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Hammad SM, Hardin JR, Wilson DA, Twal WO, Nietert PJ, Oates JC. Race disparity in blood sphingolipidomics associated with lupus cardiovascular comorbidity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224496. [PMID: 31747417 PMCID: PMC6867606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ autoimmune disease. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to disease onset and severity. Sphingolipids are signaling molecules involved in regulating cell functions and have been associated with multiple genetic disease processes. African-Americans are more likely to suffer from SLE morbidity than Whites. The Medical University of South Carolina has banked plasma samples from a well-characterized lupus cohort that includes African-Americans and Whites. This study examined the influence of race on plasma sphingolipid profiles in SLE patients and association of sphingolipid levels with comorbid atherosclerosis and SLE disease activity. Mass spectrometry revealed that healthy African-Americans had higher sphingomyelin levels and lower lactosylcermide levels compared to healthy Whites. SLE patients, irrespective of race, had higher levels of ceramides, and sphingoid bases (sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine) and their phosphates compared to healthy subjects. Compared to African-American controls, African-American SLE patients had higher levels of ceramides, hexosylceramides, sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate. Compared to White controls, White SLE patients exhibited higher levels of sphingoid bases and their phosphates, but lower ratios of C16:0 ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate and C24:1 ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate. White SLE patients with atherosclerosis exhibited lower levels of sphingoid bases compared to White SLE patients without atherosclerosis. In contrast, African-American SLE patients with atherosclerosis had higher levels of sphingoid bases and sphingomyelins compared to African-American SLE patients without atherosclerosis. Compared to White SLE patients with atherosclerosis, African-American SLE patients with atherosclerosis had higher levels of select sphingolipids. Plasma levels of sphingosine, C16:0 ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate ratio and C24:1 ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate ratio significantly correlated with SLEDAI in the African-American but not White SLE patients. The C16:0 ceramide/sphingosine 1-phosphate ratio in SLE patients, and levels of C18:1 and C26:1 lactosylcermides, C20:0 hexosylceramide, and sphingoid bases in SLE patients with atherosclerosis could be dependent on race. Further ethnic studies in SLE cohorts are necessary to verify use of sphingolipidomics as complementary diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M. Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jasmyn R. Hardin
- College of Graduate Studies/Summer Undergraduate Research Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dulaney A. Wilson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Waleed O. Twal
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Nietert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - James C. Oates
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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102
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Al-Daghri NM, Torretta E, Barbacini P, Asare H, Ricci C, Capitanio D, Guerini FR, Sabico SB, Alokail MS, Clerici M, Gelfi C. Sphingolipid serum profiling in vitamin D deficient and dyslipidemic obese dimorphic adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16664. [PMID: 31723209 PMCID: PMC6853956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on Saudi Arabians indicate a prevalence of dyslipidemia and vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D) in both normal weight and obese subjects. In the present study the sphingolipid pattern was investigated in 23 normolipidemic normal weight (NW), 46 vitamin D deficient dyslipidemic normal weight (-vitDNW) and 60 vitamin D deficient dyslipidemic obese (-vitDO) men and women by HPTLC-primuline profiling and LC-MS analyses. Results indicate higher levels of total ceramide (Cer) and dihydroceramide (dhCers C18–22) and lower levels of total sphingomyelins (SMs) and dihydrosphingomyelin (dhSM) not only in -vitDO subjects compared to NW, but also in –vitDNW individuals. A dependency on body mass index (BMI) was observed analyzing specific Cer acyl chains levels. Lower levels of C20 and 24 were observed in men and C24.2 in women, respectively. Furthermore, LC-MS analyses display dimorphic changes in NW, -vitDNW and –vitDO subjects. In conclusion, LC-MS data identify the independency of the axis high Cers, dhCers and SMs from obesity per se. Furthermore, it indicates that long chains Cers levels are specific target of weight gain and that circulating Cer and SM levels are linked to sexual dimorphism status and can contribute to predict obese related co-morbidities in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser M Al-Daghri
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Barbacini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate-Milano, Italy
| | - Hannah Asare
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Cristian Ricci
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate-Milano, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Shaun B Sabico
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Alokail
- Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milano, Italy.,Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Segrate-Milano, Italy. .,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milano, Italy.
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Torkhovskaya TI, Zakharova TS, Korotkevich EI, Ipatova OM, Markin SS. Human Blood Plasma Lipidome: Opportunities and Prospects of Its Analysis in Medical Chemistry. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201905011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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104
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Le Barz M, Boulet MM, Calzada C, Cheillan D, Michalski MC. Alterations of endogenous sphingolipid metabolism in cardiometabolic diseases: Towards novel therapeutic approaches. Biochimie 2019; 169:133-143. [PMID: 31614170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases is a worldwide public health concern, and the advent of new analytical technologies has made it possible to highlight the involvement of some molecules, such as sphingolipids (SL), in their pathophysiology. SL are constituents of cell membranes, lipoproteins and lipid droplets (LD), and are now considered as bioactive molecules. Indeed, growing evidence suggests that SL, characterized by diverse families and species, could represent one of the main regulators of lipid metabolism. There is an increasing amount of data reporting that plasma SL profile is altered in metabolic diseases. However, less is known about SL metabolism dysfunction in cells and tissues and how it may impact the lipoprotein metabolism, its functionality and composition. In cardiometabolic pathologies, the link between serum SL concentrations and alterations of their metabolism in various organs and LD is still unclear. Pharmacological approaches have been developed in order to activate or inhibit specific key enzymes of the SL metabolism, and to positively modulate SL profile or related metabolic pathways. Nevertheless, little is known about the long-term impact of such approaches in humans and the current literature still focuses on the decomposition of the different parts of this complex system rather than performing an integrated analysis of the whole SL metabolism. In addition, since SL can be provided from exogenous sources, it is also of interest to evaluate their impact on the homeostasis of endogenous SL metabolism, which could be beneficial in prevention or treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Le Barz
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Pierre-Bénite, Fr-69310, France.
| | - Marie Michèle Boulet
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Pierre-Bénite, Fr-69310, France.
| | - Catherine Calzada
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Pierre-Bénite, Fr-69310, France.
| | - David Cheillan
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Pierre-Bénite, Fr-69310, France; Service Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69677, Bron, France.
| | - Marie-Caroline Michalski
- Univ Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm, INRA, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Pierre-Bénite, Fr-69310, France.
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105
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Gantner ML, Eade K, Wallace M, Handzlik MK, Fallon R, Trombley J, Bonelli R, Giles S, Harkins-Perry S, Heeren TFC, Sauer L, Ideguchi Y, Baldini M, Scheppke L, Dorrell MI, Kitano M, Hart BJ, Cai C, Nagasaki T, Badur MG, Okada M, Woods SM, Egan C, Gillies M, Guymer R, Eichler F, Bahlo M, Fruttiger M, Allikmets R, Bernstein PS, Metallo CM, Friedlander M. Serine and Lipid Metabolism in Macular Disease and Peripheral Neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:1422-1433. [PMID: 31509666 PMCID: PMC7685488 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1815111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying mechanisms of diseases with complex inheritance patterns, such as macular telangiectasia type 2, is challenging. A link between macular telangiectasia type 2 and altered serine metabolism has been established previously. METHODS Through exome sequence analysis of a patient with macular telangiectasia type 2 and his family members, we identified a variant in SPTLC1 encoding a subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). Because mutations affecting SPT are known to cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1), we examined 10 additional persons with HSAN1 for ophthalmologic disease. We assayed serum amino acid and sphingoid base levels, including levels of deoxysphingolipids, in patients who had macular telangiectasia type 2 but did not have HSAN1 or pathogenic variants affecting SPT. We characterized mice with low serine levels and tested the effects of deoxysphingolipids on human retinal organoids. RESULTS Two variants known to cause HSAN1 were identified as causal for macular telangiectasia type 2: of 11 patients with HSAN1, 9 also had macular telangiectasia type 2. Circulating deoxysphingolipid levels were 84.2% higher among 125 patients with macular telangiectasia type 2 who did not have pathogenic variants affecting SPT than among 94 unaffected controls. Deoxysphingolipid levels were negatively correlated with serine levels, which were 20.6% lower than among controls. Reduction of serine levels in mice led to increases in levels of retinal deoxysphingolipids and compromised visual function. Deoxysphingolipids caused photoreceptor-cell death in retinal organoids, but not in the presence of regulators of lipid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of atypical deoxysphingolipids, caused by variant SPTLC1 or SPTLC2 or by low serine levels, were risk factors for macular telangiectasia type 2, as well as for peripheral neuropathy. (Funded by the Lowy Medical Research Institute and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin L Gantner
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Kevin Eade
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Martina Wallace
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Michal K Handzlik
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Regis Fallon
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Jennifer Trombley
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Roberto Bonelli
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Sarah Giles
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Sarah Harkins-Perry
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Tjebo F C Heeren
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Lydia Sauer
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Yoichiro Ideguchi
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Michelle Baldini
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Lea Scheppke
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Michael I Dorrell
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Maki Kitano
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Barbara J Hart
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Carolyn Cai
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Mehmet G Badur
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Mali Okada
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Sasha M Woods
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Catherine Egan
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Mark Gillies
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Robyn Guymer
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Florian Eichler
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Marcus Fruttiger
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Rando Allikmets
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Christian M Metallo
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
| | - Martin Friedlander
- From the Lowy Medical Research Institute (M.L.G., K.E., R.F., J.T., S.G., S.H.-P., Y.I., L. Scheppke, M.I.D., M.K., M. Friedlander), University of California, San Diego (M.W., M.K.H., M. Baldini, M.G.B., C.M.M.), Scripps Research Institute (S.H.-P., Y.I., M.K., M. Friedlander), and Scripps Clinic Medical Group (M. Friedlander), La Jolla, and Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego (M.I.D.) - all in California; Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (L. Sauer, B.J.H., P.S.B.); Moorfields Eye Hospital (T.F.C.H., C.E.) and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology (S.M.W., M. Fruttiger), London; Columbia University, New York (C.C., T.N., R.A.); Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC (R.B., M. Bahlo), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (M.O.) and University of Melbourne Centre for Eye Research (R.G.), Melbourne, VIC, and the Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney (M.G.) - all in Australia; and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (F.E.)
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Isolation and Quantification of Sphingosine and Sphinganine from Rat Serum Revealed Gender Differences. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090459. [PMID: 31500283 PMCID: PMC6770419 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are an important group of lipids that play crucial roles in living cells, facilitating cell recognition, signal transduction and endocytosis. The concentration of sphingosine and some of its derivatives like sphinganine may serve as a biomarker for the diagnosis of sphingolipidoses or be used for further research into similar diseases. In this study, a sphingolipid extraction and a high resolution detection method specific for sphingosine and sphinganine was adapted and tested. Lipids were extracted from rats’ serum, coupled to o-phthalaldehyde and detected with a fluorescence detector after running through a silica gel column in a high performance liquid chromatography system. With this method, we analysed 20 male and 20 female rat serum samples and compared the concentrations of sphingosine and sphinganine. The results showed a significant difference between the sphingosine concentrations in the male and female rats. The sphingosine concentration in female rats was 805 ng/mL (standard deviation, SD ± 549), while that in males was significantly lower at (75 ng/mL (SD ± 40)). Furthermore, the sphingosine:sphinganine ratio was almost 15-fold higher in the females’ samples. The method presented here facilitates the accurate quantification of sphingosine and sphinganine concentrations down to 2.6 ng and 3.0 ng, respectively, and their ratio in small amounts of rat serum samples to study the sphingolipid metabolism and its potential modulation due to gene mutations or the effect of prevalent toxins.
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Parchem K, Sasson S, Ferreri C, Bartoszek A. Qualitative analysis of phospholipids and their oxidised derivatives - used techniques and examples of their applications related to lipidomic research and food analysis. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1068-1100. [PMID: 31419920 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1657573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids (PLs) are important biomolecules that not only constitute structural building blocks and scaffolds of cell and organelle membranes but also play a vital role in cell biochemistry and physiology. Moreover, dietary exogenous PLs are characterised by high nutritional value and other beneficial health effects, which are confirmed by numerous epidemiological studies. For this reason, PLs are of high interest in lipidomics that targets both the analysis of membrane lipid distribution as well as correlates composition of lipids with their effects on functioning of cells, tissues and organs. Lipidomic assessments follow-up the changes occurring in living organisms, such as free radical attack and oxidative modifications of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) build in PL structures. Oxidised PLs (oxPLs) can be generated exogenously and supplied to organisms with processed food or formed endogenously as a result of oxidative stress. Cellular and tissue oxPLs can be a biomarker predictive of the development of numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis or neuroinflammation. Therefore, suitable high-throughput analytical techniques, which enable comprehensive analysis of PL molecules in terms of the structure of hydrophilic group, fatty acid (FA) composition and oxidative modifications of FAs, have been currently developed. This review addresses all aspects of PL analysis, including lipid isolation, chromatographic separation of PL classes and species, as well as their detection. The bioinformatic tools that enable handling of a large amount of data generated during lipidomic analysis are also discussed. In addition, imaging techniques such as confocal microscopy and mass spectrometry imaging for analysis of cellular lipid maps, including membrane PLs, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Parchem
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Shlomo Sasson
- Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Carreira AC, Santos TC, Lone MA, Zupančič E, Lloyd-Evans E, de Almeida RFM, Hornemann T, Silva LC. Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100995. [PMID: 31445071 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - T C Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN) and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zupančič
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E Lloyd-Evans
- Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - R F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN) and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Naviaux RK, Naviaux JC, Li K, Wang L, Monk JM, Bright AT, Koslik HJ, Ritchie JB, Golomb BA. Metabolic features of Gulf War illness. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219531. [PMID: 31348786 PMCID: PMC6660083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 230,000 veterans-about 1/3 of US personnel deployed in the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War-developed chronic, multi-symptom health problems now called "Gulf War illness" (GWI), for which mechanisms and objective diagnostic signatures continue to be sought. METHODS Targeted, broad-spectrum serum metabolomics was used to gain insights into the biology of GWI. 40 male participants, included 20 veterans who met both Kansas and CDC diagnostic criteria for GWI and 20 nonveteran controls without similar symptoms that were 1:1 matched to GWI cases by age, sex, and ethnicity. Serum samples were collected and archived at -80° C prior to testing. 358 metabolites from 46 biochemical pathways were measured by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Veterans with GWI, compared to healthy controls, had abnormalities in 8 of 46 biochemical pathways interrogated. Lipid abnormalities accounted for 78% of the metabolic impact. Fifteen ceramides and sphingomyelins, and four phosphatidylcholine lipids were increased. Five of the 8 pathways were shared with the previously reported metabolic phenotype of males with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). However, 4 of the 5 shared pathways were regulated in opposite directions; key pathways that were up-regulated in GWI were down-regulated in ME/CFS. The single pathway regulated in the same direction was purines, which were decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that despite heterogeneous exposure histories, a metabolic phenotype of GWI was clearly distinguished from controls. Metabolomic differences between GWI and ME/CFS show that common clinical symptoms like fatigue can have different chemical mechanisms and different diagnostic implications. Larger studies will be needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKN); (BAG)
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - A. Taylor Bright
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Hayley J. Koslik
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Janis B. Ritchie
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Beatrice A. Golomb
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKN); (BAG)
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Puig N, Estruch M, Jin L, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Benitez S. The Role of Distinctive Sphingolipids in the Inflammatory and Apoptotic Effects of Electronegative LDL on Monocytes. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080300. [PMID: 31344975 PMCID: PMC6722802 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) is a minor LDL subfraction that is present in blood with inflammatory and apoptotic effects. We aimed to evaluate the role of sphingolipids ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Sph), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in the LDL(-)-induced effect on monocytes. Total LDL was subfractioned into native LDL and LDL(-) by anion-exchange chromatography and their sphingolipid content evaluated by mass spectrometry. LDL subfractions were incubated with monocytes in the presence or absence of enzyme inhibitors: chlorpromazine (CPZ), d-erythro-2-(N-myristoyl amino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol (MAPP), and N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS), which inhibit Cer, Sph, and S1P generation, respectively. After incubation, we evaluated cytokine release by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and apoptosis by flow cytometry. LDL(-) had an increased content in Cer and Sph compared to LDL(+). LDL(-)-induced cytokine release from cultured monocytes was inhibited by CPZ and MAPP, whereas DMS had no effect. LDL(-) promoted monocyte apoptosis, which was inhibited by CPZ, but increased with the addition of DMS. LDL enriched with Sph increased cytokine release in monocytes, and when enriched with Cer, reproduced both the apoptotic and inflammatory effects of LDL(-). These observations indicate that Cer content contributes to the inflammatory and apoptotic effects of LDL(-) on monocytes, whereas Sph plays a more important role in LDL(-)-induced inflammation, and S1P counteracts apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Puig
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Faculty of Medicine. Building M. Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Estruch
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lei Jin
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry. Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. C/Sant Quinti 77-79, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
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Patyna S, Büttner S, Eckes T, Obermüller N, Bartel C, Braner A, Trautmann S, Thomas D, Geiger H, Pfeilschifter J, Koch A. Blood ceramides as novel markers for renal impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 144:106348. [PMID: 31301404 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common organ manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and associated with a poor prognosis. Still, a noninvasive but reliable method to diagnose LN has not been established. Thus, we evaluated whether blood sphingolipids could serve as valid biomarkers for renal injury. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 82 participants were divided into three groups: 36 healthy controls and 17 SLE patients without renal injury (both: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 and albumin/creatinine ≤ 30 mg/g) and 29 LN patients. LN patients were identified by renal biopsies and impaired renal function (eGFR < 80 ml/min/1.73 m2 and albumin/creatinine ratio > 30 mg/g). Venous blood was collected from all participants and sphingolipid levels in plasma and serum were measured by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS Most interesting, concentrations of some specific ceramides, C16ceramide (Cer), C18Cer, C20Cer and C24:1Cer, were elevated in both, plasma and serum samples of patients suffering from biopsy-proven LN and impaired renal function, compared to healthy controls as well as SLE patients without renal injury. C24:1dhCer levels were elevated in plasma and serum samples from LN patients compared to SLE patients. Sphingosine levels were higher in plasma and serum of LN patients compared to healthy controls, but not compared to SLE patients. Sphinganine concentrations were significantly elevated in serum samples from LN patients compared to healthy controls and SLE. S1P and SA1P levels were higher in plasma samples of SLE and LN patients compared to healthy controls. Subsequent ROC analyses of plasma and serum data of the most altered ceramide species (C16Cer, C18Cer, C20Cer, C24:1Cer) between LN patients and SLE patients display a high diagnostic differentiation with significant AUCs especially for C24:1Cer serum levels. Further, C24:1Cer serum levels were not affected by glucocorticoid treatment and did not correlate with other renal markers, such as serum creatinine, eGFR and albumin/creatinine ratio. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that chain-length specific ceramides in blood, most likely C24:1Cer levels in serum, could act as potent biomarkers for renal impairment in patients suffering from SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Patyna
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital and Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Büttner
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timon Eckes
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital and Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicholas Obermüller
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Bartel
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Axel Braner
- Department of Rheumatology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital and Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital and Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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McFadden JW, Rico JE. Invited review: Sphingolipid biology in the dairy cow: The emerging role of ceramide. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7619-7639. [PMID: 31301829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The physiological control of lactation through coordinated adaptations is of fundamental importance for mammalian neonatal life. The putative actions of reduced insulin sensitivity and responsiveness and enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis spare glucose for the mammary synthesis of milk. However, severe insulin antagonism and body fat mobilization may jeopardize hepatic health and lactation in dairy cattle. Interestingly, lipolysis- and dietary-derived fatty acids may impair insulin sensitivity in cows. The mechanisms are undefined yet have major implications for the development of postpartum fatty liver disease. In nonruminants, the sphingolipid ceramide is a potent mediator of saturated fat-induced insulin resistance that defines in part the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In ruminants including the lactating dairy cow, the functions of ceramide had remained virtually undescribed. Through a series of hypothesis-centered studies, ceramide has emerged as a potential antagonist of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization by adipose and skeletal muscle tissues in dairy cattle. Importantly, bovine data suggest that the ability of ceramide to inhibit insulin action likely depends on the lipolysis-dependent hepatic synthesis and secretion of ceramide during early lactation. Although these mechanisms appear to fade as lactation advances beyond peak milk production, early evidence suggests that palmitic acid feeding is a means to augment ceramide supply. Herein, we review a body of work that focuses on sphingolipid biology and the role of ceramide in the dairy cow within the framework of hepatic and fatty acid metabolism, insulin function, and lactation. The potential involvement of ceramide within the endocrine control of lactation is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - J E Rico
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Carreira AC, Santos TC, Lone MA, Zupančič E, Lloyd-Evans E, de Almeida RFM, Hornemann T, Silva LC. Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 75:100988. [PMID: 31132366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules, and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal; Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - T C Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN), IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zupančič
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal
| | - E Lloyd-Evans
- Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - T Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN), IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Buie JNJ, Hammad SM, Nietert PJ, Magwood G, Adams RJ, Bonilha L, Sims-Robinson C. Differences in plasma levels of long chain and very long chain ceramides between African Americans and whites: An observational study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216213. [PMID: 31067249 PMCID: PMC6505935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Population-wide reductions in cardiovascular disease (CVD) have not been equally shared in the African American community due to a higher burden of CVD risk factors such as metabolic disorders and obesity. Differential concentrations of sphingolipids such as ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) has been associated with the development of CVD, metabolic disorders (MetD), and obesity. Whether African Americans have disparate expression levels of sphingolipids that explain higher burdens of CVD remains unknown. Methods A cross sectional analysis of plasma concentrations of ceramides, sphingosine, and S1P were measured from 8 whites and 7 African Americans without metabolic disorders and 7 whites and 8 African Americans with metabolic disorders using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry methodology (HPLC/MS-MS). Subjects were stratified by both race and metabolic status. Subjects with one or more of the following physician confirmed diagnosis: diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or dyslipidemia were classified as having metabolic disease (MetD). Data was analyzed using a Two-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. Results Total ceramide levels were increased in African Americans compared to African Americans with MetD. Ceramide C16 levels were higher in whites with MetD compared to African Americans with MetD (p<0.05). Ceramide C20 levels were higher in whites with MetD compared to whites. Ceramide C20 levels were higher in African Americans compared to African Americans with MetD. Furthermore, whites with MetD had higher levels of C20 compared to African Americans with MetD (p<0.0001). Ceramide C24:0 and C24:1 in African Americans was higher compared to African Americans with MetD (p<0.05). The plasma concentration of Sph-1P ceramide was higher in African Americans vs whites (p = 0.01). Lastly, ceramide C20 negatively correlated with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels in our study cohort. Conclusions Plasma ceramide concentration patterns are distinct in African Americans with MetD. Further research with larger samples sizes are needed to confirm these findings and to understand whether racial disparities in sphingolipid concentrations have potential therapeutic implications for CVD-related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy N. Jones Buie
- WISSDOM Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Samar M. Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Nietert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Gayenell Magwood
- WISSDOM Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Adams
- WISSDOM Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Leonardo Bonilha
- WISSDOM Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Catrina Sims-Robinson
- WISSDOM Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Castro K, Ntranos A, Amatruda M, Petracca M, Kosa P, Chen EY, Morstein J, Trauner D, Watson CT, Kiebish MA, Bielekova B, Inglese M, Katz Sand I, Casaccia P. Body Mass Index in Multiple Sclerosis modulates ceramide-induced DNA methylation and disease course. EBioMedicine 2019; 43:392-410. [PMID: 30981648 PMCID: PMC6557766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) results from genetic predisposition and environmental variables, including elevated Body Mass Index (BMI) in early life. This study addresses the effect of BMI on the epigenome of monocytes and disease course in MS. METHODS Fifty-four therapy-naive Relapsing Remitting (RR) MS patients with high and normal BMI received clinical and MRI evaluation. Blood samples were immunophenotyped, and processed for unbiased plasma lipidomic profiling and genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of circulating monocytes. The main findings at baseline were validated in an independent cohort of 91 therapy-naïve RRMS patients. Disease course was evaluated by a two-year longitudinal follow up and mechanistic hypotheses tested in human cell cultures and in animal models of MS. FINDINGS Higher monocytic counts and plasma ceramides, and hypermethylation of genes involved in negative regulation of cell proliferation were detected in the high BMI group of MS patients compared to normal BMI. Ceramide treatment of monocytic cell cultures increased proliferation in a dose-dependent manner and was prevented by DNA methylation inhibitors. The high BMI group of MS patients showed a negative correlation between monocytic counts and brain volume. Those subjects at a two-year follow-up showed increased T1 lesion load, increased disease activity, and worsened clinical disability. Lastly, the relationship between body weight, monocytic infiltration, DNA methylation and disease course was validated in mouse models of MS. INTERPRETATION High BMI negatively impacts disease course in Multiple Sclerosis by modulating monocyte cell number through ceramide-induced DNA methylation of anti-proliferative genes. FUND: This work was supported by funds from the Friedman Brain Institute, NIH, and Multiple Sclerosis Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilah Castro
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Achilles Ntranos
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Mario Amatruda
- Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of The City University of New York and Inter-Institutional Center for Glial Biology at Icahn School of Medicine New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Petracca
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Peter Kosa
- Neuroimmunological Disease Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Emily Y Chen
- BERG, LLC. Framingham, MA, United States of America
| | - Johannes Morstein
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | | | - Bibiana Bielekova
- Neuroimmunological Disease Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Ilana Katz Sand
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, New York, United States of America; Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center of The City University of New York and Inter-Institutional Center for Glial Biology at Icahn School of Medicine New York, New York, United States of America.
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Jęśko H, Stępień A, Lukiw WJ, Strosznajder RP. The Cross-Talk Between Sphingolipids and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling: Significance for Aging and Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:3501-3521. [PMID: 30140974 PMCID: PMC6476865 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive sphingolipids: sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide, and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) are increasingly implicated in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and in multiple aspects of stress response in the nervous system. The opposite roles of closely related sphingolipid species in cell survival/death signaling is reflected in the concept of tightly controlled sphingolipid rheostat. Aging has a complex influence on sphingolipid metabolism, disturbing signaling pathways and the properties of lipid membranes. A metabolic signature of stress resistance-associated sphingolipids correlates with longevity in humans. Moreover, accumulating evidence suggests extensive links between sphingolipid signaling and the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-Akt-mTOR pathway (IIS), which is involved in the modulation of aging process and longevity. IIS integrates a wide array of metabolic signals, cross-talks with p53, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), or reactive oxygen species (ROS) and influences gene expression to shape the cellular metabolic profile and stress resistance. The multiple connections between sphingolipids and IIS signaling suggest possible engagement of these compounds in the aging process itself, which creates a vulnerable background for the majority of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Jęśko
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Pawińskiego, 5, 02-106, Poland
| | - Adam Stępień
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Department of Neurology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Szaserów, 128, 04-141, Poland
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Departments of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Robert P Strosznajder
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Environmental Agents, Department of Neurosurgery, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Pawińskiego, 5, 02-106, Poland.
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Lopes-Virella MF, Baker NL, Hunt KJ, Hammad SM, Arthur J, Virella G, Klein RL. Glycosylated sphingolipids and progression to kidney dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:481-491.e1. [PMID: 31043336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosphingolipids are important components of cell membranes, modulators of cell-cell interactions and cell recognition, and have recently emerged as bioactive molecules and important players in nearly all cell biological processes. We previously have shown that decreased plasma levels of long and very long species of ceramides were able to predict the development of macroalbuminuria (MA) in type 1 diabetes. OBJECTIVE This study proposed to examine whether plasma glycosphingolipids could predict development of diabetic nephropathy, assessed as MA or chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Measurement of plasma hexosylceramides (H) and lactosylceramides (L) were conducted in the Lipidomics Core Facility of our Institution in a subcohort of 432 patients from the DCCT/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications cohort in plasma collected at entry into the study. Inverse probability weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the effect of glycosphingolipids levels on the risk of developing MA (albumin excretion rate ≥300 mg/24 hours) or CKD (glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min) over a period of 21 to 28 years. RESULTS Decreases of several long and very long chain lactosylceramides were significantly associated with increased risk of progression to MA but not CKD. Among the hexosylceramides, the only significant association observed was between one of its minor species C18:1-H and CKD. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that decreased levels of long and very long lactosylceramides were able to predict the development of MA in type 1 diabetes. This finding is similar to previous findings showing that low levels of long and very long ceramides were also able to predict development of MA in the same cohort. Further studies are needed to determine the changes in sphingolipid metabolism leading to the development of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Lopes-Virella
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Nathaniel L Baker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelly J Hunt
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Samar M Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - John Arthur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Gabriel Virella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Richard L Klein
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
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118
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Potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis in sphingolipid metabolism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:763-776. [PMID: 30890654 PMCID: PMC6422862 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelins, ceramides, glycosphingolipids, and sphingosine-1-phosphates (S1P) are a large group of structurally and functionally diverse molecules. Some specific species are found associated with atherogenesis and provide novel therapeutic targets. Herein, we briefly review how sphingolipids are implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis and related diseases, and then we discuss the potential therapy options by targetting several key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism.
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119
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3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase mutation induces steatosis and hepatic injury in zebrafish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1138. [PMID: 30718751 PMCID: PMC6361991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37946-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase (KDSR) is the key enzyme in the de novo sphingolipid synthesis. We identified a novel missense kdsrI105R mutation in zebrafish that led to a loss of function, and resulted in progression of hepatomegaly to steatosis, then hepatic injury phenotype. Lipidomics analysis of the kdsrI105R mutant revealed compensatory activation of the sphingolipid salvage pathway, resulting in significant accumulation of sphingolipids including ceramides, sphingosine and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Ultrastructural analysis revealed swollen mitochondria with cristae damage in the kdsrI105R mutant hepatocytes, which can be a cause of hepatic injury in the mutant. We found elevated sphingosine kinase 2 (sphk2) expression in the kdsrI105R mutant. Genetic interaction analysis with the kdsrI105R and the sphk2wc1 mutants showed that sphk2 depletion suppressed liver defects observed in the kdsrI105R mutant, suggesting that liver defects were mediated by S1P accumulation. Further, both oxidative stress and ER stress were completely suppressed by deletion of sphk2 in kdsrI105R mutants, linking these two processes mechanistically to hepatic injury in the kdsrI105R mutants. Importantly, we found that the heterozygous mutation in kdsr induced predisposed liver injury in adult zebrafish. These data point to kdsr as a novel genetic risk factor for hepatic injury.
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120
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Matanes F, Twal WO, Hammad SM. Sphingolipids as Biomarkers of Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1159:109-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21162-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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121
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Regulation of adipogenesis by ceramide 1-phosphate. Exp Cell Res 2018; 372:150-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
The pulmonary endothelial cell forms a critical semi-permeable barrier between the vascular and interstitial space. As part of the blood-gas barrier in the lung, the endothelium plays a key role in normal physiologic function and pathologic disease. Changes in endothelial cell shape, defined by its plasma membrane, determine barrier integrity. A number of key cytoskeletal regulatory and effector proteins including non-muscle myosin light chain kinase, cortactin, and Arp 2/3 mediate actin rearrangements to form cortical and membrane associated structures in response to barrier enhancing stimuli. These actin formations support and interact with junctional complexes and exert forces to protrude the lipid membrane to and close gaps between individual cells. The current knowledge of these cytoskeletal processes and regulatory proteins are the subject of this review. In addition, we explore novel advancements in cellular imaging that are poised to shed light on the complex nature of pulmonary endothelial permeability.
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123
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Iqbal J, Walsh MT, Hammad SM, Cuchel M, Rader DJ, Hussain MM. ATP binding cassette family A protein 1 determines hexosylceramide and sphingomyelin levels in human and mouse plasma. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2084-2097. [PMID: 30279221 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m087502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, including ceramide, SM, and hexosylceramide (HxCer), are carried in the plasma by lipoproteins. They are possible markers of metabolic diseases, but little is known about their control. We previously showed that microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is critical to determine plasma ceramide and SM, but not HxCer, levels. In human plasma and mouse models, we examined possible HxCer-modulating pathways, including the role of ABCA1 in determining sphingolipid plasma concentrations. Compared with control samples, plasma from patients with Tangier disease (deficient in ABCA1) had significantly lower HxCer (-69%) and SM (-40%) levels. Similarly, mice deficient in hepatic and intestinal ABCA1 had significantly reduced HxCer (-79%) and SM (-85%) levels. Tissue-specific ablation studies revealed that hepatic ABCA1 determines plasma HxCer and SM levels; that ablation of MTP and ABCA1 in the liver and intestine reduces plasma HxCer, SM, and ceramide levels; and that hepatic and intestinal MTP contribute to plasma ceramide levels, whereas only hepatic MTP modulates plasma SM levels. These results identify the contribution of ABCA1 to plasma SM and HxCer levels and suggest that MTP and ABCA1 are critical determinants of plasma sphingolipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Eastern Region, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meghan T Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Samar M Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY .,Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, New York University Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY.,Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY
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124
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Burla B, Arita M, Arita M, Bendt AK, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Dennis EA, Ekroos K, Han X, Ikeda K, Liebisch G, Lin MK, Loh TP, Meikle PJ, Orešič M, Quehenberger O, Shevchenko A, Torta F, Wakelam MJO, Wheelock CE, Wenk MR. MS-based lipidomics of human blood plasma: a community-initiated position paper to develop accepted guidelines. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2001-2017. [PMID: 30115755 PMCID: PMC6168311 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.s087163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood is a self-regenerating lipid-rich biological fluid that is routinely collected in hospital settings. The inventory of lipid molecules found in blood plasma (plasma lipidome) offers insights into individual metabolism and physiology in health and disease. Disturbances in the plasma lipidome also occur in conditions that are not directly linked to lipid metabolism; therefore, plasma lipidomics based on MS is an emerging tool in an array of clinical diagnostics and disease management. However, challenges exist in the translation of such lipidomic data to clinical applications. These relate to the reproducibility, accuracy, and precision of lipid quantitation, study design, sample handling, and data sharing. This position paper emerged from a workshop that initiated a community-led process to elaborate and define a set of generally accepted guidelines for quantitative MS-based lipidomics of blood plasma or serum, with harmonization of data acquired on different instrumentation platforms across independent laboratories as an ultimate goal. We hope that other fields may benefit from and follow such a precedent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Burla
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Makoto Arita
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry and Metabolism, Keio University Faculty of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Arita
- National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan and RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anne K Bendt
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Departments of Pharmacology and Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomics Consulting Ltd., Esbo, Finland
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies and Department of Medicine-Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Laboratory for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Cellular and Molecular Epigenetics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michelle K Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland and School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Federico Torta
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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125
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Kuc N, Doermann A, Shirey C, Lee DD, Lowe CW, Awasthi N, Schwarz RE, Stahelin RV, Schwarz MA. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell secreted extracellular vesicles containing ceramide-1-phosphate promote pancreatic cancer stem cell motility. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:458-466. [PMID: 30222969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The high mortality rate associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is in part due to lack of effective therapy for this highly chemoresistant tumor. Cancer stem cells, a subset of cancer cells responsible for tumor initiation and metastasis, are not targeted by conventional cytotoxic agents, which renders the identification of factors that facilitate cancer stem cell activation useful in defining targetable mechanisms. We determined that bioactive sphingolipid induced migration of pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSC) and signaling was specific to ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P). Furthermore, PDAC cells were identified as a rich source of C1P. Importantly, PDAC cells express the C1P converting enzyme ceramide kinase (CerK), secrete C1P-containing extracellular vesicles that mediate PCSC migration, and when co-injected with PCSC reduce animal survival in a PDAC peritoneal dissemination model. Our findings suggest that PDAC secrete C1P-containing extracellular vesicles as a means of recruiting PCSC to sustain tumor growth therefore making C1P release a mechanism that could facilitate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Kuc
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, United States
| | - Allison Doermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, United States
| | - Carolyn Shirey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, United States
| | - Daniel D Lee
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Chinn-Woan Lowe
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Niranjan Awasthi
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Roderich E Schwarz
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Goshen Center for Cancer Care, Goshen, IN, United States
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Margaret A Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, United States; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States.
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126
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Mielke MM, Haughey NJ, Han D, An Y, Bandaru VVR, Lyketsos CG, Ferrucci L, Resnick SM. The Association Between Plasma Ceramides and Sphingomyelins and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease Differs by Sex and APOE in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:819-828. [PMID: 28035934 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular and animal studies demonstrated relationships between sphingolipid metabolism and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. High blood ceramide levels have been shown to predict cognitive impairment and AD, but these studies had small sample sizes and did not assess differences in risk by sex or APOE genotype. OBJECTIVE To determine whether plasma ceramides and sphingomyelins were associated with risk of AD, and whether the association varied by sex and APOE genotype. METHODS Participants included 626 men and 366 women, aged 55 years and older, enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Plasma ceramides and sphingomyelins were determined using quantitative analyses performed on a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometer. Cox proportional hazards models, stratified by sex, were used to examine the relationship of plasma ceramides and sphingomyelins with risk of AD over a mean (SD) follow-up of 15.0 (7.0) years for men and 13.1 (5.9) years for women. RESULTS Among men, the highest tertile of most ceramides and sphingomyelins were associated with an increased risk of AD. Among women, there were no associations between any of the ceramides and risk of AD. In contrast, women in the highest tertile of most sphingomyelins had a reduced risk of AD, which was most pronounced among APOE ɛ4 carriers. CONCLUSION These results provide further evidence for the role of sphingolipid metabolism in AD and highlight the importance of considering sex and APOE genotype in assessing this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dingfen Han
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yang An
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Constantine G Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan M Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) is a pleiotropic bioactive sphingolipid metabolite capable of regulating key physiologic cell functions and promoting pathologic processes. Concerning pathology, C1P or ceramide kinase (CerK), the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis in mammalian cells, has been implicated in cancer cell growth, survival, and dissemination and is involved in inflammatory responses associated with different types of cancer cells. The mechanisms or signaling pathways mediating these C1P actions have only been partially described. This chapter reviews recent progress in identifying signal transduction pathways involved in the promotion of cancer cell growth, survival, and dissemination by CerK and C1P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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128
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Brunkhorst R, Pfeilschifter W, Patyna S, Büttner S, Eckes T, Trautmann S, Thomas D, Pfeilschifter J, Koch A. Preanalytical Biases in the Measurement of Human Blood Sphingolipids. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051390. [PMID: 29735920 PMCID: PMC5983773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of blood sphingolipids is an emerging topic in clinical science. The objective of this study was to determine preanalytical biases that typically occur in clinical and translational studies and that influence measured blood sphingolipid levels. Therefore, we collected blood samples from four healthy male volunteers to investigate the effect of storage conditions (time, temperature, long-term storage, freeze–thaw cycles), blood drawing (venous or arterial sampling, prolonged venous compression), and sample preparation (centrifugation, freezing) on sphingolipid levels measured by LC-MS/MS. Our data show that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and sphinganine 1-phosphate (SA1P) were upregulated in whole blood samples in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. Increased centrifugation at higher speeds led to lower amounts of S1P and SA1P. All other preanalytical biases did not significantly alter the amounts of S1P and SA1P. Further, in almost all settings, we did not detect differences in (dihydro)ceramide levels. In summary, besides time-, temperature-, and centrifugation-dependent changes in S1P and SA1P levels, sphingolipids in blood remained stable under practically relevant preanalytical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Waltraud Pfeilschifter
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sammy Patyna
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Stefan Büttner
- Department of Nephrology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Timon Eckes
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Alexander Koch
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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129
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Sphingolipidomics analysis of large clinical cohorts. Part 1: Technical notes and practical considerations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:596-601. [PMID: 29654754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipids comprise an exceptionally diverse class of bioactive macromolecules. While quantitatively abundant lipid species serve fundamental roles in cell structure and energy metabolism, thousands of structurally-distinct, quantitatively minor species may serve as important regulators of cellular processes. Historically, a complete understanding of the biological roles of these lipids has been limited by a lack of sensitive, discriminating analytical techniques. The class of sphingolipids alone, for example, is known to consist of over 600 different confirmed species, but is likely to include tens of thousands of metabolites with potential biological significance. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have improved the throughput and discrimination of lipid analysis, allowing for the determination of detailed lipid profiles in large cohorts of clinical samples. Databases emerging from these studies will provide a rich resource for the identification of novel biomarkers and for the discovery of potential drug targets, analogous to that of existing genomics databases. In this review, we will provide an overview of the field of sphingolipidomics, and will discuss some of the challenges and considerations facing the generation of robust lipidomics databases.
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130
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Abstract
The state-of-art in the lipidomic analysis is summarized here to provide the overview of available sample preparation strategies, mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for the qualitative analysis of lipids, and the quantitative MS approaches for high-throughput clinical workflows. Major challenges in terms of widely accepted best practices for lipidomic analysis, nomenclature, and standards for data reporting are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Holčapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology , University of Pardubice , Studentská 573 , 53210 Pardubice , Czech Republic
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine , University Hospital Regensburg , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Kim Ekroos
- Lipidomics Consulting Ltd. , 02230 Esbo , Finland
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Kim WS, Jary E, Pickford R, He Y, Ahmed RM, Piguet O, Hodges JR, Halliday GM. Lipidomics Analysis of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A Scope for Biomarker Development. Front Neurol 2018. [PMID: 29541056 PMCID: PMC5835505 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is the most prevalent form of FTD syndromes. bvFTD is characterized clinically by changes in behavior and cognition and pathologically by focal brain atrophy and concomitant loss of lipids. bvFTD is further characterized by eating abnormalities that result in dyslipidemia. Although dyslipidemia is apparent in bvFTD, very little is known about global lipid changes in bvFTD and lipid dysregulation underlying bvFTD. Here, we undertook a comprehensive lipidomics analysis of blood plasma from patients with bvFTD, patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and controls, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with the aim of understanding lipid dysregulation in bvFTD. In our analysis, we detected all four major classes of lipids (glycerolipids, phospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols), 17 subclasses of lipids, and 3,225 putative individual lipid species in total, as well as a group of dietary lipids. We found that the levels of numerous lipid species were significantly altered in bvFTD compared to AD and control. We found that the total abundance of triglyceride (TG) increased significantly in bvFTD, whereas phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol decreased significantly in bvFTD. These results suggest manifestation of hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia in bvFTD. We also identified five lipid molecules—TG (16:0/16:0/16:0), diglyceride (18:1/22:0), phosphatidylcholine (32:0), phosphatidylserine (41:5), and sphingomyelin (36:4)—that could potentially be used for developing biomarkers for bvFTD. Furthermore, an analysis of plant lipids revealed significant decreases in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and sitosteryl ester in bvFTD, indicating altered eating behavior in bvFTD. This study represents the first lipidomics analysis of bvFTD and has provided new insights into an unrecognized perturbed pathology in bvFTD, providing evidence in support of considerable lipid dysregulation in bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eve Jary
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ying He
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebekah M Ahmed
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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133
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Polar lipid composition of bioactive dairy co-products buttermilk and butterserum: Emphasis on sphingolipid and ceramide isoforms. Food Chem 2018; 240:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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134
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Bernacchioni C, Cencetti F, Ouro A, Bruno M, Gomez-Muñoz A, Donati C, Bruni P. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling Axis Mediates Ceramide 1-Phosphate-Induced Proliferation of C2C12 Myoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010139. [PMID: 29300303 PMCID: PMC5796088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are not only crucial for membrane architecture but act as critical regulators of cell functions. The bioactive sphingolipid ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), generated by the action of ceramide kinase, has been reported to stimulate cell proliferation, cell migration and to regulate inflammatory responses via activation of different signaling pathways. We have previously shown that skeletal muscle is a tissue target for C1P since the phosphosphingolipid plays a positive role in myoblast proliferation implying a role in muscle regeneration. Skeletal muscle displays strong capacity of regeneration thanks to the presence of quiescent adult stem cells called satellite cells that upon trauma enter into the cell cycle and start proliferating. However, at present, the exact molecular mechanism by which C1P triggers its mitogenic effect in myoblasts is lacking. Here, we report for the first time that C1P stimulates C2C12 myoblast proliferation via lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling axis. Indeed, C1P subsequently to phospholipase A2 activation leads to LPA1 and LPA3 engagement, which in turn drive Akt (protein kinase B) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2) activation, thus stimulating DNA synthesis. The present findings shed new light on the key role of bioactive sphingolipids in skeletal muscle and provide further support to the notion that these pleiotropic molecules might be useful therapeutic targets for skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bernacchioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
- Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia (IIM), Italy.
| | - Francesca Cencetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
- Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia (IIM), Italy.
| | - Alberto Ouro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Marina Bruno
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Chiara Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
- Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia (IIM), Italy.
| | - Paola Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
- Istituto Interuniversitario di Miologia (IIM), Italy.
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135
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Abstract
Sphingolipids are the most diverse class of lipids due to the numerous variations in their structural components. This diversity is also reflected in their extremely different functions. Sphingolipids are not only constituents of cell membranes but have also emerged as key signaling molecules involved in a variety of cellular functions, such as cell growth and differentiation, proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. Lipidomic analyses in clinical research have identified pathways and products of sphingolipid metabolism that are altered in several human pathologies. In this article, we describe how to properly design a lipidomic experiment in clinical research, how to handle plasma and serum samples for this purpose, and how to measure sphingolipids using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Burla
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sneha Muralidharan
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Department of Biochemistry, YLL School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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136
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Morris TG, Borland SJ, Clarke CJ, Wilson C, Hannun YA, Ohanian V, Canfield AE, Ohanian J. Sphingosine 1-phosphate activation of ERM contributes to vascular calcification. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:69-78. [PMID: 29167409 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is the deposition of mineral in the artery wall by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to pathological stimuli. The process is similar to bone formation and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Given that ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are involved in cardiovascular pathophysiology and biomineralization, their role in VSMC matrix mineralization was investigated. During phosphate-induced VSMC mineralization, endogenous S1P levels increased accompanied by increased sphingosine kinase (SK) activity and increased mRNA expression of SK1 and SK2. Consistent with this, mineralization was increased by exogenous S1P, but decreased by C2-ceramide. Mechanistically, exogenous S1P stimulated ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) phosphorylation in VSMCs and ERM phosphorylation was increased concomitantly with endogenous S1P during mineralization. Moreover, inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase and ceramidase with desipramine prevented increased S1P levels, ERM activation, and mineralization. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of ERM phosphorylation with NSC663894 decreased mineralization induced by phosphate and exogenous S1P. Although further studies will be needed to verify these findings in vivo, this study defines a novel role for the SK-S1P-ERM pathways in phosphate-induced VSMC matrix mineralization and shows that blocking these pathways with pharmacological inhibitors reduces mineralization. These results may inform new therapeutic approaches to inhibit or delay vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J Borland
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Clarke
- Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Claire Wilson
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Vasken Ohanian
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ann E Canfield
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline Ohanian
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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137
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Koch A, Grammatikos G, Trautmann S, Schreiber Y, Thomas D, Bruns F, Pfeilschifter J, Badenhoop K, Penna-Martinez M. Vitamin D Supplementation Enhances C18(dihydro)ceramide Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071532. [PMID: 28714882 PMCID: PMC5536020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are characterized by a broad range of bioactive properties. Particularly, the development of insulin resistance, a major pathophysiological hallmark of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D), has been linked to ceramide signaling. Since vitamin D supplementation may slow down T2D progression by improving glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity, we investigated whether vitamin D supplementation impacts on plasma sphingolipid levels in T2D patients. Thus, plasma samples of 59 patients with non-insulin-requiring T2D from a placebo-controlled, randomized, and double-blind study were retrospectively analyzed. Once per week, patients received either 20 drops of Vigantol oil, corresponding to a daily dose of 1904 IU/d vitamin D (verum: n = 31), or a placebo oil consisting of medium chain triglycerides (placebo: n = 28). Blood samples were taken from all of the participants at three different time points: 1) at the beginning of the study (baseline), 2) after 6 months supplementation, and 3) after an additional 6 months of follow-up. Plasma sphingolipids were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. At baseline and 6 months follow-up, no significant differences in plasma sphingolipid species were detected between the placebo and verum groups. After 6 months, vitamin D supplementation significantly enhanced plasma C18dihydroceramide (dhCer; N-stearoyl-sphinganine (d18:0/18:0)) and C18ceramide (Cer; N-stearoyl-sphingosine (d18:1/18:0)) levels were observed in the verum group compared to the placebo group. This was accompanied by significantly higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) blood levels in patients receiving vitamin D compared to the placebo group. Taken together, vitamin D supplementation induced changes of the C18 chain-length-specific dhCer and Cer plasma levels in patients with T2D. The regulation of sphingolipid signaling by vitamin D may thus unravel a novel mechanism by which vitamin D can influence glucose utilization and insulin action. Whether this acts favorably or unfavorably for the progression of T2D needs to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Koch
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Georgios Grammatikos
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Medicine I, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology-Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Franziska Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Department of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Klaus Badenhoop
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Marissa Penna-Martinez
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Goethe University Hospital, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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138
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Iqbal J, Walsh MT, Hammad SM, Hussain MM. Sphingolipids and Lipoproteins in Health and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:506-518. [PMID: 28462811 PMCID: PMC5474131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are structurally and functionally diverse molecules with significant physiologic functions and are found associated with cellular membranes and plasma lipoproteins. The cellular and plasma concentrations of sphingolipids are altered in several metabolic disorders and may serve as prognostic and diagnostic markers. Here we discuss various sphingolipid transport mechanisms and highlight how changes in cellular and plasma sphingolipid levels contribute to cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Understanding of the mechanisms involved in intracellular transport, secretion, and extracellular transport may provide novel information that might be amenable to therapeutic targeting for the treatment of various metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, MNGHA, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meghan T Walsh
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA
| | - Samar M Hammad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11203, USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York, NY 11209; Center for Diabetes and Obesity Research, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
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139
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Punsawad C, Viriyavejakul P. Reduction in serum sphingosine 1-phosphate concentration in malaria. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180631. [PMID: 28666023 PMCID: PMC5493422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator formed by the metabolism of sphingomyelin which is involved in the endothelial permeability and inflammation. Although the plasma S1P concentration is reportedly decreased in patients with cerebral malaria, the role of S1P in malaria is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of malaria on circulating S1P concentration and its relationship with clinical data in malaria patients. Serum S1P levels were measured in 29 patients with P. vivax, 30 patients with uncomplicated P. falciparum, and 13 patients with complicated P. falciparum malaria on admission and on day 7, compared with healthy subjects (n = 18) as control group. The lowest level of serum S1P concentration was found in the complicated P. falciparum malaria group, compared with P. vivax, uncomplicated P. falciparum patients and healthy controls (all p < 0.001). In addition, serum S1P level was positively correlated with platelet count, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in malaria patients. In conclusions, low levels of S1P are associated with the severity of malaria, and are correlated with thrombocytopenia and anemia. These findings highlight a role of S1P in the severity of malaria and support the use of S1P and its analogue as a novel adjuvant therapy for malaria complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchard Punsawad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
- Tropical Diseases and Parasitic Infectious Diseases Research Group, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Parnpen Viriyavejakul
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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140
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Krautbauer S, Wiest R, Liebisch G, Buechler C. Associations of systemic sphingolipids with measures of hepatic function in liver cirrhosis are related to cholesterol. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2017. [PMID: 28647317 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoprotein particles are composed of various lipid classes including cholesterol and sphingolipids, and are low in serum of patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatic decompensation is associated with a further decline of lipoproteins. Aim of the present work was to evaluate whether ceramide and sphingomyelin species are similarly changed in patients with liver cirrhosis and whether these variations are related to systemic cholesterol levels. In a cohort of 45 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis, cholesteryl ester species and subsequently total cholesterol were identified to be negatively associated with model of end stage liver disease (MELD) score. Indeed, the negative correlations of ceramide (Cer) and sphingomyelin (SM) species with MELD score, bilirubin and anti-thrombin 3 were non-significant after adjustment for cholesterol. Cer/SM ratios of species with identical acyl chains were not related to Child-Pugh or MELD score indicating that both lipids are comparably changed. Further, cholesterol levels and concentrations of all sphingolipids measured were similar in systemic, hepatic vein and portal vein blood. Cholesterol and distinct sphingolipids were similar before and 3 months after insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt while hexosylceramide 24:1 was significantly induced. It is concluded that analysis of distinct systemic sphingolipid species is not superior to measurement of cholesterol as non-invasive marker of hepatic injury in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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141
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Książek M, Charmas M, Klusiewicz A, Zabielski P, Długołęcka B, Chabowski A, Baranowski M. Endurance training selectively increases high-density lipoprotein-bound sphingosine-1-phosphate in the plasma. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:57-64. [PMID: 28493600 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lysosphingolipid that is found in relatively high concentration in human plasma. Erythrocytes, endothelial cells, and activated platelets are the main sources of circulating S1P. The majority of plasma S1P is transported bound to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin. In recent years, HDL-bound S1P attracted much attention due to its cardioprotective and anti-atherogenic properties. We have previously found that endurance-trained athletes are characterized by higher plasma S1P concentration compared to untrained individuals. This finding prompted us to examine the effect of endurance training on S1P metabolism in blood. Thirteen healthy, untrained, male subjects completed an 8-week training program on a rowing ergometer. Three days before the first, and 3 days after the last training session, blood samples were drawn from an antecubital vein. We found that total plasma S1P concentration was increased after the training. Further analysis of different plasma fractions showed that the training selectively elevated HDL-bound S1P. This effect was associated with activation of sphingosine kinase in erythrocytes and platelets and enhanced S1P release from red blood cells. We postulate that increase in HDL-bound S1P level is one of the mechanisms underlying beneficial effects of regular physical activity on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Książek
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - M Charmas
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - A Klusiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - P Zabielski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - B Długołęcka
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - A Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - M Baranowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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142
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Sankella S, Garg A, Agarwal AK. Activation of Sphingolipid Pathway in the Livers of Lipodystrophic Agpat2-/- Mice. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:980-993. [PMID: 29264548 PMCID: PMC5686665 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A several fold increase in triacylglycerol is observed in the livers of lipodystrophic Agpat2−/− mice. We have previously reported an unexpected increase in the phosphatidic acid (PA) levels in the livers of these mice and that a few specific molecular species of PA were able to transcriptionally upregulate hepatic gluconeogenesis. In the current study, we measured the metabolites and expression of associated enzymes of the sphingolipid synthesis pathway. The entire sphingolipid pathway was activated both at the gene expression and the metabolite level. The levels of some ceramides were increased by as much as ~eightfold in the livers of Agpat2−/− mice. Furthermore, several molecular species of ceramides were increased in the plasma of Agpat2−/− mice, specifically ceramide C16:0, which was threefold elevated in the plasma of both the sexes. However, the ceramides failed to increase glucose production in mouse primary hepatocytes obtained from wild-type and Agpat2−/− mice, further establishing the specificity of PA in the induction of hepatic gluconeogenesis. This study shows elevated levels of sphingolipids in the steatotic livers of Agpat2−/− mice and increased expression of associated enzymes for the sphingolipid pathway. Therefore, this study and those in the literature suggest that ceramide C16:0 could be used as a biomarker for insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireesha Sankella
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Abhimanyu Garg
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Anil K Agarwal
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390.,Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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143
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Doppler C, Arnhard K, Dumfarth J, Heinz K, Messner B, Stern C, Koal T, Klavins K, Danzl K, Pitterl F, Grimm M, Oberacher H, Bernhard D. Metabolomic profiling of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections - Implications for pathophysiology and biomarker discovery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176727. [PMID: 28467501 PMCID: PMC5415060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Our basic understanding of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) pathogenesis is still very limited, hampering early diagnosis, risk prediction, and development of treatment options. “Omics”-technologies, ideal to reveal tissue alterations from the normal physiological state due to disease have hardly been applied in the field. Using a metabolomic approach, with this study the authors seek to define tissue differences between controls and various forms of ATAAs. Methods Using a targeted FIA-MS/MS metabolomics approach, we analysed and compared the metabolic profiles of ascending thoracic aortic wall tissue of age-matched controls (n = 8), bicuspid aortic valve-associated aneurysms (BAV-A; n = 9), tricuspid aortic valve-associated aneurysms (TAV-A; n = 14), and tricuspid aortic valve-associated aortic dissections (TAV-Diss; n = 6). Results With sphingomyelin (SM) (OH) C22:2, SM C18:1, SM C22:1, and SM C24:1 only 4 out of 92 detectable metabolites differed significantly between controls and BAV-A samples. Between controls and TAV-Diss samples only phosphatidylcholine (PC) ae C32:1 differed. Importantly, our analyses revealed a general increase in the amount of total sphingomyelin levels in BAV-A and TAV-Diss samples compared to controls. Conclusions Significantly increased levels of sphingomyelins in BAV-A and TAV-Diss samples compared to controls may argue for a repression of sphingomyelinase activity and the sphingomyelinase-ceramide pathway, which may result in an inhibition of tissue regeneration; a potential basis for disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Doppler
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Cardiac, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, Medical Faculty, Johannes-Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Arnhard
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Dumfarth
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Heinz
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Messner
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Stern
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Vienna Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Katarina Danzl
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Grimm
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Bernhard
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
- Cardiac, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, Medical Faculty, Johannes-Kepler University, Linz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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144
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Schneider G, Sellers ZP, Bujko K, Kakar SS, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Novel pleiotropic effects of bioactive phospholipids in human lung cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58247-58263. [PMID: 28938552 PMCID: PMC5601648 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously proposed that one of the unwanted side effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the increase in several peptide- and non-peptide based chemoattractants in damaged tissues, leading to induction of a prometastatic microenvironment for remaining cancer cells. Herein, we turned out our attention to a potential role of bioactive phospholipids (BphsLs), such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in lung cancer (LC) metastasis. We report that LC cells express several functional BphL receptors (for S1P, LPC, and LPA) as well as several enzymes involved in their metabolism and that BphsLs are potent chemokinetic and adhesion factors for these cells. We also demonstrate for the first time the novel role of C1P as a prometastatic factor in LC cells. In addition to their chemokinetic activities, BphsLs also sensitize or prime the chemotactic responsiveness of LC cells to known prometastatic factors such as hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF). Thus, for the first time we demonstrate a prometastatic effect that is based on the priming of a cell's responsiveness to chemotactic factors by chemokinetic factors. To our surprise, none of the bioactive lipids induced proliferation of LC cells or ameliorated toxic effects of vincristine treatment. Interestingly, BphsLs increase adhesion of LC cells to bone marrow-derived stromal cells and stimulate these cells to release ExNs, which additionally increase LC cell motility. In conclusion, our results show that BphsLs are important modulators of prometastatic environment. Therefore, their inhibitors could be considered as potential anti-metastatic drug candidates to be included as a part of post radio- and/or chemo- therapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Schneider
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zachariah Payne Sellers
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kamila Bujko
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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145
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Lipid Mediators of Allergic Disease: Pathways, Treatments, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2017; 16:48. [PMID: 27333777 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-016-0628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive lipids are critical regulators of inflammation. Over the last 75 years, these diverse compounds have emerged as clinically-relevant mediators of allergic disease pathophysiology. Animal and human studies have demonstrated the importance of lipid mediators in the development of asthma, allergic rhinitis, urticaria, anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Lipids are critical participants in cell signaling events which influence key physiologic (bronchoconstriction) and immune phenomena (degranulation, chemotaxis, sensitization). Lipid-mediated cellular mechanisms including: (1) formation of structural support platforms (lipid rafts) for receptor signaling complexes, (2) activation of a diverse family of G-protein coupled receptors, and (3) mediating intracellular signaling cascades by acting as second messengers. Here, we review four classes of bioactive lipids (platelet activating factor, the leukotrienes, the prostanoids, and the sphingolipids) with special emphasis on lipid synthesis pathways and signaling, atopic disease pathology, and the ongoing development of atopy treatments targeting lipid mediator pathways.
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146
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Britten CD, Garrett-Mayer E, Chin SH, Shirai K, Ogretmen B, Bentz TA, Brisendine A, Anderton K, Cusack SL, Maines LW, Zhuang Y, Smith CD, Thomas MB. A Phase I Study of ABC294640, a First-in-Class Sphingosine Kinase-2 Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4642-4650. [PMID: 28420720 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Sphingosine kinases (SK1 and SK2) regulate tumor growth by generating the mitogenic and proinflammatory lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). This phase I study investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of ABC294640, a first-in-class orally available inhibitor of SK2.Experimental Design: Escalating doses of ABC294640 were administered orally to patients with advanced solid tumors in sequential cohorts at the following dose levels: 250 mg qd, 250 mg bid, 500 mg bid, and 750 mg bid, continuously in cycles of 28 days. Serial blood samples were obtained to measure ABC294640 concentrations and sphingolipid profiles.Results: Twenty-two patients were enrolled, and 21 received ABC294640. The most common drug-related toxicities were nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Among the 4 patients at 750 mg bid, one had dose-limiting grade 3 nausea and vomiting, and 2 were unable to complete cycle 1 due to diverse drug-related toxicities. The 500 mg bid dose level was established as the recommended phase II dose. ABC294640 administration resulted in decreases in S1P levels over the first 12 hours, with return to baseline at 24 hours. The best response was a partial response in a patient with cholangiocarcinoma at 250 mg qd, and stable disease was observed in 6 patients with various solid tumors across dose levels.Conclusions: At 500 mg bid, ABC294640 is well tolerated and achieves biologically relevant plasma concentrations. Changes in plasma sphingolipid levels may provide a useful pharmacodynamic biomarker for ABC294640. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4642-50. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn D Britten
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Population Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Steven H Chin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Tricia A Bentz
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alan Brisendine
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kate Anderton
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Susan L Cusack
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
| | - Lynn W Maines
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles D Smith
- Apogee Biotechnology Corporation, Hummelstown, Pennsylvania.
| | - Melanie B Thomas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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147
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Separovic D, Shields AF, Philip PA, Bielawski J, Bielawska A, Pierce JS, Tarca AL. Altered Levels of Serum Ceramide, Sphingosine and Sphingomyelin Are Associated with Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Pilot Study. Anticancer Res 2017; 37:1213-1218. [PMID: 28314284 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.11436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Because patients with cancer of apparently equivalent stage often have different outcomes, it is necessary to gather additional information to complement cancer staging. Dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism contributes to carcinogenesis. In this retrospective pilot study, we tested the hypothesis that changes in serum levels of sphingolipids are associated with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC). PATIENTS AND METHODS We used commercially available serum samples from healthy males and patients with CRC (adenocarcinoma of the large intestine, stage IV with metastases). Blood samples were obtained immediately prior to anesthesia/surgery. We measured sphingolipid levels in sera using mass spectrometry. RESULTS In serum of patients with CRC, the levels of C16-, C18-, C18:1-, and C24:1-ceramide, as well as those of sphingosine, were significantly higher than those of controls. In contrast, the levels of C24-sphingomyelin were significantly lower than those of controls. A global test of association showed that ceramides and sphingomyelins but not hexosylceramides were significantly associated with stage IV CRC. CONCLUSION Sphingolipids have a potential of serving as novel, non-invasive, inexpensive, and effective blood-based biomarkers to complement CRC staging for better prognosis and more personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duska Separovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, U.S.A. .,Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, U.S.A
| | - Anthony F Shields
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, U.S.A.,Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, U.S.A
| | - Philip A Philip
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, U.S.A.,Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, U.S.A
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
| | - Jason S Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, U.S.A.,Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, U.S.A
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148
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Plasma cross-gestational sphingolipidomic analyses reveal potential first trimester biomarkers of preeclampsia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175118. [PMID: 28384202 PMCID: PMC5383057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preeclampsia (PE) is a gestational disorder, manifested in the second half of pregnancy by maternal hypertension, proteinuria and generalized edema. PE is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, accounting for nearly 40% of all premature births worldwide. Bioactive sphingolipids are emerging as key molecules involved in etiopathogenesis of PE, characterized by maternal angiogenic imbalance and symptoms of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to compare the cross-gestational profile of circulating bioactive sphingolipids in maternal plasma from preeclamptic (PE) versus normotensive control (CTL) subjects with the goal of identifying sphingolipids as candidate first trimester biomarkers of PE for early prediction of the disease. Methods A prospective cohort of patients was sampled at the first, second and third trimester of pregnancy for each patient (11–14, 22–24, and 32–36 weeks´ gestation). A retrospective stratified study design was used to quantify different classes of sphingolipids in maternal plasma. We used a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) approach for determining different sphingolipid molecular species (sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), dihydro-sphingosine-1-phosphate (DH-S1P), sphingomyelins (SM) and ceramides (Cer)) in cross-gestational samples of human plasma from PE (n = 7, 21 plasma samples across pregnancy) and CTL (n = 7, 21 plasma samples across pregnancy) patients. Results Plasma levels of angiogenic S1P did not change significantly in control and in preeclamptic patients´ group across gestation. DH-S1P was significantly decreased in second trimester plasma of PE patients in comparison to their first trimester, which could contribute to reduced endothelial barrier observed in PE. The major ceramide species (Cer 16:0 and Cer 24:0) tended to be up-regulated in plasma of control and PE subjects across gestation. The levels of a less abundant plasma ceramide species (Cer 14:0) were significantly lower in first trimester plasma of PE patients when compared with their gestational-matched control samples (p = 0.009). Major plasma sphingomyelin species (SM 16:0, SM 18:1 and SM 24:0) tended to be higher in control pregnancies across gestation. However, in PE patients, SM 16:0, SM 18:0 and SM 18:1 showed significant up-regulation across gestation, pointing to atherogenic properties of the sphingomyelins and particularly the potential contribution of SM 18:0 to the disease development. In addition, two major sphingomyelins, SM 16:0 and SM 18:0, were significantly lower in first trimester plasma of PE patients versus first trimester samples of respective controls (p = 0.007 and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions Cross-gestational analysis of maternal plasma of preeclamptic and normotensive women identifies differences in the biochemical profile of major sphingolipids (DH-S1P, sphingomyelins and ceramides) between these two groups. In addition, first trimester maternal plasma sphingolipids (Cer 14:0, SM 16:0 and SM 18:0) may serve in the future as early biomarkers of PE occurrence and development.
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149
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Rojas JM, Arán-Sekul T, Cortés E, Jaldín R, Ordenes K, Orrego PR, González J, Araya JE, Catalán A. Phospholipase D from Loxosceles laeta Spider Venom Induces IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1/GRO-α, and CCL2/MCP-1 Production in Human Skin Fibroblasts and Stimulates Monocytes Migration. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040125. [PMID: 28379166 PMCID: PMC5408199 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous loxoscelism envenomation by Loxosceles spiders is characterized by the development of a dermonecrotic lesion, strong inflammatory response, the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, and leukocyte migration to the bite site. The role of phospholipase D (PLD) from Loxosceles in the recruitment and migration of monocytes to the envenomation site has not yet been described. This study reports on the expression and production profiles of cytokines and chemokines in human skin fibroblasts treated with catalytically active and inactive recombinant PLDs from Loxosceles laeta (rLlPLD) and lipid inflammatory mediators ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and the evaluation of their roles in monocyte migration. Recombinant rLlPLD1 (active) and rLlPLD2 (inactive) isoforms induce interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, CXCL1/GRO-α, and CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and secretion in fibroblasts. Meanwhile, C1P and LPA only exhibited a minor effect on the expression and secretion of these cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, neutralization of both enzymes with anti-rLlPLD1 antibodies completely inhibited the secretion of these cytokines and chemokines. Importantly, conditioned media from fibroblasts, treated with rLlPLDs, stimulated the transmigration of THP-1 monocytes. Our data demonstrate the direct role of PLDs in chemotactic mediator synthesis for monocytes in human skin fibroblasts and indicate that inflammatory processes play an important role during loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Tomás Arán-Sekul
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Emmanuel Cortés
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Romina Jaldín
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Kely Ordenes
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Patricio R Orrego
- Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Jorge González
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Jorge E Araya
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, CP 1270300, Chile.
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150
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Rai S, Bhatnagar S. Novel Lipidomic Biomarkers in Hyperlipidemia and Cardiovascular Diseases: An Integrative Biology Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:132-142. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rai
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, India
| | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Division of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, India
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