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Requia WJ, Coull BA, Koutrakis P. The influence of spatial patterning on modeling PM 2.5 constituents in Eastern Massachusetts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:247-258. [PMID: 31121351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Geostatistical exposure methods for air pollution have inherent uncertainties, resulting in varying levels of exposure misclassification. In this study, we propose that areas representing clusters of PM2.5 elements are potential predictor variables to be included in spatial models for particle composition. The inclusion of these clusters may minimize the exposure misclassification. We evaluated the influence of spatial patterning on modeling of 10 components of ambient PM2.5, which included Al, Cu, Fe, K, Ni, Pb, S, Ti, V, and Zn. This study was performed in three stages. First, we applied a hybrid approach (combination of Empirical Bayesian Kriging and land use regression) to estimate spatial variability for each one of the 10 components of ambient PM2.5. In this stage, we accounted for numerous predictors representing land use, transportation, demographic, and geographical characteristics. In the second stage, we applied the same hybrid approach adding clusters of each PM2.5 component to the set of predictor variables. The clusters here were estimated by a multivariate clustering approach based on k means. Finally, in the last stage, we compared the estimates obtained from the model without clusters (first stage) and the model with clusters (second stage). Overall, our findings suggest significant influence of spatial clusters on modeling some PM2.5 components. We observed that the clusters may affect the error of the prediction values and especially the proportion of explained variance for most of the PM2.5 constituents evaluated in this study. The model with cluster presented a better performance for all PM2.5 components, except for Pb, which the R2 value decreased 8.51% when we included the clusters in the analysis; and for V, which the R2 value did not change with the clusters. Models for Cu and Fe explained the highest concentration variance. The R2 value for the model without cluster was 0.55 for both pollutants. When we accounted for clusters, R2 value increased 13 and 7% for Cu (R2 = 0.62) and Fe (R2 = 0.59), respectively. The models for K and S presented the lowest performance for both models with and without cluster (although the model with cluster improved substantially the R2 values). Better knowledge of the influence of spatial patterns on air pollution modeling should be of interest to policy makers to devise future strategies to improve human exposure assessment to air particulates while controlling for spatial patterns of ambient PM2.5 elemental concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeberb J Requia
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Brent A Coull
- Harvard University, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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102
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Requia WJ, Coull BA, Koutrakis P. Multivariate spatial patterns of ambient PM 2.5 elemental concentrations in Eastern Massachusetts. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1942-1952. [PMID: 31227351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that affect spatial differences in PM2.5 composition is crucial for implementing emissions control and health policies. Although previous studies have explored modeling of spatial patterns as a tool to improve human exposure assessment, little work has employed a multivariate clustering approach to identify spatial patterns in particle composition. In this study, we used this approach to assess the spatial patterns of ambient PM2.5 elemental concentrations in Eastern Massachusetts in the United States. To distinguish one cluster of sites from another, we considered air pollution sources and geodemographic variables. We evaluated spatial patterns for 11 elemental components of ambient PM2.5, which included S, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ti, Al, Pb, V, and Ni. The analyses for S, Ca, Cu, Ti, Al, and Pb resulted in: 2 clusters for Fe, Zn, V, and Ni; 3 clusters; and for 12 clusters for K. Overall, our findings suggest substantial variation of clusters among PM2.5 components. In addition, land use, population density, and daily traffic were used as variables to more effectively characterize clusters of sites. We used R2 values to estimate the effectiveness of each variable in characterizing clusters. Larger R2 values indicate better the discrimination among the sites. For example, population density had the highest R2 value when the analysis was performed for S, Ca, Zn, Ti, Al, Pb, and V; land use presented the highest R2 value for Cu, V, and Ni; and, traffic showed the highest R2 value for PM2.5 mass concentration. This study improves the ability to model both the between- and within-area variability of source emissions and pollution regime, using concentrations of PM2.5 components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeberb J Requia
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Brent A Coull
- Harvard University, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, Building II, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA, United States.
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103
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Danesh Yazdi M, Wang Y, Di Q, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and ozone and hospital admissions of Medicare participants in the Southeast USA. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104879. [PMID: 31238267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envlnt.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We examined the association between average annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone and first hospital admissions of Medicare participants for stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, myocardial infarction (MI), lung cancer, and heart failure (HF). Annual average PM2.5 and ozone levels were estimated using high-resolution spatio-temporal models. We fit a marginal structural Cox proportional hazards model, using stabilized inverse probability weights (IPWs) to account for the competing risk of death and confounding. Analyses were then repeated after restricting to exposure levels below the current U.S. standards. The results showed that PM2.5 was significantly associated with an increased hazard of admissions for all studied outcomes; the highest observed being a 6.1% (95% CI: 5.9%-6.2%) increase in the hazard of admissions with pneumonia for each μg/m3 increase in particulate levels. Ozone was also significantly associated with an increase in the risk of first hospital admissions of all outcomes. The hazard of pneumonia increased by 3.0% (95% CI: 2.9%-3.1%) for each ppb increase in the ozone level. Our results reveal a need to regulate long-term ozone exposure, and that associations persist below current PM2.5 standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Danesh Yazdi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Di
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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104
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Lu Y, Lin S, Fatmi Z, Malashock D, Hussain MM, Siddique A, Carpenter DO, Lin Z, Khwaja HA. Assessing the association between fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) constituents and cardiovascular diseases in a mega-city of Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1412-1422. [PMID: 31260941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Concerning PM2.5 concentrations, rapid industrialization, along with increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD) were recorded in Pakistan, especially in urban areas. The degree to which air pollution contributes to the increase in the burden of CVD in Pakistan has not been assessed due to lack of data. This study aims to describe the characteristics of PM2.5 constituents and investigate the impact of individual PM2.5 constituent on cardiovascular morbidity in Karachi, a mega city in Pakistan. Daily levels of twenty-one constituents of PM2.5 were analyzed using samples collected at two sites from fall 2008 to summer 2009 in Karachi. Hospital admission and emergency room visits due to CVD were collected from two large hospitals. Negative Binominal Regression was used to estimate associations between pollutants and the risk of CVD. All PM2.5 constituents were assessed in single-pollutant models and selected constituents were assessed in multi-pollutant models adjusting for PM2.5 mass and gaseous pollutants. The most common CVD subtypes among our participants were ischemic heart disease, hypertension, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Extremely high levels of PM2.5 constituents from fossil-fuels combustion and industrial emissions were observed, with notable peaks in winter. The most consistent associations were found between exposure to nickel (5-14% increase per interquartile range) and cardiovascular hospital admissions. Suggestive evidence was also observed for associations between cardiovascular hospital admissions and Al, Fe, Ti, and nitrate. Our findings suggested that PM2.5 generated from fossil-fuels combustion and road dust resuspension were associated with the increased risk of CVD in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Zafar Fatmi
- Environmental and Occupational Health & Injuries Unit, Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Daniel Malashock
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington DC, USA
| | - Mirza M Hussain
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Azhar Siddique
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for the Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ziqiang Lin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, One Park Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Haider A Khwaja
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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105
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Danesh Yazdi M, Wang Y, Di Q, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and ozone and hospital admissions of Medicare participants in the Southeast USA. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104879. [PMID: 31238267 PMCID: PMC7751740 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We examined the association between average annual fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone and first hospital admissions of Medicare participants for stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, myocardial infarction (MI), lung cancer, and heart failure (HF). Annual average PM2.5 and ozone levels were estimated using high-resolution spatio-temporal models. We fit a marginal structural Cox proportional hazards model, using stabilized inverse probability weights (IPWs) to account for the competing risk of death and confounding. Analyses were then repeated after restricting to exposure levels below the current U.S. standards. The results showed that PM2.5 was significantly associated with an increased hazard of admissions for all studied outcomes; the highest observed being a 6.1% (95% CI: 5.9%-6.2%) increase in the hazard of admissions with pneumonia for each μg/m3 increase in particulate levels. Ozone was also significantly associated with an increase in the risk of first hospital admissions of all outcomes. The hazard of pneumonia increased by 3.0% (95% CI: 2.9%-3.1%) for each ppb increase in the ozone level. Our results reveal a need to regulate long-term ozone exposure, and that associations persist below current PM2.5 standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Danesh Yazdi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Qian Di
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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106
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Brokamp C, Strawn JR, Beck AF, Ryan P. Pediatric Psychiatric Emergency Department Utilization and Fine Particulate Matter: A Case-Crossover Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:97006. [PMID: 31553231 PMCID: PMC6792357 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exposure to ambient particulate matter < 2.5 μ m in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) has been associated with adult psychiatric exacerbations but has not been studied in children. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to estimate the association between acute exposures to ambient PM 2.5 and psychiatric emergency department (ED) utilization and to determine if it is modified by community deprivation. METHODS We used a time-stratified case-crossover design to analyze all pediatric, psychiatric ED encounters at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, from 2011 to 2015 (n = 13,176 ). Conditional logistic regression models adjusted for temperature, humidity, and holiday effects were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for a psychiatric ED visit 0-3 d after ambient PM 2.5 exposures, estimated at residential addresses using a spatiotemporal model. RESULTS A 10 - μ g / m 3 increase in PM 2.5 was associated with a significant increase in any psychiatric ED utilization 1 [OR = 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.12)] and 2 [OR = 1.05 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.10)] d later. When stratified by visit reason, associations were significant for ED visits related to adjustment disorder {e.g., 1-d lag [OR = 1.24 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.52)] and suicidality 1-d lag [OR = 1.44 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.02)]}. There were significant differences according to community deprivation, with some lags showing stronger associations among children in high versus low deprivation areas for ED visits for anxiety {1-d lag [OR = 1.39 (95% CI: 0.96, 2.01) vs. 0.85 (95% CI: 0.62, 1.17)] and suicidality same day [OR = 1.98 (95% CI: 1.22, 3.23) vs. 0.93 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.45)]}. In contrast, for some lags, associations with ED visits for adjustment disorder were weaker for children in high-deprivation areas {1-d lag [OR = 1.00 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.33) vs. 1.50 (95% CI: 1.16, 1.93)]}. DISCUSSION These findings warrant additional research to confirm the associations in other populations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4815.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Brokamp
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew F. Beck
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick Ryan
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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107
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Wang H, Shen X, Liu J, Wu C, Gao J, Zhang Z, Zhang F, Ding W, Lu Z. The effect of exposure time and concentration of airborne PM 2.5 on lung injury in mice: A transcriptome analysis. Redox Biol 2019; 26:101264. [PMID: 31279222 PMCID: PMC6612658 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and the risk of respiratory diseases has been well documented by epidemiological studies. However, the mechanism underlying the harmful effect of PM2.5 has not been fully understood. In this study, we exposed the C57BL/6J mice to airborne PM2.5 for 3 months (mean daily concentration ~50 or ~110 μg/m3, defined as PM2.5-3L or PM2.5-3H) or 6 months (mean daily concentration ~50 μg/m3, defined as PM2.5-6L) through a whole-body exposure system. Histological and biochemical analysis revealed that PM2.5-3H exposure caused more severe lung injury than did PM2.5-3L, and the difference was greater than that of PM2.5-6L vs PM2.5-3L exposure. With RNA-sequencing technique, we found that the lungs exposed with different concentration of PM2.5 have distinct transcriptional profiles. PM2.5-3H exposure caused more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in lungs than did PM2.5-3L or PM2.5-6L. The DEGs induced by PM2.5-3L or PM2.5-6L exposure were mainly enriched in immune pathways, including Hematopoietic cell lineage and Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, while the DEGs induced by PM2.5-3H exposure were mainly enriched in cardiovascular disease pathways, including Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Dilated cardiomyopathy. In addition, we found that upregulation of Cd5l and reduction of Hspa1 and peroxiredoxin-4 was associated with PM2.5-induced pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. These results may provide new insight into the cytotoxicity mechanism of PM2.5 and help to development of new strategies to attenuate air pollution associated respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiyue Shen
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingli Liu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Junling Gao
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zezhong Zhang
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Ding
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhongbing Lu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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108
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Requia WJ, Coull BA, Koutrakis P. Evaluation of predictive capabilities of ordinary geostatistical interpolation, hybrid interpolation, and machine learning methods for estimating PM 2.5 constituents over space. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:421-433. [PMID: 31154232 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous modeling approaches to estimate concentrations of PM2.5 components have been developed to derive better exposures for health studies, including geostatistical interpolation approaches, land use regression models and, models based on remote sensing technology. Recently, there have been some efforts to develop models based on machine learning algorithms. Each one of these exposure assessment methods has inherent uncertainties resulting in varying levels of exposure misclassification. To date, only a few studies have attempted to systematically compare exposure estimates from different PM2.5 constituent models. Our research addresses this gap, by comparing the predictive capabilities of ordinary geostatistical interpolation (Ordinary Kriging - OK), hybrid interpolation (combination of Empirical Bayesian Kriging and land use regression), and machine learning techniques (forest-based regression) for estimating PM2.5 constituents in Eastern Massachusetts in the United States. We compared the estimates of 10 ambient PM2.5 components, which included Al, Cu, Fe, K, Ni, Pb, S, Ti, V, and Zn. The OK model performed poorest for all PM2.5 components, with an R2 under 0.30. The hybrid model presented a slight improvement, especially for Cu and Fe, for which the R2 value increased to 0.62 and 0.59, respectively. These elements presented the highest R2 value from the hybrid model. The forest model presented the best performance, with R2 values higher than 0.7 for most of the particle components, including Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, and V. Same as observed with the hybrid model, the forest model for Cu and Fe explained the highest concentration variance, with a R2 value equal to 0.88 and 0.92, respectively. The forest model for K, S, and Zn performed poorest with an R2 value of 0.54, 0.37, and 0.44, respectively. The results presented here can be useful for the environmental health community to more accurately estimate PM2.5 constituents over space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeberb J Requia
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Brent A Coull
- Harvard University, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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109
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Ścibor M, Galbarczyk A, Jasienska G. Living Well with Pollution? The Impact of the Concentration of PM 2.5 on the Quality of Life of Patients with Asthma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142502. [PMID: 31337044 PMCID: PMC6678877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While the negative influence of environmental pollution on the respiratory system is well established, especially for people with bronchial hyper-reactivity, the impact of particulate matter on quality of life in asthma patients is not well understood. Three hundred adult asthma patients were recruited for a study; for each patient, the daily concentrations of particulate matter of 2.5 µm or less in diameter (PM2.5) were recorded from air quality monitoring stations. The study was conducted over two weeks. After two weeks, the patients filled out the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), evaluating the quality of their lives throughout the monitored period. Patients exposed to a higher concentration of PM2.5 had significantly lower AQLQ scores. Every 10 µg/m3 of an increase in the concentration of PM2.5 resulted in a decrease of the AQLQ score by 0.16. All domains of quality of life (symptoms, activity limitations, emotional functioning, and environmental stimuli) assessed in the questionnaire were negatively affected by PM2.5. These findings provide an important argument in favor of educating physicians and patients and raising awareness about the detrimental health effects of air pollution. Improving the quality of life of people with asthma requires an immediate and substantial reduction of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ścibor
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College 20 Grzegorzecka St., PL 31531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College 20 Grzegorzecka St., PL 31531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College 20 Grzegorzecka St., PL 31531 Krakow, Poland
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110
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Huang YK, Hanneke R, Jones RM. Bibliometric analysis of cardiometabolic disorders studies involving NO 2, PM 2.5 and noise exposure. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:877. [PMID: 31272504 PMCID: PMC6610906 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7195-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study uses bibliometric analysis to describe the state of research about the association of NO2, PM2.5 and noise exposures - three traffic-related pollutants - with cardiometabolic disorders. METHODS We retrieved references published 1994-2017 from Scopus and classified references with respect to exposure, health outcome and study design using index keywords. Temporal trend, top cited references, used index keywords and the number of hypothesis testing and non-hypothesis testing study design for each group were identified. RESULTS Results show PM2.5 is the most frequently studied exposure (47%), followed by both NO2 and PM2.5 exposure (29%). Only 3% of references considered multiple exposures between NO2 and/or PM2.5 and noise, and these were published after 2008. While we observed a growing trend in studies with NO2 and/or PM2.5 and noise and diabetes in the last decade, there is a diminishing trend in studies with noise and diabetes. Different patterns of study designs were found through H/NH ratio, the number of references classified as having a hypothesis (H)-testing design relative to the number of references classified as having a non-hypothesis (NH)-testing design. Studies with NO2 and/or PM2.5 exposure are more likely to have a H-testing design, while those with noise exposure are more likely to have a NH-testing design, such as cross-sectional study design. CONCLUSIONS We conclude with three themes about research trends. First, the study of simultaneous exposures to multiple pollutants is a current trend, and likely to continue. Second, the association between traffic-related pollutants and diabetes and metabolic symptoms is an area for growth in research. Third, the transition to the use of H-testing study designs to explore associations between noise and cardiometabolic outcomes may be supported by improved understanding of the mechanism of action, and/or improvements to the accuracy and precision of air pollution and noise exposure assessments for environmental health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Huang
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Rosie Hanneke
- Library of the Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Rachael M Jones
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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111
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Howard DB, Thé J, Soria R, Fann N, Schaeffer R, Saphores JDM. Health benefits and control costs of tightening particulate matter emissions standards for coal power plants - The case of Northeast Brazil. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 124:420-430. [PMID: 30682597 PMCID: PMC7227787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) caused an estimated 4.2 million deaths worldwide in 2015. However, PM emission standards for power plants vary widely. To explore if the current levels of these standards are sufficiently stringent in a simple cost-benefit framework, we compared the health benefits (avoided monetized health costs) with the control costs of tightening PM emission standards for coal-fired power plants in Northeast (NE) Brazil, where ambient PM concentrations are below World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. We considered three Brazilian PM10 (PMx refers to PM with a diameter under x micrometers) emission standards and a stricter U.S. EPA standard for recent power plants. Our integrated methodology simulates hourly electricity grid dispatch from utility-scale power plants, disperses the resulting PM2.5, and estimates selected human health impacts from PM2.5 exposure using the latest integrated exposure-response model. Since the emissions inventories required to model secondary PM are not available in our study area, we modeled only primary PM so our benefit estimates are conservative. We found that tightening existing PM10 emission standards yields health benefits that are over 60 times greater than emissions control costs in all the scenarios we considered. The monetary value of avoided hospital admissions alone is at least four times as large as the corresponding control costs. These results provide strong arguments for considering tightening PM emission standards for coal-fired power plants worldwide, including in regions that meet WHO guidelines and in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Howard
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jesse Thé
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Rafael Soria
- Departmento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ladrón de Guevara E11·253, Quito, Pichincha EC 17-01-2759, Ecuador.
| | - Neal Fann
- National Expert and Team Lead for Assessing the Benefits of Air Quality, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Roberto Schaeffer
- Energy Planning Program, COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-972 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Jean-Daniel M Saphores
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Economics, University of California, Irvine 92697, USA.
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112
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Warburton DER, Bredin SSD, Shellington EM, Cole C, de Faye A, Harris J, Kim DD, Abelsohn A. A Systematic Review of the Short-Term Health Effects of Air Pollution in Persons Living with Coronary Heart Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E274. [PMID: 30813506 PMCID: PMC6406357 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Persons living with chronic medical conditions (such as coronary artery disease (CAD)) are thought to be at increased risk when exposed to air pollution. This systematic review critically evaluated the short-term health effects of air pollution in persons living with CAD. Original research articles were retrieved systematically through searching electronic databases (e.g., Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE)), cross-referencing, and the authors' knowledge. From 2884 individual citations, 26 eligible articles were identified. The majority of the investigations (18 of 22 (82%)) revealed a negative relationship between air pollutants and cardiac function or overall health. Heart rate variability (HRV) was the primary cardiovascular outcome measure, with 10 out of 13 studies reporting at least one index of HRV being significantly affected by air pollutants. However, there was some inconsistency in the relationship between HRV and air pollutants, mediated (at least in part) by the confounding effects of beta-blocker medications. In conclusion, there is strong evidence that air pollution can have adverse effects on cardiovascular function in persons living with CAD. All persons living with CAD should be educated on how to monitor air quality, should recognize the potential risks of excessive exposure to air pollution, and be aware of strategies to mitigate these risks. Persons living with CAD should minimize their exposure to air pollution by limiting outdoor physical activity participation when the forecast air quality health index indicates increased air pollution (i.e., an increased risk).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren E R Warburton
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Shannon S D Bredin
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Laboratory for Knowledge Mobilization, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Erin M Shellington
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Laboratory for Knowledge Mobilization, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Christie Cole
- Department of Heart Wise Exercise, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Amanda de Faye
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Laboratory for Knowledge Mobilization, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Harris
- Department of Heart Wise Exercise, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - David D Kim
- Physical Activity Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Laboratory for Knowledge Mobilization, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Alan Abelsohn
- Department of Family and Community Medicine and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
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113
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Schraufnagel DE, Balmes JR, Cowl CT, De Matteis S, Jung SH, Mortimer K, Perez-Padilla R, Rice MB, Riojas-Rodriguez H, Sood A, Thurston GD, To T, Vanker A, Wuebbles DJ. Air Pollution and Noncommunicable Diseases: A Review by the Forum of International Respiratory Societies' Environmental Committee, Part 2: Air Pollution and Organ Systems. Chest 2019; 155:417-426. [PMID: 30419237 PMCID: PMC6904854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although air pollution is well known to be harmful to the lung and airways, it can also damage most other organ systems of the body. It is estimated that about 500,000 lung cancer deaths and 1.6 million COPD deaths can be attributed to air pollution, but air pollution may also account for 19% of all cardiovascular deaths and 21% of all stroke deaths. Air pollution has been linked to other malignancies, such as bladder cancer and childhood leukemia. Lung development in childhood is stymied with exposure to air pollutants, and poor lung development in children predicts lung impairment in adults. Air pollution is associated with reduced cognitive function and increased risk of dementia. Particulate matter in the air (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm) is associated with delayed psychomotor development and lower child intelligence. Studies link air pollution with diabetes mellitus prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Pollution affects the immune system and is associated with allergic rhinitis, allergic sensitization, and autoimmunity. It is also associated with osteoporosis and bone fractures, conjunctivitis, dry eye disease, blepharitis, inflammatory bowel disease, increased intravascular coagulation, and decreased glomerular filtration rate. Atopic and urticarial skin disease, acne, and skin aging are linked to air pollution. Air pollution is controllable and, therefore, many of these adverse health effects can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean E Schraufnagel
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
| | - John R Balmes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Clayton T Cowl
- Divisions of Preventive, Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sara De Matteis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soon-Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, Wonju Colleage of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kevin Mortimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mary B Rice
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Akshay Sood
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM
| | - George D Thurston
- Departments of Environmental Medicine and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Teresa To
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anessa Vanker
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health & MRC Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Donald J Wuebbles
- School of Earth, Society, and Environment, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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114
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Qin T, Zhang F, Zhou H, Ren H, Du Y, Liang S, Wang F, Cheng L, Xie X, Jin A, Wu Y, Zhao J, Xu J. High-Level PM2.5/PM10 Exposure Is Associated With Alterations in the Human Pharyngeal Microbiota Composition. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:54. [PMID: 30804895 PMCID: PMC6379047 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that high concentration of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and PM10 carried a large number of bacterial and archaeal species, including pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. In this study, pharyngeal swabs from 83 subjects working in an open air farmer's market were sampled before and after exposure to smog with PM2.5 and PM10 levels up to 200 and 300 μg/m3, respectively. Their microbiota were investigated using high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. The genus level phylotypes was increased from 649 to 767 in the post-smog pharyngeal microbiota, of which 142 were new and detected only in the post-smog microbiota. The 142 new genera were traced to sources such as soil, marine, feces, sewage sludge, freshwater, hot springs, and saline lakes. The abundance of the genera Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Staphylococcus increased in the post-smog pharyngeal microbiota. All six alpha diversity indices and principal component analysis showed that the taxonomic composition of the post-smog pharyngeal microbiota was significantly different to that of the pre-smog pharyngeal microbiota. Redundancy analysis showed that the influences of PM2.5/PM10 exposure and smoking on the taxonomic composition of the pharyngeal microbiota were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Two days of exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5/PM10 changed the pharyngeal microbiota profiles, which may lead to an increase in respiratory diseases. Wearing masks could reduce the effect of high-level PM2.5/PM10 exposure on the pharyngeal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
| | - Haijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yinju Du
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shengnan Liang
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xuguang Xie
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
| | - Aoming Jin
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Zhao
- Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Institute for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
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115
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Wang L, Cheng H, Wang D, Zhao B, Zhang J, Cheng L, Yao P, Di Narzo A, Shen Y, Yu J, Li Y, Xu S, Chen J, Fan L, Lu J, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Wang C, Zhang Z, Hao K. Airway microbiome is associated with respiratory functions and responses to ambient particulate matter exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:269-277. [PMID: 30342360 PMCID: PMC6257984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure has been associated with respiratory function decline in epidemiological studies. We hypothesize that a possible underlying mechanism is the perturbation of airway microbiome by PM exposure. METHODS During October 2016-October 2017, on two human cohorts (n = 115 in total) in Shanghai China, we systematically collected three categories of data: (1) respiratory functions, (2) airway microbiome from sputum, and (3) PM2.5 (PM of ≤ 2.5 µm in diameter) level in ambient air. We investigated the impact of PM2.5 on airway microbiome as well as the link between airway microbiome and respiratory functions using linear mixed regression models. RESULTS The respiratory function of our primary interest includes forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1). FEV1/FVC, an important respiratory function trait and key diagnosis criterion of COPD, was significantly associated with airway bacteria load (p = 0.0038); and FEV1 was associated with airway microbiome profile (p = 0.013). Further, airway microbiome was significantly influenced by PM2.5 exposure (p = 4.48E-11). CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, for the first time, we demonstrated the impact of PM2.5 on airway microbiome, and reported the link between airway microbiome and respiratory functions. The results expand our understanding on the scope of PM2.5 exposure's influence on human respiratory system, and point to novel etiological mechanism of PM2.5 exposure induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxiang Cheng
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dongbin Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jushan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Cheng
- School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Yao
- School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Antonio Di Narzo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lihong Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- School of Software Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhui Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ke Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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116
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Achakulwisut P, Anenberg SC, Neumann JE, Penn SL, Weiss N, Crimmins A, Fann N, Martinich J, Roman H, Mickley LJ. Effects of Increasing Aridity on Ambient Dust and Public Health in the U.S. Southwest Under Climate Change. GEOHEALTH 2019; 3:127-144. [PMID: 31276080 PMCID: PMC6605068 DOI: 10.1029/2019gh000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Southwest is projected to experience increasing aridity due to climate change. We quantify the resulting impacts on ambient dust levels and public health using methods consistent with the Environmental Protection Agency's Climate Change Impacts and Risk Analysis framework. We first demonstrate that U.S. Southwest fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) dust levels are strongly sensitive to variability in the 2-month Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index across southwestern North America. We then estimate potential changes in dust levels through 2099 by applying the observed sensitivities to downscaled meteorological output projected by six climate models following an intermediate (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, RCP4.5) and a high (RCP8.5) greenhouse gas concentration scenario. By 2080-2099 under RCP8.5 relative to 1986-2005 in the U.S. Southwest: (1) Fine dust levels could increase by 57%, and fine dust-attributable all-cause mortality and hospitalizations could increase by 230% and 360%, respectively; (2) coarse dust levels could increase by 38%, and coarse dust-attributable cardiovascular mortality and asthma emergency department visits could increase by 210% and 88%, respectively; (3) climate-driven changes in dust concentrations can account for 34-47% of these health impacts, with the rest due to increases in population and baseline incidence rates; and (4) economic damages of the health impacts could total $47 billion per year additional to the 1986-2005 value of $13 billion per year. Compared to national-scale climate impacts projected for other U.S. sectors using the Climate Change Impacts and Risk Analysis framework, dust-related mortality ranks fourth behind extreme temperature-related mortality, labor productivity decline, and coastal property loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan C. Anenberg
- Milken Institute School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Neal Fann
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | | | | | - Loretta J. Mickley
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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117
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Li Y, Xu L, Shan Z, Teng W, Han C. Association between air pollution and type 2 diabetes: an updated review of the literature. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2019; 10:2042018819897046. [PMID: 31903180 PMCID: PMC6931138 DOI: 10.1177/2042018819897046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are critical public health issues worldwide. A large number of epidemiological studies have highlighted the adverse effects of air pollution on diabetes, and include risk profiles for different exposure durations, study design types, subgroup populations, and effects of air pollution components. We researched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify studies on the association between air pollution and T2DM from January 2009 to January 2019. The aim of this review is to provide a brief overview of epidemiological and experimental studies on air pollution associated with T2DM from the latest research, which may provide practical information about this relationship and possible mechanisms. Current cumulative evidence appears to suggest that T2DM-related biomarkers increase with increasing exposure duration and concentration of air pollutants. The chemical constituents of the air pollutant mixture may affect T2DM to varying degrees. The suggested mechanisms whereby air pollutants induce T2DM include increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongze Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Key
Laboratory of Thyroid Disease in Liaoning Provinces, The First Hospital of
China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan
Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Key
Laboratory of Thyroid Disease in Liaoning Provinces, The First Hospital of
China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Key
Laboratory of Thyroid Disease in Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of
China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, PRC
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118
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Young SS, Acharjee MK, Das K. The reliability of an environmental epidemiology meta-analysis, a case study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 102:47-52. [PMID: 30590082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Claims made in science papers are coming under increased scrutiny with many claims failing to replicate. Meta-analyses are questionable when based on data from observational studies which are often unreliable. We examine the reliability of the base studies used in an air quality/heart attack meta-analysis and the resulting meta-analysis. A meta-analysis study that includes 14 observational air quality/heart attack studies is examined for its statistical reliability. We use simple counting to evaluate the reliability of the base papers and a p-value plot of the p-values from the base studies to examine study heterogeneity. We find that the base papers have the potential for massive multiple testing and multiple modeling with no statistical adjustments. Statistics coming from the base papers are not guaranteed to be unbiased, a requirement for a valid meta-analysis. There is study heterogeneity for the base papers with strong evidence for so called p-hacking in some, possibly many, of the studies. We make two observations: there are many claims at issue in each of the 14 base studies so uncorrected multiple testing is a serious issue. We find that some of the base papers exhibit the characteristics of p-hacking and are therefore not reliable; the resulting meta-analysis is not reliable.
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119
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Shimada T, Yasaki H, Yasui T, Yanagida T, Kaji N, Kanai M, Nagashima K, Kawai T, Baba Y. PM 2.5 Particle Detection in a Microfluidic Device by Using Ionic Current Sensing. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:1347-1349. [PMID: 30449832 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18c018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a PM2.5 analysis method that adds information on the number concentration and size by using microfluidic-based ionic current sensing with a bridge circuit. The bridge circuit allows for suppression of the background current and the detection of small PM2.5 particles, even if a relatively large micropore is used. This is the first demonstration of the detection of PM2.5 particles via ionic current sensing; our method enables analyses of both the number concentration and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Shimada
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University
| | - Hirotoshi Yasaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University
| | - Takao Yasui
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Laboratory of Integrated Nanostructure Materials Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University.,Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Masaki Kanai
- Laboratory of Integrated Nanostructure Materials Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Laboratory of Integrated Nanostructure Materials Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Tomoji Kawai
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University.,ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University.,Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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120
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Iwade K, Shimoji S, Masaki H, Sakai T, Tanabe K, Goto N, Ohtsu F. [The Effectiveness of Counseling Using Preventative Informational Sheets with Climate and Environmental Data from Insurance Pharmacies in Preventing Worsened Asthma Symptoms]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 139:475-482. [PMID: 30518700 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the possibility that having pharmacists give asthma patients informational sheets on climate and environmental changes at insurance pharmacies during patient counseling might prevent the worsening of asthma symptoms. Patients with hyperlipidemia were comparative subjects. We created informational sheets about climate and environmental changes and their influence on asthma. During patient counseling, pharmacists gave them to all asthma patients who visited insurance pharmacies over a period of 2 months, between November and December 2017. Based on previous studies, we called days which showed certain climate or environmental changes as compared to the previous day "change days". We compared the number of visiting patients on change days after preventative information was provided (between January and March 2018) with the number before information was provided (between January and March 2017). In addition, we compared those numbers with the number of patients who visited the target pharmacies between January and March 2016 in order to examine the influence of yearly climate change. The same procedure was used with hyperlipidemic patients. The number of visiting asthma patients after information was provided significantly decreased (5.1±2.1, p=0.03) compared with the number before information was provided, between January and March 2017 (6.1±2.8). The number of aforementioned visits compared to those between January and March 2016 also significantly decreased (p=0.01). Our results suggest that preventative information about climate and environmental changes provided by pharmacists during patient counseling might influence the number of asthma patient visits and prevent the exacerbation of their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Iwade
- Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University.,Saera Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | | | - Nobuyuki Goto
- Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | - Fumiko Ohtsu
- Drug Informatics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
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Bose M, Larson T, Szpiro AA. Adaptive predictive principal components for modeling multivariate air pollution. ENVIRONMETRICS 2018; 29:e2525. [PMID: 32581623 PMCID: PMC7313718 DOI: 10.1002/env.2525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution monitoring locations are typically spatially misaligned with locations of participants in a cohort study, so to analyze pollution-health associations, exposures must be predicted at subject locations. For a pollution measure like PM2.5 (fine particulate matter) comprised of multiple chemical components, the predictive principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm derives a low-dimensional representation of component profiles for use in health analyses. Geographic covariates and spatial splines help determine the principal component loadings of the pollution data to give improved prediction accuracy of the principal component scores. While predictive PCA can accommodate pollution data of arbitrary dimension, it is currently limited to a small number of pre-selected geographic covariates. We propose an adaptive predictive PCA algorithm, which automatically identifies a combination of covariates that is most informative in choosing the principal component directions in the pollutant space. We show that adaptive predictive PCA improves the accuracy of multi-pollutant exposure predictions at subject locations.
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122
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Losacco C, Perillo A. Particulate matter air pollution and respiratory impact on humans and animals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33901-33910. [PMID: 30284710 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is now fully acknowledged to be a public health problem and a social issue. Particulate matter (PM) concentration has been linked with several clinical manifestations of pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and is associated with morbidity and mortality induced by respiratory diseases both in human and animals. Current research on airborne particle-induced health effects investigates the critical characteristics of particulate matter that determine their biological effects. Scientific evidence assessed that the size of the airborne particles and their surface area determine the potential to elicit inflammatory injury, oxidative damage, and other biological effects. Thus, the present review paper aims to summarize the current evidences and findings on the effect of air pollution on lung function in both humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Losacco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Perillo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70010, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
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Krall JR, Chang HH, Waller LA, Mulholland JA, Winquist A, Talbott EO, Rager JR, Tolbert PE, Sarnat SE. A multicity study of air pollution and cardiorespiratory emergency department visits: Comparing approaches for combining estimates across cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:312-320. [PMID: 30107292 PMCID: PMC6218942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Determining how associations between ambient air pollution and health vary by specific outcome is important for developing public health interventions. We estimated associations between twelve ambient air pollutants of both primary (e.g. nitrogen oxides) and secondary (e.g. ozone and sulfate) origin and cardiorespiratory emergency department (ED) visits for 8 specific outcomes in five U.S. cities including Atlanta, GA; Birmingham, AL; Dallas, TX; Pittsburgh, PA; St. Louis, MO. For each city, we fitted overdispersed Poisson time-series models to estimate associations between each pollutant and specific outcome. To estimate multicity and posterior city-specific associations, we developed a Bayesian multicity multi-outcome (MCM) model that pools information across cities using data from all specific outcomes. We fitted single pollutant models as well as models with multipollutant components using a two-stage chemical mixtures approach. Posterior city-specific associations from the MCM models were somewhat attenuated, with smaller standard errors, compared to associations from time-series regression models. We found positive associations of both primary and secondary pollutants with respiratory disease ED visits. There was some indication that primary pollutants, particularly nitrogen oxides, were also associated with cardiovascular disease ED visits. Bayesian models can help to synthesize findings across multiple outcomes and cities by providing posterior city-specific associations building on variation and similarities across the multiple sources of available information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 790 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
| | - Andrea Winquist
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Evelyn O Talbott
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Judith R Rager
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 De Soto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States.
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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Yitshak-Sade M, Bobb JF, Schwartz JD, Kloog I, Zanobetti A. The association between short and long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and temperature and hospital admissions in New England and the synergistic effect of the short-term exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:868-875. [PMID: 29929325 PMCID: PMC6051434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter < 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and heat are strong predictors of morbidity, yet few studies have examined the effects of long-term exposures on non-fatal events, or assessed the short and long-term effect on health simultaneously. OBJECTIVE We jointly investigated the association of short and long-term exposures to PM2.5 and temperature with hospital admissions, and explored the modification of the associations with the short-term exposures by one another and by temperature variability. METHODS Daily ZIP code counts of respiratory, cardiac and stroke admissions of adults ≥65 (N = 2,015,660) were constructed across New-England (2001-2011). Daily PM2.5 and temperature exposure estimates were obtained from satellite-based spatio-temporally resolved models. For each admission cause, a Poisson regression was fit on short and long-term exposures, with a random intercept for ZIP code. Modifications of the short-term effects were tested by adding interaction terms with temperature, PM2.5 and temperature variability. RESULTS Associations between short and long-term exposures were observed for all of the outcomes, with stronger effects of long-term exposures to PM2.5. For respiratory admissions, the short-term PM2.5 effect (percent increase per IQR) was larger on warmer days (1.12% versus -0.53%) and in months of higher temperature variability (1.63% versus -0.45%). The short-term temperature effect was higher in months of higher temperature variability as well. For cardiac admissions, the PM2.5 effect was larger on colder days (0.56% versus -0.30%) and in months of higher temperature variability (0.99% versus -0.56%). CONCLUSIONS We observed synergistic effects of short-term exposures to PM2.5, temperature and temperature variability. Long-term exposures to PM2.5 were associated with larger effects compared to short-term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Yitshak-Sade
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer F Bobb
- Biostatistics Unit, Kaiser Permanent Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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125
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Ravi V, Vaughan JK, Wolcott MP, Lamb BK. Impacts of prescribed fires and benefits from their reduction for air quality, health and visibility in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 69:289-304. [PMID: 30252621 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1526721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Using a WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling framework, we investigate the impacts of smoke from prescribed fires on model performance, regional and local air quality, health impacts, and visibility in protected natural environments using three different prescribed fire emission scenarios - 100% fire, no fire, and 30% fire. The 30% fire case reflects a 70% reduction in fire activities due to harvesting of logging residues for use as a feedstock for a potential aviation biofuel supply chain. Overall model performance improves for several performance metrics when fire emissions are included, especially for organic carbon, irrespective of the model goals and criteria used. This effect on model performance is more pronounced for the rural and remote IMPROVE sites for organic carbon and total PM2.5. A reduction in prescribed fire emissions (30% fire case) results in significant improvement in air quality in areas in western Oregon, northern Idaho and western Montana where most prescribed fires occur. Prescribed burning contributes to visibility impairment and a relatively large portion of protected class I areas will benefit from a reduced emission scenario. For the haziest 20% days, prescribed burning is an important source of visibility impairment and approximately 50% of IMPROVE sites in the model domain show a significant improvement in visibility for the reduced fire case. Using BenMAP, a health impact assessment tool, we show that several hundred additional deaths, several thousand upper and lower respiratory symptom cases, several hundred bronchitis cases, and more than 35,000 work day losses can be attributed to prescribed fires and these health impacts decrease by 25-30% when a 30% fire emission scenario is considered. Implications This study assesses the potential regional and local air quality, public health and visibility impacts from prescribed burning activities as well as benefits that can be achieved by a potential reduction in emissions for a scenario where biomass is harvested for conversion to biofuel. As prescribed burning activities become more frequent, they can be more detrimental for air quality and health. Forest residue based biofuel industry can be source of cleaner fuel with co-benefits of improved air quality, reduction in health impacts and improved visibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Ravi
- a Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Joseph K Vaughan
- a Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Michael P Wolcott
- b Institute for Sustainable Design, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Brian K Lamb
- a Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
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126
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Long F, Jiang H, Yi H, Su L, Sun J. Particulate matter 2.5 induced bronchial epithelial cell injury via activation of 5′‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase‐mediated autophagy. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3294-3305. [PMID: 30203496 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Long
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Yiyuan County People’s Hospital Yiyuan Shandong Province China
| | - Hongli Yi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Lili Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University Jinan China
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127
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Cao Q, Rui G, Liang Y. Study on PM2.5 pollution and the mortality due to lung cancer in China based on geographic weighted regression model. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:925. [PMID: 30053859 PMCID: PMC6062941 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PM2.5 has become a major component of air pollution in China and has led to a series of health problems. The mortality rate caused by lung cancer has reached the point where it cannot be ignored in China. Air pollution is becoming more and more serious in China, which is increasingly affecting people's lives and health. METHODS Considering the variations in the geographical environment in China, this paper studied the relationship between PM2.5 concentration and lung cancer mortality based on the geographical weighted regression model in 31 provinces in 2004 and 2008, autonomous regions and municipalities of China. RESULTS The results indicated there was a significant positive correlation between PM2.5 concentration and lung cancer mortality (r = 0.0052, P = 0.036). Additionally, the longer the time of exposure to PM2.5 is, the higher morbidity is. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the Chinese government should launch some environmental policy, especially in those areas with severe PM2.5 pollutions, and keep the citizens away from exposure to PM2.5 pollution in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilong Cao
- Business School, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Rui
- Soochow University and Collaborative Innovation Center for New-type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Social Work and Social Policy, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023 People’s Republic of China
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128
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Nwanaji-Enwerem JC, Bind MA, Dai L, Oulhote Y, Colicino E, Di Q, Just AC, Hou L, Vokonas P, Coull BA, Weisskopf MG, Baccarelli AA, Schwartz JD. Editor's Highlight: Modifying Role of Endothelial Function Gene Variants on the Association of Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure With Blood DNA Methylation Age: The VA Normative Aging Study. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:116-126. [PMID: 28486674 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported robust associations of long-term PM2.5 exposure with DNA methylation-based measures of aging; yet, the molecular implications of these relationships remain poorly understood. We evaluated if genetic variation in 3 biological pathways implicated in PM2.5-related disease-oxidative stress, endothelial function, and metal processing-could modify the effect of PM2.5 on DNAm-age, one prominent DNA methylation-based measure of biological age. This analysis was based on 552 individuals from the Normative Aging Study with at least one visit between 2000 and 2011 (n = 940 visits). A genetic-score approach was used to calculate aging-risk variant scores for endothelial function, oxidative stress, and metal processing pathways. One-year PM2.5 and PM2.5 component (sulfate and ammonium) levels at participants' addresses were estimated using the GEOS-chem transport model. Blood DNAm-age was calculated using CpG sites on the Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. In fully-adjusted linear mixed-effects models, the effects of sulfate on DNAm-age (in years) were greater in individuals with high aging-risk endothelial function variant scores when compared with individuals with low aging-risk endothelial function variant scores (Pinteraction = 0.0007; βHigh = 1.09, 95% CIHigh: 0.70, 1.48; βLow = 0.40, 95% CILow: 0.14, 0.67). Similar trends were observed in fully adjusted models of ammonium and total PM2.5 alone. No effect modification was observed by oxidative stress and metal processing variant scores. Secondary analyses revealed significant associations of serum endothelial markers, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (β = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.012) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (β = 0.002, 95% CI: 0.0005, 0.0026), with DNAm-age. Our results add novel evidence that endothelial physiology may be important to DNAm-age relationships, but further research is required to establish their generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamaji C Nwanaji-Enwerem
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marie-Abele Bind
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lingzhen Dai
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Youssef Oulhote
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Qian Di
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allan C Just
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lifang Hou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pantel Vokonas
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System and the Boston University School of Medicine, VA Normative Aging Study, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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129
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King MC, Staicu AM, Davis JM, Reich BJ, Eder B. A Functional Data Analysis of Spatiotemporal Trends and Variation in Fine Particulate Matter. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2018; 184:233-243. [PMID: 33716545 PMCID: PMC7948063 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we illustrate the application of modern functional data analysis methods to study the spatiotemporal variability of particulate matter components across the United States. The approach models the pollutant annual profiles in a way that describes the dynamic behavior over time and space. This new technique allows us to predict yearly profiles for locations and years at which data are not available and also offers dimension reduction for easier visualization of the data. Additionally it allows us to study changes of pollutant levels annually or for a particular season. We apply our method to daily concentrations of two particular components of PM2.5 measured by two networks of monitoring sites across the United States from 2003 to 2015. Our analysis confirms existing findings and additionally reveals new trends in the change of the pollutants across seasons and years that may not be as easily determined from other common approaches such as Kriging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith C. King
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina, 27695
| | - Ana-Maria Staicu
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina, 27695
| | - Jerry M. Davis
- Department of Marine, Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Brian J. Reich
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina, 27695
| | - Brian Eder
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711
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130
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Shao J, Wheeler AJ, Chen L, Strandberg B, Hinwood A, Johnston FH, Zosky GR. The pro-inflammatory effects of particulate matter on epithelial cells are associated with elemental composition. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:530-537. [PMID: 29587234 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse health effects of particulate matter (PM) vary with chemical composition; however, evidence regarding which elements are the most detrimental is limited. The roof space area provides an open and stable environment for outdoor PM to settle and deposit. Therefore, this study used roof space PM samples as a proxy of residential cumulative exposure to outdoor air pollution to investigate their pro-inflammatory effects on human lung cells and the contribution of the endotoxin and chemical content. METHODS Roof space PM samples of 36 different homes were collected and analysed using standardised techniques. We evaluated cytotoxicity and cytokine production of BEAS-2B cells after PM exposure using MTS and ELISA, respectively. Principle component analysis (PCA) and linear regression analyses were employed to assess the associations between cytokine production and the PM components. RESULTS PM caused significant time- and dose-dependent increases in cellular cytokine production (p < 0.05). PCA identified four factors that explained 68.33% of the variance in the chemical composition. An increase in Factor 1 (+Fe, +Al, +Mn) score and a decrease in Factor 2 (-Ca, +Pb, +PAH) score were associated with increased interleukin (IL)-6 (Factor 1; p = 0.010; Factor 2; p = 0.006) and IL-8 (Factor 1; p = 0.003; Factor 2; p = 0.020) production, however, only the association with Factor 1 was evident after correcting for endotoxin and particle size. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides novel insight into the positive associations between pro-inflammatory effects of roof space PM samples with Fe, Al and Mn levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Shao
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia; Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6017, Australia
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Hinwood
- Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Western Australia 6017, Australia; Environmental Protection Authority Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Fay H Johnston
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
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131
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Jung CR, Hwang BF, Chen WT. Incorporating long-term satellite-based aerosol optical depth, localized land use data, and meteorological variables to estimate ground-level PM 2.5 concentrations in Taiwan from 2005 to 2015. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:1000-1010. [PMID: 29157969 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) is now comprehensively applied to estimate ground-level concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). This study aimed to construct the AOD-PM2.5 estimation models over Taiwan. The AOD-PM2.5 modeling in Taiwan island is challenging owing to heterogeneous land use, complex topography, and humid tropical to subtropical climate conditions with frequent cloud cover and prolonged rainy season. The AOD retrievals from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites were combined with the meteorological variables from reanalysis data and high resolution localized land use variables to estimate PM2.5 over Taiwan island from 2005 to 2015. Ten-fold cross validation was carried out and the residuals of the estimation model at various locations and seasons are assessed. The cross validation (CV) R2 based on monitoring stations were 0.66 and 0.66, with CV root mean square errors of 14.0 μg/m3 (34%) and 12.9 μg/m3 (33%), respectively, for models based on Terra and Aqua AOD. The results provided PM2.5 estimations at locations without surface stations. The estimation revealed PM2.5 concentration hotspots in the central and southern part of the western plain areas, particularly in winter and spring. The annual average of estimated PM2.5 concentrations over Taiwan consistently declined during 2005-2015. The AOD-PM2.5 model is a reliable and validated method for estimating PM2.5 concentrations at locations without monitoring stations in Taiwan, which is crucial for epidemiological study and for the assessment of air quality control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau-Ren Jung
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Fang Hwang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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132
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Do People Place More Value on Natural Gas Than Coal for Power Generation to Abate Particulate Matter Emissions? Evidence from South Korea. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10061740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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133
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Public Value of Enforcing the PM2.5 Concentration Reduction Policy in South Korean Urban Areas. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10041144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As the number of cars and the electricity produced from coal-fired generation has been increasing, PM2.5, particles smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter, has become a serious problem in South Korean urban areas. This is especially notable, given that the PM2.5 warning was issued 89 times during 2016. Because of this, the South Korean government is seeking to enforce a policy of reducing the number of PM2.5 warnings by half using various policy instruments from now until 2022. This article tries to obtain information about the public value of the enforcement. For this purpose, household willingness to pay (WTP) for the enforcement is investigated, applying the contingent valuation (CV) approach. A survey of 1000 households was carried out in South Korean urban areas. The data on the WTP were gathered using a dichotomous choice question and analyzed employing the spike model. The mean WTP estimate is obtained as KRW 5591 (USD 4.97) per household per year, which is statistically significant. The total public value expanded to the population amounts to KRW 98.9 billion (USD 87.8 million) per year. The information can be utilized in policy-making and decision-making about the reduction of the PM2.5 concentration.
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134
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Buteau S, Goldberg MS, Burnett RT, Gasparrini A, Valois MF, Brophy JM, Crouse DL, Hatzopoulou M. Associations between ambient air pollution and daily mortality in a cohort of congestive heart failure: Case-crossover and nested case-control analyses using a distributed lag nonlinear model. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:313-324. [PMID: 29361317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persons with congestive heart failure may be at higher risk of the acute effects related to daily fluctuations in ambient air pollution. To meet some of the limitations of previous studies using grouped-analysis, we developed a cohort study of persons with congestive heart failure to estimate whether daily non-accidental mortality were associated with spatially-resolved, daily exposures to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3), and whether these associations were modified according to a series of indicators potentially reflecting complications or worsening of health. METHODS We constructed the cohort from the linkage of administrative health databases. Daily exposure was assigned from different methods we developed previously to predict spatially-resolved, time-dependent concentrations of ambient NO2 (all year) and O3 (warm season) at participants' residences. We performed two distinct types of analyses: a case-crossover that contrasts the same person at different times, and a nested case-control that contrasts different persons at similar times. We modelled the effects of air pollution and weather (case-crossover only) on mortality using distributed lag nonlinear models over lags 0 to 3 days. We developed from administrative health data a series of indicators that may reflect the underlying construct of "declining health", and used interactions between these indicators and the cross-basis function for air pollutant to assess potential effect modification. RESULTS The magnitude of the cumulative as well as the lag-specific estimates of association differed in many instances according to the metric of exposure. Using the back-extrapolation method, which is our preferred exposure model, we found for the case-crossover design a cumulative mean percentage changes (MPC) in daily mortality per interquartile increment in NO2 (8.8 ppb) of 3.0% (95% CI: -0.4, 6.6%) and for O3 (16.5 ppb) 3.5% (95% CI: -4.5, 12.1). For O3 there was strong confounding by weather (unadjusted MPC = 7.1%; 95% CI: 1.7, 12.7%). For the nested case-control approach the cumulative MPC for NO2 in daily mortality was 2.9% (95% CI: -0.9, 6.9%) and for O3 7.3% (95% CI: 3.0, 11.9%). We found evidence of effect modification between daily mortality and cumulative NO2 and O3 according to the prescribed dose of furosemide in the nested case-control analysis, but not in the case-crossover analysis. CONCLUSIONS Mortality in congestive heart failure was associated with exposure to daily ambient NO2 and O3 predicted from a back-extrapolation method using a land use regression model from dense sampling surveys. The methods used to assess exposure can have considerable influence on the estimated acute health effects of the two air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Buteau
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Institut national de sante publique du Quebec (INSPQ), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-France Valois
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Research Institute of the McGill University Hospital Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - James M Brophy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dan L Crouse
- Department of Sociology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; New Brunswick Institute for Research, Data, and Training, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Marianne Hatzopoulou
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Machin AB, Nascimento LFC. Effects of exposure to air pollutants on children's health in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018. [PMID: 29538512 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00006617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollutants, usually measured by environmental agencies that are not present in all states, may be associated with respiratory admissions in children. An ecological time series study was conducted with data on hospitalizations due to selected respiratory diseases in children under 10 years of age in 2012 in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Mean levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were estimated with a mathematical model, data on low temperatures and relative humidity were obtained from the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology, and the numbers of brush burnings were obtained from the Environmental Information System. The statistical approach used the Poisson regression generalized additive model with lags of 0 to 7 days. The financial costs and increases in hospitalizations due to increments in PM2.5 were estimated. There were 565 hospitalizations (mean 1.54 admissions/day; SD = 1.52), and mean PM2.5 concentration was 15.7µg/m3 (SD = 3.2). Associations were observed between exposure and hospitalizations in the second semester at lags 2 and 3, and at lag 2 when the entire year was analyzed. An increment of 5µg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with an increase of 89 hospitalizations and costs exceeding BRL 95,000 (≈ USD 38,000) for the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Data estimated by mathematical models can be used in locations where pollutants are not monitored.
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136
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Tian Y, Xiang X, Juan J, Song J, Cao Y, Huang C, Li M, Hu Y. Short-term effects of ambient fine particulate matter pollution on hospital visits for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Beijing, China. Environ Health 2018; 17:21. [PMID: 29482552 PMCID: PMC6389038 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China. The objective of this study was to explore the short-term effects of PM2.5 on outpatient and inpatient visits for COPD in Beijing, China. METHODS A total of 3,503,313 outpatient visits and 126,982 inpatient visits for COPD between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2012, were identified from the Beijing Medical Claim Data for Employees. A generalized additive Poisson model was applied to estimate the percentage change with 95% confidence interval (CI) in hospital visits for COPD in relation to an interquartile range (IQR) (90.8 μg/m3) increase in PM2.5 concentrations. RESULTS Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with increased use of COPD-related health services. There were clear exposure-response associations of PM2.5 with COPD outpatient and inpatient visits. An IQR increase in the concurrent day PM2.5 concentrations was significantly associated with a 2.38% (95% CI, 2.22%-2.53%) and 6.03% (95% CI, 5.19%-6.87%) increase in daily outpatient visits and inpatient visits, respectively. Elderly people were more sensitive to the adverse effects. The estimated risk was higher during the warm season compared to the cool season. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to PM2.5 was associated with increased risk of hospital visits for COPD. Our findings contributed to the limited evidence concerning the effects of ambient PM2.5 on COPD morbidity in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Juan Juan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yaying Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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An Z, Jin Y, Li J, Li W, Wu W. Impact of Particulate Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Health. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:15. [PMID: 29470659 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Air pollution is established as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Ambient particulate matter (PM), a principal component of air pollutant, has been considered as a main culprit of the adverse effects of air pollution on human health. RECENT FINDINGS Extensive epidemiological and toxicological studies have demonstrated particulate air pollution is positively associated with the development of CVDs. Short-term PM exposure can trigger acute cardiovascular events while long-term exposure over years augments cardiovascular risk to an even greater extent and can reduce life expectancy by a few years. Inhalation of PM affects heart rate variability, blood pressure, vascular tone, blood coagulability, and the progression of atherosclerosis. The potential molecular mechanisms of PM-caused CVDs include direct toxicity to the cardiovascular system or indirect injury by inducing systemic inflammation and oxidative stress in circulation. This review mainly focuses on the acute and chronic effects of ambient PM exposure on the development of cardiovascular diseases and the possible mechanisms for PM-induced increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Additionally, we summarized some appropriate interventions to attenuate PM air pollution-induced cardiovascular adverse effects, which may promote great benefits to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen An
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Street, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Li
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Street, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wen Li
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Street, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Street, Xinxiang, Henan Province, 453003, China.
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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Wildfire-specific Fine Particulate Matter and Risk of Hospital Admissions in Urban and Rural Counties. Epidemiology 2018; 28:77-85. [PMID: 27648592 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health impacts of wildfire smoke, including fine particles (PM2.5), are not well understood and may differ from those of PM2.5 from other sources due to differences in concentrations and chemical composition. METHODS First, for the entire Western United States (561 counties) for 2004-2009, we estimated daily PM2.5 concentrations directly attributable to wildfires (wildfires-specific PM2.5), using a global chemical transport model. Second, we defined smoke wave as ≥2 consecutive days with daily wildfire-specific PM2.5 > 20 μg/m, with sensitivity analysis considering 23, 28, and 37 μg/m. Third, we estimated the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions associated with smoke waves for Medicare enrollees. We used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate the relative risk of hospital admissions on smoke wave days compared with matched comparison days without wildfire smoke. RESULTS We estimated that about 46 million people of all ages were exposed to at least one smoke wave during 2004 to 2009 in the Western United States. Of these, 5 million are Medicare enrollees (≥65 years). We found a 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.25%, 15%) increase in risk of respiratory admissions during smoke wave days with high wildfire-specific PM2.5 (>37 μg/m) compared with matched non smoke wave days. We did not observe an association between smoke wave days with wildfire-specific PM2.5 ≤ 37 μg/mand respiratory or cardiovascular admissions. Respiratory effects of wildfire-specific PM2.5 may be stronger than that of PM2.5 from other sources. CONCLUSION Short-term exposure to wildfire-specific PM2.5was associated with risk of respiratory diseases in the elderly population in the Western United States during severe smoke days. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B137.
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Estimating Acute Cardiorespiratory Effects of Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds. Epidemiology 2018; 28:197-206. [PMID: 27984424 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health effects of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have received less attention in epidemiologic studies than other commonly measured ambient pollutants. In this study, we estimated acute cardiorespiratory effects of ambient VOCs in an urban population. METHODS Daily concentrations of 89 VOCs were measured at a centrally-located ambient monitoring site in Atlanta and daily counts of emergency department visits for cardiovascular diseases and asthma in the five-county Atlanta area were obtained for the 1998-2008 period. To understand the health effects of the large number of species, we grouped these VOCs a priori by chemical structure and estimated the associations between VOC groups and daily counts of emergency department visits in a time-series framework using Poisson regression. We applied three analytic approaches to estimate the VOC group effects: an indicator pollutant approach, a joint effect analysis, and a random effect meta-analysis, each with different assumptions. We performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate copollutant confounding. RESULTS Hydrocarbon groups, particularly alkenes and alkynes, were associated with emergency department visits for cardiovascular diseases, while the ketone group was associated with emergency department visits for asthma. CONCLUSIONS The associations observed between emergency department visits for cardiovascular diseases and alkenes and alkynes may reflect the role of traffic exhaust, while the association between asthma visits and ketones may reflect the role of secondary organic compounds. The different patterns of associations we observed for cardiovascular diseases and asthma suggest different modes of action of these pollutants or the mixtures they represent.
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140
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Krall JR, Strickland MJ. Recent Approaches to Estimate Associations Between Source-Specific Air Pollution and Health. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 4:68-78. [PMID: 28108914 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-017-0124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Estimating health effects associated with source-specific exposure is important for better understanding how pollution impacts health and for developing policies to better protect public health. Although epidemiologic studies of sources can be informative, these studies are challenging to conduct because source-specific exposures (e.g., particulate matter from vehicles) often are not directly observed and must be estimated. We reviewed recent studies that estimated associations between pollution sources and health to identify methodological developments designed to address important challenges. RECENT FINDINGS Notable advances in epidemiologic studies of sources include approaches for (1) propagating uncertainty in source estimation into health effect estimates, (2) assessing regional and seasonal variability in emissions sources and source-specific health effects, and (3) addressing potential confounding in estimated health effects. Novel methodological approaches to address challenges in studies of pollution sources, particularly evaluation of source-specific health effects, are important for determining how source-specific exposure impacts health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R Krall
- College of Health and Human Services, Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS 5B7, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
| | - Matthew J Strickland
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557-0274, USA
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141
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Ye D, Klein M, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Weber R, Edgerton ES, Chang HH, Sarnat JA, Tolbert PE, Ebelt Sarnat S. Estimating Acute Cardiovascular Effects of Ambient PM 2.5 Metals. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:027007. [PMID: 29467104 PMCID: PMC6066344 DOI: 10.1289/ehp2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few epidemiologic studies have investigated health effects of water-soluble fractions of PM2.5 metals, the more biologically accessible fractions of metals, in their attempt to identify health-relevant components of ambient PM2.5. OBJECTIVES In this study, we estimated acute cardiovascular effects of PM2.5 components in an urban population, including a suite of water-soluble metals that are not routinely measured at the ambient level. METHODS Ambient concentrations of criteria gases, PM2.5, and PM2.5 components were measured at a central monitor in Atlanta, Georgia, during 1998-2013, with some PM2.5 components only measured during 2008-2013. In a time-series framework using Poisson regression, we estimated associations between these pollutants and daily counts of emergency department (ED) visits for cardiovascular diseases in the five-county Atlanta area. RESULTS Among the PM2.5 components we examined during 1998-2013, water-soluble iron had the strongest estimated effect on cardiovascular outcomes [R͡R=1.012 (95% CI: 1.005, 1.019), per interquartile range increase (20.46ng/m3)]. The associations for PM2.5 and other PM2.5 components were consistent with the null when controlling for water-soluble iron. Among PM2.5 components that were only measured during 2008-2013, water-soluble vanadium was associated with cardiovascular ED visits [R͡R=1.012 (95% CI: 1.000, 1.025), per interquartile range increase (0.19ng/m3)]. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests cardiovascular effects of certain water-soluble metals, particularly water-soluble iron. The observed associations with water-soluble iron may also point to certain aspects of traffic pollution, when processed by acidifying sulfate, as a mixture harmful for cardiovascular health. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Ye
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mitchel Klein
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric S Edgerton
- Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Acute Effects of Ambient PM 2.5 on All-Cause and Cause-Specific Emergency Ambulance Dispatches in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020307. [PMID: 29425190 PMCID: PMC5858376 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Short-term health effects of ambient PM2.5 have been established with numerous studies, but evidence in Asian countries is limited. This study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of PM2.5 on acute health outcomes, particularly all-cause, cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular and neuropsychological outcomes. We utilized daily emergency ambulance dispatches (EAD) data from eight Japanese cities (2007–2011). Statistical analyses included two stages: (1) City-level generalized linear model with Poisson distribution; (2) Random-effects meta-analysis in pooling city-specific effect estimates. Lag patterns were explored using (1) unconstrained-distributed lags (lag 0 to lag 7) and (2) average lags (lag: 0–1, 0–3, 0–5, 0–7). In all-cause EAD, significant increases were observed in both shorter lag (lag 0: 1.24% (95% CI: 0.92, 1.56)) and average lag 0–1 (0.64% (95% CI: 0.23, 1.06)). Increases of 1.88% and 1.48% in respiratory and neuropsychological EAD outcomes, respectively, were observed at lag 0 per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5. While respiratory outcomes demonstrated significant average effects, no significant effect was observed for cardiovascular outcomes. Meanwhile, an inverse association was observed in cerebrovascular outcomes. In this study, we observed that effects of PM2.5 on all-cause, respiratory and neuropsychological EAD were acute, with average effects not exceeding 3 days prior to EAD onset.
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Liu H, Tian Y, Cao Y, Song J, Huang C, Xiang X, Li M, Hu Y. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions and readmissions for acute myocardial infarction in 26 Chinese cities. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:282-288. [PMID: 29107880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring data on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) level in China's major cities were available since 2013. We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study to evaluate the association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as well as subsequent cardiac and AMI readmissions among AMI survivors. Hospital admissions for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015 were identified from electronic Hospitalization Summary Reports. Conditional logistic regression was used to explore the relation between PM2.5 and hospital admissions for AMI. Individuals discharged alive following STEMI in 2014 were followed up for subsequent readmissions through 31 December 2015. We used the Cox proportional hazards model to evaluate the effect of PM2.5 pollution on subsequent cardiac and STEMI readmissions. Hospital admissions for STEMI (n = 106,467) and NSTEMI (n = 12,719) were examined separately. Exposure to an interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5 concentration (47.5 μg/m3) at lags 2, 3, 4 and 0-5 days corresponded with 0.6% (95% CI, 0.1%-1.1%), 0.8 (95% CI, 0.3%-1.3%), 0.6% (95% CI, 0.1%-1.1%) and 0.9% (95% CI, 0-1.8%) increases in STEMI admissions, respectively. For NSTEMI, no significant association was observed with PM2.5. We also observed significant associations of PM2.5 concentration with both subsequent cardiac and STEMI readmissions among STEMI survivors. In conclusion, short-term elevations in PM2.5 concentration may increase the risk of STEMI but not NSTEMI, and the association appeared to be more evident among STEMI survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Medical Informatics Center, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohua Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yaying Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, No.38 Xueyuan Road, 100191, Beijing, China.
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Fann N, Alman B, Broome R, Morgan G, Johnson F, Pouliot G, Rappold AG. The health impacts and economic value of wildland fire episodes in the U.S.: 2008-2012. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:802-809. [PMID: 28826118 PMCID: PMC6117838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Wildland fires degrade air quality and adversely affect human health. A growing body of epidemiology literature reports increased rates of emergency departments, hospital admissions and premature deaths from wildfire smoke exposure. OBJECTIVE Our research aimed to characterize excess mortality and morbidity events, and the economic value of these impacts, from wildland fire smoke exposure in the U.S. over a multi-year period; to date no other burden assessment has done this. METHODS We first completed a systematic review of the epidemiologic literature and then performed photochemical air quality modeling for the years 2008 to 2012 in the continental U.S. Finally, we estimated the morbidity, mortality, and economic burden of wildland fires. RESULTS Our models suggest that areas including northern California, Oregon and Idaho in the West, and Florida, Louisiana and Georgia in the East were most affected by wildland fire events in the form of additional premature deaths and respiratory hospital admissions. We estimated the economic value of these cases due to short term exposures as being between $11 and $20B (2010$) per year, with a net present value of $63B (95% confidence intervals $6-$170); we estimate the value of long-term exposures as being between $76 and $130B (2010$) per year, with a net present value of $450B (95% confidence intervals $42-$1200). CONCLUSION The public health burden of wildland fires-in terms of the number and economic value of deaths and illnesses-is considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Fann
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, Voice: (919) 541-0209, Fax: (919) 541-0839,
| | - Breanna Alman
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, Voice: (919) 541-0209, Fax: (919) 541-0839,
| | - Richard Broome
- Sydney South West Area Health Service, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Morgan
- University Center for rural Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - George Pouliot
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ana G. Rappold
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Tsai SS, Tsai CY, Yang CY. Fine particulate air pollution associated with increased risk of hospital admissions for hypertension in a tropical city, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:567-575. [PMID: 29667508 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1460788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether a correlation exists between fine particles (PM2.5) levels and number of hospital admissions for hypertension in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admission frequency and ambient air pollution data were obtained for Kaohsiung for 2009-2013. A time-stratified case-crossover method was used to estimate relative risk for hospital admissions, controlling for weather, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for a 10 µg/m3 increment of PM2.5 for lags from days 0 to 6. Data showed no significant associations between PM2.5 levels and number of hypertension-related hospital admissions on warm days (>25°C). However, on cool days (<25°C), a significant positive association was found with frequency of hypertension admissions in the single-pollutant model (without adjusting for other pollutants) with a 10 µg/m3 rise in PM2.5 on day of admission (lag 0) associated with a 12% increase in number of admissions for hypertension. In the two-pollutant model, the association of PM2.5 with rate of hypertension hospitalizations remained significant after including SO2 or O3 on lag day 0. Data demonstrate that an association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and elevated risk of hypertension-related hospital admissions may exist in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, a tropical city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Shyue Tsai
- a Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Tsai
- b Department of Management , Kaohsiung Municipal Cijin Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- c Department of Public Health , College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- d Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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146
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Requia WJ, Adams MD, Arain A, Koutrakis P, Lee WC, Ferguson M. Spatio-temporal analysis of particulate matter intake fractions for vehicular emissions: Hourly variation by micro-environments in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1813-1822. [PMID: 28545208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have reported intake fraction (iF) for different environments, which include ambient concentrations (outdoor exposure) and microenvironments (indoor exposure). However, little is known about iF variations due to space-time factors, especially in microenvironments. In this paper, we performed a spatio-temporal analysis of particulate matter (PM2.5) intake fractions for vehicular emissions. Specifically, we investigated hourly variation (12:00am-11:00pm) by micro-environments (residences and workplaces) in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA), Canada. We used GIS modeling to estimate air pollution data (ambient concentration, and traffic emission) and population data in each microenvironment. Our estimates showed that the total iF at residences and workplaces accounts for 85% and 15%, respectively. Workplaces presented the highest 24h average iF (1.06ppm), which accounted for 25% higher than residences. Observing the iF by hour at residences, our estimates showed the highest average iF at 2:00am (iF=3.72ppm). These estimates indicate that approximately 4g of PM2.5 emitted from motor vehicles are inhaled for every million grams of PM2.5 emitted. For the workplaces, the highest exposure was observed at 10:00am, with average iF equal to 2.04ppm. The period of the day with the lower average iF for residences was at 8:00am (average iF=0.11ppm), while for the workplaces was at 4:00am (average iF=0.47ppm). Our approach provides a new perspective on human exposure to air pollution. Our results showed significant hourly variation in iF across the GTHA. Our findings can be incorporated in future investigations to advance environmental health effects research and human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeberb J Requia
- McMaster University, McMaster Institute for Transportation and Logistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Matthew D Adams
- Ryerson University, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Altaf Arain
- McMaster University, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wan-Chen Lee
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark Ferguson
- McMaster University, McMaster Institute for Transportation and Logistics, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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147
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Achilleos S, Kioumourtzoglou MA, Wu CD, Schwartz JD, Koutrakis P, Papatheodorou SI. Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:89-100. [PMID: 28988023 PMCID: PMC5689473 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between PM2.5 exposure and adverse health outcomes is well documented from studies across the world. However, the reported effect estimates vary across studies, locations and constituents. We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis on associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents and mortality using city-specific estimates, and explore factors that may explain some of the observed heterogeneity. METHODS We systematically reviewed epidemiological studies on particle constituents and mortality using PubMed and Web of Science databases up to July 2015.We included studies that examined the association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 constituents and all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, in the general adult population. Each study was summarized based on pre-specified study key parameters (e.g., location, time period, population, diagnostic classification standard), and we evaluated the risk of bias using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Method for each included study. We extracted city-specific mortality risk estimates for each constituent and cause of mortality. For multi-city studies, we requested the city-specific risk estimates from the authors unless reported in the article. We performed random effects meta-analyses using city-specific estimates, and examined whether the effects vary across regions and city characteristics (PM2.5 concentration levels, air temperature, elevation, vegetation, size of elderly population, population density, and baseline mortality). RESULTS We found a 0.89% (95% CI: 0.68, 1.10%) increase in all-cause, a 0.80% (95% CI: 0.41, 1.20%) increase in cardiovascular, and a 1.10% (95% CI: 0.59, 1.62%) increase in respiratory mortality per 10μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Accounting for the downward bias induced by studies of single days, the all-cause mortality estimate increased to 1.01% (95% CI: 0.81, 1.20%). We found significant associations between mortality and several PM2.5 constituents. The most consistent and stronger associations were observed for elemental carbon (EC) and potassium (K). For most of the constituents, we observed high variability of effect estimates across cities. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggests that (a) combustion elements such as EC and K have a stronger association with mortality, (b) single lag studies underestimate effects, and (c) estimates of PM2.5 and constituents differ across regions. Accounting for PM mass in constituent's health models may lead to more stable and comparable effect estimates across different studies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42017055765.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souzana Achilleos
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Chih-Da Wu
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Joel D Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefania I Papatheodorou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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148
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Fetterman JL, Sammy MJ, Ballinger SW. Mitochondrial toxicity of tobacco smoke and air pollution. Toxicology 2017; 391:18-33. [PMID: 28838641 PMCID: PMC5681398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Melissa J Sammy
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Scott W Ballinger
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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149
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Abrams JY, Weber RJ, Klein M, Sarnat SE, Chang HH, Strickland MJ, Verma V, Fang T, Bates JT, Mulholland JA, Russell AG, Tolbert PE. Associations between Ambient Fine Particulate Oxidative Potential and Cardiorespiratory Emergency Department Visits. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:107008. [PMID: 29084634 PMCID: PMC5933307 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative potential (OP) has been proposed as a measure of toxicity of ambient particulate matter (PM). OBJECTIVES Our goal was to address an important research gap by using daily OP measurements to conduct population-level analysis of the health effects of measured ambient OP. METHODS A semi-automated dithiothreitol (DTT) analytical system was used to measure daily average OP (OPDTT) in water-soluble fine PM at a central monitor site in Atlanta, Georgia, over eight sampling periods (a total of 196 d) during June 2012-April 2013. Data on emergency department (ED) visits for selected cardiorespiratory outcomes were obtained for the five-county Atlanta metropolitan area. Poisson log-linear regression models controlling for temporal confounders were used to conduct time-series analyses of the relationship between daily counts of ED visits and either the 3-d moving average (lag 0-2) of OPDTT or same-day OPDTT. Bipollutant regression models were run to estimate the health associations of OPDTT while controlling for other pollutants. RESULTS OPDTT was measured for 196 d (mean=0.32 nmol/min/m3, interquartile range=0.21). Lag 0-2 OPDTT was associated with ED visits for respiratory disease (RR=1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.05 per interquartile range increase in OPDTT), asthma (RR=1.12, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.22), and ischemic heart disease (RR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.38). Same-day OPDTT was not associated with ED visits for any outcome. Lag 0-2 OPDTT remained a significant predictor of asthma and ischemic heart disease in most bipollutant models. CONCLUSIONS Lag 0-2 OPDTT was associated with ED visits for multiple cardiorespiratory outcomes, providing support for the utility of OPDTT as a measure of fine particle toxicity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1545.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Abrams
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mitchel Klein
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stefanie E Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Ting Fang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Josephine T Bates
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James A Mulholland
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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150
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Vuong NQ, Breznan D, Goegan P, O'Brien JS, Williams A, Karthikeyan S, Kumarathasan P, Vincent R. In vitro toxicoproteomic analysis of A549 human lung epithelial cells exposed to urban air particulate matter and its water-soluble and insoluble fractions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:39. [PMID: 28969663 PMCID: PMC5625787 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxicity of airborne particulate matter (PM) is difficult to assess because PM composition is complex and variable due to source contribution and atmospheric transformation. In this study, we used an in vitro toxicoproteomic approach to identify the toxicity mechanisms associated with different subfractions of Ottawa urban dust (EHC-93). Methods A549 human lung epithelial cells were exposed to 0, 60, 140 and 200 μg/cm2 doses of EHC-93 (total), its insoluble and soluble fractions for 24 h. Multiple cytotoxicity assays and proteomic analyses were used to assess particle toxicity in the exposed cells. Results The cytotoxicity data based on cellular ATP, BrdU incorporation and LDH leakage indicated that the insoluble, but not the soluble, fraction is responsible for the toxicity of EHC-93 in A549 cells. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis results revealed that the expressions of 206 protein spots were significantly altered after particle exposures, where 154 were identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS. The results from cytotoxicity assays and proteomic analyses converged to a similar finding that the effects of the total and insoluble fraction may be alike, but their effects were distinguishable, and their effects were significantly different from the soluble fraction. Furthermore, the toxic potency of EHC-93 total is not equal to the sum of its insoluble and soluble fractions, implying inter-component interactions between insoluble and soluble materials resulting in synergistic or antagonistic cytotoxic effects. Pathway analysis based on the low toxicity dose (60 μg/cm2) indicated that the two subfractions can alter the expression of those proteins involved in pathways including cell death, cell proliferation and inflammatory response in a distinguishable manner. For example, the insoluble and soluble fractions differentially affected the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8 and distinctly altered the expression of those proteins (e.g., TREM1, PDIA3 and ENO1) involved in an inflammatory response pathway in A549 cells. Conclusions This study demonstrated the impact of different fractions of urban air particles constituted of various chemical species on different mechanistic pathways and thus on cytotoxicity effects. In vitro toxicoproteomics can be a valuable tool in mapping these differences in air pollutant exposure-related toxicity mechanisms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-017-0220-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Q Vuong
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Dalibor Breznan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Patrick Goegan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Julie S O'Brien
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Biostatistics Section, Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Subramanian Karthikeyan
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Premkumari Kumarathasan
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada.
| | - Renaud Vincent
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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