101
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Zhao Z, Shang X, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Huang W, Jiang H, Lv Q, Kong D, Jiang Y, Liu P. Bacteria elevate extracellular adenosine to exploit host signaling for blood-brain barrier disruption. Virulence 2021; 11:980-994. [PMID: 32772676 PMCID: PMC7549952 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1797352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis remains a substantial cause of mortality worldwide and survivors may have severe lifelong disability. Although we know that meningeal bacterial pathogens must cross blood-central nervous system (CNS) barriers, the mechanisms which facilitate the virulence of these pathogens are poorly understood. Here, we show that adenosine from a surface enzyme (Ssads) of Streptococcus suis facilitates this pathogen’s entry into mouse brains. Monolayer translocation assays (from the human cerebrovascular endothelium) and experiments using diverse inhibitors and agonists together demonstrate that activation of the A1 adenosine receptor signaling cascade in hosts, as well as attendant cytoskeleton remodeling, promote S. suis penetration across blood-CNS barriers. Importantly, our additional findings showing that Ssads orthologs from other bacterial species also promote their translocation across barriers suggest that exploitation of A1 AR signaling may be a general mechanism of bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunquan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Xueyi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Decong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing, China
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102
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most selective endothelial barriers. An understanding of its cellular, morphological, and biological properties in health and disease is necessary to develop therapeutics that can be transported from blood to brain. In vivo models have provided some insight into these features and transport mechanisms adopted at the brain, yet they have failed as a robust platform for the translation of results into clinical outcomes. In this article, we provide a general overview of major BBB features and describe various models that have been designed to replicate this barrier and neurological pathologies linked with the BBB. We propose several key parameters and design characteristics that can be employed to engineer physiologically relevant models of the blood-brain interface and highlight the need for a consensus in the measurement of fundamental properties of this barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hajal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Baptiste Le Roi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ben M Maoz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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103
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Blood–Brain Barrier Dynamic Device with Uniform Shear Stress Distribution for Microscopy and Permeability Measurements. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11125584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurology has always been one of the therapeutic areas with higher attrition rates. One of the main difficulties is the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that restricts access to the brain for major drugs. This low success rate has led to an increasing demand for in vitro tools. The shear stress, which positively affects endothelial cell differentiation by mimicking blood flow, is required for a more physiological in vitro BBB model. We created an innovative device specifically designed for cell culture under shear stress to investigate drug permeability. Our dynamic device encompasses two compartments communicating together via a semi-permeable membrane, on which human cerebral microvascular endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells were seeded. The fluidic controlled environment ensures a laminar and homogenous flow to culture cells for at least seven days. Cell differentiation was characterized by immunodetection of inter-endothelial junctions directly in the device by confocal microscopy. Finally, we performed permeability assay with lucifer yellow in both static and dynamic conditions in parallel. Our dynamic device is suited to the evaluation of barrier function and the study of drug transport across the BBB, but it could also be used with other human cell types to reproduce intestinal or kidney barriers.
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104
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Mazuryk J, Puchalska I, Koziński K, Ślusarz MJ, Ruczyński J, Rekowski P, Rogujski P, Płatek R, Wiśniewska MB, Piotrowski A, Janus Ł, Skowron PM, Pikuła M, Sachadyn P, Rodziewicz-Motowidło S, Czupryn A, Mucha P. PTD4 Peptide Increases Neural Viability in an In Vitro Model of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116086. [PMID: 34200045 PMCID: PMC8200211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a disturbance in cerebral blood flow caused by brain tissue ischemia and hypoxia. We optimized a multifactorial in vitro model of acute ischemic stroke using rat primary neural cultures. This model was exploited to investigate the pro-viable activity of cell-penetrating peptides: arginine-rich Tat(49–57)-NH2 (R49KKRRQRRR57-amide) and its less basic analogue, PTD4 (Y47ARAAARQARA57-amide). Our model included glucose deprivation, oxidative stress, lactic acidosis, and excitotoxicity. Neurotoxicity of these peptides was excluded below a concentration of 50 μm, and PTD4-induced pro-survival was more pronounced. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) calculations proved potential contribution of the peptide conformational properties to neuroprotection: in MD, Tat(49–57)-NH2 adopted a random coil and polyproline type II helical structure, whereas PTD4 adopted a helical structure. In an aqueous environment, the peptides mostly adopted a random coil conformation (PTD4) or a polyproline type II helical (Tat(49–57)-NH2) structure. In 30% TFE, PTD4 showed a tendency to adopt a helical structure. Overall, the pro-viable activity of PTD4 was not correlated with the arginine content but rather with the peptide’s ability to adopt a helical structure in the membrane-mimicking environment, which enhances its cell membrane permeability. PTD4 may act as a leader sequence in novel drugs for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Mazuryk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.R.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (P.M.); Tel.: +48-22-343-2094 (J.M.); +48-58-523-5432 (P.M.)
| | - Izabela Puchalska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
- Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, 80-172 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamil Koziński
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.B.W.)
| | - Magdalena J. Ślusarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Jarosław Ruczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Piotr Rekowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Piotr Rogujski
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.R.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute PAS, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Płatek
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.R.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marta Barbara Wiśniewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.K.); (M.B.W.)
| | - Arkadiusz Piotrowski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | | | - Piotr M. Skowron
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Michał Pikuła
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Sachadyn
- Laboratory for Regenerative Biotechnology, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Rodziewicz-Motowidło
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
| | - Artur Czupryn
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (P.R.); (R.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Piotr Mucha
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (I.P.); (M.J.Ś.); (J.R.); (P.R.); (P.M.S.); (S.R.-M.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (P.M.); Tel.: +48-22-343-2094 (J.M.); +48-58-523-5432 (P.M.)
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105
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Lu W, Shi L, Gao J, Zhu H, Hua Y, Cai J, Wu X, Wan C, Zhao W, Zhang B. Piperlongumine Inhibits Zika Virus Replication In vitro and Promotes Up-Regulation of HO-1 Expression, Suggesting An Implication of Oxidative Stress. Virol Sin 2021; 36:510-520. [PMID: 33185862 PMCID: PMC8257849 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the widespread distribution of mosquitoes capable of transmitting Zika virus, lack of clinical vaccines and treatments, and poor immunity of populations to new infectious diseases, Zika virus has become a global public health concern. Recent studies have found that Zika virus can continuously infect human brain microvascular endothelial cells. These cells are the primary components of the blood-brain barrier of the cerebral cortex, and further infection of brain tissue may cause severe damage such as encephalitis and fetal pituitary disease. The present study found that a biologically active base, piperlongumine (PL), inhibited Zika virus replication in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, Vero cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. PL also significantly increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression, while silencing HO-1 expression and using the reactive oxygen species scavenger, N-acetylcysteine, attenuated the inhibitory effect of PL on Zika virus replication. These results suggest that PL induces oxidative stress in cells by increasing reactive oxygen species. This, in turn, induces an increase in HO-1 expression, thereby inhibiting Zika virus replication. These findings provide novel clues for drug research on the prevention and treatment of Zika virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Lu
- Biosafety Level-3 Lab, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Linjuan Shi
- Biosafety Level-3 Lab, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Biosafety Level-3 Lab, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Biosafety Level-3 Lab, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jintai Cai
- Biosafety Level-3 Lab, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xianbo Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Biosafety Level-3 Lab, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Biosafety Level-3 Lab, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Bao Zhang
- Biosafety Level-3 Lab, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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106
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Bossink EGBM, Zakharova M, de Bruijn DS, Odijk M, Segerink LI. Measuring barrier function in organ-on-chips with cleanroom-free integration of multiplexable electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2040-2049. [PMID: 33861228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ooc.2021.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements can be applied in organ-on-chips (OoCs) to estimate the barrier properties of a tissue or cell layer in a continuous, non-invasive, and label-free manner. Assessing the barrier integrity in in vitro models is valuable for studying and developing barrier targeting drugs. Several systems for measuring the TEER have been shown, but each of them having their own drawbacks. This article presents a cleanroom-free fabrication method for the integration of platinum electrodes in a polydimethylsiloxane OoC, allowing the real-time assessment of the barrier function by employing impedance spectroscopy. The proposed method and electrode arrangement allow visual inspection of the cells cultured in the device at the site of the electrodes, and multiplexing of both the electrodes in one OoC and the number of OoCs in one device. The effectiveness of our system is demonstrated by lining the OoC with intestinal epithelial cells, creating a gut-on-chip, where we monitored the formation, as well as the disruption and recovery of the cell barrier during a 21 day culture period. The application is further expanded by creating a blood-brain-barrier, to show that the proposed fabrication method can be applied to monitor the barrier formation in the OoC for different types of biological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbeth G B M Bossink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariia Zakharova
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Douwe S de Bruijn
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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107
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Bossink EGBM, Zakharova M, de Bruijn DS, Odijk M, Segerink LI. Measuring barrier function in organ-on-chips with cleanroom-free integration of multiplexable electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2040-2049. [PMID: 33861228 PMCID: PMC8130670 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Transepithelial/transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements can be applied in organ-on-chips (OoCs) to estimate the barrier properties of a tissue or cell layer in a continuous, non-invasive, and label-free manner. Assessing the barrier integrity in in vitro models is valuable for studying and developing barrier targeting drugs. Several systems for measuring the TEER have been shown, but each of them having their own drawbacks. This article presents a cleanroom-free fabrication method for the integration of platinum electrodes in a polydimethylsiloxane OoC, allowing the real-time assessment of the barrier function by employing impedance spectroscopy. The proposed method and electrode arrangement allow visual inspection of the cells cultured in the device at the site of the electrodes, and multiplexing of both the electrodes in one OoC and the number of OoCs in one device. The effectiveness of our system is demonstrated by lining the OoC with intestinal epithelial cells, creating a gut-on-chip, where we monitored the formation, as well as the disruption and recovery of the cell barrier during a 21 day culture period. The application is further expanded by creating a blood-brain-barrier, to show that the proposed fabrication method can be applied to monitor the barrier formation in the OoC for different types of biological barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsbeth G B M Bossink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariia Zakharova
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Douwe S de Bruijn
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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108
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Comparison of Leading Biosensor Technologies to Detect Changes in Human Endothelial Barrier Properties in Response to Pro-Inflammatory TNFα and IL1β in Real-Time. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11050159. [PMID: 34069959 PMCID: PMC8157866 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS), xCELLigence and cellZscope are commercially available instruments that measure the impedance of cellular monolayers. Despite widespread use of these systems individually, direct comparisons between these platforms have not been published. To compare these instruments, the responses of human brain endothelial monolayers to TNFα and IL1β were measured on all three platforms simultaneously. All instruments detected transient changes in impedance in response to the cytokines, although the response magnitude varied, with ECIS being the most sensitive. ECIS and cellZscope were also able to attribute responses to particular endothelial barrier components by modelling the multifrequency impedance data acquired by these instruments; in contrast the limited frequency xCELLigence data cannot be modelled. Consistent with its superior impedance sensing, ECIS exhibited a greater capacity than cellZscope to distinguish between subtle changes in modelled endothelial monolayer properties. The reduced resolving ability of the cellZscope platform may be due to its electrode configuration, which is necessary to allow access to the basolateral compartment, an important advantage of this instrument. Collectively, this work demonstrates that instruments must be carefully selected to ensure they are appropriate for the experimental questions being asked when assessing endothelial barrier properties.
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109
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Kriaučiūnaitė K, Pociūtė A, Kaušylė A, Pajarskienė J, Verkhratsky A, Pivoriūnas A. Concentration-dependent duality of bFGF in regulation of barrier properties of human brain endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7642-7654. [PMID: 33959949 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paracrine factors regulate the barrier properties of human brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). Understanding the precise mode of action of these factors remains a challenging task, because of the limited availability of functionally competent BCECs and the use of serum-containing medium. In the present study, we employed a defined protocol for producing BCECs from human inducible pluripotent stem cells. We found that autocrine secretion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is necessary for the establishment a tight BCECs barrier, as revealed by measurements of transendothelial electric resistance (TEER). In contrast, addition of exogenous bFGF in concentrations higher than 4 ng/ml inhibited TEER in a concentration-dependent manner. Exogenous bFGF did not significantly affect expression and distribution of tight junction proteins claudin-5, occludin and zonula occludens (ZO)-1. Treatment with FGF receptor blocker PD173074 (15 µM) suppressed inhibitory effects of bFGF and induced nuclear translocation of protein ZO-1. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI-3K) with LY294002 (25 µM) significantly potentiated an inhibitory effect of bFGF on TEER indicating that PI-3K signalling pathway counteracts bFGF modulation of TEER. In conclusion, we show that autocrine bFGF secretion is necessary for the proper barrier function of BCECs, whereas exogenous bFGF in higher doses suppresses barrier resistance. Our findings demonstrate a dual role for bFGF in the regulation of BCEC barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kriaučiūnaitė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnė Pociūtė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aida Kaušylė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justina Pajarskienė
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Augustas Pivoriūnas
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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110
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Schofield CL, Rodrigo-Navarro A, Dalby MJ, Van Agtmael T, Salmeron-Sanchez M. Biochemical‐ and Biophysical‐Induced Barriergenesis in the Blood–Brain Barrier: A Review of Barriergenic Factors for Use in In Vitro Models. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Tom Van Agtmael
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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111
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Desmarais F, Hervé V, Bergeron KF, Ravaut G, Perrotte M, Fyfe-Desmarais G, Rassart E, Ramassamy C, Mounier C. Cerebral Apolipoprotein D Exits the Brain and Accumulates in Peripheral Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084118. [PMID: 33923459 PMCID: PMC8073497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is a secreted lipocalin associated with neuroprotection and lipid metabolism. In rodent, the bulk of its expression occurs in the central nervous system. Despite this, ApoD has profound effects in peripheral tissues, indicating that neural ApoD may reach peripheral organs. We endeavor to determine if cerebral ApoD can reach the circulation and accumulate in peripheral tissues. Three hours was necessary for over 40% of all the radiolabeled human ApoD (hApoD), injected bilaterally, to exit the central nervous system (CNS). Once in circulation, hApoD accumulates mostly in the kidneys/urine, liver, and muscles. Accumulation specificity of hApoD in these tissues was strongly correlated with the expression of lowly glycosylated basigin (BSG, CD147). hApoD was observed to pass through bEnd.3 blood brain barrier endothelial cells monolayers. However, cyclophilin A did not impact hApoD internalization rates in bEnd.3, indicating that ApoD exit from the brain is either independent of BSG or relies on additional cell types. Overall, our data showed that ApoD can quickly and efficiently exit the CNS and reach the liver and kidneys/urine, organs linked to the recycling and excretion of lipids and toxins. This indicated that cerebral overexpression during neurodegenerative episodes may serve to evacuate neurotoxic ApoD ligands from the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Desmarais
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (V.H.); (E.R.)
| | - Vincent Hervé
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (V.H.); (E.R.)
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Karl F. Bergeron
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
| | - Gaétan Ravaut
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
| | - Morgane Perrotte
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
| | - Guillaume Fyfe-Desmarais
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (V.H.); (E.R.)
| | - Eric Rassart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (V.H.); (E.R.)
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada;
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Mounier
- Laboratoire du Métabolisme Moléculaire des Lipides, Centre de Recherches CERMO-FC, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), 141 av. du Président-Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 1Y4, Canada; (F.D.); (K.F.B.); (G.R.); (G.F.-D.)
- Correspondence: (C.R.); (C.M.)
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Cameron T, Bennet T, Rowe EM, Anwer M, Wellington CL, Cheung KC. Review of Design Considerations for Brain-on-a-Chip Models. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:441. [PMID: 33921018 PMCID: PMC8071412 DOI: 10.3390/mi12040441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the need for sophisticated human in vitro models for integrative biology has motivated the development of organ-on-a-chip platforms. Organ-on-a-chip devices are engineered to mimic the mechanical, biochemical and physiological properties of human organs; however, there are many important considerations when selecting or designing an appropriate device for investigating a specific scientific question. Building microfluidic Brain-on-a-Chip (BoC) models from the ground-up will allow for research questions to be answered more thoroughly in the brain research field, but the design of these devices requires several choices to be made throughout the design development phase. These considerations include the cell types, extracellular matrix (ECM) material(s), and perfusion/flow considerations. Choices made early in the design cycle will dictate the limitations of the device and influence the end-point results such as the permeability of the endothelial cell monolayer, and the expression of cell type-specific markers. To better understand why the engineering aspects of a microfluidic BoC need to be influenced by the desired biological environment, recent progress in microfluidic BoC technology is compared. This review focuses on perfusable blood-brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit (NVU) models with discussions about the chip architecture, the ECM used, and how they relate to the in vivo human brain. With increased knowledge on how to make informed choices when selecting or designing BoC models, the scientific community will benefit from shorter development phases and platforms curated for their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Cameron
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.C.); (T.B.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanya Bennet
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.C.); (T.B.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elyn M. Rowe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (E.M.R.); (M.A.); (C.L.W.)
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mehwish Anwer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (E.M.R.); (M.A.); (C.L.W.)
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (E.M.R.); (M.A.); (C.L.W.)
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.C.); (T.B.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Marquez-Curtis LA, Bokenfohr R, McGann LE, Elliott JAW. Cryopreservation of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes in suspension and monolayers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249814. [PMID: 33852594 PMCID: PMC8046249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) keeps pathogens and toxins out of the brain but also impedes the entry of pharmaceuticals. Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMECs) and astrocytes are the main functional cell components of the BBB. Although available commercially as cryopreserved cells in suspension, improvements in their cryopreservation and distribution as cryopreserved monolayers could enhance BBB in vitro studies. Here, we examined the response to slow cooling and storage in liquid nitrogen of immortalized hCMEC/D3 cells and human primary astrocytes in suspension and in monolayers. HCMEC/D3 cells in suspension cryopreserved in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 95% fetal bovine serum or in 5% DMSO and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) showed post-thaw membrane integrities above 90%, similar to unfrozen control. Cryopreservation did not affect the time-dependent ability of hCMEC/D3 cells to form tubes on Matrigel. Primary astrocytes in suspension cryopreserved in the presence of 5% DMSO and 6% HES had improved viability over those cryopreserved in 10% DMSO. Monolayers of single cultures or co-cultures of hCMEC/D3 cells and astrocytes on fibronectin-coated Rinzl coverslips retained membrane integrities and metabolic function, after freezing in 5% DMSO, 6% HES, and 2% chondroitin sulfate, that were comparable to those of unfrozen controls even after overnight incubation. Rinzl is better than glass or Thermanox as an underlying solid substrate for cryopreserving hCMEC/D3 monolayers. Cryopreserved hCMEC/D3 monolayers expressed the junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5 similar to their unfrozen counterparts. Hence, we describe improved cryopreservation protocols for hCMEC/D3 cells and astrocytes in suspension, and a novel protocol for the cryopreservation of monolayers of hCMEC/D3 cells and astrocytes as single cultures or co-cultures that could expand their distribution for research on disease modeling, drug screening, and targeted therapy pertaining to the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A. Marquez-Curtis
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Reid Bokenfohr
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Locksley E. McGann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janet A. W. Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Uptake of polymeric nanoparticles in a human induced pluripotent stem cell-based blood-brain barrier model: Impact of size, material, and protein corona. Biointerphases 2021; 16:021004. [PMID: 33765771 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains the homeostasis of the central nervous system, which is one of the reasons for the treatments of brain disorders being challenging in nature. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been seen as potential drug delivery systems to the brain overcoming the tight barrier of endothelial cells. Using a BBB model system based on human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the impact of polymeric nanoparticles has been studied in relation to nanoparticle size, material, and protein corona. PLGA [poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)] and PLLA [poly(d,l-lactide)] nanoparticles stabilized with Tween® 80 were synthesized (50 and 100 nm). iPSCs were differentiated into human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), which express prominent BBB features, and a tight barrier was established with a high transendothelial electrical resistance of up to 4000 Ω cm2. The selective adsorption of proteins on the PLGA and PLLA nanoparticles resulted in a high percentage of apolipoproteins and complement components. In contrast to the prominently used BBB models based on animal or human cell lines, the present study demonstrates that the iPSC-based model is suited to study interactions with nanoparticles in correlation with their material, size, and protein corona composition. Furthermore, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation enables the investigation of size and agglomeration state of NPs in biological relevant media. Even though a similar composition of the protein corona has been detected on NP surfaces by mass spectrometry, and even though similar amounts of NP are interacting with hBMECs, 100 nm-sized PLGA NPs do impact the barrier, forming endothelial cells in an undiscovered manner.
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Development of a New Polymeric Nanocarrier Dedicated to Controlled Clozapine Delivery at the Dopamine D 2-Serotonin 5-HT 1A Heteromers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071000. [PMID: 33805130 PMCID: PMC8036403 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clozapine, the second generation antipsychotic drug, is one of the prominent compounds used for treatment of schizophrenia. Unfortunately, use of this drug is still limited due to serious side effects connected to its unspecific and non-selective action. Nevertheless, clozapine still remains the first-choice drug for the situation of drug-resistance schizophrenia. Development of the new strategy of clozapine delivery into well-defined parts of the brain has been a great challenge for modern science. In the present paper we focus on the presentation of a new nanocarrier for clozapine and its use for targeted transport, enabling its interaction with the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT1A heteromers (D2-5-HT1A) in the brain tissue. Clozapine polymeric nanocapsules (CLO-NCs) were prepared using anionic surfactant AOT (sodium docusate) as an emulsifier, and bio-compatible polyelectrolytes such as: poly-l-glutamic acid (PGA) and poly-l-lysine (PLL). Outer layer of the carrier was grafted by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Several variants of nanocarriers containing the antipsychotic varying in physicochemical parameters were tested. This kind of approach may enable the availability and safety of the drug, improve the selectivity of its action, and finally increase effectiveness of schizophrenia therapy. Moreover, the purpose of the manuscript is to cover a wide scope of the issues, which should be considered while designing a novel means for drug delivery. It is important to determine the interactions of a new nanocarrier with many cell components on various cellular levels in order to be sure that the new nanocarrier will be safe and won’t cause undesired effects for a patient.
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Stanković T, Ranđelović T, Dragoj M, Stojković Burić S, Fernández L, Ochoa I, Pérez-García VM, Pešić M. In vitro biomimetic models for glioblastoma-a promising tool for drug response studies. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 55:100753. [PMID: 33667959 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The poor response of glioblastoma to current treatment protocols is a consequence of its intrinsic drug resistance. Resistance to chemotherapy is primarily associated with considerable cellular heterogeneity, and plasticity of glioblastoma cells, alterations in gene expression, presence of specific tumor microenvironment conditions and blood-brain barrier. In an attempt to successfully overcome chemoresistance and better understand the biological behavior of glioblastoma, numerous tri-dimensional (3D) biomimetic models were developed in the past decade. These novel advanced models are able to better recapitulate the spatial organization of glioblastoma in a real time, therefore providing more realistic and reliable evidence to the response of glioblastoma to therapy. Moreover, these models enable the fine-tuning of different tumor microenvironment conditions and facilitate studies on the effects of the tumor microenvironment on glioblastoma chemoresistance. This review outlines current knowledge on the essence of glioblastoma chemoresistance and describes the progress achieved by 3D biomimetic models. Moreover, comprehensive literature assessment regarding the influence of 3D culturing and microenvironment mimicking on glioblastoma gene expression and biological behavior is also provided. The contribution of the blood-brain barrier as well as the blood-tumor barrier to glioblastoma chemoresistance is also reviewed from the perspective of 3D biomimetic models. Finally, the role of mathematical models in predicting 3D glioblastoma behavior and drug response is elaborated. In the future, technological innovations along with mathematical simulations should create reliable 3D biomimetic systems for glioblastoma research that should facilitate the identification and possibly application in preclinical drug testing and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Stanković
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Teodora Ranđelović
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miodrag Dragoj
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Stojković Burić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Luis Fernández
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ochoa
- Tissue Microenvironment Lab (TME), Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red. Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Zaragoza, Aragon 50018, Spain; Institute for Health Research Aragon (IIS Aragón), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Victor M Pérez-García
- Departamento de Matemáticas, E.T.S.I. Industriales and Instituto de Matemática Aplicada a la Ciencia y la Ingeniería (IMACI), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, 13071, Spain
| | - Milica Pešić
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despota Stefana 142, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia.
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The CXCL2/IL8/CXCR2 Pathway Is Relevant for Brain Tumor Malignancy and Endothelial Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052634. [PMID: 33807899 PMCID: PMC7961945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the angiogenic capacity of CXCL2 and IL8 affecting human endothelial cells to clarify their potential role in glioblastoma (GBM) angiogenesis. Human GBM samples and controls were stained for proangiogenic factors. Survival curves and molecule correlations were obtained from the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. Moreover, proliferative, migratory and angiogenic activity of peripheral (HUVEC) and brain specific (HBMEC) primary human endothelial cells were investigated including blockage of CXCR2 signaling with SB225502. Gene expression analyses of angiogenic molecules from endothelial cells were performed. Overexpression of VEGF and CXCL2 was observed in GBM patients and associated with a survival disadvantage. Molecules of the VEGF pathway correlated but no relation for CXCR1/2 and CXCL2/IL8 was found. Interestingly, receptors of endothelial cells were not induced by addition of proangiogenic factors in vitro. Proliferation and migration of HUVEC were increased by VEGF, CXCL2 as well as IL8. Their sprouting was enhanced through VEGF and CXCL2, while IL8 showed no effect. In contrast, brain endothelial cells reacted to all proangiogenic molecules. Additionally, treatment with a CXCR2 antagonist led to reduced chemokinesis and sprouting of endothelial cells. We demonstrate the impact of CXCR2 signaling on endothelial cells supporting an impact of this pathway in angiogenesis of glioblastoma.
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Wellens S, Dehouck L, Chandrasekaran V, Singh P, Loiola RA, Sevin E, Exner T, Jennings P, Gosselet F, Culot M. Evaluation of a human iPSC-derived BBB model for repeated dose toxicity testing with cyclosporine A as model compound. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105112. [PMID: 33631201 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly restrictive barrier that preserves central nervous system homeostasis and ensures optimal brain functioning. Using BBB cell assays makes it possible to investigate whether a compound is likely to compromise BBBs functionality, thereby probably resulting in neurotoxicity. Recently, several protocols to obtain human brain-like endothelial cells (BLECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been reported. Within the framework of the European MSCA-ITN in3 project, we explored the possibility to use an iPSC-derived BBB model to assess the effects of repeated dose treatment with chemicals, using Cyclosporine A (CsA) as a model compound. The BLECs were found to exhibit important BBB characteristics up to 15 days after the end of the differentiation and could be used to assess the effects of repeated dose treatment. Although BLECs were still undergoing transcriptional changes over time, a targeted transcriptome analysis (TempO-Seq) indicated a time and concentration dependent activation of ATF4, XBP1, Nrf2 and p53 stress response pathways under CsA treatment. Taken together, these results demonstrate that this iPSC-derived BBB model and iPSC-derived models in general hold great potential to study the effects of repeated dose exposure with chemicals, allowing personalized and patient-specific studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wellens
- University of Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Lucie Dehouck
- University of Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Vidya Chandrasekaran
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pranika Singh
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Technology Park Basel, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, 4057 Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Azevedo Loiola
- University of Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Emmanuel Sevin
- University of Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Thomas Exner
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Technology Park Basel, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- University of Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Maxime Culot
- University of Artois, UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, Rue Jean Souvraz SP18, F-62300 Lens, France.
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Mone P, Gambardella J, Wang X, Jankauskas SS, Matarese A, Santulli G. miR-24 targets SARS-CoV-2 co-factor Neuropilin-1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells: Insights for COVID-19 neurological manifestations. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-192099. [PMID: 33564755 PMCID: PMC7872362 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-192099/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that has been implicated in several processes including angiogenesis and immunity. Recent evidence has also shown that it is implied in the cellular internalization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We hypothesized that specific microRNAs can target Neuropilin-1. By combining bioinformatic and functional approaches, we identified miR-24 as a regulator of Neuropilin-1 transcription. Since Neuropilin-1 has been shown to play a key role in the endothelium-mediated regulation of the blood-brain barrier, we validated miR-24 as a functional modulator of Neuropilin-1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), which are the most suitable cell line for an in vitro bloodâ€"brain barrier model.
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120
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Mone P, Gambardella J, Wang X, Jankauskas SS, Matarese A, Santulli G. miR-24 Targets the Transmembrane Glycoprotein Neuropilin-1 in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:9. [PMID: 33540664 PMCID: PMC7931075 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that has been implicated in several processes including angiogenesis and immunity. Recent evidence has also shown that it is implied in the cellular internalization of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We hypothesized that specific microRNAs can target Neuropilin-1. By combining bioinformatic and functional approaches, we identified miR-24 as a regulator of Neuropilin-1 transcription. Since Neuropilin-1 has been shown to play a key role in the endothelium-mediated regulation of the blood-brain barrier, we validated miR-24 as a functional modulator of Neuropilin-1 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), which are the most suitable cell line for an in vitro blood-brain barrier model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Mone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (P.M.); (J.G.); (X.W.); (S.S.J.)
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (P.M.); (J.G.); (X.W.); (S.S.J.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, “Federico II” University, and International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Xujun Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (P.M.); (J.G.); (X.W.); (S.S.J.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Stanislovas S. Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (P.M.); (J.G.); (X.W.); (S.S.J.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (P.M.); (J.G.); (X.W.); (S.S.J.)
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, “Federico II” University, and International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), 80131 Naples, Italy
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Al-Ahmad AJ, Pervaiz I, Karamyan VT. Neurolysin substrates bradykinin, neurotensin and substance P enhance brain microvascular permeability in a human in vitro model. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12931. [PMID: 33506602 PMCID: PMC8166215 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased brain microvascular permeability and disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) function are among hallmarks of several acute neurodegenerative disorders, including stroke. Numerous studies suggest the involvement of bradykinin (BK), neurotensin (NT) and substance P (SP) in BBB impairment and oedema formation after stroke; however, there is paucity of data in regard to the direct effects of these peptides on the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) and BBB. The present study aimed to evaluate the direct effects of BK, NT and SP on the permeability of BBB in an in vitro model based on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived BMECs. Our data indicate that all three peptides increase BBB permeability in a concentration-dependent manner in an in vitro model formed from two different iPSC lines (CTR90F and CTR65M) and widely used hCMEC/D3 human BMECs. The combination of BK, NT and SP at a sub-effective concentration also resulted in increased BBB permeability in the iPSC-derived model indicating potentiation of their action. Furthermore, we observed abrogation of BK, NT and SP effects with pretreatment of pharmacological blockers targeting their specific receptors. Additional mechanistic studies indicate that the short-term effects of these peptides are not mediated through alteration of tight-junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin, but likely involve redistribution of F-actin and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. This is the first experimental study to document the increased permeability of the BBB in response to direct action of NT in an in vitro model. In addition, our study confirms the expected but not well-documented, direct effect of SP on BBB permeability and adds to the well-recognised actions of BK on BBB. Lastly, we demonstrate that peptidase neurolysin can neutralise the effects of these peptides on BBB, suggesting potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Iqra Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Vardan T Karamyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, TTUHSC, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Ma Z, Lu S, Zhou H, Zhang S, Wang Y, Lin N. Determination of intracellular anlotinib, osimertinib, afatinib and gefitinib accumulations in human brain microvascular endothelial cells by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8955. [PMID: 32990383 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Brain metastases are a common complication in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Anlotinib hydrochloride is a novel multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) exhibiting a superior overall response rate for brain metastases from NSCLC. The penetrability of anlotinib and three generations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKIs (osimertinib, afatinib and gefitinib) into brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) was compared. METHODS A sensitive quantification method for the four TKIs was developed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Anlotinib and the three EGFR TKIs were separated on an ACQUITY BEH C18 column after a direct protein precipitation, and then analyzed using electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of quantification, specificity and stability were assessed. RESULTS The four analytes could be efficiently quantified in a single run of 3.8 min. The validation parameters of all analytes satisfy the acceptance criteria of bioanalytical method guidelines. The calibration range was 0.2-200 ng mL-1 for anlotinib and gefitinib, 1-500 ng mL-1 for osimertinib and 1-200 ng mL-1 for afatinib. The penetration of anlotinib across HBMECs was comparable with that of afatinib and gefitinib but less than that of osimertinib. CONCLUSIONS A sensitive LC/MS/MS method to simultaneously measure anlotinib, osimertinib, afatinib and gefitinib in cell extracts was successfully validated and applied to determine their uptake inside HBMECs, which could pave the way for future research on the role of anlotinib in NSCLC brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuanghui Lu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nengming Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
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Endothelial Cells as Tools to Model Tissue Microenvironment in Hypoxia-Dependent Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020520. [PMID: 33430201 PMCID: PMC7825710 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) lining the blood vessels are important players in many biological phenomena but are crucial in hypoxia-dependent diseases where their deregulation contributes to pathology. On the other hand, processes mediated by ECs, such as angiogenesis, vessel permeability, interactions with cells and factors circulating in the blood, maintain homeostasis of the organism. Understanding the diversity and heterogeneity of ECs in different tissues and during various biological processes is crucial in biomedical research to properly develop our knowledge on many diseases, including cancer. Here, we review the most important aspects related to ECs’ heterogeneity and list the available in vitro tools to study different angiogenesis-related pathologies. We focus on the relationship between functions of ECs and their organo-specificity but also point to how the microenvironment, mainly hypoxia, shapes their activity. We believe that taking into account the specific features of ECs that are relevant to the object of the study (organ or disease state), especially in a simplified in vitro setting, is important to truly depict the biology of endothelium and its consequences. This is possible in many instances with the use of proper in vitro tools as alternative methods to animal testing.
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Nozohouri S, Noorani B, Al-Ahmad A, Abbruscato TJ. Estimating Brain Permeability Using In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2367:47-72. [PMID: 32789777 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vital biological interface that regulates transfer of different molecules between blood and brain and, therefore, maintains the homeostatic environment of the CNS. In order to perform high-throughput screening of therapeutics in drug discovery, specific properties of the BBB are investigated within in vitro BBB platforms. In this chapter, we detail the process and steps for the iPSC to BMEC and astrocyte differentiation as well as TEER and permeability measurement in Transwell platform of in vitro BBB model. Also, advanced microfluidic iPSCs-derived BMECs on chip and permeability measurement within this model have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nozohouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas J Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
- Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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Alabsi W, Al-Obeidi FA, Polt R, Mansour HM. Organic Solution Advanced Spray-Dried Microparticulate/Nanoparticulate Dry Powders of Lactomorphin for Respiratory Delivery: Physicochemical Characterization, In Vitro Aerosol Dispersion, and Cellular Studies. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:E26. [PMID: 33375607 PMCID: PMC7824383 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to formulate Lactomorphin (MMP2200) in its pure state as spray-dried(SD) powders, and with the excipient Trehalose as co-spray-dried(co-SD) powders; for intranasal and deep lung administration with Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI). Lactomorphin is a glycopeptide which was developed for the control of moderate to severe pain. Particles were rationally designed and produced by advanced spray drying particle engineering in a closed mode from a dilute organic solution. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization using different analytical techniques was carried out to analyze the particle size, particle morphology, particle surface morphology, solid-state transitions, crystallinity/non-crystallinity, and residual water content. The particle chemical composition was confirmed using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and Confocal Raman Microscopy (CRM) confirmed the particles' chemical homogeneity. The solubility and Partition coefficient (LogP) of Lactomorphin were determined by the analytical and computational methodology and revealed the hydrophilicity of Lactomorphin. A thermal degradation study was performed by exposing samples of solid-state Lactomorphin to a high temperature (62 °C) combined with zero relative humidity (RH) and to a high temperature (62 °C) combined with a high RH (75%) to evaluate the stability of Lactomorphin under these two different conditions. The solid-state processed particles exhibited excellent aerosol dispersion performance with an FDA-approved human DPI device to reach lower airways. The cell viability resazurin assay showed that Lactomorphin is safe up to 1000 μg/mL on nasal epithelium cells, lung cells, endothelial, and astrocyte brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Alabsi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (W.A.); (F.A.A.-O.); (R.P.)
- College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Fahad A. Al-Obeidi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (W.A.); (F.A.A.-O.); (R.P.)
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (W.A.); (F.A.A.-O.); (R.P.)
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- College of Medicine, Division of Translational & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Zhang L, Graf I, Kuang Y, Zheng X, Haupt M, Majid A, Kilic E, Hermann DM, Psychogios MN, Weber MS, Ochs J, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Neural Progenitor Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity by NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-κB)-Dependent Regulation of ABCB1 (ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter B1) in Stroke Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:1127-1145. [PMID: 33327747 PMCID: PMC7901534 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from neural progenitor cells enhance poststroke neurological recovery, albeit the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Since previous research described an enhanced poststroke integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) upon systemic transplantation of neural progenitor cells, we examined if neural progenitor cell-derived EVs affect BBB integrity and which cellular mechanisms are involved in the process. Approach and Results: Using in vitro models of primary brain endothelial cell (EC) cultures as well as co-cultures of brain ECs (ECs) and astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, we examined the effects of EVs or vehicle on microvascular integrity. In vitro data were confirmed using a mouse transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Cultured ECs displayed increased ABCB1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter B1) levels when exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, which was reversed by treatment with EVs. The latter was due to an EV-induced inhibition of the NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) pathway. Using a BBB co-culture model of ECs and astrocytes exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation, EVs stabilized the BBB and ABCB1 levels without affecting the transcellular electrical resistance of ECs. Likewise, EVs yielded reduced Evans blue extravasation, decreased ABCB1 expression as well as an inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, and downstream matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in stroke mice. The EV-induced inhibition of the NF-κB pathway resulted in a poststroke modulation of immune responses. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that EVs enhance poststroke BBB integrity via ABCB1 and MMP-9 regulation, attenuating inflammatory cell recruitment by inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Irina Graf
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyun Kuang
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matteo Haupt
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arshad Majid
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (A.M.)
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Turkey (E.K., T.R.D.)
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany (D.M.H.)
| | | | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology (M.S.W., J.O.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ochs
- Department of Neuropathology (M.S.W., J.O.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology (L.Z., I.G., Y.K., X.Z., M.H., M.S.W., M.B., T.R.D.), University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Istanbul Medipol University, Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Turkey (E.K., T.R.D.)
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Quick S, Moss J, Rajani RM, Williams A. A Vessel for Change: Endothelial Dysfunction in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Trends Neurosci 2020; 44:289-305. [PMID: 33308877 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The blood vessels of the brain are lined with endothelial cells and it has been long known that these help to regulate blood flow to the brain. However, there is increasing evidence that these cells also interact with the surrounding brain tissue. These interactions change when the endothelial cells become dysfunctional and have an impact in diseases such as cerebral small vessel disease, the leading cause of vascular dementia. In this review, we focus on what endothelial dysfunction is, what causes it, how it leads to surrounding brain pathology, how researchers can investigate it with current models, and where this might lead in the future for dementia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Quick
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jonathan Moss
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Rikesh M Rajani
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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Gräfe C, Müller EK, Gresing L, Weidner A, Radon P, Friedrich RP, Alexiou C, Wiekhorst F, Dutz S, Clement JH. Magnetic hybrid materials interact with biological matrices. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2019-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Magnetic hybrid materials are a promising group of substances. Their interaction with matrices is challenging with regard to the underlying physical and chemical mechanisms. But thinking matrices as biological membranes or even structured cell layers they become interesting with regard to potential biomedical applications. Therefore, we established in vitro blood-organ barrier models to study the interaction and processing of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with these cellular structures in the presence of a magnetic field gradient. A one-cell-type–based blood-brain barrier model was used to investigate the attachment and uptake mechanisms of differentially charged magnetic hybrid materials. Inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis and F-actin depolymerization led to a dramatic reduction of cellular uptake. Furthermore, the subsequent transportation of SPIONs through the barrier and the ability to detect these particles was of interest. Negatively charged SPIONs could be detected behind the barrier as well as in a reporter cell line. These observations could be confirmed with a two-cell-type–based blood-placenta barrier model. While positively charged SPIONs heavily interact with the apical cell layer, neutrally charged SPIONs showed a retarded interaction behavior. Behind the blood-placenta barrier, negatively charged SPIONs could be clearly detected. Finally, the transfer of the in vitro blood-placenta model in a microfluidic biochip allows the integration of shear stress into the system. Even without particle accumulation in a magnetic field gradient, the negatively charged SPIONs were detectable behind the barrier. In conclusion, in vitro blood-organ barrier models allow the broad investigation of magnetic hybrid materials with regard to biocompatibility, cell interaction, and transfer through cell layers on their way to biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Gräfe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Elena K. Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Lennart Gresing
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Andreas Weidner
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau , Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Patricia Radon
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ralf P. Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON) , Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON) , Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | | | - Silvio Dutz
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau , Ilmenau , Germany
| | - Joachim H. Clement
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Medical Oncology , Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
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Morofuji Y, Nakagawa S. Drug Development for Central Nervous System Diseases Using In vitro Blood-brain Barrier Models and Drug Repositioning. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1466-1485. [PMID: 32091330 PMCID: PMC7499354 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200224112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An important goal of biomedical research is to translate basic research findings into practical clinical implementation. Despite the advances in the technology used in drug discovery, the development of drugs for central nervous system diseases remains challenging. The failure rate for new drugs targeting important central nervous system diseases is high compared to most other areas of drug discovery. The main reason for the failure is the poor penetration efficacy across the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier represents the bottleneck in central nervous system drug development and is the most important factor limiting the future growth of neurotherapeutics. Meanwhile, drug repositioning has been becoming increasingly popular and it seems a promising field in central nervous system drug development. In vitro blood-brain barrier models with high predictability are expected for drug development and drug repositioning. In this review, the recent progress of in vitro BBB models and the drug repositioning for central nervous system diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Morofuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Mochizuki T, Mizuno T, Kurosawa T, Yamaguchi T, Higuchi K, Tega Y, Nozaki Y, Kawabata K, Deguchi Y, Kusuhara H. Functional Investigation of Solute Carrier Family 35, Member F2, in Three Cellular Models of the Primate Blood-Brain Barrier. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:3-11. [PMID: 33144341 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of drug transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important issue for regulating the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the central nervous system. In this study, we focused on solute carrier family 35, member F2 (SLC35F2), whose mRNA is highly expressed in the BBB. SLC35F2 protein was enriched in isolated mouse and monkey brain capillaries relative to brain homogenates and was localized exclusively on the apical membrane of MDCKII cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPS-BMECs). SLC35F2 activity was assessed using its substrate, YM155, and pharmacological experiments revealed SLC35F2 inhibitors, such as famotidine (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, 160 μM). Uptake of YM155 was decreased by famotidine or SLC35F2 knockdown in immortalized human BMECs (human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell/D3 cells). Furthermore, famotidine significantly inhibited the apical (A)-to-basal (B) transport of YM155 in primary cultured monkey BMECs and hiPS-BMECs. Crucially, SLC35F2 knockout diminished the A-to-B transport and intracellular accumulation of YM155 in hiPS-BMECs. By contrast, in studies using an in situ brain perfusion technique, neither deletion of Slc35f2 nor famotidine reduced brain uptake of YM155, even though YM155 is a substrate of mouse SLC35F2. YM155 uptake was decreased significantly by losartan and naringin, inhibitors for the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1A4. These findings suggest SLC35F2 is a functional transporter in various cellular models of the primate BBB that delivers its substrates to the brain and that its relative importance in the BBB is modified by differences in the expression of OATPs between primates and rodents. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrated that SLC35F2 is a functional drug influx transporter in three different cellular models of the primate blood-brain barrier (i.e., human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell/D3 cells, primary cultured monkey BMECs, and human induced pluripotent stem-BMECs) but has limited roles in mouse brain. SLC35F2 facilitates apical-to-basal transport across the tight cell monolayer. These findings will contribute to the development of improved strategies for targeting drugs to the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Tadahaya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Toshiki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Tomoko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Yuma Tega
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshitane Nozaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Yoshiharu Deguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (T.Mo., T.Mi., H.K.); Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan (T.K., K.H., Y.T., Y.D.); Laboratory of Stem Cell Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan (T.Y., K.K.); and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Tsukuba, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan (Y.N.)
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131
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Uzu M, Takezawa T. Novel microvascular endothelial model utilizing a collagen vitrigel membrane and its advantages for predicting histamine-induced microvascular hyperpermeability. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 106:106916. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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132
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Nishihara H, Gastfriend BD, Soldati S, Perriot S, Mathias A, Sano Y, Shimizu F, Gosselet F, Kanda T, Palecek SP, Du Pasquier R, Shusta EV, Engelhardt B. Advancing human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived blood-brain barrier models for studying immune cell interactions. FASEB J 2020; 34:16693-16715. [PMID: 33124083 PMCID: PMC7686106 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001507rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐derived blood‐brain barrier (BBB) models established to date lack expression of key adhesion molecules involved in immune cell migration across the BBB in vivo. Here, we introduce the extended endothelial cell culture method (EECM), which differentiates hiPSC‐derived endothelial progenitor cells to brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC)‐like cells with good barrier properties and mature tight junctions. Importantly, EECM‐BMEC‐like cells exhibited constitutive cell surface expression of ICAM‐1, ICAM‐2, and E‐selectin. Pro‐inflammatory cytokine stimulation increased the cell surface expression of ICAM‐1 and induced cell surface expression of P‐selectin and VCAM‐1. Co‐culture of EECM‐BMEC‐like cells with hiPSC‐derived smooth muscle‐like cells or their conditioned medium further increased the induction of VCAM‐1. Functional expression of endothelial ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 was confirmed by T‐cell interaction with EECM‐BMEC‐like cells. Taken together, we introduce the first hiPSC‐derived BBB model that displays an adhesion molecule phenotype that is suitable for the study of immune cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin D Gastfriend
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Perriot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Mathias
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yasuteru Sano
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Shimizu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Blood Brain Barrier Laboratory, University of Artois, Lens, France
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Centre, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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133
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Abstract
HIV-1 can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to penetrate the brain and infect target cells, causing neurocognitive disorders as a result of neuroinflammation and brain damage. The HIV-1 envelope spike gp160 is partially required for viral transcytosis across the BBB endothelium. But do antibodies developing in infected individuals and targeting the HIV-1 gp160 glycoproteins block HIV-1 transcytosis through the BBB? We addressed this issue and discovered that anti-gp160 antibodies do not block HIV-1 transport; instead, free viruses and those in complex with antibodies can transit across BBB endothelial cells. Importantly, we found that only neutralizing antibodies could inhibit posttranscytosis viral infectivity, highlighting their ability to protect susceptible brain cells from HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to penetrate the brain and infect target cells, causing neurocognitive disorders as a result of neuroinflammation and brain damage. Here, we examined whether antibodies targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins interfere with the transcytosis of virions across the human BBB endothelium. We found that although the viral envelope spike gp160 is required for optimal endothelial cell endocytosis, no anti-gp160 antibodies blocked the BBB transcytosis of HIV-1 in vitro. Instead, both free viruses and those in complex with antibodies transited across endothelial cells in the BBB model, as observed by confocal microscopy. HIV-1 infectious capacity was considerably altered by the transcytosis process but still detectable, even in the presence of nonneutralizing antibodies. Only virions bound by neutralizing antibodies lacked posttranscytosis infectivity. Overall, our data support the role of neutralizing antibodies in protecting susceptible brain cells from HIV-1 infection despite their inability to inhibit viral BBB endocytic transport.
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134
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Goldeman C, Andersen M, Al-Robai A, Buchholtz T, Svane N, Ozgür B, Holst B, Shusta E, Hall VJ, Saaby L, Hyttel P, Brodin B. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (BIONi010-C) generate tight cell monolayers with blood-brain barrier traits and functional expression of large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (SLC7A5). Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 156:105577. [PMID: 33011235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The barrier properties of the brain capillary endothelium, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts uptake of most small and all large molecule drug compounds to the CNS. There is a need for predictive human in vitro models of the BBB to enable studies of brain drug delivery. Here, we investigated whether human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line (BIONi010-C) could be differentiated to brain capillary endothelial- like cells (BCEC) and evaluated their potential use in drug delivery studies. BIONi010-C hIPSCs were differentiated according to established protocols. BCEC monolayers displayed transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) values of 5,829±354 Ω∙cm2, a Papp,mannitol of 1.09±0.15 ∙ 10-6 cm∙s-1 and a Papp,diazepam of 85.7 ± 5.9 ∙ 10-6 cm ∙s-1. The Pdiazepam/Pmannitol ratio of ~80, indicated a large dynamic passive permeability range. Monolayers maintained their integrity after medium exchange. Claudin-5, Occludin, Zonulae Occludens 1 and VE-Cadherin were expressed at the cell-cell contact zones. Efflux transporters were present at the mRNA level, but functional efflux of substrates was not detected. Transferrin-receptor (TFR), Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and Basigin receptors were expressed at the mRNA-level. The presence and localization of TFR and LRP1 were verified at the protein level. A wide range of BBB-expressed solute carriers (SLC's) were detected at the mRNA level. The presence and localization of SLC transporters GLUT1 and LAT1 was verified at the protein level. Functional studies revealed transport of the LAT1 substrate [3H]-L-Leucine and the LRP1 substrate angiopep-2. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that BIONi010-C-derived BCEC monolayers exhibited, BBB properties including barrier tightness and integrity, a high dynamic range, expression of some of the BBB receptor and transporter expression, as well as functional transport of LAT1 and LRP1 substrates. This suggests that BIONi010-C-derived BCEC monolayers may be useful for studying the roles of LAT-1 and LRP1 in brain drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goldeman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Al-Robai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T Buchholtz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Svane
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Ozgür
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Holst
- Bioneer A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - E Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - V J Hall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Saaby
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - P Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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135
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Salman MM, Marsh G, Kusters I, Delincé M, Di Caprio G, Upadhyayula S, de Nola G, Hunt R, Ohashi KG, Gray T, Shimizu F, Sano Y, Kanda T, Obermeier B, Kirchhausen T. Design and Validation of a Human Brain Endothelial Microvessel-on-a-Chip Open Microfluidic Model Enabling Advanced Optical Imaging. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:573775. [PMID: 33117784 PMCID: PMC7576009 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.573775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe here the design and implementation of an in vitro microvascular open model system using human brain microvascular endothelial cells. The design has several advantages over other traditional closed microfluidic platforms: (1) it enables controlled unidirectional flow of media at physiological rates to support vascular function, (2) it allows for very small volumes which makes the device ideal for studies involving biotherapeutics, (3) it is amenable for multiple high resolution imaging modalities such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 3D live fluorescence imaging using traditional spinning disk confocal microscopy, and advanced lattice light sheet microscopy (LLSM). Importantly, we miniaturized the design, so it can fit within the physical constraints of LLSM, with the objective to study physiology in live cells at subcellular level. We validated barrier function of our brain microvessel-on-a-chip by measuring permeability of fluorescent dextran and a human monoclonal antibody. One potential application is to investigate mechanisms of transcytosis across the brain microvessel-like barrier of fluorescently-tagged biologics, viruses or nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Ilja Kusters
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthieu Delincé
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Giuseppe Di Caprio
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Giovanni de Nola
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ronan Hunt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kazuka G Ohashi
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Yasuteru Sano
- Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanda
- Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | | | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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136
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Özyurt MG, Bayir E, DoĞan Ş, ÖztÜrk Ş, Şendemİr A. Coculture model of blood-brain barrier on electrospun nanofibers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44:121-132. [PMID: 32922120 PMCID: PMC7478137 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1908-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a control mechanism that limits the diffusion of many substances to the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we designed an in-vitro 3-dimensional BBB system to obtain a fast and reliable model to mimic drug delivery characteristics of the CNS. A support membrane of polycaprolactone nanofiber surfaces was prepared using electrospinning. After confirming the fiber morphology and size, endothelial cells (HUVEC) and glial cells were cultured on either side of this membrane. The model’s similarity to in vivo physiology was tested with a home-designed transmembrane resistance (TR) device, with positive and negative control molecules. Finally, 2 doses of methotrexate (MTX), a chemotherapy agent, were applied to the model, and its permeability through the model was determined indirectly by a vitality test on the MCF-7 cell line. Nicotine, the positive control, completed its penetration through the model almost instantly, while albumin, the negative control, was blocked significantly even after 2 days. MTX reached a deadly threshold 24 h after application. The TR value of the model was promising, being around 260 ohm.cm2. The provided model proposes a disposable and reliable tool for investigating drug permeability through the BBB and has the potential to reduce the number of animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Görkem Özyurt
- School of Medicine, Koç University, İstanbul Turkey.,Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Ece Bayir
- Central Research Testing and Analysis Laboratory Research and Application Center, Ege University, İzmir Turkey
| | - Şule DoĞan
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul Turkey
| | - Şükrü ÖztÜrk
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara Turkey
| | - Aylin Şendemİr
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, İzmir Turkey.,Department of Biomedical Technologies, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ege University, İzmir Turkey
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137
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Abdul Y, Li W, Vargas JD, Clark E, He L, Jamil S, Ergul A. Diabetes-related sex differences in the brain endothelin system following ischemia in vivo and in human brain endothelial cells in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:587-595. [PMID: 32496159 PMCID: PMC7508777 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelin (ET) system has been implicated to contribute to the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment and stroke in experimental diabetes. Our goals were to test the hypotheses that (1) circulating and (or) periinfarct ET-1 levels are elevated after stroke in both sexes and this increase is greater in diabetes, (2) ET receptors are differentially regulated in the diabetic brain, (3) brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) of female and male origin express the ETA receptor subtype, and (4) diabetes- and stroke-mimicking conditions increase ET-1 levels in BMVECs of both sexes. Control and diabetic rats were randomized to sham or stroke surgery. BMVECs of male (hBEC5i) and female (hCMEC/D3) origin, cultured under normal and diabetes-mimicking conditions, were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia. Circulating ET-1 levels were higher in diabetic animals and this was more pronounced in the male cohort. Stroke did not further increase plasma ET-1. Tissue ET-1 levels were increased after stroke only in males, whereas periinfarct ET-1 increased in both control and diabetic females. Male BMVECs secreted more ET-1 than female cells and hypoxia increased ET-1 levels in both cell types. There was sexually dimorphic regulation of ET receptors in both tissue and cell culture samples. There are sex differences in the stroke- and diabetes-mediated changes in the brain ET system at the endothelial and tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Abdul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Weiguo Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Juan D Vargas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Emily Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Lianying He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Sarah Jamil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC
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138
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Gericke B, Römermann K, Noack A, Noack S, Kronenberg J, Blasig IE, Löscher W. A face-to-face comparison of claudin-5 transduced human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells with porcine brain endothelial cells as blood-brain barrier models for drug transport studies. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 32843059 PMCID: PMC7449095 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive in vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) are essential in early drug discovery and development. Among available immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines (BCECs), the hCMEC/D3 cell line has become the most widely used in vitro BBB model. However, monolayers of hCMEC/D3 cells form only moderately restrictive barriers, most likely because the major tight junction protein, claudin-5, is markedly downregulated. Thus, hCMEC/D3 monolayers cannot be used for vectorial drug transport experiments, which is a major disadvantage of this model. METHODS Here we transduced hCMEC/D3 cells with a claudin-5 plasmid and compared the characteristics of these cells with those of hCMEC/D3 wildtype cells and primary cultured porcine BCECs. RESULTS The claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 exhibited expression levels (and junctional localization) of claudin-5 similar to those of primary cultured porcine BCECs. The transduced cells exhibited increased TEER values (211 Ω cm2) and reduced paracellular mannitol permeability (8.06%/h), indicating improved BBB properties; however, the barrier properties of porcine BCECs (TEER 1650 Ω cm2; mannitol permeability 3.95%/h) were not reached. Hence, vectorial transport of a selective P-glycoprotein substrate (N-desmethyl-loperamide) was not observed in claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 (or wildtype) cells, whereas such drug transport occurred in porcine BCECs. CONCLUSIONS The claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 cells provide a tool to studying the contribution of claudin-5 to barrier tightness and how this can be further enhanced by additional transfections or other manipulations of this widely used in vitro model of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Noack
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Noack
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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139
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Zakharova M, Palma do Carmo MA, van der Helm MW, Le-The H, de Graaf MNS, Orlova V, van den Berg A, van der Meer AD, Broersen K, Segerink LI. Multiplexed blood-brain barrier organ-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3132-3143. [PMID: 32756644 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-chip devices are intensively studied in academia and industry due to their high potential in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. However, most of the existing organ-on-chip models focus on proof of concept of individual functional units without the possibility of testing multiple experimental stimuli in parallel. Here we developed a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) multiplexed chip with eight parallel channels branching from a common access port through which all eight channels can be addressed simultaneously without the need for extra pipetting steps thus increasing the reproducibility of the experimental results. At the same time, eight outlets provide individual entry to each channel with the opportunity to create eight different experimental conditions. A multiplexed chip can be assembled as a one-layer device for studying monocultures or as a two-layer device for studying barrier tissue functions. For a two-layer device, a ∼2 μm thick transparent PDMS membrane with 5 μm through-hole pores was fabricated in-house using a soft lithography technique, thereby allowing visual inspection of the cell-culture in real-time. The functionality of the chip was studied by recapitulating the blood-brain barrier. For this, human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) were cultured in mono- or coculture with human astrocytes. Immunostaining revealed a cellular monolayer with the expression of tight junction ZO-1 and adherence junction VE-cadherin proteins in endothelial cells as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in astrocytes. Furthermore, multiplexed permeability studies of molecule passage through the cellular barrier exhibited expected high permeability coefficients for smaller molecules (4 kDa FITC-dextran) whereas larger molecules (20 kDa) crossed the barrier at a lower rate. With these results, we show that our device can be used as an organ-on-chip model for future multiplexed drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zakharova
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - M A Palma do Carmo
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - M W van der Helm
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - H Le-The
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands. and Physics of Fluids, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - M N S de Graaf
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - V Orlova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | - A D van der Meer
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - K Broersen
- Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - L I Segerink
- BIOS Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Technical Medical Centre, Max Planck Institute for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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140
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Oliver CR, Westerhof TM, Castro MG, Merajver SD. Quantifying the Brain Metastatic Tumor Micro-Environment using an Organ-On-A Chip 3D Model, Machine Learning, and Confocal Tomography. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32865534 DOI: 10.3791/61654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are the most lethal cancer lesions; 10-30% of all cancers metastasize to the brain, with a median survival of only ~5-20 months, depending on the cancer type. To reduce the brain metastatic tumor burden, gaps in basic and translational knowledge need to be addressed. Major challenges include a paucity of reproducible preclinical models and associated tools. Three-dimensional models of brain metastasis can yield the relevant molecular and phenotypic data used to address these needs when combined with dedicated analysis tools. Moreover, compared to murine models, organ-on-a-chip models of patient tumor cells traversing the blood brain barrier into the brain microenvironment generate results rapidly and are more interpretable with quantitative methods, thus amenable to high throughput testing. Here we describe and demonstrate the use of a novel 3D microfluidic blood brain niche (µmBBN) platform where multiple elements of the niche can be cultured for an extended period (several days), fluorescently imaged by confocal microscopy, and the images reconstructed using an innovative confocal tomography technique; all aimed to understand the development of micro-metastasis and changes to the tumor micro-environment (TME) in a repeatable and quantitative manner. We demonstrate how to fabricate, seed, image, and analyze the cancer cells and TME cellular and humoral components, using this platform. Moreover, we show how artificial intelligence (AI) is used to identify the intrinsic phenotypic differences of cancer cells that are capable of transit through a model µmBBN and to assign them an objective index of brain metastatic potential. The data sets generated by this method can be used to answer basic and translational questions about metastasis, the efficacy of therapeutic strategies, and the role of the TME in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ryan Oliver
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
| | - Trisha M Westerhof
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
| | - Maria G Castro
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Ann Arbor; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Ann Arbor; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor
| | - Sofia D Merajver
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Ann Arbor; Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Ann Arbor;
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141
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Al-azzawi S, Masheta D, Guildford A, Phillips G, Santin M. A Peptide-Based Nanocarrier for an Enhanced Delivery and Targeting of Flurbiprofen into the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: An In Vitro Study. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081590. [PMID: 32823499 PMCID: PMC7466704 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related disease caused by abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β in the brain leading to progressive tissue degeneration. Flurbiprofen (FP), a drug used to mitigate the disease progression, has low efficacy due to its limited permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a previous work, FP was coupled at the uppermost branching of an ε-lysine-based branched carrier, its root presenting a phenylalanine moiety able to increase the hydrophobicity of the complex and enhance the transport across the BBB by adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT). The present study explores a different molecular design of the FP-peptide delivery system, whereby its root presents an ApoE-mimicking peptide, a targeting ligand that could enhance transport across the BBB by receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT). The functionalised complex was synthesised using a solid-phase peptide synthesis and characterised by mass spectrometry and FTIR. Cytotoxicity and permeability of this complex across an in vitro BBB model were analysed. Moreover, its activity and degradation to release the drug were investigated. The results revealed successful synthesis and grafting of FP molecules at the uppermost molecular branches of the lysine terminal without observed cytotoxicity. When covalently linked to the nanocarrier, FP was still active on target cells, albeit with a reduced activity, and was released as a free drug upon hydrolysis in a lysosome-mimicking medium. Noticeably, this work shows the high efficiency of RMT-driven FP delivery over delivery systems relying on AMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafq Al-azzawi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (S.A.-a.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (G.P.)
- College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Hilla 51002, Iraq
| | - Dhafir Masheta
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (S.A.-a.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (G.P.)
- College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Hilla 51002, Iraq
| | - Anna Guildford
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (S.A.-a.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (G.P.)
- Tissue Click Ltd., Brighton BN2 6SJ, UK
| | - Gary Phillips
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (S.A.-a.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (G.P.)
- Tissue Click Ltd., Brighton BN2 6SJ, UK
| | - Matteo Santin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, School of Pharmacy and Bimolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (S.A.-a.); (D.M.); (A.G.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence:
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142
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Delsing L, Herland A, Falk A, Hicks R, Synnergren J, Zetterberg H. Models of the blood-brain barrier using iPSC-derived cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 107:103533. [PMID: 32717317 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constitutes the interface between the blood and the brain tissue. Its primary function is to maintain the tightly controlled microenvironment of the brain. Models of the BBB are useful for studying the development and maintenance of the BBB as well as diseases affecting it. Furthermore, BBB models are important tools in drug development and support the evaluation of the brain-penetrating properties of novel drug molecules. Currently used in vitro models of the BBB include immortalized brain endothelial cell lines and primary brain endothelial cells of human and animal origin. Unfortunately, many cell lines and primary cells do not recreate physiological restriction of transport in vitro. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived brain endothelial cells have proven a promising alternative source of brain endothelial-like cells that replicate tight cell layers with low paracellular permeability. Given the possibility to generate large amounts of human iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells they are a feasible alternative when modelling the BBB in vitro. iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells form tight cell layers in vitro and their barrier properties can be enhanced through coculture with other cell types of the BBB. Currently, many different models of the BBB using iPSC-derived cells are under evaluation to study BBB formation, maintenance, disruption, drug transport and diseases affecting the BBB. This review summarizes important functions of the BBB and current efforts to create iPSC-derived BBB models in both static and dynamic conditions. In addition, it highlights key model requirements and remaining challenges for human iPSC-derived BBB models in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Delsing
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Systems Biology Research Centre, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden; Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; AIMES, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ryan Hicks
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research Centre, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
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143
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Sera of elderly obstructive sleep apnea patients alter blood-brain barrier integrity in vitro: a pilot study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11309. [PMID: 32647186 PMCID: PMC7347951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by repeated episodes of hypoxia during the night. The severity of the disorder can be evaluated using an apnea–hypopnea index (AHI). The physiological consequences are mainly cardiovascular and neuronal dysfunctions. One hypothesis to explain such associated neurological disorders is disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which protects the brain from endovascular cytotoxic compounds. We selected two subgroups of volunteers from the PROOF cohort study (France), a group of patients suffering newly diagnosed severe OSAS (AHI > 30/h) and a group showing no sleep apnea (AHI < 5/h). We exposed a human in vitro BBB model of endothelial cells (HBEC-5i) with sera of patients with and without OSAS. After exposure, we measured the apparent BBB permeability as well as tight junction and ABC transporter expression using whole cell ELISA. We showed that after incubation with sera from OSAS patients, there was a loss of integrity in the human in vitro BBB model; this was reflected by an increase in permeability (43%; p < 0.001) and correlated with a 50% and 40% decrease in tight junction protein expression of ZO-1 and claudin-5, respectively. At the same time, we observed an upregulation in Pgp protein expression (52%) and functionality, and a downregulation in BCRP expression (52%). Our results demonstrated that severe BBB disorder after exposure to sera from OSAS patients was reflected by an opening of the BBB.
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144
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Harun MSR, Marsh V, Elsaied NA, Webb KF, Elsheikha HM. Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the function and integrity of human cerebrovascular endothelial cells and the influence of verapamil treatment in vitro. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147002. [PMID: 32592740 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can cause parasitic encephalitis, a life-threatening infection that predominately occurs in immunocompromised individuals. T. gondii has the ability to invade the brain, but the mechanisms by which this parasite crosses the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) remain incompletely understood. The present study reports the changes associated with infection and replication of T. gondii within human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) in vitro. Our results indicated that exposure to T. gondii had an adverse impact on the function and integrity of the BMECs - through induction of cell cycle arrest, disruption of the BMEC barrier integrity, reduction of cellular viability and vitality, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, increase of the DNA fragmentation, and alteration of the expression of immune response and tight junction genes. The calcium channel/P-glycoprotein transporter inhibitor verapamil was effective in inhibiting T. gondii crossing the BMECs in a dose-dependent manner. The present study showed that T. gondii can compromise several functions of BMECs and demonstrated the ability of verapamil to inhibit T. gondii crossing of the BMECs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S R Harun
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK; Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Victoria Marsh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Nashwa A Elsaied
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kevin F Webb
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
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145
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Nowak M, Brown TD, Graham A, Helgeson ME, Mitragotri S. Size, shape, and flexibility influence nanoparticle transport across brain endothelium under flow. Bioeng Transl Med 2020; 5:e10153. [PMID: 32440560 PMCID: PMC7237148 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based therapeutic formulations are being increasingly explored for the treatment of various ailments. Despite numerous advances, the success of nanoparticle-based technologies in treating brain diseases has been limited. Translational hurdles of nanoparticle therapies are attributed primarily to their limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is one of the body's most exclusive barriers. Several efforts have been focused on developing affinity-based agents and using them to increase nanoparticle accumulation at the brain endothelium. Very little is known about the role of fundamental physical parameters of nanoparticles such as size, shape, and flexibility in determining their interactions with and penetration across the BBB. Using a three-dimensional human BBB microfluidic model (μHuB), we investigate the impact of these physical parameters on nanoparticle penetration across the BBB. To gain insights into the dependence of transport on nanoparticle properties, two separate parameters were measured: the number of nanoparticles that fully cross the BBB and the number that remain associated with the endothelium. Association of nanoparticles with the brain endothelium was substantially impacted by their physical characteristics. Hard particles associate more with the endothelium compared to soft particles, as do small particles compared to large particles, and spherical particles compared to rod-shaped particles. Transport across the BBB also exhibited a dependence on nanoparticle properties. A nonmonotonic dependence on size was observed, where 200 nm particles exhibited higher BBB transport compared to 100 and 500 nm spheres. Rod-shaped particles exhibited higher BBB transport when normalized by endothelial association and soft particles exhibited comparable transport to hard particles when normalized by endothelial association. Tuning nanoparticles' physical parameters could potentially enhance their ability to cross the BBB for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksymilian Nowak
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University29 Oxford St. CambridgeMA02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University3 Blackfan CircleBostonMA02115
| | - Tyler D. Brown
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University29 Oxford St. CambridgeMA02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University3 Blackfan CircleBostonMA02115
| | - Adam Graham
- Center for Nanoscale SystemsHarvard University11 Oxford St. CambridgeMA02138
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCA93106
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University29 Oxford St. CambridgeMA02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University3 Blackfan CircleBostonMA02115
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146
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GM1 Oligosaccharide Crosses the Human Blood-Brain Barrier In Vitro by a Paracellular Route. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082858. [PMID: 32325905 PMCID: PMC7215935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GM1 (GM1) has been reported to functionally recover degenerated nervous system in vitro and in vivo, but the possibility to translate GM1′s potential in clinical settings is counteracted by its low ability to overcome the blood–brain barrier (BBB) due to its amphiphilic nature. Interestingly, the soluble and hydrophilic GM1-oligosaccharide (OligoGM1) is able to punctually replace GM1 neurotrophic functions alone, both in vitro and in vivo. In order to take advantage of OligoGM1 properties, which overcome GM1′s pharmacological limitations, here we characterize the OligoGM1 brain transport by using a human in vitro BBB model. OligoGM1 showed a 20-fold higher crossing rate than GM1 and time–concentration-dependent transport. Additionally, OligoGM1 crossed the barrier at 4 °C and in inverse transport experiments, allowing consideration of the passive paracellular route. This was confirmed by the exclusion of a direct interaction with the active ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters using the “pump out” system. Finally, after barrier crossing, OligoGM1 remained intact and able to induce Neuro2a cell neuritogenesis by activating the TrkA pathway. Importantly, these in vitro data demonstrated that OligoGM1, lacking the hydrophobic ceramide, can advantageously cross the BBB in comparison with GM1, while maintaining its neuroproperties. This study has improved the knowledge about OligoGM1′s pharmacological potential, offering a tangible therapeutic strategy.
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147
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Gerhartl A, Pracser N, Vladetic A, Hendrikx S, Friedl HP, Neuhaus W. The pivotal role of micro-environmental cells in a human blood-brain barrier in vitro model of cerebral ischemia: functional and transcriptomic analysis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:19. [PMID: 32138745 PMCID: PMC7059670 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is altered in several diseases of the central nervous system. For example, the breakdown of the BBB during cerebral ischemia in stroke or traumatic brain injury is a hallmark of the diseases’ progression. This functional damage is one key event which is attempted to be mimicked in in vitro models. Recent studies showed the pivotal role of micro-environmental cells such as astrocytes for this barrier damage in mouse stroke in vitro models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of micro-environmental cells for the functional, paracellular breakdown in a human BBB cerebral ischemia in vitro model accompanied by a transcriptional analysis. Methods Transwell models with human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 in mono-culture or co-culture with human primary astrocytes and pericytes or rat glioma cell line C6 were subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). Changes of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran 4000 permeability were recorded as measures for paracellular tightness. In addition, qPCR and high-throughput qPCR Barrier chips were applied to investigate the changes of the mRNA expression of 38 relevant, expressed barrier targets (tight junctions, ABC-transporters) by different treatments. Results In contrast to the mono-culture, the co-cultivation with human primary astrocytes/pericytes or glioma C6 cells resulted in a significantly increased paracellular permeability after 5 h OGD. This indicated the pivotal role of micro-environmental cells for BBB breakdown in the human model. Hierarchical cluster analysis of qPCR data revealed differently, but also commonly regulated clustered targets dependent on medium exchange, serum reduction, hydrocortisone addition and co-cultivations. Conclusions The co-cultivation with micro-environmental cells is necessary to achieve a functional breakdown of the BBB in the cerebral ischemia model within an in vivo relevant time window. Comprehensive studies by qPCR revealed that distinct expression clusters of barrier markers exist and that these are regulated by different treatments (even by growth medium change) indicating that controls for single cell culture manipulation steps are crucial to understand the observed effects properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gerhartl
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Pracser
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Vladetic
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabrina Hendrikx
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz-Peter Friedl
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Giefinggasse 4, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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148
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Gray KM, Jung JW, Inglut CT, Huang HC, Stroka KM. Quantitatively relating brain endothelial cell-cell junction phenotype to global and local barrier properties under varied culture conditions via the Junction Analyzer Program. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:16. [PMID: 32046757 PMCID: PMC7014765 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-0177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endothelial cell-cell junctions of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) play a pivotal role in the barrier's function. Altered cell-cell junctions can lead to barrier dysfunction and have been implicated in several diseases. Despite this, the driving forces regulating junctional protein presentation remain relatively understudied, largely due to the lack of efficient techniques to quantify their presentation at sites of cell-cell adhesion. Here, we used our novel Junction Analyzer Program (JAnaP) to quantify junction phenotype (i.e., continuous, punctate, or perpendicular) in response to various substrate compositions, cell culture times, and cAMP treatments in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). We then quantitatively correlated junction presentation with barrier permeability on both a "global" and "local" scale. METHODS We cultured HBMECs on collagen I, fibronectin, collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin/collagen IV/laminin, or hyaluronic acid/gelatin for 2, 4, and 7 days with varying cAMP treatment schedules. Images of immunostained ZO-1, VE-cadherin, and claudin-5 were analyzed using the JAnaP to calculate the percent of the cell perimeter presenting continuous, punctate, or perpendicular junctions. Transwell permeability assays and resistance measurements were used to measure bulk ("global") barrier properties, and a "local" permeability assay was used to correlate junction presentation proximal to permeable monolayer regions. RESULTS Substrate composition was found to play little role in junction presentation, while cAMP supplements significantly increased the continuous junction architecture. Increased culture time required increased cAMP treatment time to reach similar ZO-1 and VE-cadherin coverage observed with shorter culture, though longer cultures were required for claudin-5 presentation. Prolonged cAMP treatment (6 days) disrupted junction integrity for all three junction proteins. Transwell permeability and TEER assays showed no correlation with junction phenotype, but a local permeability assay revealed a correlation between the number of discontinuous and no junction regions with barrier penetration. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cAMP signaling influences HBMEC junction architecture more than matrix composition. Our studies emphasized the need for local barrier measurement to mechanistically understand the role of junction phenotype and supported previous results that continuous junctions are indicative of a more mature/stable endothelial barrier. Understanding what conditions influence junction presentations, and how they, in turn, affect barrier integrity, could lead to the development of therapeutics for diseases associated with BBB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Gray
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jae W Jung
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Collin T Inglut
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Huang-Chiao Huang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kimberly M Stroka
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, 3110 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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149
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Ahn SI, Sei YJ, Park HJ, Kim J, Ryu Y, Choi JJ, Sung HJ, MacDonald TJ, Levey AI, Kim Y. Microengineered human blood-brain barrier platform for understanding nanoparticle transport mechanisms. Nat Commun 2020; 11:175. [PMID: 31924752 PMCID: PMC6954233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges in drug development of neurological diseases remain mainly ascribed to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite the valuable contribution of animal models to drug discovery, it remains difficult to conduct mechanistic studies on the barrier function and interactions with drugs at molecular and cellular levels. Here we present a microphysiological platform that recapitulates the key structure and function of the human BBB and enables 3D mapping of nanoparticle distributions in the vascular and perivascular regions. We demonstrate on-chip mimicry of the BBB structure and function by cellular interactions, key gene expressions, low permeability, and 3D astrocytic network with reduced reactive gliosis and polarized aquaporin-4 (AQP4) distribution. Moreover, our model precisely captures 3D nanoparticle distributions at cellular levels and demonstrates the distinct cellular uptakes and BBB penetrations through receptor-mediated transcytosis. Our BBB platform may present a complementary in vitro model to animal models for prescreening drug candidates for the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Ih Ahn
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yoshitaka J Sei
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hyun-Ji Park
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yujung Ryu
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jeongmoon J Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Hak-Joon Sung
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - YongTae Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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150
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Abstract
Knowledge about the transport of active compounds across the blood-brain barrier is of essential importance for drug development. Systemically applied drugs for the central nervous system (CNS) must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier in order to reach their target sites, whereas drugs that are supposed to act in the periphery should not permeate the blood-brain barrier so that they do not trigger any adverse central adverse effects. A number of approaches have been pursued, and manifold in silico, in vitro, and in vivo animal models were developed in order to be able to make a better prediction for humans about the possible penetration of active substances into the CNS. In this particular case, however, in vitro models play a special role, since the data basis for in silico models is usually in need of improvement, and the predictive power of in vivo animal models has to be checked for possible species differences. The blood-brain barrier is a dynamic, highly selective barrier formed by brain capillary endothelial cells. One of its main tasks is the maintenance of homeostasis in the CNS. The function of the barrier is regulated by cells of the microenvironment and the shear stress mediated by the blood flow, which makes the model development most complex. In general, one could follow the credo "as easy as possible, as complex as necessary" for the usage of in vitro BBB models for drug development. In addition to the description of the classical cell culture models (transwell, hollow fiber) and guidance how to apply them, the latest developments (spheroids, microfluidic models) will be introduced in this chapter, as it is attempted to get more in vivo-like and to be applicable for high-throughput usage with these models. Moreover, details about the development of models based on stem cells derived from different sources with a special focus on human induced pluripotent stem cells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Neuhaus
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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