Although PLA2 enzymes, particularly cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2α), have long been implicated in inflammation by driving arachidonic acid metabolism, the precise biological roles of sPLA2s have remained a mystery over the last few decades. Recent studies employing mice gene-manipulated for individual sPLA2s, in combination with mass spectrometric lipidomics to identify their target substrates and products in vivo, have revealed their roles in diverse biological events, including immunity and associated disorders, through lipid mediator-dependent or -independent processes in given microenvironments. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the roles of sPLA2s in various immune responses and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Yamamoto
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Y Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Murase
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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102
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Woodling NS, Andreasson KI. Untangling the Web: Toxic and Protective Effects of Neuroinflammation and PGE2 Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:454-63. [PMID: 26979823 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response has received increasing attention as a key factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia, the innate immune cells and resident phagocytes of the brain, respond to accumulating Aβ peptides by generating a nonresolving inflammatory response. While this response can clear Aβ peptides from the nervous system in some settings, its failure to do so in AD accelerates synaptic injury, neuronal loss, and cognitive decline. The complex molecular components of this response are beginning to be unraveled, with identification of both damaging and protective roles for individual components of the neuroinflammatory response. Even within one molecular pathway, contrasting effects are often present. As one example, recent studies of the inflammatory cyclooxygenase-prostaglandin pathway have revealed both beneficial and detrimental effects dependent on the disease context, cell type, and downstream signaling pathway. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which inhibit cyclooxygenases, are associated with reduced AD risk when taken by cognitively normal populations, but additional clinical and mouse model studies have added complexities and caveats to this finding. Downstream of cyclooxygenase activity, prostaglandin E2 signaling exerts both damaging pro-inflammatory and protective anti-inflammatory effects through actions of specific E-prostanoid G-protein coupled receptors on specific cell types. These complexities underscore the need for careful study of individual components of the neuroinflammatory response to better understand their contribution to AD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S. Woodling
- Department of Neurology and
Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201
Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Katrin I. Andreasson
- Department of Neurology and
Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201
Welch Road, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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103
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Duffin R, O'Connor RA, Crittenden S, Forster T, Yu C, Zheng X, Smyth D, Robb CT, Rossi F, Skouras C, Tang S, Richards J, Pellicoro A, Weller RB, Breyer RM, Mole DJ, Iredale JP, Anderton SM, Narumiya S, Maizels RM, Ghazal P, Howie SE, Rossi AG, Yao C. Prostaglandin E₂ constrains systemic inflammation through an innate lymphoid cell-IL-22 axis. Science 2016; 351:1333-8. [PMID: 26989254 PMCID: PMC4841390 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammation, which results from the massive release of proinflammatory molecules into the circulatory system, is a major risk factor for severe illness, but the precise mechanisms underlying its control are not fully understood. We observed that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), through its receptor EP4, is down-regulated in human systemic inflammatory disease. Mice with reduced PGE2 synthesis develop systemic inflammation, associated with translocation of gut bacteria, which can be prevented by treatment with EP4 agonists. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that PGE2-EP4 signaling acts directly on type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), promoting their homeostasis and driving them to produce interleukin-22 (IL-22). Disruption of the ILC-IL-22 axis impairs PGE2-mediated inhibition of systemic inflammation. Hence, the ILC-IL-22 axis is essential in protecting against gut barrier dysfunction, enabling PGE2-EP4 signaling to impede systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Duffin
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard A O'Connor
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Siobhan Crittenden
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Cunjing Yu
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Xiaozhong Zheng
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Danielle Smyth
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Calum T Robb
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Fiona Rossi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Christos Skouras
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shaohui Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - James Richards
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Antonella Pellicoro
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard B Weller
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard M Breyer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, TN 37212, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Damian J Mole
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - John P Iredale
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Stephen M Anderton
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics (AK Project), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan. Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK. Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JD, UK
| | - Sarah E Howie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Chengcan Yao
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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104
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Alkaline ceramidase 3 deficiency aggravates colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice by hyperactivating the innate immune system. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2124. [PMID: 26938296 PMCID: PMC4823937 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing studies suggest that ceramides differing in acyl chain length and/or degree of unsaturation have distinct roles in mediating biological responses. However, still much remains unclear about regulation and role of distinct ceramide species in the immune response. Here, we demonstrate that alkaline ceramidase 3 (Acer3) mediates the immune response by regulating the levels of C18:1-ceramide in cells of the innate immune system and that Acer3 deficiency aggravates colitis in a murine model by augmenting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in myeloid and colonic epithelial cells (CECs). According to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, ACER3 is downregulated in immune cells in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a potent inducer of the innate immune response. Consistent with these data, we demonstrated that LPS downregulated both Acer3 mRNA levels and its enzymatic activity while elevating C(18:1)-ceramide, a substrate of Acer3, in murine immune cells or CECs. Knocking out Acer3 enhanced the elevation of C(18:1)-ceramide and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells and CECs in response to LPS challenge. Similar to Acer3 knockout, treatment with C(18:1)-ceramide, but not C18:0-ceramide, potentiated LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. In the mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, Acer3 deficiency augmented colitis-associated elevation of colonic C(18:1)-ceramide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Acer3 deficiency aggravated diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss and mortality. Pathological analyses revealed that Acer3 deficiency augmented colonic shortening, immune cell infiltration, colonic epithelial damage and systemic inflammation. Acer3 deficiency also aggravated colonic dysplasia in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Taken together, these results suggest that Acer3 has an important anti-inflammatory role by suppressing cellular or tissue C(18:1)-ceramide, a potent pro-inflammatory bioactive lipid and that dysregulation of ACER3 and C(18:1)-ceramide may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases including cancer.
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105
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Tse KH, Chow KBS, Wise H. PGE2 released by primary sensory neurons modulates Toll-like receptor 4 activities through an EP4 receptor-dependent process. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:8-16. [PMID: 27049555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) displays mixed regulatory properties with regard to inflammatory gene expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. We show here that endogenously-produced nanomolar concentrations of PGE2, such as that generated in response to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation, inhibits both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) mRNA expression in DRG cells in an EP4 receptor-dependent manner. DRG neurons appear to be the major source of PGE2 in the DRG and likely serve as both an autocrine and paracrine system for limiting over-activation of both DRG neurons and glial cells in response to TLR4 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hei Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Kevin B S Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Helen Wise
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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106
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Murase R, Sato H, Yamamoto K, Ushida A, Nishito Y, Ikeda K, Kobayashi T, Yamamoto T, Taketomi Y, Murakami M. Group X Secreted Phospholipase A2 Releases ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Suppresses Colitis, and Promotes Sperm Fertility. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6895-911. [PMID: 26828067 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the secreted phospholipase A2(sPLA2) family, group X sPLA2(sPLA2-X) has the highest capacity to hydrolyze cellular membranes and has long been thought to promote inflammation by releasing arachidonic acid, a precursor of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Unexpectedly, we found that transgenic mice globally overexpressing human sPLA2-X (PLA2G10-Tg) displayed striking immunosuppressive and lean phenotypes with lymphopenia and increased M2-like macrophages, accompanied by marked elevation of free ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites. Studies usingPla2g10-deficient mice revealed that endogenous sPLA2-X, which is highly expressed in the colon epithelium and spermatozoa, mobilized ω3 PUFAs or their metabolites to protect against dextran sulfate-induced colitis and to promote fertilization, respectively. In colitis, sPLA2-X deficiency increased colorectal expression of Th17 cytokines, and ω3 PUFAs attenuated their production by lamina propria cells partly through the fatty acid receptor GPR120. In comparison, cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2α) protects from colitis by mobilizing ω6 arachidonic acid metabolites, including prostaglandin E2 Thus, our results underscore a previously unrecognized role of sPLA2-X as an ω3 PUFA mobilizerin vivo, segregated mobilization of ω3 and ω6 PUFA metabolites by sPLA2-X and cPLA2α, respectively, in protection against colitis, and the novel role of a particular sPLA2-X-driven PUFA in fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Murase
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project and School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Ushida
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Core Technology and Research Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan, and
| | - Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | | | | | - Makoto Murakami
- From the Lipid Metabolism Project and AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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107
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Molecular Characterization of E-Type Prostanoid Receptor 4 (EP4) from Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis) and Its Functional Analysis in the Monocytes/Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147884. [PMID: 26809077 PMCID: PMC4726814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays an important role in a broad spectrum of physiological and pathological processes by interacting with E-type prostanoid receptors (EPs). EP4 is one of four EP subtypes known to mediate the immune response in mammalian monocytes/macrophages. However, the precise function and characteristics of EP4 in fish remain unclear. In this study, we characterized a novel EP4-like (PaEP4L) gene from ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. The cDNA sequence of PaEP4L is 2781 nucleotides (nts) in length, encoding a polypeptide of 459 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 51.17 kDa. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PaEP4L shared 76% amino acid identity with that of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). PaEP4L mRNA was detected by real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR) in all tested tissues and head kidney-derived monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ). It varied greatly in liver, spleen and MO/MФ upon Vibrio anguillarum infection. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase of PaEP4L in cell homogenates from ayu MO/MФ upon V. anguillarum infection. Moreover, anti-PaEP4L IgG reversed the down-regulation of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) mRNA expression as well as phagocytosis in ayu MO/MФ caused by PGE2. There were no significant differences in the respiratory burst response between PGE2 treated and untreated cells. We further found that cAMP mediated PGE2/PaEP4L signal in ayu MO/MФ. In conclusion, our results indicate that PaEP4L mediates PGE2 effects on ayu MO/MФ function, revealing that EP4 also plays a role in the modulation of cells of the fish’s innate immune system.
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108
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Jia Z, Xu C, Shen J, Xia T, Yang J, He Y. The natural compound celastrol inhibits necroptosis and alleviates ulcerative colitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:552-559. [PMID: 26454701 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disease. Necroptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of UC. Celastrol, a triterpene from the root bark of the Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, has been reported to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in colitis. It is not known, however, how celastrol exerts its beneficial effects. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and possible mechanism of celastrol in UC. Colitis was induced in mice by administration of 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 4days. Celastrol was administered intraperitoneally (1mg/kg) for 7days after colitis was induced. Our results showed that celastrol treatment ameliorated the severity of colitis, decreased the level of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and upregulated the level of E-cadherin in colitis mice. Moreover, the TUNEL staining and cleaved caspase-3 immunohistochemistry staining proved decreased necrotic cell death after celastrol treatment. On the mechanism, decreased level of necroptosis factors RIP3 and MLKL, and increased level of active caspase-8 were detected after celastrol treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrated that celastrol exerted beneficial effects in colitis treatment via suppressing the RIP3/MLKL necroptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chunfang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiaqing Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Tingting Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- Ministry of Education Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, Soochow University, 199 Renai Rd, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yang He
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi St, Suzhou 215006, China.
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109
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Nakatsuji M, Minami M, Seno H, Yasui M, Komekado H, Higuchi S, Fujikawa R, Nakanishi Y, Fukuda A, Kawada K, Sakai Y, Kita T, Libby P, Ikeuchi H, Yokode M, Chiba T. EP4 Receptor-Associated Protein in Macrophages Ameliorates Colitis and Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005542. [PMID: 26439841 PMCID: PMC4595503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 plays important roles in the maintenance of colonic homeostasis. The recently identified prostaglandin E receptor (EP) 4–associated protein (EPRAP) is essential for an anti-inflammatory function of EP4 signaling in macrophages in vitro. To investigate the in vivo roles of EPRAP, we examined the effects of EPRAP on colitis and colitis-associated tumorigenesis. In mice, EPRAP deficiency exacerbated colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. Wild-type (WT) or EPRAP-deficient recipients transplanted with EPRAP-deficient bone marrow developed more severe DSS-induced colitis than WT or EPRAP-deficient recipients of WT bone marrow. In the context of colitis-associated tumorigenesis, both systemic EPRAP null mutation and EPRAP-deficiency in the bone marrow enhanced intestinal polyp formation induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS treatment. Administration of an EP4-selective agonist, ONO-AE1-329, ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in WT, but not in EPRAP-deficient mice. EPRAP deficiency increased the levels of the phosphorylated forms of p105, MEK, and ERK, resulting in activation of stromal macrophages in DSS-induced colitis. Macrophages of DSS-treated EPRAP-deficient mice exhibited a marked increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, relative to WT mice. By contrast, forced expression of EPRAP in macrophages ameliorated DSS-induced colitis and AOM/DSS-induced intestinal polyp formation. These data suggest that EPRAP in macrophages functions crucially in suppressing colonic inflammation. Consistently, EPRAP-positive macrophages were also accumulated in the colonic stroma of ulcerative colitis patients. Thus, EPRAP may be a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease and associated intestinal tumorigenesis. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is one of the most prevalent and serious gastrointestinal diseases in Western countries and associates with cancer development. EP4 receptor signaling can suppress intestinal inflammation and shows promise as a target for the development of novel therapies for IBD. To date, however, the lack of detailed molecular targets has hampered the development of effective drugs. This study focused on EPRAP, a novel EP4 receptor–associated protein, implicated in its signaling pathway. The generation of EPRAP-gene mutated mice permitted exploration of EPRAP functions in vivo. In addition, EPRAP was localized in stromal macrophages of ulcerative colitis patients. This study revealed that EPRAP in macrophage participates critically in EP4 receptor signaling-mediated inhibition of intestinal inflammation. The macrophage EP4–EPRAP axis thus comprises a novel therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nakatsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Minami
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MM); (HS)
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MM); (HS)
| | - Mika Yasui
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Komekado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sei Higuchi
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risako Fujikawa
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakanishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihisa Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawada
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kita
- Kobe City Municipal Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hiroki Ikeuchi
- Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yokode
- Department of Clinical Innovative Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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110
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Chen Q, Chen R, Liu J, Yuan H, Liu P, Hu A, Wu L, Fang L, Xiao S, Zhu X. Hypodermin A, a potential agent for prevention of allogeneic acute rejection. Transpl Immunol 2015; 33:198-203. [PMID: 26416179 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive agents play an important role in the success of organ transplantation, however the chronic toxicity of these agents is a major issue over the long-term. Hypodermin A (HA) is an enzyme secreted by the larvae of Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae), and has been implicated in immunosuppression in cattle. Malassagne et al. have demonstrated that HA can degrade the C3 protein, and could be used to prevent hyperacute xenogeneic rejection. We found that overexpression of HA in RAW264.7 cells induced significant secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which mediates a variety of innate and adaptive immune responses through four E-type prostanoid (EP) receptor subtypes (EP1-4). PGE2 is useful in the management of allogeneic acute rejection. In addition, we found that induction of PGE2 expression downregulates the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, and promotes the secretion of IL-10 in vitro through the EP4 receptor. It was previously shown that activation of IL-2 and IFN-γ is involved in allograft acute rejection. IL-10 is known to prevent inflammation, and can improve allograft survival rates. We concluded that besides preventing hyperacute xenogeneic rejection, HA might also be a potential therapeutic candidate for ameliorating acute rejection during allotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangang Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renjin Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Honghua Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lianlian Wu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Blirando K, Blaise R, Gorodnaya N, Rouxel C, Meilhac O, Vincent P, Limon I. The stellate vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype is induced by IL-1β via the secretion of PGE2 and subsequent cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3235-47. [PMID: 26403276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis development is associated with morphological changes to intimal cells, leading to a stellate cell phenotype. In this study, we aimed to determine whether and how key pro-atherogenic cytokines present in atherosclerotic plaques (IL-1β, TNFα and IFNγ) could induce this phenotype, as these molecules are known to trigger the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We found that, IL-1β was the only major inflammatory mediator tested capable of inducing a stellate morphology in VSMCs. This finding was confirmed by staining for F-actin and vinculin at focal adhesions, as these two markers were disrupted only by IL-1β. We then investigated the possible association of this IL-1β-dependent change in morphology with an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration ([cAMP]), using the FRET-based biosensor for cAMP (T)Epac(VV). Experiments in the presence of IL-1β or medium conditioned by IL-1β-treated VSMCs and pharmacological tools demonstrated that the long-term increase in intracellular cAMP concentration was induced by the secretion of an autocrine/paracrine mediator, prostaglandin E₂(PGE₂), acting through the EP4 receptor. Finally, by knocking down the expression of the regulatory subunit PKAR1α, thereby reproducing the effects of IL-1β and PGE₂ on VSMCs, we demonstrated the contribution of PKA activity to the observed behavior of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Blirando
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06CNRS UMR 8256 B2A, IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Régis Blaise
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06CNRS UMR 8256 B2A, IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Gorodnaya
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06CNRS UMR 8256 B2A, IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Rouxel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06CNRS UMR 8256 B2A, IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Inserm U1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI) CYROI, 2, rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Pierre Vincent
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06CNRS UMR 8256 B2A, IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Limon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06CNRS UMR 8256 B2A, IBPS, F-75005, Paris, France.
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The Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP4 Regulates Obesity-Related Inflammation and Insulin Sensitivity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136304. [PMID: 26308623 PMCID: PMC4550358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing body weight, macrophages accumulate in adipose tissue. There, activated macrophages secrete numerous proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, giving rise to chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. Prostaglandin E2 suppresses macrophage activation via EP4; however, the role of EP4 signaling in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus remains unknown. In this study, we treated db/db mice with an EP4-selective agonist, ONO-AE1-329, for 4 weeks to explore the role of EP4 signaling in obesity-related inflammation in vivo. Administration of the EP4 agonist did not affect body weight gain or food intake; however, in the EP4 agonist–treated group, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance were significantly improved over that of the vehicle–treated group. Additionally, administration of the EP4 agonist inhibited the accumulation of F4/80-positive macrophages and the formation of crown-like structures in white adipose tissue, and the adipocytes were significantly smaller. The treatment of the EP4 agonist increased the number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, and in the stromal vascular fraction of white adipose tissue, which includes macrophages, it markedly decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Further, EP4 activation increased the expression of adiponectin and peroxidase proliferator–activated receptors in white adipose tissue. Next, we examined in vitro M1/M2 polarization assay to investigate the impact of EP4 signaling on determining the functional phenotypes of macrophages. Treatment with EP4 agonist enhanced M2 polarization in wild-type peritoneal macrophages, whereas EP4-deficient macrophages were less susceptible to M2 polarization. Notably, antagonizing peroxidase proliferator–activated receptor δ activity suppressed EP4 signaling-mediated shift toward M2 macrophage polarization. Thus, our results demonstrate that EP4 signaling plays a critical role in obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance by regulating macrophage recruitment and polarization. The activation of EP4 signaling holds promise for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Cai Y, Ying F, Song E, Wang Y, Xu A, Vanhoutte PM, Tang EHC. Mice lacking prostaglandin E receptor subtype 4 manifest disrupted lipid metabolism attributable to impaired triglyceride clearance. FASEB J 2015; 29:4924-36. [PMID: 26271253 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-274597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon high-fat feeding, prostaglandin E receptor subtype 4 (EP4)-knockout mice gain less body weight than their EP4(+/+) littermates. We investigated the cause of the lean phenotype. The mice showed a 68.8% reduction in weight gain with diminished fat mass that was not attributable to reduced food intake, fat malabsorption, or increased energy expenditure. Plasma triglycerides in the mice were elevated by 244.9%. The increase in plasma triglycerides was independent of changes in hepatic very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride production or intestinal chylomicron-triglyceride synthesis. However, VLDL-triglyceride clearance was drastically impaired in the EP4-knockout mice. The absence of EP4 in mice compromised the activation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the key enzyme responsible for trafficking of plasma triglycerides into peripheral tissues. Deficiency in EP4 reduced hepatic mRNA expression of the transcriptional factor cAMP response element binding protein H (by 36.8%) and LPL activators, including apolipoprotein (Apo)a5 (by 40.2%) and Apoc2 (by 61.3%). In summary, the lean phenotype of EP4-deficient mice resulted from reduction in adipose tissue and accretion of other peripheral organs caused by impaired triglyceride clearance. The findings identify a new metabolic dimension in the physiologic role played by endogenous EP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cai
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Ying
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Erfei Song
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eva Hoi-Ching Tang
- *Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology, and the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Konya V, Maric J, Jandl K, Luschnig P, Aringer I, Lanz I, Platzer W, Theiler A, Bärnthaler T, Frei R, Marsche G, Marsh LM, Olschewski A, Lippe IT, Heinemann A, Schuligoi R. Activation of EP 4 receptors prevents endotoxin-induced neutrophil infiltration into the airways and enhances microvascular barrier function. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4454-4468. [PMID: 26103450 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary vascular dysfunction is a key event in acute lung injury. We recently demonstrated that PGE2 , via activation of E-prostanoid (EP)4 receptors, strongly enhances microvascular barrier function in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of concomitant EP4 receptor activation in murine models of acute pulmonary inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pulmonary inflammation in male BALB/c mice was induced by LPS (20 μg per mouse intranasally) or oleic acid (0.15 μL·g-1 , i.v. ). In-vitro, endothelial barrier function was determined by measuring electrical impedance. KEY RESULTS PGE2 activation of EP4 receptors reduced neutrophil infiltration, pulmonary vascular leakage and TNF-α concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Similarly, pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability induced by oleic acid was counteracted by EP4 receptor activation. In lung function assays, the EP4 agonist ONO AE1-329 restored the increased resistance and reduced compliance upon methacholine challenge in mice treated with LPS or oleic acid. In agreement with these findings, EP4 receptor activation increased the in vitro vascular barrier function of human and mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and diminished the barrier disruption induced by LPS. The EP2 agonist ONO AE1-259 likewise reversed LPS-induced lung dysfunction without enhancing vascular barrier function. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results show that activation of the EP4 receptor strengthens the microvascular barrier function and thereby ameliorates the pathology of acute lung inflammation, including neutrophil infiltration, vascular oedema formation and airway dysfunction. This suggests a potential benefit for EP4 agonists in acute pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J Maric
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - K Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P Luschnig
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - I Aringer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Clinical Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - I Lanz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - W Platzer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Theiler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - T Bärnthaler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Frei
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - G Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - L M Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - A Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - I T Lippe
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - A Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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115
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Zhang Y, Desai A, Yang SY, Bae KB, Antczak MI, Fink SP, Tiwari S, Willis JE, Williams NS, Dawson DM, Wald D, Chen WD, Wang Z, Kasturi L, Larusch GA, He L, Cominelli F, Di Martino L, Djuric Z, Milne GL, Chance M, Sanabria J, Dealwis C, Mikkola D, Naidoo J, Wei S, Tai HH, Gerson SL, Ready JM, Posner B, Willson JKV, Markowitz SD. TISSUE REGENERATION. Inhibition of the prostaglandin-degrading enzyme 15-PGDH potentiates tissue regeneration. Science 2015; 348:aaa2340. [PMID: 26068857 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Agents that promote tissue regeneration could be beneficial in a variety of clinical settings, such as stimulating recovery of the hematopoietic system after bone marrow transplantation. Prostaglandin PGE2, a lipid signaling molecule that supports expansion of several types of tissue stem cells, is a candidate therapeutic target for promoting tissue regeneration in vivo. Here, we show that inhibition of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), a prostaglandin-degrading enzyme, potentiates tissue regeneration in multiple organs in mice. In a chemical screen, we identify a small-molecule inhibitor of 15-PGDH (SW033291) that increases prostaglandin PGE2 levels in bone marrow and other tissues. SW033291 accelerates hematopoietic recovery in mice receiving a bone marrow transplant. The same compound also promotes tissue regeneration in mouse models of colon and liver injury. Tissues from 15-PGDH knockout mice demonstrate similar increased regenerative capacity. Thus, 15-PGDH inhibition may be a valuable therapeutic strategy for tissue regeneration in diverse clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyou Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Amar Desai
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sung Yeun Yang
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Department of Gastroenterology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University, Busan 612896, South Korea
| | - Ki Beom Bae
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Department of Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, and Paik Institute of Clinical Research and Ocular Neovascular Research Center, Inje University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Monika I Antczak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Stephen P Fink
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shruti Tiwari
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joseph E Willis
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Dawn M Dawson
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David Wald
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhenghe Wang
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kasturi
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gretchen A Larusch
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Lucy He
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Luca Di Martino
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zora Djuric
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark Chance
- Proteomics Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chris Dealwis
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Debra Mikkola
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jacinth Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hsin-Hsiung Tai
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Stanton L Gerson
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Bruce Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - James K V Willson
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Case Medical Center, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Role of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1)-derived prostaglandin E2 in colon carcinogenesis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 121:42-5. [PMID: 26150361 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, especially selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, are among the most promising chemopreventive agents for colorectal cancer. However, recent clinical trials have indicated that these inhibitors pose a significantly increased cardiovascular risk. Microsomal prostaglandin E (PGE) synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and mPGES-1-derived PGE2 have gained attention recently as alternative targets to COX-2 for colorectal cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the roles of mPGES-1, a PGE2-inactivating enzyme (15-hydroxyprostagladin dehydrogenase), and PGE2 specific receptors (EPs) in colon carcinogenesis.
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117
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Lin WC, Wen CC, Chen YH, Hsiao PW, Liao JW, Peng CI, Yang NS. Integrative approach to analyze biodiversity and anti-inflammatory bioactivity of Wedelia medicinal plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129067. [PMID: 26042672 PMCID: PMC4456162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For the development of "medical foods" and/or botanical drugs as defined USA FDA, clear and systemic characterizations of the taxonomy, index phytochemical components, and the functional or medicinal bioactivities of the reputed or candidate medicinal plant are needed. In this study, we used an integrative approach, including macroscopic and microscopic examination, marker gene analysis, and chemical fingerprinting, to authenticate and validate various species/varieties of Wedelia, a reputed medicinal plant that grows naturally and commonly used in Asian countries. The anti-inflammatory bioactivities of Wedelia extracts were then evaluated in a DSS-induced murine colitis model. Different species/varieties of Wedelia exhibited distinguishable morphology and histological structures. Analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region revealed significant differences among these plants. Chemical profiling of test Wedelia species demonstrated candidate index compounds and distinguishable secondary metabolites, such as caffeic acid derivatives, which may serve as phytochemical markers or index for quality control and identification of specific Wedelia species. In assessing their effect on treating DSS induced-murine colitis, we observed that only the phytoextract from W. chinensis species exhibited significant anti-inflammatory bioactivity on DSS-induced murine colitis among the various Wedelia species commonly found in Taiwan. Our results provide a translational research approach that may serve as a useful reference platform for biotechnological applications of traditional phytomedicines. Our findings indicate that specific Wedelia species warrant further investigation for potential treatment of human inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chun Wen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Peng
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Sun Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Current understanding of the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases relies heavily on data derived from animal models of colitis. However, the omission of information concerning the method used makes the interpretation of studies difficult or impossible. We assessed the current quality of methods reporting in 4 animal models of colitis that are used to inform clinical research into inflammatory bowel disease: dextran sulfate sodium, interleukin-10, CD45RB T cell transfer, and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). METHODS We performed a systematic review based on PRISMA guidelines, using a PubMed search (2000-2014) to obtain publications that used a microarray to describe gene expression in colitic tissue. Methods reporting quality was scored against a checklist of essential and desirable criteria. RESULTS Fifty-eight articles were identified and included in this review (29 dextran sulfate sodium, 15 interleukin-10, 5 T cell transfer, and 16 TNBS; some articles use more than 1 colitis model). A mean of 81.7% (SD = ±7.038) of criteria were reported across all models. Only 1 of the 58 articles reported all essential criteria on our checklist. Animal age, gender, housing conditions, and mortality/morbidity were all poorly reported. CONCLUSIONS Failure to include all essential criteria is a cause for concern; this failure can have large impact on the quality and replicability of published colitis experiments. We recommend adoption of our checklist as a requirement for publication to improve the quality, comparability, and standardization of colitis studies and will make interpretation and translation of data to human disease more reliable.
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Ma X, Aoki T, Tsuruyama T, Narumiya S. Definition of Prostaglandin E2-EP2 Signals in the Colon Tumor Microenvironment That Amplify Inflammation and Tumor Growth. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2822-32. [PMID: 26018088 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the colon contributes significantly to colorectal cancer development. While aspirin reduces the colorectal cancer risk, its action mechanism, especially in inflammation in tumor microenvironment, still remains obscure. Here, we examined this issue by subjecting mice deficient in each prostaglandin (PG) receptor to colitis-associated cancer model. Deficiency of PGE receptor subtype EP2 selectively reduced, and deficiency of EP1 and EP3 enhanced, the tumor formation. EP2 is expressed in infiltrating neutrophils and tumor-associated fibroblasts in stroma, where it regulates expression of inflammation- and growth-related genes in a self-amplification manner. Notably, expression of cytokines such as TNFα and IL6, a chemokine, CXCL1, a PG-producing enzyme, COX-2, and Wnt5A was significantly elevated in tumor lesions of wild-type mice but this elevation was significantly suppressed in EP2-deficient mice. Intriguingly, EP2 stimulation in cultured neutrophils amplified expression of TNFα, IL6, CXCL1, COX-2, and other proinflammatory genes synergistically with TNFα, and EP2 stimulation in cultured fibroblasts induced expression of EP2 itself, COX-2, IL6, and Wnt genes. EP2 expression in infiltrating neutrophils and tumor-associated fibroblasts was also found in clinical specimen of ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Bone marrow transfer experiments suggest that EP2 in both cell populations is critical for tumorigenesis. Finally, administration of a selective EP2 antagonist potently suppressed tumorigenesis in this model. Our study has thus revealed that EP2 in neutrophils and tumor-associated fibroblasts promotes colon tumorigenesis by amplifying inflammation and shaping tumor microenvironment, and suggests that EP2 antagonists are promising candidates of aspirin-alternative for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Ma
- CREST Laboratory, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Aoki
- CREST Laboratory, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulation Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Tsuruyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. Center for Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Researches, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- CREST Laboratory, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulation Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Lactobacillus fermentum ZYL0401 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hepatic TNF-α Expression and Liver Injury via an IL-10- and PGE2-EP4-Dependent Mechanism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126520. [PMID: 25978374 PMCID: PMC4433256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has essential role in the pathogenesis of D-galactosamine-sensitized animal models and alcoholic liver diseases of humans, by stimulating release of pro-inflammatory mediators that cause hepatic damage and intestinal barrier impairment. Oral pretreatment of probiotics has been shown to attenuate LPS-induced hepatic injury, but it is unclear whether the effect is direct or due to improvement in the intestinal barrier. The present study tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with probiotics enables the liver to withstand directly LPS-induced hepatic injury and inflammation. In a mouse model of LPS-induced hepatic injury, the levels of hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of mice with depleted intestinal commensal bacteria were not significantly different from that of the control models. Pre-feeding mice for 10 days with Lactobacillus fermentum ZYL0401 (LF41), significantly alleviated LPS-induced hepatic TNF-α expression and liver damage. After LF41 pretreatment, mice had dramatically more L.fermentum-specific DNA in the ileum, significantly higher levels of ileal cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and interleukin 10 (IL-10) and hepatic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, hepatic COX-1, COX-2, and IL-10 protein levels were not changed after the pretreatment. There were also higher hepatic IL-10 protein levels after LPS challenge in LF41-pretreaed mice than in the control mice. Attenuation of hepatic TNF-α was mediated via the PGE2/E prostanoid 4 (EP4) pathway, and serum ALT levels were attenuated in an IL-10-dependent manner. A COX-2 blockade abolished the increase in hepatic PGE2 and IL-10 associated with LF41. In LF41-pretreated mice, a blockade of IL-10 caused COX-2-dependent promotion of hepatic PGE2, without affecting hepatic COX-2levels. In LF41-pretreated mice, COX2 prevented enhancing TNF-α expression in both hepatic mononuclear cells and the ileum, and averted TNF-α-mediated increase in intestinal permeability. Together, we demonstrated that LF41 pre-feeding enabled the liver to alleviate LPS-induced hepatic TNF-α expression and injury via a PGE2-EP4- and IL-10-dependent mechanism.
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KAG-308, a newly-identified EP4-selective agonist shows efficacy for treating ulcerative colitis and can bring about lower risk of colorectal carcinogenesis by oral administration. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 754:179-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dave M, Hayashi Y, Gajdos GB, Smyrk TC, Svingen PA, Kvasha SM, Lorincz A, Dong H, Faubion WA, Ordog T. Stem cells for murine interstitial cells of cajal suppress cellular immunity and colitis via prostaglandin E2 secretion. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:978-90. [PMID: 25637652 PMCID: PMC4409492 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS After allogeneic transplantation, murine stem cells (SCs) for interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), electrical pacemaker, and neuromodulator cells of the gut, were incorporated into gastric ICC networks, indicating in vivo immunosuppression. Immunosuppression is characteristic of bone marrow- and other non-gut-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are emerging as potential therapeutic agents against autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, we investigated whether gut-derived ICC-SCs could also mitigate experimental colitis and studied the mechanisms of ICC-SC-mediated immunosuppression in relation to MSC-induced pathways. METHODS Isolated ICC-SCs were studied by transcriptome profiling, cytokine assays, flow cytometry, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and T-cell proliferation assay. Mice with acute and chronic colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium and T-cell transfer, respectively, were administered ICC-SCs intraperitoneally and evaluated for disease activity by clinical and pathological assessment and for ICC-SC homing by live imaging. RESULTS Unlike strain-matched dermal fibroblasts, intraperitoneally administered ICC-SCs preferentially homed to the colon and reduced the severity of both acute and chronic colitis assessed by clinical and blind pathological scoring. ICC-SCs profoundly suppressed T-cell proliferation in vitro. Similar to MSCs, ICC-SCs strongly expressed cyclooxygenase 1/2 and basally secreted prostaglandin E2. Indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, countered the ICC-SC-mediated suppression of T-cell proliferation. In contrast, we found no role for regulatory T-cell-, programmed death receptor-, and transforming growth factor-β-mediated mechanisms reported in MSCs; and transcriptome profiling did not support a relationship between ICC-SCs and MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Murine ICC-SCs belong to a class different from MSCs and potently mitigate experimental colitis via prostaglandin E2-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Dave
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gabriella B. Gajdos
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Phyllis A. Svingen
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sergiy M. Kvasha
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrea Lorincz
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William A. Faubion
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tamas Ordog
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Enteric Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Esser-von Bieren J, Volpe B, Sutherland DB, Bürgi J, Verbeek JS, Marsland BJ, Urban JF, Harris NL. Immune antibodies and helminth products drive CXCR2-dependent macrophage-myofibroblast crosstalk to promote intestinal repair. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004778. [PMID: 25806513 PMCID: PMC4373753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth parasites can cause considerable damage when migrating through host tissues, thus making rapid tissue repair imperative to prevent bleeding and bacterial dissemination particularly during enteric infection. However, how protective type 2 responses targeted against these tissue-disruptive multicellular parasites might contribute to homeostatic wound healing in the intestine has remained unclear. Here, we observed that mice lacking antibodies (Aid-/-) or activating Fc receptors (Fcrg-/-) displayed impaired intestinal repair following infection with the murine helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb), whilst transfer of immune serum could partially restore chemokine production and rescue wound healing in Aid-/- mice. Impaired healing was associated with a reduced expression of CXCR2 ligands (CXCL2/3) by macrophages (MΦ) and myofibroblasts (MF) within intestinal lesions. Whilst antibodies and helminths together triggered CXCL2 production by MΦ in vitro via surface FcR engagement, chemokine secretion by intestinal MF was elicited by helminths directly via Fcrg-chain/dectin2 signaling. Blockade of CXCR2 during Hpb challenge infection reproduced the delayed wound repair observed in helminth infected Aid-/- and Fcrg-/- mice. Finally, conditioned media from human MΦ stimulated with infective larvae of the helminth Ascaris suum together with immune serum, promoted CXCR2-dependent scratch wound closure by human MF in vitro. Collectively our findings suggest that helminths and antibodies instruct a chemokine driven MΦ-MF crosstalk to promote intestinal repair, a capacity that may be harnessed in clinical settings of impaired wound healing. To complete their lifecycles, helminth parasites have to migrate through tissues such as the skin, lung, liver and intestine. This migration causes severe tissue damage, resulting in the need for rapid repair to restore the integrity and function of damaged tissues. Protective type 2 immune responses against helminths can repair acute lung damage, but they can also promote liver fibrosis. However, how protective immune mechanisms might contribute to wound healing during enteric nematode infection has remained unclear. Here we show that during a protective antibody response, where helminth larvae are trapped in the intestinal mucosa, macrophages and myofibroblasts secrete chemokines, which promote the repair of helminth-caused lesions. Chemokine secretion by macrophages was triggered by antibodies and helminth products, whilst myofibroblasts produced chemokines directly in response to innate recognition of helminth products. The same chemokines that instructed intestinal repair in mice were also secreted by human macrophages, when co-cultured with immune serum and helminths. Finally, human myofibroblasts closed in vitro scratch wounds more rapidly, when stimulated with the chemokine secretions of helminth-antibody activated human macrophages. Thus, our findings reveal a novel mechanism, by which a protective antibody response can promote the repair of intestinal injury during helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Beatrice Volpe
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Duncan B. Sutherland
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jérôme Bürgi
- Laboratory of Cell and Membrane Biology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J. Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J. Marsland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- Diet, Genomics, & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicola L. Harris
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunology, Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Nakanishi M, Perret C, Meuillet EJ, Rosenberg DW. Non-cell autonomous effects of targeting inducible PGE2 synthesis during inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:478-86. [PMID: 25634334 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1), the terminal enzyme in the formation of inducible PGE2, represents a potential target for cancer chemoprevention. We have previously shown that genetic abrogation of mPGES-1 significantly suppresses tumorigenesis in two preclinical models of intestinal cancer. In this study, we examined the role of mPGES-1 during colon tumorigenesis in the presence of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammatory microenvironment. Using Apc (Δ14/+) in which the mPGES-1 gene is either wild-type (D14:WT) or deleted (D14:KO), we report that mPGES-1 deficiency enhances sensitivity to acute mucosal injury. As a result of the increased epithelial damage, protection against adenoma formation is unexpectedly compromised in the D14:KO mice. Examining the DSS-induced acute injury, cryptal structures are formed within inflamed areas of colonic mucosa of both genotypes that display the hallmarks of early neoplasia. When acute epithelial injury is balanced by titration of DSS exposures, however, these small cryptal lesions progress rapidly to adenomas in the D14:WT mice. Given that mPGES-1 is highly expressed within the intestinal stroma under the inflammatory conditions of DSS-induced ulceration, we propose a complex and dual role for inducible PGE2 synthesis within the colonic mucosa. Our data suggest that inducible PGE2 is critical for the maintenance of an intact colonic epithelial barrier, while promoting epithelial regeneration. This function is exploited during neoplastic transformation in Apc (Δ14/+) mice as PGE2 contributes to the growth and expansion of the early initiated cryptal structures. Taken together, inducible PGE2 plays a complex role in inflammation-associated cancers that requires further analysis. Inducible PGE2 production by mPGES-1 is critical for the colonic mucosal homeostasis. This function is exploited in the presence of the neoplastic transformation in Apc (Δ14/+) mice as PGE2 contributes to the growth and expansion of the early cryptal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA, Inserm, U1016, département endocrinologie métabolisme et cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christine Perret
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA, Inserm, U1016, département endocrinologie métabolisme et cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France and
| | - Emmanuelle J Meuillet
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel W Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA, Inserm, U1016, département endocrinologie métabolisme et cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Tucson, AZ, USA
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Rehal S, von der Weid PY. Experimental ileitis alters prostaglandin biosynthesis in mesenteric lymphatic and blood vessels. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 116-117:37-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gamil AAA, Guo TC, König M, Evensen Ø. Distribution of EP4 receptor in different Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tissues. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 48:143-150. [PMID: 25307202 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is an important lipid mediator that plays diverse functions in mammals. Four receptor subtypes of PGE2, designated EP1-4, have been identified to mediate its signaling pathways. Extensive studies of PGE2 and its receptors have been carried out in mammals, but little is known in fish, including Atlantic salmon. In the current study, the distribution of Atlantic salmon EP4 receptor in different tissues was investigated using RT- and real-time PCR. A custom made antibody was used to investigate the distribution of this receptor in different tissues. Quantitative analysis by real-time PCR revealed that the expression was more abundant in the spleen followed by head kidney, skin and fin while it was least expressed in heart, muscles and brain. The staining intensity obtained by immunohistochemistry correlated with the RT-PCR results. EP4 expression was strongly associated with the immune cells in different tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the distribution of EP4 receptor in Atlantic salmon tissues. Our findings suggest that EP4 may play a role in mediating immune responses as observed in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A A Gamil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - T-C Guo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - M König
- Synaptic Vesicle Dynamics, European Neuroscience Institute, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ø Evensen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Ko CY, Chu YY, Narumiya S, Chi JY, Furuyashiki T, Aoki T, Wang SM, Chang WC, Wang JM. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta/miR135a/thrombospondin 1 axis mediates PGE2-induced angiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1356-68. [PMID: 25554493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), large populations of endothelial cells undergo angiogenesis due to brain hypoxia and inflammation. Substantial evidence from epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical reports suggests that vascular factors are critical for the pathogenesis of AD. However, the precise mechanistic correlation between inflammation and angiogenesis in AD has not been well elucidated. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key factor of the inflammatory response, has been known to promote angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that PGE2 acts through EP4 receptor and protein kinase A to modulate CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) abundance in astrocytes. Attenuated vessel formation was observed in the brains of AppTg/Cebpd(-/-) mice. We showed that miR135a was responsive to the induction of CEBPD and further negatively regulated thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) transcription by directly targeting its 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) in astrocytes. Furthermore, conditioned media from astrocytes expressing miR135a promoted Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) tube-like formation, which correlated with the effects of PGE2 on angiogenesis. Our results indicated that CEBPD contributes to the repression of THBS1 transcription by activating the expression of miR135a in astrocytes following PGE2 treatment. We provided new evidence that astrocytic CEBPD increases angiogenesis during AD pathogenesis. This discovery supports the negative influence of CEBPD activation in astrocytes with respect to AD pathogenesis and implies that the CEBPD/miR135a/THBS1 axis could be a therapeutic target of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yuan Ko
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yi Chu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jhih-Ying Chi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | | | - Tomohiro Aoki
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shao-Ming Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
| | - Wen-Chang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ming Wang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Infectious Disease and Signaling Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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EP2 and EP4 receptors mediate PGE2 induced relaxation in murine colonic circular muscle: Pharmacological characterization. Pharmacol Res 2014; 90:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Technological advances in the large scale analysis of human genetics have generated profound insights into possible genetic contributions to chronic diseases including the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. To date, 163 distinct genetic risk loci have been associated with either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, with a substantial degree of genetic overlap between these 2 conditions. Although many risk variants show a reproducible correlation with disease, individual gene associations only affect a subset of patients, and the functional contribution(s) of these risk variants to the onset of IBD is largely undetermined. Although studies in twins have demonstrated that the development of IBD is not mediated solely by genetic risk, it is nevertheless important to elucidate the functional consequences of risk variants for gene function in relevant cell types known to regulate key physiological processes that are compromised in IBD. This article will discuss IBD candidate genes that are known to be, or are suspected of being, involved in regulating the intestinal epithelial barrier and several of the physiological processes presided over by this dynamic and versatile layer of cells. This will include assembly and regulation of tight junctions, cell adhesion and polarity, mucus and glycoprotein regulation, bacterial sensing, membrane transport, epithelial differentiation, and restitution.
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Liu Y, Chen LY, Sokolowska M, Eberlein M, Alsaaty S, Martinez-Anton A, Logun C, Qi HY, Shelhamer JH. The fish oil ingredient, docosahexaenoic acid, activates cytosolic phospholipase A₂ via GPR120 receptor to produce prostaglandin E₂ and plays an anti-inflammatory role in macrophages. Immunology 2014; 143:81-95. [PMID: 24673159 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the major ingredients of fish oil and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties mediated through the GPR120 receptor. Whether cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ) and lipid mediators produced from cPLA2 activation are involved in the anti-inflammatory role of DHA in macrophages has not been reported. We report here that DHA and the GPR120 agonist, GW9508, activate cPLA2 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and cause prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release in a murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages. DHA and GW9508 activate cPLA2 via GPR120 receptor, G protein Gαq and scaffold protein β-arrestin 2. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation is involved in DHA- and GW9508-induced cPLA2 activation, but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. The anti-inflammatory role of DHA and GW9508 is in part via activation of cPLA2 , COX-2 and production of PGE2 as a cPLA2 inhibitor or a COX-2 inhibitor partially reverses the DHA- and GW9508-induced inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 secretion. The cPLA2 product arachidonic acid and PGE2 also play an anti-inflammatory role. This effect of PGE2 is partially through inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway and through the EP4 receptor of PGE2 because an EP4 inhibitor or knock-down of EP4 partially reverses DHA inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 secretion. Hence, DHA has an anti-inflammatory effect partially through induction of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Liu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Variants modulating expression of the prostaglandin receptor 4 (PTGER4) have been reported to be associated with Cohn's disease (CD), but the clinical impact remains to be elucidated. We analyzed these variants in a large German inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort and searched for a potential phenotype association. METHODS The variants rs4495224 and rs7720838 were studied in adult German IBD patients (CD, n = 475; ulcerative colitis (UC), n = 293) and healthy controls (HC, n = 467). Data were correlated to results from NOD2 genotyping and to clinical characteristics. RESULTS We found a significant association for the rs7720838 variant with overrepresentation of the T allele to CD (p = 0.0058; OR 0.7703, 95 % CI 0.641-0.926) but not to UC. Furthermore, logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of the T allele was associated with stricturing disease behavior in CD patients (p = 0.03; OR 1.84, 95 % CI 1.07-3.16). Interestingly, the chance for developing stricturing disease behavior was enhanced if mutant alleles in both rs7720838 and NOD2 were present (OR 2.87, 95 % CI 1.42-5.81; p = 0.003). No overall association to CD or UC was found for the rs4495224 variant. CONCLUSIONS The PTGER4 modulating variant rs7720838 increases susceptibility for CD and might resemble a risk factor for stricturing disease behavior.
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Inhibition of epithelial cell death by Bcl-2 improved chronic colitis in IL-10 KO mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 183:1936-1944. [PMID: 24266926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-10-deficient mice spontaneously develop intestinal inflammation, which has many similarities to Crohn's disease. Several reports suggest that epithelial cell death may increase the severity of colitis; however, decisive evidence is lacking. In the present report, we addressed whether and how epithelial cell death plays a role in the development of chronic colitis. We first examined the morphological characteristics of intestines of IL-10-deficient mice and found two forms of epithelial cell death (typical apoptosis and necrosis-like cell death) in colitis. To elucidate the pathological roles of epithelial cell death, we crossbred IL-10-deficient knockout mice with Bcl-2 transgenic mice, in which the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 was overexpressed in intestinal epithelial cells, but not in immune cells. Epithelial cell-specific Bcl-2 protected IL-10 deficiency-induced colitis and markedly reduced their symptoms. Interestingly, morphological analysis revealed that Bcl-2 suppressed apoptosis and necrosis-like cell death, and better maintained mucosal barrier in IL-10-deficient mice. From the immunological aspect, Bcl-2 did not alter the activation of T-helper cell 1 but inhibited the growth of T-helper cell 17, suggesting that mucosal integrity may control the immune responses. These results provide genetic evidence demonstrating that epithelial cell death is crucial for the development of chronic colitis.
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Application of prostaglandin E2 improves ileal blood flow in NEC. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:945-9; discussion 949. [PMID: 24888840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Indomethacin, a nonselective prostaglandin inhibitor used to treat patent ductus arteriosus, is associated with intestinal perforation inducing an NEC-like illness. We sought to define the contribution of prostaglandin E2 (PG E2) and its receptor EP4 to intestinal blood flow regulation in premature neonates with NEC. METHODS Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized by litter to undergo experimental NEC induction or to serve as a CONTROL. At 48hours of age, intestinal laser Doppler blood flow was assessed at baseline and after intraperitoneal administration of indomethacin, PG E2, EP4 antagonist, or EP4 agonist. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey-Kramer correction. RESULTS At baseline, NEC animals had lower intestinal blood flow than controls. Indomethacin, PG E2 and EP4 agonist all increased ileal blood flow, but PG E2 and EP4 agonist increased blood flow the most in NEC pups. EP4 antagonist decreased intestinal perfusion in both groups. CONCLUSION The above evidence suggests the importance of PG E2 and EP4 in regulation of neonatal intestinal blood flow. Since indomethacin treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in the premature infant is associated with an increased risk of intestinal perforation owing to compromised blood flow, PG E2 supplementation might provide intestinal protection if administered simultaneously with indomethacin.
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Mizuno R, Kamioka Y, Kabashima K, Imajo M, Sumiyama K, Nakasho E, Ito T, Hamazaki Y, Okuchi Y, Sakai Y, Kiyokawa E, Matsuda M. In vivo imaging reveals PKA regulation of ERK activity during neutrophil recruitment to inflamed intestines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1123-36. [PMID: 24842369 PMCID: PMC4042632 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In vivo FRET demonstrates that ERK positively regulates the neutrophil recruitment cascade in the intestine by promoting adhesion and migration. Many chemical mediators regulate neutrophil recruitment to inflammatory sites. Although the actions of each chemical mediator have been demonstrated with neutrophils in vitro, how such chemical mediators act cooperatively or counteractively in vivo remains largely unknown. Here, by in vivo two-photon excitation microscopy with transgenic mice expressing biosensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer, we time-lapse–imaged the activities of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase A (PKA) in neutrophils in inflamed intestinal tissue. ERK activity in neutrophils rapidly increased during spreading on the endothelial cells and showed positive correlation with the migration velocity on endothelial cells or in interstitial tissue. Meanwhile, in the neutrophils migrating in the interstitial tissue, high PKA activity correlated negatively with migration velocity. In contradiction to previous in vitro studies that showed ERK activation by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) engagement with prostaglandin receptor EP4, intravenous administration of EP4 agonist activated PKA, inhibited ERK, and suppressed migration of neutrophils. The opposite results were obtained using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Therefore, NSAID-induced enteritis may be caused at least partially by the inhibition of EP4 receptor signaling of neutrophils. Our results demonstrate that ERK positively regulates the neutrophil recruitment cascade by promoting adhesion and migration steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Mizuno
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamioka
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masamichi Imajo
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Division of Population Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakasho
- Life & Industrial Products Development Department 1, R&D Division, Olympus Corporation, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Okuchi
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakai
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kiyokawa
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, JapanDepartment of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Dermatology, and Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine; Innovative Techno-Hub for Integrated Medical Bio-Imaging; and Laboratory of Bioimaging and Cell Signaling, Department of Molecular and System Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies; Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Prostaglandin E₂ down-regulates the expression of CD25 on bovine T cells, and this effect is mediated through the EP4 receptor. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:192-200. [PMID: 25001909 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A crucial event in the initiation of an immune response is the activation of T cells, which requires IL-2 binding to its high-affinity IL-2 receptor for optimal signaling. The IL-2 receptor α-chain (CD25) is needed for the high affinity binding of IL-2 to effector cells and is potently induced after T cell activation. The aim of this research has been to determine whether prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) affects the CD25 expression on bovine T cells, and if it does, then which of the PGE2 receptor (EP) subtype(s) mediate(s) this effect. Herein, we report that exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to PGE2 considerably reduces the percentage and absolute counts of CD25(+)CD4(+), CD25(+)CD8(+) and CD25(+)WC1(+) T cells, significantly increases the value of these parameters with respect of CD25(-)CD4(+), CD25(-)CD8(+) and CD25(-)WC1(+) T cells, and does not affect counts of the total populations of CD4(+), CD8(+) and WC1(+) T cells. These results indicate that PGE2 down-regulates the CD25 expression on bovine T cells. Moreover, we show that the selective blockade of EP4 receptor, but not EP1 and EP3 receptors, prevents this effect. Interestingly, the exposure of PBMC to a selective EP2 receptor agonist leads to a substantial increase in the percentage and absolute number of CD25(+)CD4(+), CD25(+)CD8(+) and CD25(+)WC1(+) T cells. In conclusions, the PGE2-induced down-regulation of CD25 expression on bovine CD4(+), CD8(+) and WC1(+) T cells should be considered as immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory action, because these lymphocytes primarily represent effector cells and adequate CD25 expression is essential for their correct functioning. The PGE2-mediated down-regulation of the CD25 expression on bovine T cells is mediated via the EP4 receptor, although selective activation of the EP2 receptor up-regulates the CD25 expression on these cells. Thus, with respect to the effect of PGE2 on the CD25 expression on bovine T cells, EP4 receptor serves as an inhibitory receptor, whereas EP2 receptor functions as a stimulatory receptor. The fact that non-selective stimulation of EP receptors, i.e. triggered by PGE2, leads to weaker CD25 expression proves that inhibitory actions prevail over stimulatory ones. These results indicate the possibility of pharmacological manipulation of the CD25 expression on T cells via selective antagonists and agonists of EP2 and EP4 receptors.
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137
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Regulation of ocular surface inflammation by prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3. Cornea 2014; 29 Suppl 1:S57-61. [PMID: 20935544 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e3181f5cd86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We first investigated whether the prostaglandin (PG) E2-PGE receptor subtype EP3 axis regulates the development of murine experimental allergic conjunctivitis because it has been reported that this pathway negatively regulates allergic reactions in a murine allergic asthma model. We observed that EP3 is constitutively expressed in mice conjunctival epithelium. EP3 knockout mice demonstrated significantly increased eosinophil infiltration in conjunctiva after ragweed challenge compared with wild-type mice. Consistently, significantly higher expression of eotaxin-1 messenger RNA was observed in Ptger3-/- mice. Conversely, treatment of wild-type mice with an EP3-selective agonist significantly decreased eosinophil infiltration, which was blunted in Ptger3-/- mice. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE synthases was upregulated and PGE2 content increased in the eyelids after ragweed challenge. These data suggest that PGE2 acts on EP3 in the conjunctival epithelium and downregulates the progression of experimental allergic conjunctivitis. We next examined and compared the expression of EP3 in human conjunctival epithelium in various ocular surface diseases. Human conjunctival epithelium expressed EP3-specific messenger RNA and EP3 protein. Although we could clearly find positive signals in the conjunctival epithelium from patients with noninflammatory ocular surface diseases such as conjunctivochalasis and pterygium, we could not find positive signals in that from those with inflammatory disorders such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Likewise, expression of the PGE receptor subtype EP4 was clearly found in the conjunctival epithelium from patients with conjunctivochalasis and pterygium but not from patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.
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138
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Gong J, Xie J, Bedolla R, Rivas P, Chakravarthy D, Freeman JW, Reddick R, Kopetz S, Peterson A, Wang H, Fischer SM, Kumar AP. Combined targeting of STAT3/NF-κB/COX-2/EP4 for effective management of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:1259-73. [PMID: 24520096 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Near equal rates of incidence and mortality emphasize the need for novel targeted approaches for better management of patients with pancreatic cancer. Inflammatory molecules NF-κB and STAT3 are overexpressed in pancreatic tumors. Inhibition of one protein allows cancer cells to survive using the other. The goal of this study is to determine whether targeting STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk with a natural product Nexrutine can inhibit inflammatory signaling in pancreatic cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN HPNE, HPNE-Ras, BxPC3, Capan-2, MIA PaCa-2, and AsPC-1 cells were tested for growth, apoptosis, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), NF-κB, and STAT3 level in response to Nexrutine treatment. Transient expression, gel shift, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to examine transcriptional regulation of COX-2. STAT3 knockdown was used to decipher STAT3/NF-κB crosstalk. Histopathologic and immunoblotting evaluation was performed on BK5-COX-2 transgenic mice treated with Nexrutine. In vivo expression of prostaglandin receptor E-prostanoid 4 (EP4) was analyzed in a retrospective cohort of pancreatic tumors using a tissue microarray. RESULTS Nexrutine treatment inhibited growth of pancreatic cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. Reduced levels and activity of STAT3, NF-κB, and their crosstalk led to transcriptional suppression of COX-2 and subsequent decreased levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2. STAT3 knockdown studies suggest STAT3 as negative regulator of NF-κB activation. Nexrutine intervention reduced the levels of NF-κB, STAT3, and fibrosis in vivo. Expression of prostaglandin receptor EP4 that is known to play a role in fibrosis was significantly elevated in human pancreatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS Dual inhibition of STAT3-NF-κB by Nexrutine may overcome problems associated with inhibition of either pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Gong
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Urology, Medical Oncology, Pathology, Cancer Therapy and Research Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio; Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; and Department of carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
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139
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Birrell MA, Maher SA, Buckley J, Dale N, Bonvini S, Raemdonck K, Pullen N, Giembycz MA, Belvisi MG. Selectivity profiling of the novel EP2 receptor antagonist, PF-04418948, in functional bioassay systems: atypical affinity at the guinea pig EP2 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 168:129-38. [PMID: 22747912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Understanding the role of the EP(2) receptor has been hampered by the lack of a selective antagonist. Recently, a selective EP(2) receptor antagonist, PF-04418948, has been discovered. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the selectivity profile of PF-04418948 for the EP(2) receptor over other EP receptors using a range of isolated tissue systems. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH PF-04418948 was profiled on a range of isolated tissues to assess its EP receptor potency and selectivity: ONO-DI-004-induced contraction of guinea pig trachea (EP(1)); ONO-AE1-259 and PGE(2)- induced relaxation of mouse and guinea pig trachea (EP(2)); PGE(2)-induced depolarization of guinea pig isolated vagus (EP(3)); PGE(2)-induced relaxation of human and rat trachea (EP(4)). PF-04418948 was also profiled in functional murine TP, IP, DP and FP receptor assays. KEY RESULTS In bioassay systems, where assessment of potency/selectivity is made against the 'native' receptor, PF-04418948 only acted as an antagonist of EP(2) receptor-mediated events. PF-04418948 competitively inhibited relaxations of murine and guinea pig trachea induced by ONO-AE1-259 and PGE(2) respectively. However, the affinity of PF-04418948 was not equal in the two preparations. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Using a wide range of bioassay systems, we have demonstrated that PF-04418948 is a selective EP(2)-receptor antagonist. Interestingly, an atypically low affinity was found on the guinea pig trachea, questioning its utility as an EP(2) receptor assay system. Nevertheless, this compound should be an invaluable tool for investigating the biological activity of PGE(2) and the role of EP(2) receptors in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology, Pharmacology & Toxicology Section, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, UK.
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Tateishi N, Kakutani S, Kawashima H, Shibata H, Morita I. Dietary supplementation of arachidonic acid increases arachidonic acid and lipoxin A₄ contents in colon, but does not affect severity or prostaglandin E₂ content in murine colitis model. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:30. [PMID: 24507383 PMCID: PMC3928921 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arachidonic acid (ARA) is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. It is converted into various lipid mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4). The effects of dietary ARA on colon maintenance are unclear because PGE2 has both mucosal protective and proinflammatory effects, and LXA4 has an anti-inflammatory role. Our objective is to clarify the effects of dietary ARA on an experimental murine colitis model. Methods C57BL/6 mice were fed three types of ARA diet (0.075%, 0.15% or 0.305% ARA in diet), DHA diet (0.315% DHA) or control diet for 6 weeks, and were then administered dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 7 days to induce colitis. We evaluated colitis severity, fatty acid and lipid mediator contents in colonic tissue, and the expression of genes related to lipid mediator formation. Results ARA composition of colon phospholipids was significantly elevated in an ARA dose-dependent manner. ARA, as well as DHA, did not affect colitis severity (body weight loss, colon shortening, diarrhea and hemoccult phenomena) and histological features. PGE2 contents in the colon were unchanged by dietary ARA, while LXA4 contents increased in an ARA dose-dependent manner. Gene expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 was unchanged, while that of 12/15-lipoxgenase (LOX) was significantly increased by dietary ARA. ARA composition did not correlate with neither colon length nor PGE2 contents, but significantly correlated with LXA4 content. Conclusion These results suggest that dietary ARA increases ARA and LXA4 contents in colon, but that it has no effect on severity and PGE2 content in a DSS-induced murine colitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Tateishi
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd, 1-1-1 Wakayamadai, Shimamoto, Osaka 6188503, Japan.
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Abstract
In the mammalian kidney, prostaglandins (PGs) are important mediators of physiologic processes, including modulation of vascular tone and salt and water. PGs arise from enzymatic metabolism of free arachidonic acid (AA), which is cleaved from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 activity. The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme system is a major pathway for metabolism of AA in the kidney. COX are the enzymes responsible for the initial conversion of AA to PGG2 and subsequently to PGH2, which serves as the precursor for subsequent metabolism by PG and thromboxane synthases. In addition to high levels of expression of the "constitutive" rate-limiting enzyme responsible for prostanoid production, COX-1, the "inducible" isoform of cyclooxygenase, COX-2, is also constitutively expressed in the kidney and is highly regulated in response to alterations in intravascular volume. PGs and thromboxane A2 exert their biological functions predominantly through activation of specific 7-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. COX metabolites have been shown to exert important physiologic functions in maintenance of renal blood flow, mediation of renin release and regulation of sodium excretion. In addition to physiologic regulation of prostanoid production in the kidney, increases in prostanoid production are also seen in a variety of inflammatory renal injuries, and COX metabolites may serve as mediators of inflammatory injury in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond C Harris
- George M. O'Brien Kidney and Urologic Diseases Center and Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine and Nashville Veterans Affairs Hospital, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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Mitomi H, Yamada H, Ito H, Shibata TN, Yamasaki Y, Nomoto S, Kusaba A, Yamashita H, Ozaki S. Hypoxia-induced endogenous prostaglandin E2 negatively regulates hypoxia-enhanced aberrant overgrowth of rheumatoid synovial tissue. Mod Rheumatol 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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143
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Prostaglandin E₂ is critical for the development of niacin-deficiency-induced photosensitivity via ROS production. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2973. [PMID: 24131900 PMCID: PMC3797990 DOI: 10.1038/srep02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pellagra is a photosensitivity syndrome characterized by three “D's”: diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia as a result of niacin deficiency. However, the molecular mechanisms of photosensitivity dermatitis, the hallmark abnormality of this syndrome, remain unclear. We prepared niacin deficient mice in order to develop a murine model of pellagra. Niacin deficiency induced photosensitivity and severe diarrhea with weight loss. In addition, niacin deficient mice exhibited elevated expressions of COX-2 and PGE syntheses (Ptges) mRNA. Consistently, photosensitivity was alleviated by a COX inhibitor, deficiency of Ptges, or blockade of EP4 receptor signaling. Moreover, enhanced PGE2 production in niacin deficiency was mediated via ROS production in keratinocytes. In line with the above murine findings, human skin lesions of pellagra patients confirmed the enhanced expression of Ptges. Niacin deficiency-induced photosensitivity was mediated through EP4 signaling in response to increased PGE2 production via induction of ROS formation.
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144
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Ren Y, D'Ambrosio MA, Garvin JL, Wang H, Carretero OA. Prostaglandin E2 mediates connecting tubule glomerular feedback. Hypertension 2013; 62:1123-8. [PMID: 24060896 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Connecting tubule glomerular feedback (CTGF) is a mechanism in which Na reabsorption in the connecting tubule (CNT) causes afferent arteriole (Af-Art) dilation. CTGF is mediated by eicosanoids, including prostaglandins and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids; however, their exact nature and source remain unknown. We hypothesized that during CTGF, the CNT releases prostaglandin E2, which binds its type 4 receptor (EP4) and dilates the Af-Art. Rabbit Af-Arts with the adherent CNT intact were microdissected, perfused, and preconstricted with norepinephrine. CTGF was elicited by increasing luminal NaCl in the CNT from 10 to 80 mmol/L. We induced CTGF with or without the EP4 receptor blocker ONO-AE3-208 added to the bath in the presence of the epoxyeicosatrienoic acid synthesis inhibitor MS-PPOH. ONO-AE3-208 abolished CTGF (control, 9.4 ± 0.5; MS-PPOH+ONO-AE3-208, -0.6 ± 0.2 μm; P<0.001; n=6). To confirm these results, we used a different, specific EP4 blocker, L161982 (10(-5) mol/L), that also abolished CTGF (control, 8.5 ± 0.9; MS-PPOH+L161982, 0.8 ± 0.4 μm; P<0.001; n=6). To confirm that the eicosanoids that mediate CTGF are released from the CNT rather than the Af-Art, we first disrupted the Af-Art endothelium with an antibody and complement. Endothelial disruption did not affect CTGF (7.9 ± 0.9 versus 8.6 ± 0.6 μm; P=NS; n=7). We then added arachidonic acid to the lumen of the CNT while maintaining zero NaCl in the perfusate. Arachidonic acid caused dose-dependent dilation of the attached Af-Art (from 8.6 ± 1.2 to 15.3 ± 0.7 μm; P<0.001; n=6), and this effect was blocked by ONO-AE3-208 (10(-7) mol/L). We conclude that during CTGF, the CNT releases prostaglandin E2, which acts on EP4 on the Af-Art inducing endothelium-independent dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Ren
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202.
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Mishra J, Verma RK, Alpini G, Meng F, Kumar N. Role of Janus kinase 3 in mucosal differentiation and predisposition to colitis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31795-806. [PMID: 24045942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase expressed in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Previously, we characterized the functions of Jak3 in cytoskeletal remodeling, epithelial wound healing, and mucosal homeostasis. However, the role of Jak3 in mucosal differentiation and inflammatory bowel disease was not known. In this report, we characterize the role of Jak3 in mucosal differentiation, basal colonic inflammation, and predisposition toward colitis. Using the Jak3 knock-out (KO) mouse model, we show that Jak3 is expressed in colonic mucosa of mice, and the loss of mucosal expression of Jak3 resulted in reduced expression of differentiation markers for the cells of both enterocytic and secretory lineages. Jak3 KO mice showed reduced expression of colonic villin, carbonic anhydrase, secretory mucin muc2, and increased basal colonic inflammation reflected by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-17A in colon along with increased colonic myeloperoxidase activity. The inflammations in KO mice were associated with shortening of colon length, reduced cecum length, decreased crypt heights, and increased severity toward dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In differentiated human colonic epithelial cells, Jak3 redistributed to basolateral surfaces and interacted with adherens junction (AJ) protein β-catenin. Jak3 expression in these cells was essential for AJ localization of β-catenin and maintenance of epithelial barrier functions. Collectively, these results demonstrate the essential role of Jak3 in the colon where it facilitated mucosal differentiation by promoting the expression of differentiation markers and enhanced colonic barrier functions through AJ localization of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Mishra
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Kingsville, Texas 78363 and
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Okamoto T, Okamoto S, Fujimoto Y, Tabata Y, Uemoto S. Suppression of acute rejection by administration of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype 4 agonist in rat organ transplantation models. J Surg Res 2013; 183:852-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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147
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Shiraishi N, Nomura T, Tanizaki H, Nakajima S, Narumiya S, Miyachi Y, Tokura Y, Kabashima K. Prostaglandin E2-EP3 axis in fine-tuning excessive skin inflammation by restricting dendritic cell functions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69599. [PMID: 23922752 PMCID: PMC3726673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is produced in the skin and is suggested to play a role in the regulation of cutaneous immune homeostasis and responses. However, the multifaceted functions of PGE2 continue to elude our understanding, especially because of the multiplicity of PGE2 receptors—EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4. While cAMP-elevating EP4 is known to activate the functions of cutaneous dendritic cells (DCs), including Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal DCs, the role of cAMP-suppressing EP3 in this process remains unknown. Here we demonstrated that an EP3 receptor selective agonist, ONO-AE-248, inhibited chemotaxis and co-stimulatory molecule expressions of DCs in vitro. A suboptimal dose of antigen was sufficient to induce contact hypersensitivity in EP3-deficient mice. Intriguingly, EP3 deficiency did not impair skin inflammation at all when the antigen dose was sufficiently high. EP3 limited the functions of cutaneous DCs only when the antigen dose was low. In contrast to EP4, the observed unappreciated function of EP3 may stabilize the cutaneous DCs to halt the impetuous response to a suboptimal dose of antigen. Taken together, PGE2-EP3 signaling is essential for fine-tuning excessive skin inflammation by restricting DC functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Shiraishi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Environmental and Occupational Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tanizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyachi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Adamik J, Henkel M, Ray A, Auron PE, Duerr R, Barrie A. The IL17A and IL17F loci have divergent histone modifications and are differentially regulated by prostaglandin E2 in Th17 cells. Cytokine 2013; 64:404-12. [PMID: 23800789 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL-23 and IL-1β are implicated in inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility, likely in part by modulating IL-17 producing CD4(+) T helper (Th17) cells. To better understand how these three mediators affect Th17 cell memory responses, we characterized the gene expression profiles of activated human peripheral CD4(+) effector memory T cells and sorted Th17 memory cells from healthy donors concurrent with IL17A mRNA induction mediated by PGE2 and/or IL-23 plus IL-1β. We discovered that PGE2 and IL-23 plus IL-1β differentially regulate Th17 cytokine expression and synergize to induce IL-17A, but not IL-17F. IL-23 plus IL-1β preferentially induce IL-17F expression. The addition of PGE2 to IL-23 plus IL-1β only enhances IL-17A expression as mediated by the PGE2 EP4 receptor, and promotes a switch from an IL-17F to an IL-17A predominant immune response. The human Th17 HuT-102 cell line was also found to constitutively express IL-17A, but not IL-17F. We went on to show that the IL17A and IL17F loci have divergent epigenetic architectures in unstimulated HuT-102 and primary Th17 cells and are poised for preferential expression of IL17A. We conclude that the chromatin for IL17A and IL17F are distinctly regulated, which may play an important role in mucosal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Adamik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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149
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Molecular and pharmacological characterization of zebrafish 'relaxant' prostanoid receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:685-90. [PMID: 23770421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostanoids comprising prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes have been shown to play physiological and pathological roles in zebrafish. However, the molecular basis of zebrafish prostanoid receptors has not been characterized to date. Here, we demonstrate that there exist at least six 'relaxant' (Gs-coupled) prostanoid receptors in zebrafish; one PGI2 receptor IP and five PGE2 receptors comprising two EP2 (EP2a and EP2b), and three EP4 receptors (EP4a, EP4b and EP4c). In contrast, we failed to find a zebrafish PGD2 receptor with any structure and/or character similarities to the mammalian DP1 receptor. [(3)H]iloprost, a stable IP radioligand, specifically bound to the membrane of cells expressing zebrafish IP with a Kd of 42nM, and [(3)H]PGE2 specifically bound to the membranes of cells expressing zebrafish EP2a, EP2b, EP4a, EP4b and EP4c with a Kd of 6.9, 6.0, 1.4, 3.3 and 1.2nM, respectively. Upon agonist stimulation, the 'relaxant' prostanoid receptors showed intracellular cAMP accumulation. The responsiveness of these zebrafish receptors to subtype-specific agonists correlated with their structural conservation to the corresponding receptor in mammals. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the six zebrafish prostanoid receptors show unique tissue distribution patterns; each receptor gene may hence be under unique transcriptional regulation. This work provides further insights into the diverse functions of prostanoids in zebrafish.
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150
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Hasegawa A, Iwamura C, Kitajima M, Hashimoto K, Otsuyama KI, Ogino H, Nakayama T, Shirai M. Crucial role for CD69 in the pathogenesis of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65494. [PMID: 23785429 PMCID: PMC3681816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD69 is a membrane molecule transiently expressed on activated lymphocytes, and its selective expression in inflammatory infiltrates suggests that it plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we used CD69-deficient (CD69 KO) mice to assess the role of CD69 in the pathogenesis of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced acute and chronic colitis. The severity of colitis was assessed by the survival rate, clinical signs, colon length, histological examination and the expression of cytokines and chemokines in the large intestines. Both acute and chronic colitis were attenuated in the CD69 KO mice, as reflected by the lower lethality, weight loss, clinical signs, and improved histological findings. CD69+ cells infiltrated extensively into the inflamed mucosa of the colon in WT mice after DSS treatment. Experiments with the transfer of WT CD4 T cells into CD69 KO mice restored the induction of colitis. The administration of an anti-CD69 antibody also inhibited the induction of the DSS-induced colitis. These results indicate that CD69 expressed on CD4 T cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DSS-induced acute and chronic colitis, and that CD69 could be a possible therapeutic target for colitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Chemokines/immunology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Colitis/chemically induced
- Colitis/drug therapy
- Colitis/etiology
- Colitis/mortality
- Colitis/pathology
- Colon/immunology
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dextran Sulfate/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Lectins, C-Type/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lectins, C-Type/deficiency
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Chiaki Iwamura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kitajima
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kahoko Hashimoto
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and High Technology Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Otsuyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Ogino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- JST, CREST, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mutsunori Shirai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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