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Dinas PC, Lahart IM, Timmons JA, Svensson PA, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD, Metsios GS. Effects of physical activity on the link between PGC-1a and FNDC5 in muscle, circulating Ιrisin and UCP1 of white adipocytes in humans: A systematic review. F1000Res 2017; 6:286. [PMID: 28620456 PMCID: PMC5461915 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11107.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise may activate a brown adipose-like phenotype in white adipose tissue. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the effects of physical activity on the link between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1a) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in muscle, circulating Irisin and uncoupling protein one (UCP1) of white adipocytes in humans. Methods: Two databases (PubMed 1966 to 08/2016 and EMBASE 1974 to 08/2016) were searched using an appropriate algorithm. We included articles that examined physical activity and/or exercise in humans that met the following criteria: a) PGC-1a in conjunction with FNDC5 measurements, and b) FNDC5 and/or circulating Irisin and/or UCP1 levels in white adipocytes. Results: We included 51 studies (12 randomised controlled trials) with 2474 participants. Out of the 51 studies, 16 examined PGC-1a and FNDC5 in response to exercise, and only four found increases in both PGC-1a and FNDC5 mRNA and one showed increased FNDC5 mRNA. In total, 22 out of 45 studies that examined circulating Irisin in response to exercise showed increased concentrations when ELISA techniques were used; two studies also revealed increased Irisin levels measured via mass spectrometry. Three studies showed a positive association of circulating Irisin with physical activity levels. One study found no exercise effects on UCP1 mRNA in white adipocytes. Conclusions: The effects of physical activity on the link between PGC-1a, FNDC5 mRNA in muscle and UCP1 in white human adipocytes has attracted little scientific attention. Current methods for Irisin identification lack precision and, therefore, the existing evidence does not allow for conclusions to be made regarding Irisin responses to physical activity. We found a contrast between standardised review methods and accuracy of the measurements used. This should be considered in future systematic reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros C. Dinas
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, WS1 3BD, UK
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
| | - Ian M. Lahart
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, WS1 3BD, UK
| | - James A. Timmons
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, WS1 3BD, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
| | - George S. Metsios
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, WS1 3BD, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
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Dinas PC, Lahart IM, Timmons JA, Svensson PA, Koutedakis Y, Flouris AD, Metsios GS. Effects of physical activity on the link between PGC-1a and FNDC5 in muscle, circulating Ιrisin and UCP1 of white adipocytes in humans: A systematic review. F1000Res 2017; 6:286. [PMID: 28620456 PMCID: PMC5461915 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11107.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise may activate a brown adipose-like phenotype in white adipose tissue. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the effects of physical activity on the link between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1a) and fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) in muscle, circulating Irisin and uncoupling protein one (UCP1) of white adipocytes in humans. Methods: Two databases (PubMed 1966 to 08/2016 and EMBASE 1974 to 08/2016) were searched using an appropriate algorithm. We included articles that examined physical activity and/or exercise in humans that met the following criteria: a) PGC-1a in conjunction with FNDC5 measurements, and b) FNDC5 and/or circulating Irisin and/or UCP1 levels in white adipocytes. Results: We included 51 studies (12 randomised controlled trials) with 2474 participants. Out of the 51 studies, 16 examined PGC-1a and FNDC5 in response to exercise, and only four found increases in both PGC-1a and FNDC5 mRNA and one showed increased FNDC5 mRNA. In total, 22 out of 45 studies that examined circulating Irisin in response to exercise showed increased concentrations when ELISA techniques were used; two studies also revealed increased Irisin levels measured via mass spectrometry. Three studies showed a positive association of circulating Irisin with physical activity levels. One study found no exercise effects on UCP1 mRNA in white adipocytes. Conclusions: The effects of physical activity on the link between PGC-1a, FNDC5 mRNA in muscle and UCP1 in white human adipocytes has attracted little scientific attention. Current methods for Irisin identification lack precision and, therefore, the existing evidence does not allow for conclusions to be made regarding Irisin responses to physical activity. We found a contrast between standardised review methods and accuracy of the measurements used. This should be considered in future systematic reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros C. Dinas
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, WS1 3BD, UK
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
| | - Ian M. Lahart
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, WS1 3BD, UK
| | - James A. Timmons
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Per-Arne Svensson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE-413 45, Sweden
| | - Yiannis Koutedakis
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, WS1 3BD, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
- Institute for Research and Technology, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
| | - George S. Metsios
- Institute of Sport, Faculty of Education Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall, WS1 3BD, UK
- Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, GR42100, Greece
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Bonfante ILP, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Brunelli DT, Gáspari AF, Duft RG, Lopes WA, Bonganha V, Libardi CA, Cavaglieri CR. Combined training, FNDC5/irisin levels and metabolic markers in obese men: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:629-637. [PMID: 28287024 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1296025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of training on FNDC5/irisin and its association with fitness and metabolic marker improvements induced by training have been poorly investigated in humans. Thus, the present study assessed the effects of combined training (CT) on FNDC5/irisin levels, metabolic markers and fitness adaptations in obese men. Middle-age obese men (age 49.13 ± 5.75, body mass index (BMI) 30.86 ± 1.63) were randomly distributed in the CT group (n = 12) and control group (CG n = 10). The CT consisted of strength followed by aerobic training, 3 times/week, for 24 weeks. Body composition, physical fitness, plasma FNDC5/irisin, biochemical markers and metabolic scores/index were evaluated. CT maintained FNDC5/irisin levels (µg/mL) (pre: 4.15 ± 0.32, post: 4.21 ± 0.32; p = .96) and improved body composition, metabolic and physical fitness markers. In the CG, decreased FNDC5/irisin (µg/mL) (pre: 4.36 ± 0.23, post: 3.57 ± 0.94; p = .01) and reduced strength (supine exercise/kg) (pre: 71 ± 14.7, post: 60.1 ± 14.05; p < .01) were observed, along with a trend to increase HOMA-IR (pre: 2.63 ± 1.11, post: 3.14 ± 1.27; p = .07) and other indicators of metabolic deterioration. An inverse correlation was found between the change (Δ%) in levels of FNDC5/irisin and Δ% glucose, Δ% total cholesterol, Δ% triglycerides and Δ% waist circumference, in addition to a positive relation with Δ% muscle strength. In conclusion, CT maintained FNDC5/irisin levels and provided metabolic and fitness benefits. The correlation between FNDC5/irisin changes and metabolic parameters, as well as the FNDC5/irisin reduction associated with fitness and metabolic worsening in the CG, suggests a relationship between FNDC5/irisin and a healthy metabolic status in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Luiz Padilha Bonfante
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Diego Trevisan Brunelli
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Arthur Fernandes Gáspari
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Renata Garbellini Duft
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Wendell Arhur Lopes
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Valéria Bonganha
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- b Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education , Federal University of São Carlos , São Carlos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education , University of Campinas , Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
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104
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Rodríguez A, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Méndez-Giménez L, Frühbeck G. Crosstalk between adipokines and myokines in fat browning. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:362-381. [PMID: 27040995 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ determining whole-body insulin sensitivity and metabolic homoeostasis. Adaptive changes of skeletal muscle in response to physical activity include adjustments in the production and secretion of muscle-derived bioactive factors, known as myokines, such as myostatin, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7 and IL-15, myonectin, follistatin-like 1 or leukaemia inhibitory factor. These myokines not only act locally in the muscle in an autocrine/paracrine manner, but also are released to the bloodstream as endocrine factors to regulate physiological processes in other tissues. Irisin, derived from the cleavage of FNDC5 protein, constitutes a myokine that induces myogenesis and fat browning (switch of white adipocytes to brown fat-like cells) together with a concomitant increase in energy expenditure. Besides being a target for irisin actions, the adipose tissue also constitutes a production site of FNDC5. Interestingly, irisin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral fat depots is decreased by long-term exercise training and fasting, suggesting a discordant regulation of FNDC5/irisin in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Accordingly, our group has recently reported that the adipokine leptin differentially regulates FNDC5/irisin expression in skeletal muscle and fat, confirming the crosstalk between both tissues. Moreover, irisin secretion and function are regulated by other myokines, such as follistatin or myostatin, as well as by other adipokines, including fibroblast growth factor 21 and leptin. Taken together, myokines have emerged as novel molecular mediators of fat browning and their activity can be modulated by adipokines, confirming the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to regulate thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - S. Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - S. Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
| | - L. Méndez-Giménez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
| | - G. Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
- Obesity & Adipobiology Group; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA); Pamplona Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition; Clínica Universidad de Navarra; Pamplona Spain
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105
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Winn NC, Grunewald ZI, Liu Y, Heden TD, Nyhoff LM, Kanaley JA. Plasma Irisin Modestly Increases during Moderate and High-Intensity Afternoon Exercise in Obese Females. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170690. [PMID: 28125733 PMCID: PMC5268488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Irisin is an exercise-responsive myokine that has been proposed to exert anti-obesity benefits; yet its response during exercise in obese women is not described. This study characterized plasma irisin levels during a single bout of afternoon isocaloric-exercise of different intensities (moderate- vs high-intensity) in obese females. METHODS Eleven obese females participated in 3 randomized study days beginning at 1600h: 1) no exercise (NoEx), 2) moderate exercise (ModEx; 55%VO2max) and 3) high intensity interval exercise (IntEx; 4 min (80%VO2max)/3 min (50% VO2max). Frequent blood samples were analyzed for glucose and lactate (whole-blood), and insulin, c-peptide, glucagon, and irisin (plasma) throughout 190 min of testing. RESULTS Plasma irisin increased above baseline during ModEx and IntEx (P<0.05), but not NoEx (P>0.05). Peak irisin levels during ModEx and IntEx exercise were 11.9± 3.4% and 12.3 ± 4.1% relative to baseline (P<0.05), respectively, with no differences between exercise intensities (P>0.05). Irisin levels remained elevated above resting for 125 minutes post-exercise during ModEx, whereas levels returned to baseline within 15 minutes post-exercise during IntEx. Similarly, no associations were found between plasma irisin levels and circulating lactate, glucose, insulin, c-peptide, or glucagon among study days (P>0.05). However, there was an inverse association between basal irisin and lean mass (r = -0.70, P = 0.01). CONCLUSION A single bout of moderate and high intensity afternoon exercise induces modest increases in circulating irisin concentrations during exercise; however the regulation post-exercise appears to be dimorphic between exercise intensity in obese females. Future studies are needed to compare morning and afternoon exercise on irisin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Winn
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zachary I. Grunewald
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Heden
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute and Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Nyhoff
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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Tibana RA, da Cunha Nascimento D, Frade de Souza NM, de Souza VC, de Sousa Neto IV, Voltarelli FA, Pereira GB, Navalta JW, Prestes J. Irisin Levels Are not Associated to Resistance Training-Induced Alterations in Body Mass Composition in Older Untrained Women with and without Obesity. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:241-246. [PMID: 28244561 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-016-0748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine whether Irisin levels are correlated with body composition changes following 16 weeks of resistance training (RT) in older women with and without obesity. Design, Setting, Participants, Intervention: We recruited 49 inactive women (n = 23, non-obese: < 41.0% and n = 26, obese: ≥ 41.0% of body fat) aged 61-68 years to perform 16-week of RT consisting of 10 exercises (three sets of 10 exercises, 6-12 repetitions maximum and 1-min and 30-s rest intervals between sets and exercises, respectively) with two sessions per week. MEASUREMENTS Before and after the intervention period, blood samples were collected to determine Irisin levels and body composition (percentage body fat and fat-free mass) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS Circulating Irisin displayed a decrease for the non-obese group as compared with pre-intervention and obese group (p = 0.01 and p = 0.04, respectively), with no change for the obese group (p = 0.79). In addition, fat mass displayed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) following the training period only for the obese group. Furthermore, there was no association between changes in circulating Irisin with body mass index, body fat, fat-free mass and muscle strength. There was an increase in muscle strength (p < 0.05), regardless of obesity status. CONCLUSION The modulation of body composition and muscle strength induced by 16-week of resistance training in older women with and without obesity is not associated with changes in circulating Irisin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Tibana
- Guilherme Pereira. Graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia - Q.S. 07, Lote 01, EPTC - Bloco G. Zip code: 71966-700 - Taguatinga - Federal District, Brasilia, Brazil, E-mail:
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107
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Archundia-Herrera C, Macias-Cervantes M, Ruiz-Muñoz B, Vargas-Ortiz K, Kornhauser C, Perez-Vazquez V. Muscle irisin response to aerobic vs HIIT in overweight female adolescents. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2017; 9:101. [PMID: 29299068 PMCID: PMC5746008 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-017-0302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise stimulates the production of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), which is cleaved to release a protein called irisin. This protein induces browning of white adipose tissue resulting in increased thermogenesis. Different studies have measured circulating irisin at baseline and in response to exercise among a wide variety of individuals; yet, regarding the effect of different exercise intensities in obese adolescent girls, limited insight is available. This study compares the effect of acute aerobic exercise of moderate intensity and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on irisin levels in skeletal muscle and plasma of sedentary overweight or obese female adolescents. METHODS The aerobic group (n = 15) and HIIT group (n = 15) underwent anthropometric and metabolic measurements, electrocardiogram, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and two vastus lateralis muscle biopsies before and after session of workout. The session of aerobic exercise included cycling at 65% of their peak heart rate (HRpeak) for 40 min. In the HIIT group, exercise included six bouts of 1 min at 85-95% HRpeak separated by 1 min of recovery. Irisin levels were evaluated in samples of skeletal muscle (western blot) and plasma (ELISA). RESULTS The levels of expression of irisin in skeletal muscle increased significantly after a session of HIIT (p < 0.05), while aerobic exercise no affect irisin levels. No significant differences between the groups in plasma irisin levels were found. CONCLUSIONS The increase in muscle irisin levels was observed only following HIIT session. No increases in plasma irisin concentration were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Archundia-Herrera
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, 20 de enero 929. Col. Obregon, CP 37250 Leon, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Maciste Macias-Cervantes
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, 20 de enero 929. Col. Obregon, CP 37250 Leon, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Bernardo Ruiz-Muñoz
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, 20 de enero 929. Col. Obregon, CP 37250 Leon, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Katya Vargas-Ortiz
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, 20 de enero 929. Col. Obregon, CP 37250 Leon, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Carlos Kornhauser
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, 20 de enero 929. Col. Obregon, CP 37250 Leon, Guanajuato Mexico
| | - Victoriano Perez-Vazquez
- Department of Medical Science, Division of Health Science, University of Guanajuato, 20 de enero 929. Col. Obregon, CP 37250 Leon, Guanajuato Mexico
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Effects of exercise on Irisin, BDNF and IL-6 serum levels in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 299:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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109
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Fukushima Y, Kurose S, Shinno H, Thi Thu HC, Takao N, Tsutsumi H, Hasegawa T, Nakajima T, Kimura Y. Effects of Body Weight Reduction on Serum Irisin and Metabolic Parameters in Obese Subjects. Diabetes Metab J 2016; 40:386-395. [PMID: 27766246 PMCID: PMC5069395 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2016.40.5.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin is a myokine implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of a body weight reduction on the serum irisin level and physical indicators in obese Japanese patients without diabetes. METHODS The subjects were 22 patients (male/female, 5/17; age, 46.1±16.0 years; body mass index [BMI], 36.9±5.0 kg/m2) who completed a 6-month body weight reduction program at our clinic. The program included diet, exercise therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Blood parameters, body composition, exercise tolerance, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and serum irisin were determined before and after intervention, and relationships among changes in these data were examined. RESULTS There were significant decreases in body weight and BMI after the intervention. Irisin before the intervention was significantly positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r=0.434, P<0.05). The mean irisin level showed no significant change after the intervention in all participants. However, improvements in % body fat, subcutaneous fat area, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were significantly greater in patients with an increase in irisin compared to those with a decrease in irisin after the intervention. Patients with an increase in irisin also had significantly lower fasting insulin (9.7±4.8 vs. 16.4±8.2, P<0.05) and HOMA-IR (2.2±1.1 vs. 3.7±1.6, P<0.05) after the intervention, compared to patients with a decrease in irisin. CONCLUSION Body weight reduction did not alter irisin levels. However, irisin may play important roles in fat and glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, and the effects of body weight reduction on irisin kinetics may be a key for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaeko Fukushima
- Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kurose
- Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
- Disease Prevention Center, Ijinkai Takeda General Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Shinno
- Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Ha Cao Thi Thu
- Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Nana Takao
- Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tsutsumi
- Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Takaaki Hasegawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kimura
- Department of Health Science, Kansai Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirakata, Japan
- Health Science Center, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
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110
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Effects of exercise on the circulating concentrations of irisin in healthy adult individuals: A review. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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111
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Belviranli M, Okudan N, Kabak B, Erdoğan M, Karanfilci M. The relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor, irisin and cognitive skills of endurance athletes. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2016; 44:290-6. [PMID: 27254486 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2016.1196125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the cognitive performance of endurance athletes and its relation with circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and irisin levels. METHODS 26 endurance athletes (14 elite orienteers (mean ± SD: age = 26.33 ± 4.08, body weight = 70.33 ± 4.64, body height = 177.7 ± 6.1), 12 pentathletes (mean ± SD: age = 29.42 ± 5.32, body weight = 74.77 ± 6.59, body height = 180.8 ± 3.8)) and ten sedentary (mean ± SD: age = 27.30 ± 2.06, body weight = 76.65 ± 12.50, body height = 176.9 ± 5.2) men at almost same ages and educational levels participated in this study. Cognitive functions were analyzed with mini-mental-state examination (MMSE) and Isaacs' Set Test of Verbal Fluency (IST) tests. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), BDNF and irisin levels were measured in the blood samples. RESULTS The MSSE and IST scores of the endurance athletes were higher than that of the sedentary control group (P < 0.05). Serum IGF-1 levels were higher in the pentathletes (111.18 ± 22.26 ng mL(-1)) than the orienteers (85.89 ± 19.32 ng mL(-1)) (P < 0.05). Plasma BDNF (2.78 ± 0.81, 4.28 ± 1.03, and 3.93 ± 0.77 ng mL(-1) in the sedentary, orienteers and pentathletes, respectively) and irisin (3.25 ± 0.70, 6.16 ± 0.99, and 6.58 ± 1.09 µg mL(-1) in the sedentary, orienteers and pentathletes, respectively) concentrations of the endurance trained athletes were higher than that of the sedentary control group (P < 0.05). Positive correlation between the cognitive function test results and BDNF and irisin concentrations were observed (P < 0.05). There was also a positive correlation between the circulating irisin and BDNF concentrations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggested that irisin and BDNF levels positively correlated with cognition in the endurance trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaz Belviranli
- a Division of Sports Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Nilsel Okudan
- a Division of Sports Physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , Selcuk University , Konya , Turkey
| | - Banu Kabak
- b Department of Health , Turkish Republic Ministry of Youth and Sports , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Murat Erdoğan
- c Department of Sports Medicine , Turkish Armed Forces Sports School and Training Center , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Muharrem Karanfilci
- b Department of Health , Turkish Republic Ministry of Youth and Sports , Ankara , Turkey
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112
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Thuzar M, Ho KKY. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Brown adipose tissue in humans: regulation and metabolic significance. Eur J Endocrinol 2016; 175:R11-25. [PMID: 27220620 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) persists in adult humans has enkindled a renaissance in metabolic research, with a view of harnessing its thermogenic capacity to combat obesity. This review focuses on the advances in the regulation and the metabolic significance of BAT in humans. BAT activity in humans is stimulated by cold exposure and by several factors such as diet and metabolic hormones. BAT function is regulated at two levels: an acute process involving the stimulation of the intrinsic thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes and a chronic process of growth involving the proliferation of pre-existing brown adipocytes or differentiation to brown adipocytes of adipocytes from specific white adipose tissue depots. BAT activity is reduced in the obese, and its stimulation by cold exposure increases insulin sensitivity and reduces body fat. These observations provide strong evidence that BAT plays a significant role in energy balance in humans and has the potential to be harnessed as a therapeutic target for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Thuzar
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ken K Y Ho
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesPrincess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaSchool of MedicineUniversity of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Cavalier E, Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Bruyère O, Reginster JY. Critical analytical evaluation of promising markers for sarcopenia. Eur Geriatr Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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114
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Seo DY, Lee SR, Kwak HB, Seo KW, McGregor RA, Yeo JY, Ko TH, Bolorerdene S, Kim N, Ko KS, Rhee BD, Han J. Voluntary stand-up physical activity enhances endurance exercise capacity in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:287-95. [PMID: 27162483 PMCID: PMC4860371 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.3.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Involuntary physical activity induced by the avoidance of electrical shock leads to improved endurance exercise capacity in animals. However, it remains unknown whether voluntary stand-up physical activity (SPA) without forced simulating factors improves endurance exercise capacity in animals. We examined the eff ects of SPA on body weight, cardiac function, and endurance exercise capacity for 12 weeks. Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 8 weeks, n=6 per group) were randomly assigned to a control group (CON) or a voluntary SPA group. The rats were induced to perform voluntary SPA (lifting a load equal to their body weight), while the food height (18.0 cm) in cages was increased progressively by 3.5 every 4 weeks until it reached 28.5 cm for 12 weeks. The SPA group showed a lower body weight compared to the CON group, but voluntary SPA did not affect the skeletal muscle and heart weights, food intake, and echocardiography results. Although the SPA group showed higher grip strength, running time, and distance compared to the CON group, the level of irisin, corticosterone, genetic expression of mitochondrial biogenesis, and nuclei numbers were not affected. These findings show that voluntary SPA without any forced stimuli in rats can eff ectively reduce body weight and enhance endurance exercise capacity, suggesting that it may be an important alternative strategy to enhance endurance exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Sung Ryul Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Kyo Won Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Robin A McGregor
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Ji Young Yeo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Saranhuu Bolorerdene
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Ko
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Byoung Doo Rhee
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
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Oelmann S, Nauck M, Völzke H, Bahls M, Friedrich N. Circulating Irisin Concentrations Are Associated with a Favourable Lipid Profile in the General Population. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154319. [PMID: 27128661 PMCID: PMC4851367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Irisin is a myokine, which is mainly inversely associated with the risk for non-communicable diseases. Irisin improves cellular energy metabolism by uncoupling the mitochondrial respiratory chain resulting in increased energy expenditure using lipids. To date potential associations between irisin concentration and lipid profile are poorly understood. Therefore, this investigation aimed to evaluate potential associations between irisin and lipid levels in the general population. METHODS Data of 430 men and 537 women from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) with available irisin and lipid concentrations were used. Analyses of variance, linear and logistic regression models adjusted for age, HBA1c, waist circumference, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, ALAT were calculated. RESULTS We detected significantly inverse associations between irisin and circulating levels of total [beta coefficient 0.21 (standard error 0.08), p = 0.01], low-density cholesterol [-0.16 (0.07), p = 0.03] and triglycerides [-0.17 (0.08), p = 0.02] for men. Females without lipid lowering medication had an inverse association between irisin and total cholesterol [-0.12 (0.06), p = 0.05]. Further, male subjects with irisin concentrations in the third tertile had an increased odds for elevated low-density cholesterol [odds ratio 1.96 (95% confidence interval 1.07-3.48), p = 0.03) and triglyceride [1.95 (1.09-3.47), p = 0.02] levels, even after exclusion of subjects with lipid lowering medication. In addition, our data revealed an annual rhythm of serum irisin levels with peak levels arise in winter and summer months. CONCLUSION This is the first investigation to report a significant association between circulating irisin and a favourable lipid profile in the general population. This may infer that higher irisin concentrations are associated with a reduced risk for non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Oelmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Bahls
- Department of Cardiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Greifswald, Germany
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116
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KIM HJ, LEE HJ, SO B, SON JS, YOON D, SONG W. Effect of Aerobic Training and Resistance Training on Circulating Irisin Level and Their Association With Change of Body Composition in Overweight/Obese Adults: a Pilot Study. Physiol Res 2016; 65:271-9. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel myokine irisin has been reported as a therapeutic target for metabolic disease. The objective of this study is to reveal the effects of aerobic training (AT) and resistance training (RT) on circulating irisin levels and their associations with change of body composition in overweight/obese adults. Twenty eight overweight/obese adults (BMI>23 kg/m2) were included in this study and compared before and after 8 weeks of exercise program (60 min/day, 5 times in a week). The subjects, in both aerobic and resistance training, showed significant improvement in anthropometric parameters and exercise capacities including maximal oxygen uptake and muscle strength. Interestingly, the circulating irisin was significantly increased in resistance training group (p=0.002) but not in aerobic training (p=0.426) compared to control group. In addition, we found the positive correlation between change of the circulating irisin and muscle mass (r=0.432, p=0.022) and the negative correlation between change of the circulating irisin and fat mass (r=−0.407, p=0.031). In the present pilot study, we found that circulating irisin level was increased by 8 weeks of resistance training in overweight/obese adults, suggesting that resistance training could be the efficient exercise type in overweight/obese considering positive change of body composition concomitant with increase of irisin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - W. SONG
- Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sport Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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117
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Kwaśniewska M, Kostka T, Jegier A, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk E, Leszczyńska J, Rębowska E, Orczykowska M, Drygas W. Regular physical activity and cardiovascular biomarkers in prevention of atherosclerosis in men: a 25-year prospective cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16:65. [PMID: 27044376 PMCID: PMC4820971 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-016-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of the study was to examine the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), cardiovascular biomarkers and atherosclerosis among asymptomatic men with stable LTPA level throughout the 25-year prospective observation. Methods Out of 101 asymptomatic men prospectively observed for their lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors, the cohort of 62 individuals (mean age 59.9 years) maintained a stable LTPA level during the 25-year observation. Regular check-ups with the assessment of traditional risk factors, detailed measurements of LTPA level and aerobic capacity were performed since baseline. At the latest follow-up (2011/12) a set of cardiovascular biomarkers was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed by means of coronary artery calcification score and intima-media thickness (IMT). Endothelial function was evaluated by means of the reactive hyperemia index. The studied biomarkers and indices were analyzed in the three cohorts representing stable low-tomoderate (<2050 kcal/week), high (2050-3840 kcal/week) and very high LTPA (>3840 kcal/week). Results At baseline the three cohorts were comparable in terms of age and clinical characteristics. At follow-up, the cohort with stable high LTPA (2050-3840 kcal/week) had significantly lower concentrations of hs-CRP (2.20 ± 1.0 mg/L), oxidized-LDL (68.35 ± 67.7 ng/mL), leptin (4.71 ± 3.07 ng/mL) and irisin (0.47 ± 0.13 μmol/L), and the most favorable indices of atherosclerosis and endothelial function as compared with other groups (p < 0.05). Regular marathon runners had increased concentrations of hsCRP (3.12 ± 1.4 mg/L), oxidized-LDL (249.8 ± 129 ng/ml), Interleukine-6 (3.74 ± 2.4 pg/ml). A positive correlation was observed between hsCRP and IMT (r = 0.301; p < 0.01), and irisin and IMT (r = 0.223; p < 0.05). Conclusions The data suggest that stable high LTPA (2050-3840 kcal/week) is associated with the most favorable profile of key cardiovascular biomarkers and indices of atherosclerosis. Lifetime very high LTPA is associated with increased lowgrade inflammation and may, therefore, exert an atherogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kwaśniewska
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Jegier
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Leszczyńska
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Rębowska
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Milena Orczykowska
- Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Drygas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.,Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
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Mo L, Shen J, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Kuang J, Pu S, Cheng S, Zou M, Jiang W, Jiang C, Qu A, He J. Irisin Is Regulated by CAR in Liver and Is a Mediator of Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:533-42. [PMID: 27007446 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin, a hormone proteolytically processed from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), has been reported to induce the browning of sc adipocytes by increasing the level of uncoupling protein 1. In this study, we showed that activation of the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor induced FNDC5 mRNA expression in the liver and increased the circulating level of irisin in mice. FNDC5/irisin is a direct transcriptional target of constitutive androstane receptor. Hepatic-released irisin functioned as a paracrine/autocrine factor that inhibited lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis via the Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase pathway. Adenovirus-overexpressed irisin improved hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in genetic-induced obese mice. Irisin transgenic mice were also protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. In conclusion, our results reveal a novel pathway in regulating FNDC5/irisin expression and identify a physiological role for this hepatic hormone in glucose and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mo
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Jing Shen
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Jiangying Kuang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Shiyun Pu
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Shihai Cheng
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Min Zou
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
| | - Jinhan He
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics (L.M.), Department of Pharmacy (J.S., J.K., S.P., S.C., M.Z., J.H.), Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction (Q.L., J.H.), Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y.Z.), Molecular Medicine Research Center (W.J.), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (C.J.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871; and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (A.Q.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069
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Zhang W, Chang L, Zhang C, Zhang R, Li Z, Chai B, Li J, Chen E, Mulholland M. Central and peripheral irisin differentially regulate blood pressure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2016; 29:121-7. [PMID: 25820670 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-015-6580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irisin is a newly identified 112 amino acid hormone, derived as a product of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), which is highly related to metabolic activity in skeletal muscle and brown fat. The effects of irisin on cardiovascular functions are unknown. PURPOSE To explore the effects of central and peripheral irisin on cardiovascular functions. METHODS Irisin was either administrated into 3rd ventricle of rats or intravenously, and its effects on blood pressure and cardiac contractibility measured. RESULTS Administration of recombinant human irisin into the 3rd brain ventricle of rats activated neurons in the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Central administration of irisin increased blood pressure and cardiac contractibility. Exogenous irisin reversed atenolol-induced inhibition of cardiac contractibility. In contrast, peripheral administration of irisin reduced blood pressure in both control and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Irisin dilated mesenteric artery rings through ATP-sensitive potassium channels. CONCLUSION Our studies indicate that central and peripheral irisin may differentially regulate cardiovascular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 4618B, MS II, 1301 E. Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA,
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Chen N, Li Q, Liu J, Jia S. Irisin, an exercise-induced myokine as a metabolic regulator: an updated narrative review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:51-9. [PMID: 25952527 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Irisin, as a new hormone-like myokine, is discovered in the presence of exercise-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1α). Which substance plays an important role in energy metabolism in each organ in the body and the regulation of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. The finding of irisin can contribute to the exploration of the novel and effective therapeutic targets or therapeutic strategies of these metabolic diseases or metabolism-associated health issues. To date, little is known regarding the functions and regulatory mechanisms of irisin with respect to metabolic diseases or metabolism-associated health issues. In this narrative review article, we systematically introduce its structural characteristics, production and distribution in tissues and organs, and the regulation and corresponding mechanisms for metabolic diseases or metabolism-associated health issues of irisin. Meanwhile, its future prospects and the development of irisin-related products for the promotion of human health have also been proposed, which will benefit future research and application of irisin. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- College of Health Science, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingxue Li
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
- College of Sports Science and Technology, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Health Science, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaohui Jia
- College of Health Science, Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Exercise and Health Promotion, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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Dulian K, Laskowski R, Grzywacz T, Kujach S, Flis DJ, Smaruj M, Ziemann E. The whole body cryostimulation modifies irisin concentration and reduces inflammation in middle aged, obese men. Cryobiology 2015; 71:398-404. [PMID: 26475491 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.10.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effect induced by exposure to low temperature might trigger the endocrine function of muscle and fat tissue. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the whole body cryostimulation (CRY) on irisin, a myokine which activates oxygen consumption in fat cells as well as thermogenesis. In addition, the relationship between hepcidin (Hpc) - hormone regulating iron metabolism, and inflammation was studied. A group of middle aged men (n = 12, 38 ± 9 years old, BMI > 30 kg m(-2)) participated in the study. Subjects were exposed to a series of 10 sessions in a cryogenic chamber (once a day at 9:30 am, for 3 min, at temperature -110 °C). Blood samples were collected before the first cryostimulation and after completing the last one. Prior to treatment body composition and fitness level were determined. The applied protocol of cryostimulation lead to rise the blood irisin in obese non-active men (338.8 ± 42.2 vs 407.6 ± 118.5 ng mL(-1)), whereas has no effect in obese active men (371.5 ± 30.0 vs 343.3 ± 47.6 ng mL(-1)). Values recorded 24 h after the last cryo-session correlated significantly with the fat tissue, yet inversely with the skeletal muscle mass. Therefore, we concluded the subcutaneous fat tissue to be the main source of irisin in response to cold exposures. The applied cold treatment reduced the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and Hpc concentration confirming its anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dulian
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Physiotherapy, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Radosław Laskowski
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Physiology, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Grzywacz
- Institute of Sport, Department of Physiology, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwester Kujach
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Physiology, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Damian J Flis
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mirosław Smaruj
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Department of the Theory of Sport, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kazimierza Gorskiego 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
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Circulating Irisin Levels Are Not Regulated by Nutritional Status, Obesity, or Leptin Levels in Rodents. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:620919. [PMID: 26568663 PMCID: PMC4629051 DOI: 10.1155/2015/620919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a cleaved and secreted fragment of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) that is mainly released by skeletal muscle and was proposed to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolism. In the present study we aim to investigate the regulation of the circulating levels of irisin in obese animal models (diet-induced obese (DIO) rats and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice), as well as the influence of nutritional status and leptin. Irisin levels were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Radioimmunoassay (RIA). Serum irisin levels remained unaltered in DIO rats and ob/ob mice. Moreover, its circulating levels were also unaffected by fasting, leptin deficiency, and exogenous leptin administration in rodents. In spite of these negative results we find a negative correlation between irisin and insulin in DIO animals and a positive correlation between irisin and glucose under short-term changes in nutritional status. Our findings indicate that serum irisin levels are not modulated by different physiological settings associated to alterations in energy homeostasis. These results suggest that in rodents circulating levels of irisin are not involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and could be unrelated to metabolic status; however, further studies should clarify its precise role in states of glucose homeostasis imbalance.
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Scharhag-Rosenberger F, Meyer T, Wegmann M, Ruppenthal S, Kaestner L, Morsch A, Hecksteden A. Irisin does not mediate resistance training-induced alterations in resting metabolic rate. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1736-43. [PMID: 24566753 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 6-month preventive resistance training program on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and its associations with fat-free mass (FFM) and the newly described myokine irisin as two potential mechanistic links between exercise training and RMR. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial, 74 sedentary healthy male and female participants either completed 6 months of high-repetition resistance training 3 d·wk in accordance with the American College of Sports Medicine recommendations (RT: n = 37; 47 ± 7 yr; body mass index, 25.0 ± 3.4 kg·m) or served as controls (CO: n = 37; 50 ± 7 yr; body mass index, 24.2 ± 3.2 kg·m). Strength (one-repetition maximum), RMR (indirect calorimetry), body fat (caliper method), and serum irisin concentration (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were measured before and after 6 months of training. RESULTS Training led to an increase in strength (one-repetition maximum leg press, 16% ± 7%; P < 0.001). RMR increased in RT (1671 ± 356 vs 1843 ± 385 kcal·d, P < 0.001) but not in CO (1587 ± 285 vs 1602 ± 294 kcal·d, P = 0.97; group-time interaction, P < 0.01). Body weight (RT, -0.5 ± 2.4 kg; CO, 0.1 ± 2.3 kg), body fat percentage (RT, -1.1% ± 2.5%; CO, -0.7% ± 2.9%), and FFM (RT, 0.4 ± 2.1 kg; CO, 0.6 ± 1.9 kg) did not develop differently between groups (group-time interaction: P = 0.29, P = 0.54, and P = 0.59, respectively). Serum irisin concentration increased in CO (70.8 ± 83.4 ng·mL, P < 0.001) but not in RT (22.4 ± 92.6 ng·mL, P = 0.67; group-time interaction, P < 0.01). The change in RMR was not associated with the change in FFM (r = -0.11, P = 0.36) or irisin (r = -0.004, P = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS Preventive resistance training elicits an increase in RMR. However, in contrast to currently discussed hypotheses, this increase does not seem to be mediated by training-induced changes in FFM or circulating irisin concentration, which casts doubt in the meaning of irisin for human energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Scharhag-Rosenberger
- 1Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, GERMANY; 2German University of Applied Sciences for Prevention and Health Management, Saarbrücken, GERMANY; 3Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, GERMANY; and 4Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg, GERMANY
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Rodríguez A, Ezquerro S, Méndez-Giménez L, Becerril S, Frühbeck G. Revisiting the adipocyte: a model for integration of cytokine signaling in the regulation of energy metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E691-714. [PMID: 26330344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00297.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue constitutes an extremely active endocrine organ with a network of signaling pathways enabling the organism to adapt to a wide range of different metabolic challenges, such as starvation, stress, infection, and short periods of gross energy excess. The functional pleiotropism of adipose tissue relies on its ability to synthesize and release a huge variety of hormones, cytokines, complement and growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and vasoactive factors, collectively termed adipokines. Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction leading to the onset of several pathologies including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver, or hypertension, among others. The mechanisms underlying the development of obesity and its associated comorbidities include the hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia of adipocytes, adipose tissue inflammation, impaired extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibrosis together with an altered secretion of adipokines. Recently, the potential role of brown and beige adipose tissue in the protection against obesity has been also recognized. In contrast to white adipocytes, which store energy in the form of fat, brown and beige fat cells display energy-dissipating capacity through the promotion of triacylglycerol clearance, glucose disposal, and generation of heat for thermogenesis. Identification of the morphological and molecular changes in white, beige, and brown adipose tissue during weight gain is of utmost relevance for the identification of pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; and Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Méndez-Giménez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; and Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; and Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; and Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Comassi M, Vitolo E, Pratali L, Del Turco S, Dellanoce C, Rossi C, Santini E, Solini A. Acute effects of different degrees of ultra-endurance exercise on systemic inflammatory responses. Intern Med J 2015; 45:74-9. [PMID: 25371101 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense physical stress might promote inflammatory responses, whereas a regular physical exercise has positive influence. Little is known on the acute metabolic and inflammatory responses to different levels of strenuous exercise in trained athletes. AIM To compare the short-term effect of two different ultra-endurance competitions on the inflammatory profile in male triathletes. METHODS We studied 14 Ironman (IR) and 13 Half Ironman (HIR) before and after their own specific race. We assessed body composition and measured blood cells, lipids, iron metabolism and plasma levels of some acute-phase cytokines and inflammatory markers. RESULTS After the race, IR showed reduced total body water and fat-free mass, not related with the duration of exercise, and increased white cells and platelets; high-density lipoprotein levels also increased. IR, but not HIR, showed reduced iron levels, increased ferritin and transferrin, reduced % saturated transferrin. HIR showed higher basal interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, IL-1β than IR; however, the post-performance rise was greater in IR. Irisin increased only in HIR and osteocalcin decreased in IR. In the whole study group, delta of white blood cells was directly related with delta of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and Δ ferritin was inversely related with Δosteocalcin. CONCLUSIONS A single ultra-endurance competition induces an inflammatory response depending on the duration of physical effort, with increased acute-phase cytokines, and an altered iron metabolism. Irisin, whose biological meaning is still uncertain, seems to be associated with acute variations of some metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Comassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Exercise Pills: At the Starting Line. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:906-917. [PMID: 26439443 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyles, limited physical exercise, and prolonged inactivity undoubtedly increase chronic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. It is widely acknowledged that exercise induces a number of physiological adaptations that have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of these chronic metabolic diseases. Unfortunately, exercise compliance is extremely low and often not possible. The development of exercise science and molecular techniques has increased our understanding of the molecular pathways responsive to exercise. Knowledge of these molecular targets has led to the development of chemical interventions that can mimic the beneficial effects of exercise without requiring actual muscle activity. This review focuses on the concept of 'exercise pills' and how they mimic the effects produced by physical exercise including oxidative fiber-type transformation, mitochondrial biogenesis, increased fat oxidation, angiogenesis, and improvement of exercise capacity. We also review candidate exercise pills, and contrast the beneficial effects and molecular mechanisms between physical exercise and exercise pills.
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Zhou Q, Chen K, Liu P, Gao Y, Zou D, Deng H, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Zhu J, Mi M. Dihydromyricetin stimulates irisin secretion partially via the PGC-1α pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:349-57. [PMID: 26054747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Irisin, derived from FNDC5, is an exercise-induced myokine that can stimulate the 'browning' of white adipose tissue, which is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α). Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a natural flavonoid, exerts its activities through PGC-1α activation. Here, we explored whether DHM could mimic the effects of exercise on irisin secretion. DHM administration increased circulating irisin in rats and humans. Notably, the serum irisin level had a greater correlation to the level of circulating DHM than to the amount of exercise. DHM treatment upregulated PGC-1α and FNDC5 expression, enhanced energy metabolism, as evidenced by NMR-based metabonomics analysis, and partially abolished the suppressive effects of Pgc-1α siRNA on FNDC5 expression. These results suggest that DHM can stimulate irisin secretion partially via the PGC-1α pathway. As a potent exercise mimetic, DHM is expected to benefit patients suffering from metabolic diseases, especially those who cannot undergo rigorous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ka Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yanxiang Gao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dan Zou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huiling Deng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jundong Zhu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mantian Mi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Medical Nutrition Research Center, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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Tsuchiya Y, Ando D, Takamatsu K, Goto K. Resistance exercise induces a greater irisin response than endurance exercise. Metabolism 2015; 64:1042-50. [PMID: 26081427 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We determined detailed time-course changes in the irisin response to acute exercise using different exercise modes. METHODS In experiment 1, seven healthy males rested for 12h (8:00-20:00) to determine the diurnal variation in plasma irisin concentration. In experiment 2, 10 healthy males conducted three exercises to clarify time-course changes in plasma irisin concentration over 6h, using a randomized crossover design. The resistance exercise (R) trial consisted of eight exercises of 12 repetitions with 3-4 sets at 65% of one repetition maximum (1RM). The endurance exercise (E) trial consisted of 60 min of pedaling at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). In the combined mode (R+E) trial, 30 min of endurance exercise was preceded by 30 min of resistance exercise. RESULTS In experiment 1, no significant changes in plasma irisin concentration were observed over 12h. In experiment 2, the R trial showed a marked increase in plasma irisin concentration 1h after exercise (P<0.05), but not in the E or R+E trials. The area under the curve (AUC) for irisin concentrations for 6h after exercise was significantly higher in the R trial than in the R+E trial (P<0.05). The AUC for irisin concentrations was significantly correlated with AUC values for blood glucose, lactate, and serum glycerol (r=0.37, 0.45, 0.45, respectively. P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Resistance exercise resulted in significantly greater irisin responses compared with endurance exercise alone, and resistance and endurance exercises combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Faculty of Education and Human Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-4-37, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takamatsu
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Ahima RS, Park HK. Connecting Myokines and Metabolism. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:235-45. [PMID: 26248861 PMCID: PMC4595346 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an endocrine organ. Hormones (myokines) secreted by skeletal muscle mediate communications between muscle and liver, adipose tissue, brain, and other organs. Myokines affect muscle mass and myofiber switching, and have profound effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and inflammation, thus contributing to energy homeostasis and the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the biology of myokines and provide an assessment of their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rexford S Ahima
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Hyeong Kyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Al-Daghri NM, Alokail MS, Rahman S, Amer OE, Al-Attas OS, Alfawaz H, Tripathi G, Sabico S, Chrousos GP, McTernan PG, Piya MK. Habitual physical activity is associated with circulating irisin in healthy controls but not in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:775-81. [PMID: 26011590 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a novel myokine, has been shown to increase following vigorous exercise, with studies suggesting that it mediates some of the beneficial effects of exercise. Irisin might play a role in 'browning' of white adipocytes, thus increasing energy expenditure. The role of irisin in exercise and energy expenditure in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) remains largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between circulating irisin and habitual physical activity in subjects with and without DMT2. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 164 Saudi adults: 81 non-DMT2 controls [age: (mean ± SD) 51.6 ± 10.9; BMI: 29.6 ± 4.3 kg/m(2) ] and 83 DMT2 subjects [age: 54.3 ± 10.3 year; BMI: 29.4 ± 4.7 kg/m(2) ] were studied. Anthropometric and fasting serum biochemical data were collected. Circulating irisin was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Frequency intensity time (FIT) index was used to assess the level of habitual physical activity. RESULTS We observed significantly higher levels of irisin in DMT2 subjects than in controls (P < 0.001). FIT index was positively associated (r = 0.20, P = 0.03) with circulating irisin in controls only. Additionally, irisin levels were significantly higher in tertile 3 (0.75 ± 0.07 μg/mL) than tertile 1 (0.49 ± 0.06 μg/mL) of the FIT index in healthy controls, whilst no such relation with physical activity was observed in DMT2 subjects. CONCLUSION This cross-sectional study has shown a weak association of irisin with physical activity levels in healthy controls but not in DMT2 subjects, suggesting the possibility of discordant regulation in the condition of DMT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama E Amer
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar S Al-Attas
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alfawaz
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gyanendra Tripathi
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biomarkers Research Program, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George P Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Philip G McTernan
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Milan K Piya
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Duran ID, Gülçelik NE, Ünal M, Topçuoğlu C, Sezer S, Tuna MM, Berker D, Güler S. Irisin levels in the progression of diabetes in sedentary women. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:1268-72. [PMID: 26234637 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The recently discovered peptide irisin has been hypothesized to be a regulator of body metabolism. However, studies ended up with controversial results. In the present study, we aimed to investigate irisin levels in sedentary women at different stages of prediabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of circulating levels of irisin in 263 females similar for age and body mass index (BMI) and the groups included 52 normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 60 isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 36 isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 65 both IFG and IGT and 50 type 2 diabetic patients. All patients were exercising less than 150 min/week. RESULTS Plasma irisin levels were significantly lower in IFG+IGT (2.86 ± 0.6 μg/mL, p: 0.019) and T2DM (2.83 ± 0,5 μg/mL, p: 0.005) patients compared to NGT (3.16 ± 0.3 μg/mL) patients. After age adjustment there was a negative correlation between irisin and BMI (r: -0.141; p: 0.031), postprandial glucose (PPG) (r: -0.142; p: 0.030), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (r: -0.138; p: 0.035) and triglyceride (TG) (r: -0.214; p: 0.001) and a positive correlation between irisin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (r:.142; p: 0.030). After adjustment for age and BMI; PPG (r: -0. 137; p: 0.037), LDL-C (r: -0. 143; p: 0.029) and TG (r: -0.203; p: 0.002) were considered to correlate with irisin levels. Subgroup analysis revealed that TG levels were correlated with irisin levels in IFG (r: -0.347; p: 0.014) and IGT (r: -0.397; p: 0.030) patients. CONCLUSION In our cohort of sedentary women, irisin levels were lower in patients with IFG+IGT and with diabetes than in patients with NGT. There is no correlation between irisin levels and BMI. Irisin is a myokine decreasing gradually with the progression of glucose intolerance and T2DM and is not correlated with BMI in sedentary women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iffet Dağdelen Duran
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Turkey.
| | - Neşe Ersöz Gülçelik
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ünal
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Turkey
| | - Canan Topçuoğlu
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Turkey
| | - Sevilay Sezer
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Turkey
| | - Mazhar Müslüm Tuna
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Turkey
| | - Dilek Berker
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Turkey
| | - Serdar Güler
- Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Turkey
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133
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Low brown adipose tissue activity in endurance-trained compared with lean sedentary men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 39:1696-702. [PMID: 26189600 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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134
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Fenzl A, Kiefer FW. Brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 19:25-37. [PMID: 25390014 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The growing understanding of adipose tissue as an important endocrine organ with multiple metabolic functions has directed the attention to the (patho)physiology of distinct fat depots. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), in contrast to bona fide white fat, can dissipate significant amounts of chemical energy through uncoupled respiration and heat production (thermogenesis). This process is mediated by the major thermogenic factor uncoupling protein-1 and can be activated by certain stimuli, such as cold exposure, adrenergic compounds or genetic alterations. White adipose tissue (WAT) depots, however, also possess the capacity to acquire brown fat characteristics in response to thermogenic stimuli. The induction of a BAT-like cellular and molecular program in WAT has recently been termed "browning" or "beiging". Promotion of BAT activity or the browning of WAT is associated with in vivo cold tolerance, increased energy expenditure, and protection against obesity and type 2 diabetes. These preclinical observations have gained additional significance with the recent discovery that active BAT is present in adult humans and can be detected by 18fluor-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography. As in rodents, human BAT can be activated by cold exposure and is associated with increased energy turnover and lower body fat mass. Despite the tremendous progress in brown fat research in recent years, pharmacological concepts to harness BAT function therapeutically are currently still lacking.
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135
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Affiliation(s)
- Milène Catoire
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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136
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Srinivasa S, Wong K, Fitch KV, Wei J, Petrow E, Cypess AM, Torriani M, Grinspoon SK. Effects of lifestyle modification and metformin on irisin and FGF21 among HIV-infected subjects with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:678-85. [PMID: 25130061 PMCID: PMC4475409 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Few studies have investigated irisin and FGF21 to elucidate the role of these hormones to regulate 'beiging' in HIV-infected patients. DESIGN Fifty HIV-infected subjects with the metabolic syndrome were previously recruited and randomized to receive lifestyle modification (LSM) and/or metformin over 12 months. In the current study, we assessed FGF21 and irisin at baseline and after intervention. In addition, we assessed circulating FGF21 and irisin in relationship to brown adipose tissue (BAT) gene expression in dorsocervical subcutaneous fat biopsies from 13 HIV-infected subjects. RESULTS At baseline, prior to intervention, HIV-infected subjects demonstrated increased log FGF21 (2·13 ± 0·06 vs 1·98 ± 0·05 pg/ml, P = 0·05) and log irisin (0·33 ± 0·02 vs 0·17 ± 0·04 μg/ml, P = 0·003) compared with healthy controls well matched based on waist circumference. After 12 months, HIV-infected subjects randomized to LSM demonstrated a relative reduction in FGF21 compared with those not randomized to LSM (-10 [-35,22] vs 40 [0,94] %change, P = 0·01). Changes in FGF21 were inversely associated with improved parameters of energy homoeostasis, including increased REE (ρ = -0·34, P = 0·046) and max VO2 (ρ = -0·38, P = 0·02), and reduced RQ (ρ = 0·40, P = 0·02) among all HIV-infected subjects. Increased UCP-1 (r = 0·75, P = 0·003), DIO2 (r = 0·58, P = 0·04) and CideA (r = 0·73, P = 0·01) gene expression in dorsocervical fat was significantly associated with FGF21 in HIV-infected subjects. CONCLUSION HIV-infected subjects with metabolic complications demonstrate increases in FGF21 in relationship to BAT gene expression. Relative reductions in FGF21 in those receiving long-term LSM relate to overall improvements in energy expenditure parameters. In contrast, irisin levels are elevated in HIV-infected subjects, but are not influenced by LSM nor associated with BAT gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Srinivasa
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Wong
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen V. Fitch
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wei
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva Petrow
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron M. Cypess
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Torriani
- Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven K. Grinspoon
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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137
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Kerstholt N, Ewert R, Nauck M, Spielhagen T, Bollmann T, Stubbe B, Felix SB, Wallaschofski H, Gläser S, Friedrich N. Association of circulating irisin and cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in healthy volunteers: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:41. [PMID: 25898830 PMCID: PMC4416285 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a recently discovered myokine, is assumed to be secreted by muscle cells in response to exercise and is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism by browning white adipose tissue cells. However, due to the fact that previous studies revealed conflicting results concerning the association between irisin and exercise, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential relationship between irisin and exercise capacity in a population-based setting. METHODS From the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND) 334 men and 406 women with irisin measurements were selected and a standardised symptom limited cardiopulmonary exercise test was used. Exercise capacity was quantified by oxygen uptake at anaerobic threshold (VO2@AT), peak exercise (peakVO2) and maximum power output at peak exertion. In addition, the oxygen pulse was assessed. ANOVA and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed stratified by sex and adjusted for age, weight, height and smoking. RESULTS In men, we observed inverse associations between irisin serum concentration and exercise capacity assessed by peakVO2 and maximum power output. In contrast, in women a trend towards a positive relationship between irisin and peakVO2 was detected, whereas none of the other parameters showed significant associations with irisin. CONCLUSION Based on a large population sample, our results did not confirm the previous reported positive linkage between exercise and irisin. Thus the relationship needs further investigation in particular with respect to sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kerstholt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Ralf Ewert
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald partner site, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Thomas Spielhagen
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Tom Bollmann
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Beate Stubbe
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald partner site, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sven Gläser
- Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Greifswald partner site, Greifswald, Germany.
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138
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Moreno M, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Serrano M, Ortega F, Delgado E, Sanchez-Ragnarsson C, Valdés S, Botas P, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM. Circulating irisin levels are positively associated with metabolic risk factors in sedentary subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124100. [PMID: 25897751 PMCID: PMC4405583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A physically active life-style plays an independent role in the protection against type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Irisin, a novel exercise-induced myokine, activates thermogenesis in rodents through increasing beige fat cells abundance within white fat. We aimed to investigate circulating irisin levels in association with the degree of physical activity and various metabolic parameters in humans. Methods Circulating irisin levels (ELISA) and metabolic parameters were analyzed in 428 subjects (195 men/233 women). Participants were classified according to their self-reported physical activity and to their area of residence. Results Circulating irisin levels were higher in active than in sedentary subjects (p= 0.006). Rural inhabitants showed higher circulating irisin levels than urban subjects (p < 0.0001). The increase in irisin levels related to an active lifestyle was only observed in rural citizens (p = 0.014). Among sedentary participants, irisin levels were positively associated with metabolic risk factors (BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA and fasting triglycerides). The area of residence (β= - 0.592, p= < 0.0001) contributed independently to circulating irisin levels variance after controlling for age, gender, BMI, HOMAIR, triglycerides and physical activity. Conclusions In sedentary participants, circulating irisin levels were positively associated with parameters related to an increased cardiometabolic risk. The present study confirmed that an active lifestyle increases circulating irisin levels, but only among subjects living in a rural environment. Area of residence might be a determinant of irisin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Moreno
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Serrano
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Elías Delgado
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Valdés
- Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Regional de Málaga, IBIMA, CIBERDEM, Spain
| | - Patricia Botas
- Department of Medicine, Hospital San Agustin, Aviles, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), CIBEROBN (CB06/03/010) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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139
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Palermo A, Strollo R, Maddaloni E, Tuccinardi D, D'Onofrio L, Briganti SI, Defeudis G, De Pascalis M, Lazzaro MC, Colleluori G, Manfrini S, Pozzilli P, Napoli N. Irisin is associated with osteoporotic fractures independently of bone mineral density, body composition or daily physical activity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:615-9. [PMID: 25400208 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is an evidence of correlation between irisin and osteoporotic fractures, previous studies have not elucidated the relationship between irisin and either lean or fat mass. The main aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between irisin and body composition in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and the impact of irisin levels on fragility vertebral fractures. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 36 overweight subjects affected by at least one vertebral osteoporotic fracture confirmed by an X-ray vertebral morphometry and 36 overweight nonosteoporotic subjects were enrolled. Serum irisin levels were measured using an irisin competitive ELISA. We evaluated lumbar spine and hip BMD and body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. To measure and monitor daily physical activity, each subject wore an armband for approximately 72 h. RESULTS No significant correlations were found between irisin and BMD at any site and between irisin with either lean or fat mass. Serum levels of irisin were not correlated with the daily physical activity. Serum irisin levels were lower in subjects with previous osteoporotic fractures than in controls (P = 0·032), and the difference in irisin levels remained significant after adjustment for creatinine (P = 0·037), vitamin D (P = 0·046), lean mass (P = 0·02), lumbar BMD (P = 0·023) and femoral BMD (P = 0·032). CONCLUSION Our data confirm an inverse correlation between irisin levels and vertebral fragility fractures, but no significant correlation was found with BMD or lean mass. Irisin may play a protective role on bone health independent of BMD but further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between irisin and bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palermo
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Crujeiras AB, Pardo M, Casanueva FF. Irisin: 'fat' or artefact. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 82:467-74. [PMID: 25287317 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of the muscle-derived factor irisin, a great controversy arose in the literature regarding certain inconsistencies in the regulation of the fibronectin type III domain containing 5 protein (FNDC5/irisin) after exercise, as well as the unpredicted association of circulating irisin levels with parameters of adiposity in humans. Due to these questionable findings, doubts as to the identity of the soluble portion of FNDC5 as well as the real role of irisin and its possible therapeutic applications in the treatment of obesity and diabetes have proliferated. We recently postulated that FNDC5/irisin is an adipokine expressed and secreted by white adipose tissue in rats and humans. Its circulating concentration correlates with adiposity in humans among independent cohorts of patients. Further analysis, focused on obesity-related metabolic disorders, has shown that irisin could play a role in promoting insulin resistance or act as an adaptive response to counteract disturbances in glucose and lipid homoeostasis in obesity. Overall, this leads us to raise the question whether the new factor, increased in circulation of obese patients, is really irisin-reflecting fat mass or it is an artefact. Therefore, the current review is focused on the potential participation of adipose tissue in irisin circulating levels, and the role of irisin in metabolic pathologies associated with obesity in an attempt to clarify the controversy generated by these recently published reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Crujeiras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), University Hospital of Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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141
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Endurance training-induced increase in circulating irisin levels is associated with reduction of abdominal visceral fat in middle-aged and older adults. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120354. [PMID: 25793753 PMCID: PMC4368602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the effects of endurance training on circulating irisin levels in young and middle-aged/older adults, and to determine the association between endurance training-induced alteration of irisin and reduction in body fat. Twenty-five healthy young (age 21 ± 1 years; 16 men, 9 women) and 28 healthy middle-aged/older adults (age 67 ± 8 years; 12 men, 16 women) participated in the study. Each age cohort was divided into two groups: the endurance-training group (14 young, 14 middle-aged/older) and the control group. Subjects in the training groups completed an 8-week endurance-training program (cycling at 60-70% peak oxygen uptake [ V˙O2peak] for 45 min, 3 days/week). Before and after the intervention, we evaluated serum irisin level, V˙O2peak, and body composition. The increase in V˙O2peak in the young and middle-aged/older training groups after the intervention period was significantly greater than those in the young and middle-aged/older control groups (P < 0.05). Serum irisin level was significantly increased in the middle-aged/older training group after the intervention period (P < 0.01), but not in the young training group. Furthermore, in the middle-aged/older training group, the endurance training-induced reduction in visceral adipose tissue area was negatively correlated with the change in serum irisin level (r = −0.54, P < 0.05). These results suggest a possible role for secreted irisin in the exercise-induced alteration of abdominal visceral fat in middle-aged and older adults.
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142
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Nygaard H, Slettaløkken G, Vegge G, Hollan I, Whist JE, Strand T, Rønnestad BR, Ellefsen S. Irisin in blood increases transiently after single sessions of intense endurance exercise and heavy strength training. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121367. [PMID: 25781950 PMCID: PMC4363689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Irisin is a recently identified exercise-induced hormone that increases energy expenditure, at least in rodents. The main purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Irisin increases acutely in blood after singular sessions of intense endurance exercise (END) and heavy strength training (STR). Secondary, we wanted to explore the relationship between body composition and exercise-induced effects on irisin, and the effect of END and STR on muscular expression of the irisin gene FNDC5. Methods Nine moderately trained healthy subjects performed three test days using a randomized and standardized crossover design: one day with 60 minutes of END, one day with 60 minutes of STR, and one day without exercise (CON). Venous blood was sampled over a period of 24h on the exercise days. Results Both END and STR led to transient increases in irisin concentrations in blood, peaking immediately after END and one hour after STR, before gradually returning to baseline. Irisin responses to STR, but not END, showed a consistently strong negative correlation with proportions of lean body mass. Neither END nor STR affected expression of FNDC5, measured 4h after training sessions, though both protocols led to pronounced increases in PGC-1α expression, which is involved in transcriptional control of FNDC5. Conclusion The results strongly suggest that single sessions of intense endurance exercise and heavy strength training lead to transient increases in irisin concentrations in blood. This was not accompanied by increased FNDC5 expression, measured 4h post-exercise. The results suggest that irisin responses to resistance exercise are higher in individuals with lower proportions of lean body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Nygaard
- Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Geir Vegge
- Lillehammer University College, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ivana Hollan
- Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Tor Strand
- Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Schlögl M, Piaggi P, Votruba SB, Walter M, Krakoff J, Thearle MS. Increased 24-hour ad libitum food intake is associated with lower plasma irisin concentrations the following morning in adult humans. Appetite 2015; 90:154-9. [PMID: 25765248 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between food intake and irisin concentrations in humans is unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the previous day's intake impacts fasting plasma irisin concentrations, or whether fasting irisin concentrations associate with subsequent ad libitum food intake. METHODS Sixty-six nondiabetic adults (42 men) were admitted for a study of the determinants of energy intake. After 6 days of a weight maintaining diet, ad libitum energy intake over 3 days was assessed using a vending machine paradigm. Fasting plasma irisin concentrations were measured on the morning of the second day of the vending period. RESULTS There were no correlations between irisin and demographic or anthropometric parameters. On day 1, subjects consumed 144 ± 52% of weight maintaining energy needs. Every additional 500 kcal consumed on day 1 associated with a 3.4% lower irisin concentration the following morning (95% CI -6.2, -0.4%, p = 0.01; adjusted for age, sex and race). If energy intake was expressed as a percentage of weight maintaining energy needs, every 10% increase associated with a 1.9% lower irisin concentration (95% CI -3.7, -0.1%; adjusted p = 0.02). A 100 kcal increase in carbohydrate or fat consumption associated with a 1.3% (95% CI -2.5, -0.1%, p = 0.01) and a 0.6% (95% CI -1.1, -0.0%, p = 0.02) lower irisin concentration, respectively. There was no association between fasting irisin concentrations and subsequent energy intake on day 2 (r = 0.19, p = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS Higher ad libitum 24 h energy intake was associated with lower fasting irisin concentrations the following morning, but fasting irisin concentrations did not predict subsequent energy intake. The decrease in irisin concentrations with increased energy intake is consistent with the detrimental metabolic effects of overeating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schlögl
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Marie S Thearle
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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144
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Albrecht E, Norheim F, Thiede B, Holen T, Ohashi T, Schering L, Lee S, Brenmoehl J, Thomas S, Drevon CA, Erickson HP, Maak S. Irisin - a myth rather than an exercise-inducible myokine. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8889. [PMID: 25749243 PMCID: PMC4352853 DOI: 10.1038/srep08889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The myokine irisin is supposed to be cleaved from a transmembrane precursor, FNDC5 (fibronectin type III domain containing 5), and to mediate beneficial effects of exercise on human metabolism. However, evidence for irisin circulating in blood is largely based on commercial ELISA kits which are based on polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) not previously tested for cross-reacting serum proteins. We have analyzed four commercial pAbs by Western blotting, which revealed prominent cross-reactivity with non-specific proteins in human and animal sera. Using recombinant glycosylated and non-glycosylated irisin as positive controls, we found no immune-reactive bands of the expected size in any biological samples. A FNDC5 signature was identified at ~20 kDa by mass spectrometry in human serum but was not detected by the commercial pAbs tested. Our results call into question all previous data obtained with commercial ELISA kits for irisin, and provide evidence against a physiological role for irisin in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Albrecht
- Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Torgeir Holen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomoo Ohashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lisa Schering
- Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Sindre Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Selina Thomas
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, 1580 Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Christian A. Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Steffen Maak
- Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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145
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Abstract
Evidence from rodents established an important role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in energy expenditure. Moreover, to sustain thermogenesis, BAT has been shown to be a powerful sink for draining and oxidation of glucose and triglycerides from blood. The potential of BAT activity in protection against obesity and metabolic syndrome is recognized. Recently, an unexpected presence and activity of BAT has been found in adult humans. Here we review the most recent research in this field and, specifically, how new findings apply to humans. Moreover, we seek to clarify the underlying biological processes occurring beyond the burst of new nomenclature in the field. The cell type responsible for thermogenesis, the brown adipocyte, arises from complex developmental processes. In addition to 'classical' brown adipocytes, present in developmentally programmed BAT depots, there are brown adipocytes, named 'brite' (from 'brown-in-white') or 'beige', which appear in response to thermogenic stimuli in white fat due to the so-called 'browning' process. Beige/brite cells appear to be important components of BAT depots in adult humans. In addition to the known control of BAT activity by the sympathetic nervous system, metabolic and hormonal signals originating in muscle or liver (e.g. irisin, FGF21) are recognized as activators of BAT and beige/brite adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Cereijo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición , Barcelona, Catalonia , Spain
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146
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Hew-Butler T, Landis-Piwowar K, Byrd G, Seimer M, Seigneurie N, Byrd B, Muzik O. Plasma irisin in runners and nonrunners: no favorable metabolic associations in humans. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/1/e12262. [PMID: 25602017 PMCID: PMC4387758 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone which mimics the favorable metabolic effects associated with regular exercise, by converting subcutaneous white fat into brownish fat, in rodents. Thirty‐three human subjects (16 runners, 17 nonrunners) were measured for: resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, VO2 Peak test, [irisin]p, and plasma metabolic profile. Nine female nonrunners then participated in a 10‐week supervised 5 km training program and tested after the race. Two runners underwent 18F‐FDG‐PET scans to quantify brown fat. No gender or age (28 ± 10 years) differences noted between matched cohorts. Runners averaged 58 ± 26 miles/week for 13 ± 6 years and had lower bodyweight (63 vs. 88 kg; P < 0.001), BMI (21 vs. 30 kg/m2; P < 0.0001), triglycerides (58 vs. 123 mg/dL; P < 0.01), total (white) fat (14 vs. 32%; P < 0.0001), and had higher VO2 Peak (63 vs. 34 mL/kg‐min; P < 0.0001) and HDL (65 vs. 48 mg/dL; P < 0.01) compared with nonrunners. [Irisin]p was lower in runners versus nonrunners both before (179 vs. 197 ng/mL; NS) and after (207 vs. 226 ng/mL; NS) the VO2 Peak test. Significant (P < 0.05) positive correlations were noted between [irisin]p versus BMI (r2 = 0.15), triglycerides (r2 = 0.40), and total body fat(g) (r2 = 0.24) with a significant negative correlation between [irisin]p versus respiratory quotient (r2 = 0.33). Total lean mass significantly correlated with REE (r2 = 0.58) while total fat mass inversely correlated with VO2 Peak (r2 = 0.64). Nonrunners had lower [irisin]p after completion of the training program (194 vs.181 ng/mL; pre‐ to post‐training; P > 0.05). Neither runner selected for 18F‐FDG‐PET scans had brown fat. Runners demonstrated significantly healthier metabolic and body composition profiles compared with nonrunners. None of these favorable exercise effects were positively associated with [irisin]p.. Well‐trained and elite runners had no detectable brown fat and lower plasma irisin levels compared to healthy, sedentary, age and gender‐matched overweight individuals. The metabolic health benefits of regular running were also not associated with elevated plasma irisin levels. Plasma irisin levels decreased after a 10‐week 5 km running program in overweight sedentary females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Max Seimer
- Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Brigid Byrd
- Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Otto Muzik
- Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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147
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Gamas L, Matafome P, Seiça R. Irisin and Myonectin Regulation in the Insulin Resistant Muscle: Implications to Adipose Tissue: Muscle Crosstalk. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:359159. [PMID: 26075283 PMCID: PMC4436512 DOI: 10.1155/2015/359159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myokines are peptides produced and secreted by the skeletal muscle, with autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions. Many of them are overexpressed during physical exercise and appear to contribute to the benefits of exercise to metabolic homeostasis. Irisin, resulting from the cleavage of the membrane protein FNDC5, was shown to induce adipocyte browning, with increased lipid oxidation and thermogenesis. Myonectin was only recently discovered and initial studies revealed a role in fatty acid uptake and oxidation in adipose tissue and liver. However, the mechanisms of their regulation by exercise are not entirely established. Impaired secretion and action of myokines, such as irisin and myonectin, may have a role in the establishment of insulin resistance. On the other hand, several studies have shown that insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle may change myokines expression and secretion. This may have consequences on lipid and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue and lead to a vicious cycle between impaired myokines production and insulin resistance. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the influence of skeletal muscle insulin resistance on the secretion of irisin and myonectin, as well as its impact on adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gamas
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Complementary Sciences, Coimbra Health School (ESTeSC), Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, 3040 Coimbra, Portugal
- *Paulo Matafome:
| | - Raquel Seiça
- Laboratory of Physiology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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148
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Leptin administration activates irisin-induced myogenesis via nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms, but reduces its effect on subcutaneous fat browning in mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:397-407. [DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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149
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Anastasilakis AD, Polyzos SA, Saridakis ZG, Kynigopoulos G, Skouvaklidou EC, Molyvas D, Vasiloglou MF, Apostolou A, Karagiozoglou-Lampoudi T, Siopi A, Mougios V, Chatzistavridis P, Panagiotou G, Filippaios A, Delaroudis S, Mantzoros CS. Circulating irisin in healthy, young individuals: day-night rhythm, effects of food intake and exercise, and associations with gender, physical activity, diet, and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3247-55. [PMID: 24915120 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The myokine irisin may increase energy expenditure and affect metabolism. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to elucidate predictors of irisin and study whether circulating irisin may have day-night rhythm in humans. DESIGN This was an observational, cross-sectional study with an additional 24-hour prospective observational arm (day-night rhythm substudy) and two prospective interventional arms (mixed meal substudy and exercise substudy). SETTING The study was conducted at the Hellenic Military School of Medicine (Thessaloniki, Greece). PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS One hundred twenty-two healthy, young individuals were subjected to anthropometric and body composition measurements, and their eating and exercise behavior profiles were assessed with validated questionnaires. Subgroups were subjected to day-night rhythm, standardized meal ingestion, and 30-minute aerobic exercise studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Circulating irisin levels were measured. RESULTS Ιrisin levels were lower in males than females (P = .02) after adjustment for lean body mass, which was its major determinant. Irisin levels followed a day-night rhythm (P < .001) with peak at 9:00 pm. Irisin levels were increased at the end of exercise (84.1 ± 10.0 vs 105.8 ± 14.3 ng/mL; P < .001). Irisin levels were not affected by intake of a standardized meal and were not associated with caloric intake or diet quality. CONCLUSIONS In healthy, young individuals, circulating irisin displays a day-night rhythm, is correlated with lean body mass, and increases acutely after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios D Anastasilakis
- Department of Endocrinology (A.D.A., S.D.), 424 General Military Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece; Second Medical Clinic (S.A.P.), Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece; Hellenic Military School of Medicine (Z.G.S., G.K., E.C.S., D.M.), 54638 Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Nutrition-Dietetics (M.F.V., A.A., T.K.-L.), Alexander Technological Education Institute of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; School of Physical Education and Sports Science (A.S., V.M.) and Medical School (P.C.), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece; and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (G.P., A.F., C.S.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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150
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Kuzmicki M, Telejko B, Lipinska D, Pliszka J, Szamatowicz M, Wilk J, Zbucka-Kretowska M, Laudanski P, Kretowski A, Gorska M, Szamatowicz J. Serum irisin concentration in women with gestational diabetes. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30:636-9. [PMID: 24850254 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.920006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a novel myokine and adipokine which induces an increase in total body energy expenditure, improving insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in experimental animals. In the present study, serum irisin concentration was measured by an enzyme immunoassay in 130 women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 140 BMI-matched patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Median irisin level was significantly lower in the patients with GDM than in the NGT subjects (1703.3 [1354.8-2097.9 ng/ml] versus 1873.8 [1519.8-2294.8 ng/ml], p = 0.01); however, 3 months after childbirth its concentrations did not differ markedly between the two groups (1165.9 [872.1-1497.5] ng/ml versus 1139.0 [984.0-1376.7] ng/ml). In the whole group, irisin concentration correlated negatively with 2 h glucose level (R = -0.14, p = 0.03). In the women with NGT, irisin concentration correlated positively with IS(OGTT) (R = 0.22, p = 0.04) and the disposition index (DI(120)) (R = 0.24, p = 0.03), as well as negatively with 2 h insulin level (R = -0.23, p = 0.03) and HOMA-IR (R = -0.24, p = 0.02). Multiple regression analysis revealed that 2 h glucose and DI(120) were the only variables significantly influencing serum irisin (β = 0.158, p = 0.03 and β = 0.159, p = 0.02, respectively). Our results suggest that serum irisin concentration increases markedly in pregnant women, but this increase seems to be significantly lower in patients with GDM.
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