Oleic acid and peanut oil high in oleic acid reverse the inhibitory effect of insulin production of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha both in vitro and in vivo systems

Mucosal Interactions between Genetics, Diet, and Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Numerous reviews have discussed gut microbiota composition changes during inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease (CD). However, most studies address the observed effects by focusing on studying the univariate connection between disease and dietary-induced alterations to gut microbiota composition. The possibility that these effects may reflect a number of other interconnected (i.e., pantropic) mechanisms, activated in parallel, particularly concerning various bacterial metabolites, is in the process of being elucidated. Progress seems, however, hampered by various difficult-to-study factors interacting at the mucosal level. Here, we highlight some of such factors that merit consideration, namely: (1) the contribution of host genetics and diet in altering gut microbiome, and in turn, the crosstalk among secondary metabolic pathways; (2) the interdependence between the amount of dietary fat, the fatty acid composition, the effects of timing and route of administration on gut microbiota community, and the impact of microbiota-derived fatty acids; (3) the effect of diet on bile acid composition, and the modulator role of bile acids on the gut microbiota; (4) the impact of endogenous and exogenous intestinal micronutrients and metabolites; and (5) the need to consider food associated toxins and chemicals, which can introduce confounding immune modulating elements (e.g., antioxidant and phytochemicals in oils and proteins). These concepts, which are not mutually exclusive, are herein illustrated paying special emphasis on physiologically inter-related processes.

Free fatty acids sensitize dendritic cells to amplify TH1/TH17-immune responses

Obesity is associated with body fat gain and impaired glucose metabolism. Here, we identified both body fat gain in obesity and impaired glucose metabolism as two independent risk factors for increased serum levels of free fatty acids (FFAs). Since obesity is associated with increased and/or delayed resolution of inflammation observed in various chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, we investigated the impact of FFAs on human monocyte-derived and mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (DCs) functions relevant for the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. FFAs such as palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA) did not affect the pro-inflammatory immune response of DCs. In contrast, PA and OA sensitize DCs resulting in augmented secretion of TH1/TH17-instructive cytokines upon pro-inflammatory stimulation. Interestingly, obesity in mice worsened a TH1/TH17-driven psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Strong correlation of the amount of total FFA, PA, and OA in serum with the severity of skin inflammation points to a critical role of FFA in obesity-mediated exacerbation of skin inflammation. Our data suggest that increased levels of FFAs might be a predisposing factor promoting a TH1/TH17-mediated inflammation such as psoriasis in response to an inflammatory danger signal.

Canola Oil in Lactating Dairy Cow Diets Reduces Milk Saturated Fatty Acids and Improves Its Omega-3 and Oleic Fatty Acid Content

To produce milk that is healthier for human consumption, the present study evaluated the effect of including canola oil in the diet of dairy cows on milk production and composition as well as the nutritional quality of this milk fat. Eighteen Holstein cows with an average daily milk yield of 22 (± 4) kg/d in the middle stage of lactation were used. The cows were distributed in 6 contemporary 3x3 Latin squares consisting of 3 periods and 3 treatments: control diet (without oil), 3% inclusion of canola oil in the diet and 6% inclusion of canola oil in the diet (dry matter basis). The inclusion of 6% canola oil in the diet of lactating cows linearly reduced the milk yield by 2.51 kg/d, short-chain fatty acids (FA) by 41.42%, medium chain FA by 27.32%, saturated FA by 20.24%, saturated/unsaturated FA ratio by 39.20%, omega-6/omega-3 ratio by 39.45%, and atherogenicity index by 48.36% compared with the control treatment. Moreover, with the 6% inclusion of canola oil in the diet of cows, there was an increase in the concentration of long chain FA by 45.91%, unsaturated FA by 34.08%, monounsaturated FA by 40.37%, polyunsaturated FA by 17.88%, milk concentration of omega-3 by 115%, rumenic acid (CLA) by 16.50%, oleic acid by 44.87% and h/H milk index by 94.44% compared with the control treatment. Thus, the inclusion of canola oil in the diet of lactating dairy cows makes the milk fatty acid profile nutritionally healthier for the human diet; however, the lactating performance of dairy cows is reduce.

Insights into the Indian Peanut Genotypes for ahFAD2 Gene Polymorphism Regulating Its Oleic and Linoleic Acid Fluxes

In peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the customization of fatty acid profile is an evolving area to fulfill the nutritional needs in the modern market. A total of 174 peanut genotypes, including 167 Indian cultivars, 6 advanced breeding lines and "SunOleic95R"-a double mutant line, were investigated using AS-PCRs, CAPS and gene sequencing for the ahFAD2 allele polymorphism, along with its fatty acid compositions. Of these, 80 genotypes were found having substitution (448G>A) mutation only in ahFAD2A gene, while none recorded 1-bp insertion (441_442insA) mutation in ahFAD2B gene. Moreover, 22 wild peanut accessions found lacking both the mutations. Among botanical types, the ahFAD2A mutation was more frequent in ssp. hypogaea (89%) than in ssp. fastigiata (17%). This single allele mutation, found affecting not only oleic to linoleic acid fluxes, but also the composition of other fatty acids in the genotypes studied. Repeated use of a few selected genotypes in the Indian varietal development programs were also eminently reflected in its ahFAD2 allele polymorphism. Absence of known mutations in the wild-relatives indicated the possible origin of these mutations, after the allotetraploidization of cultivated peanut. The SNP analysis of both ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B genes, revealed haplotype diversity of 1.05% and 0.95%, while Ka/Ks ratio of 0.36 and 0.39, respectively, indicating strong purifying selection pressure on these genes. Cluster analysis, using ahFAD2 gene SNPs, showed presence of both mutant and non-mutant genotypes in the same cluster, which might be due the presence of ahFAD2 gene families. This investigation provided insights into the large number of Indian peanut genotypes, covering various aspects related to O/L flux regulation and ahFAD2 gene polymorphism.

Molecular breeding for introgression of fatty acid desaturase mutant alleles (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) enhances oil quality in high and low oil containing peanut genotypes

High oleate peanuts have two marketable benefits, health benefits to consumers and extended shelf life of peanut products. Two mutant alleles present on linkage group a09 (ahFAD2A) and b09 (ahFAD2B) control composition of three major fatty acids, oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids which together determine peanut oil quality. In conventional breeding, selection for fatty acid composition is delayed to advanced generations. However by using DNA markers, breeders can reject large number of plants in early generations and therefore can optimize time and resources. Here, two approaches of molecular breeding namely marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) were employed to transfer two FAD2 mutant alleles from SunOleic 95R into the genetic background of ICGV 06110, ICGV 06142 and ICGV 06420. In summary, 82 MABC and 387 MAS derived introgression lines (ILs) were developed using DNA markers with elevated oleic acid varying from 62 to 83%. Oleic acid increased by 0.5-1.1 folds, with concomitant reduction of linoleic acid by 0.4-1.0 folds and palmitic acid by 0.1-0.6 folds among ILs compared to recurrent parents. Finally, high oleate ILs, 27 with high oil (53-58%), and 28 ILs with low oil content (42-50%) were selected that may be released for cultivation upon further evaluation.

Oil mixes omega 9, 6 and 3, enriched with seaweed, promoted reduction of thermal burned modulating NF-kB and Ki-67

PURPOSE

To examine the effects of the oil mixes (ω-9, ω-6 and ω-3) in rats subjected to thermal burn. It was also aimed to assess whether the sources of ω3 would interfere with the effect of such mixes on the thermal injury.

METHODS

Thirty-six rats distributed into five groups: burned + water, burned + isolipid mix, burned + oil mix 1 (ALA), burned + oil mix 2 (ALA + EPA + DHA of fish) and burned + oil mix 3 (ALA + DHA from seaweed). The thermal injury was involving total thickness of skin. After the burns animals received the oil mixes for seven days. The lesions were evaluated by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

Animals receiving mix 3 showed a smaller extension of the thermal injury as compared to those that were supplemented with other oils mixes. Expression of Ki-67 in the receiving Mix 3 increased as compared to all the other groups. Animals supplemented with mix 3 were able to inhibit NF-κB in injured tissue.

CONCLUSION

Rats received oil mix in which the source of ω3 (ALA+DHA of seaweed) showed inhibition of NF-κB, increase in cell proliferation, and reduction the extension of thermal lesion.

Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase/Kynurenine Pathway as a Potential Pharmacological Target to Treat Depression Associated with Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with depression whose pathophysiological mechanisms that associate these conditions are not fully elucidated. However, the activation of the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that participate of the tryptophan metabolism leading to a decrease of serotonin (5-HT) levels and whose expression is associated with an immune system activation, has been proposed as a common mechanism that links depression and diabetes. To test this hypothesis, diabetic (DBT) and normoglycemic (NGL) groups had the cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) and 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) levels in the hippocampus (HIP) evaluated. Moreover, the effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX), IDO direct inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan (1-MT), anti-inflammatory and IDO indirect inhibitor minocycline (MINO), or non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen (IBU) was evaluated in DBT rats submitted to the modified forced swimming test (MFST). After the behavioral test, the HIP was obtained for IDO expression by Western blotting analysis. DBT rats exhibited a significant increase in HIP levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 and a decrease in HIP 5-HT and NA levels. They also presented a depressive-like behavior which was reverted by all employed treatments. Interestingly, treatment with MINO, IBU, or FLX but not with 1-MT reduced the increased IDO expression in the HIP from DBT animals. Taken together, our data support our hypothesis that neuroinflammation in the HIP followed by IDO activation with a consequent decrease in the 5-HT levels can be a possible pathophysiological mechanism that links depression to diabetes.

Diet-Induced Obesity and Its Differential Impact on Periodontal Bone Loss

Obesity is associated with abnormal lipid metabolism and impaired bone homeostasis. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of specific elevated fatty acid (FA) levels on alveolar bone loss in a Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced model of periodontal disease and to analyze underlying cellular mechanisms in bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts in mice. Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided in groups and subjected to a palmitic acid (PA)- or oleic acid (OA)-enriched high-fat diet (HFD) (20% of calories from FA) or a normal caloric diet (C group) (10% of calories from FA) for 16 wk. Starting at week 10, mice were infected orally with P. gingivalis (W50) or placebo to induce alveolar bone loss. Animals were sacrificed, and percentage fat, serum inflammation (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), and bone metabolism (osteocalcin [OC], carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks [CTX], and N-terminal propeptides of type I procollagen [P1NP]) markers were measured. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts were cultured in the presence of elevated PA or OA levels and exposed to P. gingivalis. Animals on FA-enriched diets weighed significantly more compared with animals on a normal caloric diet (P < 0.05). Both obese groups had similar percentages of fat (P = nonsignificant); however, alveolar bone loss was significantly greater in animals that were on the PA-enriched HFD (P < 0.05). TNF-α levels were highest in the PA group (P < 0.001) and increased in all groups in response to P. gingivalis inoculation (P < 0.01), whereas bone remodeling markers OC, CTX, and P1NP were lowest in the PA group (P < 0.001) and highest in the C group. Bacterial challenge decreased bone metabolism markers in all groups (P < 0.01). Further, osteoclasts showed an augmented inflammatory response to P. gingivalis in the presence of hyperlipidemic PA levels as opposed to OA cultures, which responded similarly to controls. These findings indicate that the specific FA profile of diet rather than weight gain and obesity alone modulates bone metabolism and can therefore influence alveolar bone loss.

Predictive factors for prolonged remission after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND AIMS

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) followed by immunoablation is a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment due to the immunosuppression and immunomodulation mechanisms. Indeed, a considerable number of patients have been able to discontinue insulin use with this treatment. However, nonresponse and relapse occur after auto-HSCT. It is important to select the patients who can potentially benefit from this treatment, but the factors that might influence the therapeutic outcome are unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the predictors for prolonged remission after auto-HSCT therapy.

METHODS

The data for this study were extracted from an open-label prospective study, which was performed to treat new-onset T1DM patients with auto-HSCT. The 128 patients were categorized into insulin-free (IF) or insulin-dependent (ID) groups according to their response to treatment during the follow-up. We compared the baseline data of the two groups and explored possible prognostic factors and their odd ratios (ORs) with univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were performed to test the model discrimination function.

RESULTS

During a follow-up of 28.5 ± 8.3 months, 71 of 128 patients in the IF group discontinued insulin use, whereas 57 of 128 patients in the ID group did not decrease their insulin dose or resumed insulin treatment after a transient remission. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that prolonged remission was positively correlated with fasting C-peptide level (OR = 2.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-5.85) but negatively correlated with onset age (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14-0.88) and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.14-0.73). ROC analysis confirmed the combined predictive function of these three variables (AUC = 0.739, 95% CI: 0.655-0.824).

CONCLUSIONS

Age and fasting C-peptide and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were identified as possible predictors for prolonged remission following auto-HSCT therapy.

The Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Gene AhLPAT2 Increases the Lipid Content of Transgenic Arabidopsis Seeds

Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT), which converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to phosphatidic acid (PA), catalyzes the addition of fatty acyl moieties to the sn-2 position of the LPA glycerol backbone in triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. We recently reported the cloning and temporal-spatial expression of a peanut (Arachis hypogaea) AhLPAT2gene, showing that an increase in AhLPAT2 transcript levels was closely correlated with an increase in seed oil levels. However, the function of the enzyme encoded by the AhLPAT2 gene remains unclear. Here, we report that AhLPAT2 transcript levels were consistently higher in the seeds of a high-oil cultivar than in those of a low-oil cultivar across different seed developmental stages. Seed-specific overexpression of AhLPAT2 in Arabidopsis results in a higher percentage of oil in the seeds and greater-than-average seed weight in the transgenic plants compared with the wild-type plants, leading to a significant increase in total oil yield per plant. The total fatty acid (FA) content and the proportion of unsaturated FAs also increased. In the developing siliques of AhLPAT2-overexpressing plants, the expression levels of genes encoding crucial enzymes involved in de novo FA synthesis, acetyl-CoA subunit (AtBCCP2) and acyl carrier protein 1 (AtACP1) were elevated. AhLPAT2 overexpression also promoted the expression of several key genes related to TAG assembly, sucrose metabolism, and glycolysis. These results demonstrate that the expression of AhLPAT2 plays an important role in glycerolipid production in peanuts.

Neutralizing Anti-IL20 Antibody Treatment Significantly Modulates Low Grade Inflammation without Affecting HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetic db/db Mice

Low grade inflammation is present in pre-clinical and human type 2 diabetes. In this process, several cytokines like IL-1β and inflammatory cells like macrophages are activated and demonstrated to participate to the disease initiation and progression. IL-20 is a cytokine known to play non-redundant roles in progression of several inflammatory diseases. To address the therapeutic effect of inhibiting the IL-20 pathway in diabetes, diabetic db/db mice were treated with neutralizing anti-IL20 antibodies in vivo and both metabolic and inflammatory parameters were followed. Diabetic islets expressed the IL-20 cytokine and all IL-20 receptor components in elevated levels compared to resting non-diabetic islets. Islets were responsive to ex vivo IL-20 stimulation measured as SOCS induction and KC and IL-6 production. Neutralizing anti-IL20 treatment in vivo had no effect on HbA1c or weight although the slope of blood glucose increase was lowered. In contrast, anti-IL20 treatment significantly reduced the systemic low-grade inflammation and modulated the local pancreatic immunity. Significant reduction of the systemic IL-1β and MCP-1 was demonstrated upon anti-IL20 treatment which was orchestrated with a reduced RANTES, IL-16 and IL-2 but increased TIMP-1, MCP-1 and IL-6 protein expression locally in the pancreas. Interestingly, anti-IL20 treatment induced an expansion of the myeloid suppressor CD11bGr1int macrophage while reducing the number of CD8 T cells. Taken together, anti-IL20 treatment showed moderate effects on metabolic parameters, but significantly altered the low grade local and systemic inflammation. Hence, future combination therapies with anti-IL20 may provide beneficial therapeutic effects in type 2 diabetes through a reduction of inflammation.

Genetic mapping of QTLs controlling fatty acids provided insights into the genetic control of fatty acid synthesis pathway in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut, a high-oil crop with about 50% oil content, is either crushed for oil or used as edible products. Fatty acid composition determines the oil quality which has high relevance to consumer health, flavor, and shelf life of commercial products. In addition to the major fatty acids, oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2) accounting for about 80% of peanut oil, the six other fatty acids namely palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), arachidic acid (C20:0), gadoleic acid (C20:1), behenic acid (C22:0), and lignoceric acid (C24:0) are accounted for the rest 20%. To determine the genetic basis and to improve further understanding on effect of FAD2 genes on these fatty acids, two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations namely S-population (high oleic line 'SunOleic 97R' × low oleic line 'NC94022') and T-population (normal oleic line 'Tifrunner' × low oleic line 'GT-C20') were developed. Genetic maps with 206 and 378 marker loci for the S- and the T-population, respectively were used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. As a result, a total of 164 main-effect (M-QTLs) and 27 epistatic (E-QTLs) QTLs associated with the minor fatty acids were identified with 0.16% to 40.56% phenotypic variation explained (PVE). Thirty four major QTLs (>10% of PVE) mapped on five linkage groups and 28 clusters containing more than three QTLs were also identified. These results suggest that the major QTLs with large additive effects would play an important role in controlling composition of these minor fatty acids in addition to the oleic and linoleic acids in peanut oil. The interrelationship among these fatty acids should be considered while breeding for improved peanut genotypes with good oil quality and desired fatty acid composition.

Assessment of anti-diabetic activity of an ethnopharmacological plant Nerium oleander through alloxan induced diabetes in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Nerium oleander L. (syn. Nerium indicum Mill. and Nerium odorum Aiton.) is used for its anti-diabetic properties in Pakistan, Algeria, Morocco and is also recognized in Ayurveda. The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-diabetic capacity of a standardized hydromethanolic extract of Nerium oleander in alloxan induced diabetes in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Nerium oleander leaf extract (NOLE) was orally administered at 50 and 200mg/kg body weight (BW) dose to alloxanized mice (blood glucose >200mg/dl). After 20 consecutive days of treatment, various diabetic parameters were studied and compared with untreated mice. Furthermore, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was employed to reveal the phytochemical composition of the plant extract.

RESULTS

NOLE demonstrated antihyperglycaemic activity by reducing 73.79% blood glucose level after 20 days of treatment. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revealed increase in glucose tolerance as evident by 65.72% decrease in blood glucose in 3h post treatment. Percentage decrease in different liver marker enzymes were significant along with decrease in triglyceride and cholesterol levels, displaying potent antihyperlipidemic activity. Peroxidase and catalase activity in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle were significantly restored besides marked reduction in lipid peroxidation and normalization of hepatic glycogen level in the NOLE treated alloxanized mice. Different bioactive phytocompounds with potent anti-diabetic activity were identified by GC-MS and HPLC analysis.

CONCLUSION

The present investigation revealed that Nerium oleander possess potent anti-diabetic activity as claimed in different ethnopharmacological practices.

High-oleic peanuts: new perspective to attenuate glucose homeostasis disruption and inflammation related obesity

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of acute and daily consumption of high-oleic peanuts (HOP) on inflammation and glucose homeostasis in overweight/obese men.

METHODS

In a 4-week randomized clinical trial, males with body mass index of 29.8 ± 2.3 kg/m(2) and aged 18-50 years were assigned to the groups: control (CT, n = 22); conventional peanuts (CVP, n = 22); or HOP (n = 21). They followed a hypocaloric-diet with or without 56 g/day of CVP or HOP. Main outcomes were changes in fasting blood biomarkers and postprandial insulin, glucose, tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) responses after acute peanut intake.

RESULTS

At baseline, HOP showed significantly lower postprandial responses of glucose, insulin, and TNF-α than CVP and CT. Changes in fasting blood biomarkers did not differ between groups after the 4-week intervention. However, within groups, total cholesterol decreased in CT, and all groups reduced High-density lipoprotein (HDL-c). Triglycerides were reduced in HOP and CVP. IL-10 increased significantly in all groups while only the CT and CVP showed increased TNF-α after intervention.

CONCLUSION

Acute high-oleic peanut consumption leads to stronger moderation of postprandial glucose, insulin, and TNF-α concentrations than CVP and control meal intake. Whether daily intake of high-oleic peanuts has additional benefits to CVP remains uncertain.

Nutrient regulation of insulin secretion and action

Pancreatic β-cell function is of critical importance in the regulation of fuel homoeostasis, and metabolic dysregulation is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus (DM). The β-cell is an intricately designed cell type that couples metabolism of dietary sources of carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids to insulin secretory mechanisms, such that insulin release occurs at appropriate times to ensure efficient nutrient uptake and storage by target tissues. However, chronic exposure to high nutrient concentrations results in altered metabolism that impacts negatively on insulin exocytosis, insulin action and may ultimately lead to development of DM. Reduced action of insulin in target tissues is associated with impairment of insulin signalling and contributes to insulin resistance (IR), a condition often associated with obesity and a major risk factor for DM. The altered metabolism of nutrients by insulin-sensitive target tissues (muscle, adipose tissue and liver) can result in high circulating levels of glucose and various lipids, which further impact on pancreatic β-cell function, IR and progression of the metabolic syndrome. Here, we have considered the role played by the major nutrient groups, carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids, in mediating β-cell insulin secretion, while also exploring the interplay between amino acids and insulin action in muscle. We also focus on the effects of altered lipid metabolism in adipose tissue and liver resulting from activation of inflammatory processes commonly observed in DM pathophysiology. The aim of this review is to describe commonalities and differences in metabolism related to insulin secretion and action, pertinent to the development of DM.

Regular intake of high-oleic peanuts improves fat oxidation and body composition in overweight/obese men pursuing a energy-restricted diet

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate the effect of high-oleic and conventional peanuts within a hypocaloric-diet on energy metabolism and body composition.

METHODS

This 4-week randomized clinical trial included males with BMI of 29.7 ± 2.4 kg m(-2) and aged between 18 and 50 years. Participants were assigned to the groups: control (CT, n = 22) that followed a hypocaloric-diet; conventional peanuts (CVP, n = 22) or high-oleic peanuts (HOP, n = 21) that received the hypocaloric-diet including (not adding) 56 g day(-1) of peanuts. Glucose, fat oxidation, and body fatness and lean mass were the main outcomes.

RESULTS

Body weight and composition did not differ between groups. However, within group total body fat (kg) reduced with CVP and HOP, with a significant decrease in body fat percentage in HOP. While total lean mass (kg) decreased in CT, total lean mass (%) increased in HOP. Truncal lean mass decreased in the CT. At baseline, HOP had greater postprandial fat oxidation than the CVP. After 4-weeks, fasting fat oxidation increased in CVP and HOP. Fat oxidation increased in CT and HOP during the 200 min after meal intake compared to the fasting condition.

CONCLUSION

Regular peanut consumption, especially the high-oleic type, within a hypocaloric-diet increased fat oxidation and reduced body fatness in overweigh and obese men.

The inverse association between relative abundances of oleic acid and arachidonic acid is related to alpha -linolenic acid

Background

Many health effects of oils rich in oleic acid (OA, 18:1 n9) seem to be opposite those of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n6), i.e. concerning cardiovascular risk. In recent studies in humans and in the rat we observed that percentages of OA and AA were inversely related, raising the question of whether the inverse association is a general one, and how it might be explained. In the present work we examine whether percentages of OA and AA are inversely associated in breast muscle lipids of chickens, and whether alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) may be related to the OA/AA ratio.

Methods

The study group consisted of 163 chickens. Breast muscle was collected, and the concentration of fatty acids in muscle lipids was determined using gas chromatography. We studied association between fatty acids using bivariate correlations (Pearson) and linear regression. Synthesis of OA from stearic acid (Stear) was estimated using the OA/Stear ratio, and formation of AA from linoleic acid (LA) was estimated by the AA/LA ratio.

Results

We found a strong inverse relationship (r = -0.942, p < 0.001; n = 163) between % OA and % AA in breast muscle lipids of the chickens. There was an inverse association (r = -0.887, p < 0.001) between the OA/Stearic acid ratio, estimating Delta9 desaturase, and the AA/LA ratio, estimating desaturases/elongase activities. Furthermore, there was a strong negative association between % AA and the OA/Stearic acid ratio (r = -0.925, p < 0.001), and % OA correlated negatively (r = -0.914, p < 0.001) with the AA/LA ratio. ALA was positively associated (r = 0.956, p < 0.001) with the OA/AA ratio, and this association prevailed when controlling for the other fatty acids. ALA was positively associated (r = 0.857, p < 0.001) with the OA/Stear ratio, but was negatively related (r = -0.827, p < 0.001) to the AA/LA ratio.

Conclusions

The relative abundances of OA and AA that are inversely related in muscle lipids of chickens may be explained by a feedback regulation between the synthesis of OA and AA, and related to ALA, which seems to stimulate formation of OA, and inhibit synthesis of AA, but further studies are required to clarify whether this hypothesis is valid.

Palmitic acid and DGAT1 deficiency enhance osteoclastogenesis, while oleic acid-induced triglyceride formation prevents it

Both obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with alterations in lipid metabolism as well as a change in bone homeostasis and osteoclastogenesis. We hypothesized that increased fatty acid levels affect bone health by altering precursor cell differentiation and osteoclast activation. Here we show that palmitic acid (PA, 16:0) enhances receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated osteoclastogenesis and is sufficient to induce osteoclast differentiation even in the absence of RANKL. TNFα expression is crucial for PA-induced osteoclastogenesis, as shown by increased TNFα mRNA levels in PA-treated cells and abrogation of PA-stimulated osteoclastogenesis by TNFα neutralizing antibodies. In contrast, oleic acid (OA, 18:1) does not enhance osteoclast differentiation, leads to increased intracellular triglyceride accumulation, and inhibits PA-induced osteoclastogenesis. Adenovirus-mediated expression of diacylglycerol acyl transferase 1 (DGAT1), a gene involved in triglyceride synthesis, also inhibits PA-induced osteoclastogenesis, suggesting a protective role of DGAT1 for bone health. Accordingly, Dgat1 knockout mice have larger bone marrow-derived osteoclasts and decreased bone mass indices. In line with these findings, mice on a high-fat PA-enriched diet have a greater reduction in bone mass and structure than mice on a high-fat OA-enriched diet. Thus, we propose that TNFα mediates saturated fatty acid-induced osteoclastogenesis that can be prevented by DGAT activation or supplementation with OA.

Metabolic regulation of insulin secretion

Regulation of metabolic fuel homeostasis is a critical function of β-cells, which are located in the islets of Langerhans of the animal pancreas. Impairment of this β-cell function is a hallmark of pancreatic β-cell failure and may lead to development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. β-Cells are essentially "fuel sensors" that monitor and react to elevated nutrient load by releasing insulin. This response involves metabolic activation and generation of metabolic coupling factors (MCFs) that relay the nutrient signal throughout the cell and induce insulin biosynthesis and secretion. Glucose is the most important insulin secretagogue as it is the primary fuel source in food. Glucose metabolism is central to generation of MCFs that lead to insulin release, most notably ATP. In addition, other classes of nutrients are able to augment insulin secretion and these include members of the lipid and amino acid family of nutrients. Therefore, it is important to investigate the interplay between glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, as it is this mixed nutrient sensing that generate the MCFs required for insulin exocytosis. The mechanisms by which these nutrients are metabolized to generate MCFs, and how they impact on β-cell insulin release and function, are discussed in detail in this article.

Realistic changes in monounsaturated fatty acids and soluble fibers are able to improve glucose metabolism

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Cardioprotective effects of Mediterranean-style diet have been shown. Instead of excluding foods, replacement or addition may facilitate compliance with impact on glucose metabolism of individuals at cardiometabolic risk. This study investigated the effect of changing selected nutrients intake on glucose metabolism during a lifestyle intervention tailored to living conditions of prediabetic Brazilians.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

183 prediabetic adults treated under the Brazilian public health system underwent an 18-month intervention on diet and physical activity. Dietary counseling focused on reducing saturated fat replaced by unsaturated fatty acids. Data were collected at baseline and after follow-up. ANOVA and multiple linear regression were used to test association of changes in nutrients intake with changes in plasma glucose.

RESULTS

Changes in fasting and 2-h plasma glucose but not in weight, HOMA-IR or C-reactive protein decreased after intervention across tertiles of MUFA changes (p-trend 0.017 and 0.024, respectively). Regression models showed that increase in MUFA intake was independently associated with reduction in fasting (β -1.475, p = 0.008) and 2-h plasma glucose (β -3.321, p = 0.007). Moreover, increase in soluble fibers intake was associated with decrease in fasting plasma glucose (β -1.579, p = 0.038). Adjustment for anthropometric measurements did not change the results but did after including change in insulin in the models.

CONCLUSIONS

Increases of MUFA and soluble fibers intakes promote benefits on glucose metabolism, independently of adiposity, during a realistic lifestyle intervention in at-risk individuals. Mechanisms mediating these processes may include mainly insulin sensitivity improvement.

Percentages of oleic acid and arachidonic acid are inversely related in phospholipids of human sera

Background

Many health effects of oils rich in oleic acid (18:1 n9) seem to be opposite those of arachidonic acid (20:4 n6), i.e. concerning cardiovascular risk. In recent study in rats we observed that percentages of oleic acid and arachidonic acid were inversely related in total serum lipids. In the present work we investigate whether an inverse relationship between this couple of fatty acids also exists in the phospholipid fraction of human sera.

Methods

The study group consisted of 11 men and 35 women. Mean age was 23.8 ± 2.5 years (mean ± SD), and the body mass index was 23.5 ± 3.2 kg/m². After fasting overnight, blood was drawn and the concentration of fatty acids in serum phospholipids was determined, using gas chromatography. We studied the association between percentages of oleic acid and arachidonic acid using bivariate correlations (Pearson), and multiple linear regressions.

Results

We found an inverse relationship (r = −0.563, p < 0.001; n = 46) between % oleic acid and % arachidonic acid in the serum phosholipid fraction of the 46 fasting subjects. By multiple linear regression, and % 20:4 n6 as the dependent variable, the inverse association with % 18:1 n9 persisted when controlling for sex, age, body mass index, and percentages of the other fatty acids measured (t = −17.6, p < 0.001). Per cent 20:4 n6 seemed to correlate negatively (r = −0.289, p = 0.05) with the (18:1 n9)/(18:0) ratio, estimating Delta9 desaturase activity, and % oleic acid correlated negatively (r = −0.321, p = 0.029) with the (20:4)/(18:2) ratio, estimating desaturases/elongase activities.

Conclusions

In a group of healthy human subjects, percentages of oleic acid and arachidonic acid were inversely related, and the inverse association persisted when controlling for possible confounding variables. The findings might contribute to explain positive health effects of foods rich in oleic acid.

Genotypic effect of ahFAD2 on fatty acid profiles in six segregating peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) populations

Background

Fatty acid composition of oil extracted from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed is an important quality trait because it may affect the flavor and shelf life of resulting food products. In particular, a high ratio of oleic (C18:1) relative to linoleic (C18:2) fatty acid (O/L ≥ 10) results in a longer shelf life. Previous reports suggest that the high oleic (~80%) trait was controlled by recessive alleles of ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B, the former of which is thought to have a high frequency in US runner- and virginia-type cultivars. Functional mutations, G448A in ahFAD2A and 442insA in ahFAD2B eliminate or knock down desaturase activity and have been demonstrated to produce peanut oil with high O/L ratios. In order to employ marker assisted selection (MAS) to select a high oleic disease resistant peanut and to evaluate genotypic and phenotypic variation, crosses were made between high oleic (~80%) and normal oleic (~50%) peanuts to produce segregating populations.

Results

A total of 539 F₂ progenies were randomly selected to empirically determine each ahFAD2 genotype and the resulting fatty acid composition. Five of the six crosses segregated for the high oleic trait in a digenic fashion. The remaining cross was consistent with monogenic segregation because both parental genotypes were fixed for the ahFAD2A mutation. Segregation distortion was significant in ahFAD2A in one cross; however, the remaining crosses showed no distortion. Quantitative analyses revealed that dominance was incomplete for the wild type allele of ahFAD2, and both loci showed significant additive effects. Oleic and linoleic acid displayed five unique phenotypes, based on the number of ahFAD2 mutant alleles. Further, the ahFAD2 loci did exhibit pleiotropic interactions with palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2) acids and the O/L ratio. Fatty acid levels in these progeny were affected by the parental genotype suggesting that other genes also influence fatty acid composition in peanut. As far as the authors are aware, this is the first study in which all of the nine possible ahFAD2 genotypes were quantitatively measured.

Conclusions

The inheritance of the high oleic trait initially was suggested to be controlled by dominant gene action from two homoeologous genes (ahFAD2A and ahFAD2B) exhibiting complete recessivity. Analyzing the ahFAD2 genotypes and fatty acid compositions of these segregating peanut populations clearly demonstrated that the fatty acid contents are quantitative in nature although much of the variability in the predominant fatty acids (oleic, linoleic, and palmitic) is controlled by only two loci.

Nutrition and the risk of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for the major cause of dementia, and the increasing worldwide prevalence of AD is a major public health concern. Increasing epidemiological studies suggest that diet and nutrition might be important modifiable risk factors for AD. Dietary supplementation of antioxidants, B vitamins, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are beneficial to AD, and consumptions of fish, fruits, vegetables, coffee, and light-to-moderate alcohol reduce the risk of AD. However, many of the results from randomized controlled trials are contradictory to that of epidemiological studies. Dietary patterns summarizing an overall diet are gaining momentum in recent years. Adherence to a healthy diet, the Japanese diet, and the Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of AD. This paper will focus on the evidence linking many nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns to AD.

Percentage oleic acid is inversely related to percentage arachidonic acid in total lipids of rat serum

Background

Since many health effects of oils rich in oleic acid (18:1, n-9) seem to be opposite those of arachidonic acid (20:4, n-6), i.e. concerning cardiovascular risk, we examined whether % 18:1 might be negatively associated with % 20:4.

Methods

Fatty acid separation by gas chromatography was performed in total serum lipids of 36 male rats. Using bivariate correlations and multiple linear regressions we studied the association between oleic acid and arachidonic acid.

Results

We found an inverse relationship (r = -0.885, p < 0.001; n = 36) between percentages of 18:1 and 20:4 in total lipids of rat serum, persisting when controlling for the other fatty acids measured. In a multiple linear regression model with % 20:4 as the dependent variable and percentages of the other fatty acids entered simultaneously as independents, oleic acid and linoleic acid contributed most to predict % 20:4. Per cent 20:4 correlated negatively (p< 0.01) with a Delta-9 desaturase index, i.e. the (18:1)/(18:0) ratio, and with the (20:4)/(18:2) ratio, estimating desaturases/elongase.

Conclusions

Percentages of 18:1 and 20:4 seem to be inversely related and desaturase/elongase inhibition could be involved. The results might partly explain positive health effects of foods rich in oleic acid.

Metabolic syndrome and inflammation: a critical review of in vitro and clinical approaches for benefit assessment of plant food supplements

Metabolic syndrome is defined as the clustering in an individual of several metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, in which low-grade chronic inflammatory activity is commonly observed. Part of the European Project PlantLIBRA is concerned with methods to assess the benefits of plant food supplements (PFSs) in countering inflammatory activity and metabolic syndrome. This paper summarizes the current methods used for benefit assessment of PFS, taking into consideration only in vitro, in silico, and clinical methodologies used to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of plants. No in silico studies (using computer simulation) related to metabolic syndrome were found; these methods appear to be used exclusively for identifying or testing potentially effective compounds in drug development. Most in vitro methods for the assessment of beneficial effects of botanicals or plant food supplements in diabetes were based on a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whereas the preferred kind of clinical study was the double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Only two parameters were observed to change after treatment with botanicals in both in vitro and in vivo studies: interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α, and these biomarkers should be carefully considered in future studies for PFS benefit assessment.

Evaluation of vegetable and fish oils diets for the amelioration of diabetes side effects

BACKGROUND

In the existing literature, the evidence regarding the effects of certain oils on the amelioration of hyperglycemia contains ambiguities and contradictions; and with regard to other oils, the quantity of existing studies is scant.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the influence of sesame, garden rocket, organic olive, thyme, fenugreek, hazelnut, and cod liver oil on serum glucose, liver function, and kidney functions.

METHODS

Male albino rats were injected with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg BW). The duration of the experiment was 28 days. Maximum recovery of occurred wasting attributable to diabetes was found in the sesame and cod liver groups.

RESULTS

With respect to ameliorating and/or preventing the side effects of diabetes on liver function, this experiment showed that thyme, organic olive, cod liver, and fenugreek oils were efficacious. Turning to serum lipid profile, organic olive oil not only ameliorated but also prevented the changes of TC, HDL, LDL, and AI. Vegetable and cod liver oil diets resulted in a marked amelioration of renal dysfunction, but they were unable to prevent this side effect. Similar, oil diets were unable to mask the increase in serum glucose due to diabetes mellitus.

CONCLUSION

On the basis of these findings, it could be recommended that when attempting oil diet treatment for the side effects of diabetes, a blend of the various specific treatments which showed best results should be employed in order to achieve improvement with respect to all parameters; and in part, this is because a synergism between the various treatments can be expected.

Virgin olive oil supplementation and long-term cognition: the PREDIMED-NAVARRA randomized, trial

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effect on cognition of a controlled intervention testing Mediterranean diets (MedDiet).

DESIGN

Randomized trial after 6.5 years of nutritional intervention.

SETTING

Eight primary care centers affiliated to the University of Navarra.

PARTICIPANTS

A random subsample of 285 participants (95 randomly allocated to each of 3 groups) of the PREDIMED-NAVARRA trial. All of them were at high vascular risk (44.8% men, 74.1±5.7 years at cognitive evaluation).

INTERVENTIONS

Nutritional intervention comparing two MedDiets (supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil [EVOO] or mixed nuts) versus a low-fat control diet. Participants received intensive education to increase adherence to the intended intervention. Participants allocated to the MedDiet groups received EVOO (1 l/week) or 30 g/day of mixed nuts. Dietary habits were evaluated using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Additionally, adherence to MedDiet was appraised using a 14-item questionnaire both at baseline and yearly thereafter.

MEASUREMENTS

Cognitive performance as a main outcome and cognitive status (normal, mild cognitive impairment [MCI] or dementia) as a secondary outcome were evaluated by two neurologists blinded to group assignment after 6.5 years of nutritional intervention.

RESULTS

Better post-trial cognitive performance versus control in all cognitive domains and significantly better performance across fluency and memory tasks were observed for participants allocated to the MedDiet+EVOO group. After adjustment for sex, age, education, apolipoprotein E genotype, family history of cognitive impairment/dementia, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, alcohol and total energy intake, this group also showed lower MCI (OR=0.34 95% CI: 0.12-0.97) compared with control group. Participants assigned to MedDiet+Nuts group did not differ from controls.

CONCLUSION

A long-term intervention with an EVOO-rich MedDiet resulted in a better cognitive function in comparison with a control diet. However, non-significant differences were found for most cognitive domains. Participants allocated to an EVOO-rich MedDiet had less MCI than controls.

The Mediterranean diet pattern and its main components are associated with lower plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor receptor 60 in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease

Adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of 2 MD with those of a low-fat-diet (LFD) on circulating inflammatory biomarkers related to atherogenesis. A total of 516 participants included in the Prevention with Mediterranean Diet Study were randomized into 3 intervention groups [MD supplemented with virgin olive oil (MD-VOO); MD supplemented with mixed nuts (MD-Nuts); and LFD]. At baseline and after 1 y, participants completed FFQ and adherence to MD questionnaires, and plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers including intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), IL-6, and 2 TNF receptors (TNFR60 and TNFR80) were measured by ELISA. At 1 y, the MD groups had lower plasma concentrations of IL-6, TNFR60, and TNFR80 (P < 0.05), whereas ICAM-1, TNFR60, and TNFR80 concentrations increased in the LFD group (P < 0.002). Due to between-group differences, participants in the 2 MD groups had lower plasma concentrations of ICAM-1, IL-6, TNFR60, and TNFR80 compared to those in the LFD group (P ≤ 0.028). When participants were categorized in tertiles of 1-y changes in the consumption of selected foods, those in the highest tertile of virgin olive oil (VOO) and vegetable consumption had a lower plasma TNFR60 concentration compared with those in tertile 1 (P < 0.02). Moreover, the only changes in consumption that were associated with 1-y changes in the geometric mean TNFR60 concentrations were those of VOO and vegetables (P = 0.01). This study suggests that a MD reduces TNFR concentrations in patients at high cardiovascular risk.

Virgin olive oil and nuts as key foods of the Mediterranean diet effects on inflammatory biomakers related to atherosclerosis

Previous epidemiological and feeding studies have observed that adherence to Mediterranean diet (Med-Diet) is associated with reduced cardiovascular risk. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Since atherosclerosis is nowadays considered a low-grade inflammatory disease, recent studies have explored the anti-inflammatory effects of a Med-Diet intervention on serum and cellular biomarkers related to atherosclerosis. In two sub-studies of the PREDIMED (PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterranea) trial, we analyzed the effects at 3 months of two Med-Diet interventions supplemented with either virgin olive oil (VOO) or nuts compared with a control low-fat diet (LFD). Both Med-Diets showed an anti-inflammatory effect reducing serum C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 (IL6) and endothelial and monocytary adhesion molecules and chemokines (P<0.05; all), whereas these parameters increased after the LFD intervention (P<0.05; all). In another substudy, we evaluated the long-term (1 year) effects of these interventions on vascular risk factors in 516 high-risk subjects, as well as the effect of different Med-Diet components in the reduction of these biomarkers. At 1 year, the Med-Diet groups had significant decreases in the plasma concentrations of IL6, tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) 60 and TNFR80 (P<0.05), while intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), TNFR60 and TNFR80 concentrations increased in the LFD group (P<0.002). In addition, those allocated in the highest tertile of VOO and vegetables consumption had a significant diminution of plasma TNFR60 concentration compared with those in tertile 1 (P<0.02). In conclusion, Med-Diet exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on cardiovascular system since it down-regulates cellular and circulating inflammatory biomarkers related to atherogenesis in subjects at high cardiovascular risk.

Nature of fatty acids in high fat diets differentially delineates obesity-linked metabolic syndrome components in male and female C57BL/6J mice

BACKGROUND

Adverse effects of high-fat diets (HFD) on metabolic homeostasis are linked to adipose tissue dysfunction. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of the HFD nature on adipose tissue activity, metabolic disturbances and glucose homeostasis alterations in male mice compared with female mice.

METHODS

C57BL/6J mice were fed either a chow diet or HFD including vegetal (VD) or animal (AD) fat. Body weight, plasmatic parameters and adipose tissue mRNA expression levels of key genes were evaluated after 20 weeks of HFD feeding.

RESULTS

HFD-fed mice were significantly heavier than control at the end of the protocol. Greater abdominal visceral fat accumulation was observed in mice fed with AD compared to those fed a chow diet or VD. Correlated with weight gain, leptin levels in systemic circulation were increased in HFD-fed mice in both sexes with a significant higher level in AD group compared to VD group. Circulating adiponectin levels as well as adipose tissue mRNA expression levels were significantly decreased in HFD-fed male mice. Although its plasma levels remained unchanged in females, adiponectin mRNA levels were significantly reduced in adipose tissue of both HFD-fed groups with a more marked decrease in AD group compared to VD group. Only HFD-fed male mice were diabetic with increased fasting glycaemia. On the other hand, insulin levels were only increased in AD-fed group in both sexes associated with increased resistin levels. VD did not induce any apparent metabolic alteration in females despite the increased weight gain. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors gamma-2 (PPARγ2) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) mRNA expression levels in adipose tissue were decreased up to 70% in HFD-fed mice but were more markedly reduced in male mice as compared with female mice.

CONCLUSIONS

The nature of dietary fat determines the extent of metabolic alterations reflected in adipocytes through modifications in the pattern of adipokines secretion and modulation of key genes mRNA expression. Compared with males, female mice demonstrate higher capacity in controlling glucose homeostasis in response to 20 weeks HFD feeding. Our data suggest gender specific interactions between the diet's fatty acid source, the adipocyte-secreted proteins and metabolic disorders.

Determining the Oleic/linoleic Acid Ratio in a Single Peanut Seed: a Comparison of Two Methods

Peanut varieties with high oleic/linoleic acid ratios have become preferred by the peanut industry due to their increased shelf life and improved health benefits. Many peanut breeding programs are trying to incorporate the high oleic trait into new and improved varieties and are in need of diagnostic tools to track its inheritance early in development and at the single seed level. Traditionally, gas chromatography has been used to accurately determine the properties of peanut oil. Recently a method was developed to carry out this analysis by capillary elecrophoresis providing researchers with an alternative analytical platform. In this study, the use of capillary electrophoresis and gas chromatography for analysis of oleic/linoleic acid ratios are compared. Oil was extracted from approximately 0.10 g of peanut seed tissue taken from the distal end, leaving the embryonic end of the seed intact for subsequent germination. Over 100 samples inclusive of runner, Spanish and Virginia market types were processed. Oil extracts were analyzed for oleic/linoleic acid ratio using (1) capillary electrophoresis (CE) and (2) gas chromatography (GC). Results showed that the two methods are 100% in agreement in determining whether a peanut seed is “high-oleic” or “normal oleic” in oil content. Furthermore, the two methods are highly correlated (r  =  0.96; p &lt; 0.0001) with respect to determining the exact oleic/linoleic acid ratio from each sample. Results from this study validate the use of CE as a diagnostic tool for breeding programs to identify individual high oleic peanut seed for further testing and development.

Monounsaturated, trans, and saturated Fatty acids and cognitive decline in women

OBJECTIVES

To prospectively assess effects of select dietary fats on cognitive decline.

DESIGN

Prospective observational; 3-year follow-up.

SETTING

Northwestern University.

PARTICIPANTS

Four hundred eighty-two women aged 60 and older who participated in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study or in the control group of the WHI Diet Modification arm.

MEASUREMENTS

Dietary intake from a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered twice (mean 2.7 years apart) before baseline cognitive assessment (mean 2.9 years after second FFQ) was averaged. Testing of memory, vision, executive function, language, and attention was performed twice, 3 years apart. A global Z-score was created for both time points by averaging all Z-scores for each participant, and global cognitive change was defined as the difference between follow-up and baseline Z-scores.

RESULTS

Median intake of saturated fat (SFA), trans-fat, (TFA), dietary cholesterol (DC), and monounsaturated fat (MUFA) was 18.53, 3.45, 0.201, and 19.39 g/d, respectively. There were no associations between degree of cognitive decline and intake of SFA (P=.69), TFA (P=.54), or DC (P=.64) after adjusting for baseline cognition, total energy intake, age, education, reading ability, apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele, body mass index, estrogen and beta-blocker use, and intake of caffeine and other fatty acids. In contrast, MUFA intake was associated with lower cognitive decline in fully adjusted linear regression models, with mean decline (standard error) of 0.21 (0.05) in the lowest and 0.05 (0.05) in the highest quartiles (P=.02). This effect of MUFA intake was primarily in the visual and memory domains (P=.03 for both).

CONCLUSION

Greater intake of SFA, TFA, and DC was not associated with cognitive decline, whereas greater MUFA intake was associated with less cognitive decline.

PPARγ-dependent peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 (PGlyRP3) expression regulates proinflammatory cytokines by microbial and dietary fatty acids

PGlyRPs recognize bacterial peptidoglycan and function in antibacterial innate immunity. Focusing on the interference between nutrition and recognition pattern proteins, free fatty acids (FFA) of dietary and bacterial sources may exert their immunological response through modulating the expression level of the PGlyRPs in enterocytes. PGlyRP3 was the only PGlyRPs member expressed in Caco2 cells. In silico analysis showed that the promoter of PGlyRP3 has some PPRE regions that, as tested by EMSA, bind physically to the PPARγ-RXRα complex. PGlyRP3 gene expression was induced by PPARγ ligands including GW1929 and some FFA. Overexpression of PGlyRP3 in Caco2 cells down regulated the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-12 and TNF-α, while its silencing increased the expression of these cytokines. FFA that induced the PGlyRP3 inhibited the tested cytokines. Silencing of PGlyRP3 gene caused the same FFA to increase the cytokine gene expression. A negative regulation of NF-κB pathway, including up-regulation of Iκβ-α and down regulation of NF-κB and COX-2, is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of PGlyRP3. In conclusion, PPARγ mediates a modulation of PGlyRP3 gene expression, which is involved in inhibiting inflammation through negative regulation of NF-κB pathway.

Further insight into the latex metabolite profile of Ficus carica

Latex is a sticky emulsion that exudes upon damage from specialized canals from several plants. It contains several biologically active compounds, such as phytosterols, fatty acids, and amino acids. In plants, these compounds are involved in the interaction between plants, insects, and the environment. Despite its chemical, biological, and ecological importance, Ficus carica latex is still poorly studied. To improve the knowledge on the metabolite profile of this matrix, a targeted metabolite analysis was performed in a representative sample from F. carica latex. Seven phytosterols were determined by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), with β-sitosterol and lupeol being the compounds present in higher concentrations (ca. 54 and 14%, respectively). A total of 18 fatty acids were characterized by GC-ITMS, being essentially represented by saturated fatty acids (ca. 86.4% of total fatty acids). A total of 13 free amino acids were also identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (HPLC/UV-vis), and cysteine and tyrosine were the major ones (ca. 38.7 and 31.4%, respectively). In humans, phytosterols and some polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, are known for their anticarcinogenic properties. With regard to amino acids, some of them, such as glycine, are neurotransmitters. Our results reveal the presence of a wide diversity of compounds, from distinct classes, in F. carica latex, possessing various potential pharmacological activities; thus, its biological potential appears to be worth further exploring.

Regulation of podocyte survival and endoplasmic reticulum stress by fatty acids

Apoptosis of podocytes is considered critical in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Free fatty acids (FFAs) are critically involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 2, in particular the regulation of pancreatic β cell survival. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the role of palmitic acid, palmitoleic, and oleic acid in the regulation of podocyte cell death and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We show that palmitic acid increases podocyte cell death, both apoptosis and necrosis of podocytes, in a dose and time-dependent fashion. Palmitic acid induces podocyte ER stress, leading to an unfolded protein response as reflected by the induction of the ER chaperone immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) and proapoptotic C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) transcription factor. Of note, the monounsaturated palmitoleic and oleic acid can attenuate the palmitic acid-induced upregulation of CHOP, thereby preventing cell death. Similarly, gene silencing of CHOP protects against palmitic acid-induced podocyte apoptosis. Our results offer a rationale for interventional studies aimed at testing whether dietary shifting of the FFA balance toward unsaturated FFAs can delay the progression of DN.

The influence of major dietary fatty acids on insulin secretion and action

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To briefly summarize recent advances towards understanding the influence of major dietary fatty acids on beta-cell function and evaluate their implications for insulin resistance.

RECENT FINDINGS

Studies in humans have shown that beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity improve progressively in the postprandial period as the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) with respect to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in dietary fats increases. However, cell-culture experiments have revealed a dichotomy in the ability of fatty acids to moderate hyperactivity of, and induce lipotoxicity in, beta-cells. There are also some novel findings regarding the ability of HDL to protect beta-cells against oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis in vitro and of reconstituted HDL to attenuate insulin resistance in vivo. These findings raise new questions regarding the contribution of dietary fatty acids to insulin secretion and action.

SUMMARY

These new findings point to a critical role for major dietary fatty acids in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes, which appears to be of particular relevance during postprandial periods and mainly depends on the fatty acid type. This underscores the importance of dietary fatty acids in standard diabetes management.