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Patel RS, Carter G, El Bassit G, Patel AA, Cooper DR, Murr M, Patel NA. Adipose-derived stem cells from lean and obese humans show depot specific differences in their stem cell markers, exosome contents and senescence: role of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) in adipose stem cell niche. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:2. [PMID: 27358894 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2016.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) and its exosomes are gaining utmost importance in the field of regenerative medicine. The ASCs tested for their potential in wound healing are predominantly derived from the subcutaneous depot of lean donors. However, it is important to characterize the ASC derived from different adipose depots as these depots have clinically distinct roles. METHODS We characterized the ASC derived from subcutaneous and omental depots from a lean donor (sc-ASCn and om-ASCn) and compared it to the ASC derived from an obese donor (sc-ASCo and om-ASCo) using flow cytometry and real time qPCR. RESULTS We show that stem cell markers Oct4, Sal4, Sox15, KLF4 and BMI1 have distinct expression patterns in each ASC. We evaluated the secretome of the ASC and characterized their secreted exosomes. We show long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are secreted by ASC and their expression varied between the ASC's derived from different depots. Protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) regulates the mitogenic signals in stem cells. We evaluated the effect of silencing PKCδ in sc-ASCn, om-ASCn, sc-ASCo and om-ASCo. Using β-galactosidase staining, we evaluated the percentage of senescent cells in sc-ASCn, om-ASCn, sc-ASCo and om-ASCo. Our results also indicated that silencing PKCδ increases the percentage of senescent cells. CONCLUSIONS Our case-specific study demonstrates a role of PKCδ in maintaining the adipose stem cell niche and importantly demonstrates depot-specific differences in adipose stem cells and their exosome content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha S Patel
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 2 James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA ; 3 Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gay Carter
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 2 James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA ; 3 Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ghattas El Bassit
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 2 James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA ; 3 Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Achintya A Patel
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 2 James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA ; 3 Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Denise R Cooper
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 2 James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA ; 3 Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michel Murr
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 2 James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA ; 3 Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Niketa A Patel
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 2 James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA ; 3 Honors College, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; 4 Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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102
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Brune JE, Kern M, Kunath A, Flehmig G, Schön MR, Lohmann T, Dressler M, Dietrich A, Fasshauer M, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Klöting N. Fat depot-specific expression of HOXC9 and HOXC10 may contribute to adverse fat distribution and related metabolic traits. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:51-9. [PMID: 26647900 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Independent previous studies in both rodents and humans suggest a role of developmental genes in the origin of obesity and body fat distribution. Here, the hypothesis that human adipose tissue (AT) expression of the developmental genes homeobox transcription factors C9 (HOXC9) and C10 (HOXC10) is fat depot-specific and related to obesity-related traits was tested. METHODS In 636 individuals, HOXC9 and HOXC10 mRNA expression was investigated in paired abdominal subcutaneous (SC) and omental AT samples in relation to a wide range of age, BMI, fat distribution, and metabolic parameters and in subfractions of isolated adipocytes and cells of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF). RESULTS HOXC9 and HOXC10 mRNA expression is significantly higher in SC compared to omental AT. HOXC9 and HOXC10 mRNA expression significantly correlates with body fat mass, even after adjustment for age and gender. In smaller subgroups (depending on the availability of data), fat depot-related significant gender- and BMI-independent associations between HOXC9 and HOXC10 gene expression and parameters of glucose metabolism and AT biology were found (e.g., adipocyte size). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that HOXC9 and HOXC10 may play an important role in the development of obesity, adverse fat distribution, and subsequent alterations in whole-body metabolism and AT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob E Brune
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Kunath
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gesine Flehmig
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael R Schön
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | - Arne Dietrich
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Peter Kovacs
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- IFB AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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103
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Gupta OT, Gupta RK. Visceral Adipose Tissue Mesothelial Cells: Living on the Edge or Just Taking Up Space? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:515-523. [PMID: 26412153 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Visceral adiposity and pathological adipose tissue remodeling, a result of overnutrition, are strong predictors of metabolic health in obesity. Factors intrinsic to visceral adipose depots are likely to play a causal role in eliciting the detrimental effects of this tissue on systemic nutrient homeostasis. The visceral adipose-associated mesothelium, a monolayer of epithelial cells of mesodermal origin that line the visceral serosa, has recently attracted attention for its role in metabolic dysfunction. Here we highlight and consolidate literature from various fields of study that points to the visceral adipose-associated mesothelium as a potential contributor to adipose development and remodeling. We propose a hypothesis in which adipose mesothelial cells represent a visceral depot-specific determinant of adipose tissue health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga T Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Rana K Gupta
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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104
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Fried SK, Lee MJ, Karastergiou K. Shaping fat distribution: New insights into the molecular determinants of depot- and sex-dependent adipose biology. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1345-52. [PMID: 26054752 PMCID: PMC4687449 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review recent advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms that regulate fat distribution. METHODS In this review, new insights into depot and sex differences in the developmental origins and growth of adipose tissues as revealed by studies that use new methods, including lineage tracing, are highlighted. RESULTS Variations in fat distribution during normal growth and in response to alterations in nutritional or hormonal status are driven by intrinsic differences in cells found in each adipose depot. Adipose progenitor cells and preadipocytes in different anatomical adipose tissues derive from cell lineages that determine their capacity for proliferation and differentiation. As a result, rates of hypertrophy and hyperplasia during growth and remodeling vary among depots. The metabolic capacities of adipose cells are also determined by variations in the expression of key transcription factors and non-coding RNAs. These developmental events are influenced by sex chromosomes and hormonal and nutrient signals that determine the adipogenic, metabolic, and functional properties of each depot. CONCLUSIONS These new developments in the understanding of fat distribution provide a sound basis for understanding the association of body shape and health in men and women with and without obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Fried
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kalypso Karastergiou
- Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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105
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Abstract
Obesity is associated with altered gut microbiota composition and impaired gut barrier function. These changes, together with interrelated mesenteric adipose tissue inflammation, result in increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, bacteria-derived factors, and lipids into the portal circulation, promoting the development of (hepatic) insulin resistance. Herein, the potential impact of obesity-related changes in gut and visceral adipose tissue biology on the development of insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Konrad
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Wueest
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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106
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Seifert A, Werheid DF, Knapp SM, Tobiasch E. Role of Hox genes in stem cell differentiation. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:583-595. [PMID: 25914765 PMCID: PMC4404393 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i3.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hox genes are an evolutionary highly conserved gene family. They determine the anterior-posterior body axis in bilateral organisms and influence the developmental fate of cells. Embryonic stem cells are usually devoid of any Hox gene expression, but these transcription factors are activated in varying spatial and temporal patterns defining the development of various body regions. In the adult body, Hox genes are among others responsible for driving the differentiation of tissue stem cells towards their respective lineages in order to repair and maintain the correct function of tissues and organs. Due to their involvement in the embryonic and adult body, they have been suggested to be useable for improving stem cell differentiations in vitro and in vivo. In many studies Hox genes have been found as driving factors in stem cell differentiation towards adipogenesis, in lineages involved in bone and joint formation, mainly chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, in cardiovascular lineages including endothelial and smooth muscle cell differentiations, and in neurogenesis. As life expectancy is rising, the demand for tissue reconstruction continues to increase. Stem cells have become an increasingly popular choice for creating therapies in regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal and differentiation potential. Especially mesenchymal stem cells are used more and more frequently due to their easy handling and accessibility, combined with a low tumorgenicity and little ethical concerns. This review therefore intends to summarize to date known correlations between natural Hox gene expression patterns in body tissues and during the differentiation of various stem cells towards their respective lineages with a major focus on mesenchymal stem cell differentiations. This overview shall help to understand the complex interactions of Hox genes and differentiation processes all over the body as well as in vitro for further improvement of stem cell treatments in future regenerative medicine approaches.
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107
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous fat grafting is a widely used procedure, yet the mechanisms that regulate graft outcomes are poorly understood. Estrogen signaling is a potent regulator of lipid handling, inflammation, fibrosis, and adipocyte progenitor recruitment in adipose tissues. To date, no studies have investigated the effect of circulating estrogens on fat graft outcomes. METHODS Immunosuppressed (Nu/Nu) mice underwent ovariectomy or sham surgery. Forty-five days later, half the mice (donors) were killed, and adipose tissue was taken and transplanted into the remaining cohort (recipients). Forty-five days after transplantation, grafts were dissected, weighed, and assessed for expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, estrogen receptor-α, and vascular density. RESULTS Grafts harvested from and transplanted into sham environments are smaller but more highly vascularized compared with ovariectomy environments. The estrogenic effects on grafts are more critical at the site of the donor tissue than the recipient. Finally, expression of estrogen receptor-α in the grafted tissue correlates with the observed graft characteristics, which is altered by both the donor and recipient environments. CONCLUSIONS Circulating estrogens have significant effects on fat graft outcomes, primarily at the site of the donor tissue. As there are well-established depot-specific estrogenic responses, the choice of adipose depot used as a donor for fat grafting may affect outcomes. In addition, outcomes may be confounded by the patient's hormonal status. Understanding the mechanisms by which estrogen signaling regulates graft outcomes is important in refining this commonly used clinical procedure.
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108
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Hilton C, Karpe F, Pinnick KE. Role of developmental transcription factors in white, brown and beige adipose tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:686-96. [PMID: 25668679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the role of developmental transcription factors in adipose tissue biology with a focus on how these developmental genes may contribute to regional variation in adipose tissue distribution and function. Regional, depot-specific, differences in lipid handling and signalling (lipolysis, lipid storage and adipokine/lipokine signalling) are important determinants of metabolic health. At a cellular level, preadipocytes removed from their original depot and cultured in vitro retain depot-specific functional properties, implying that these are intrinsic to the cells and not a function of their environment in situ. High throughput screening has identified a number of developmental transcription factors involved in embryological development, including members of the Homeobox and T-Box gene families, that are strongly differentially expressed between regional white adipose tissue depots and also between brown and white adipose tissue. However, the significance of depot-specific developmental signatures remains unclear. Developmental transcription factors determine body patterning during embryogenesis. The divergent developmental origins of regional adipose tissue depots may explain their differing functional characteristics. There is evidence from human genetics that developmental genes determine adipose tissue distribution: in GWAS studies a number of developmental genes have been identified as being correlated with anthropometric measures of adiposity and fat distribution. Additionally, compelling functional studies have recently implicated developmental genes in both white adipogenesis and the so-called 'browning' of white adipose tissue. Understanding the genetic and developmental pathways in adipose tissue may help uncover novel ways to intervene with the function of adipose tissue in order to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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109
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Abstract
The distribution of adipose tissue in the body has wide-ranging and reproducible associations with health and disease. Accumulation of adipose tissue in the upper body (abdominal obesity) is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and even all-cause mortality. Conversely, accumulation of fat in the lower body (gluteofemoral obesity) shows opposite associations with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus when adjusted for overall fat mass. The abdominal depots are characterized by rapid uptake of predominantly diet-derived fat and a high lipid turnover that is easily stimulated by adrenergic receptor activation. The lower-body fat stores have a reduced lipid turnover with a capacity to accommodate fat undergoing redistribution. Lower-body adipose tissue also seems to retain the capacity to recruit additional adipocytes as a result of weight gain and demonstrates fewer signs of inflammatory insult. New data suggest that the profound functional differences between the upper-body and lower-body tissues are controlled by site-specific sets of developmental genes, such as HOXA6, HOXA5, HOXA3, IRX2 and TBX5 in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and HOTAIR, SHOX2 and HOXC11 in gluteofemoral adipose tissue, which are under epigenetic control. This Review discusses the developmental and functional differences between upper-body and lower-body fat depots and provides mechanistic insight into the disease-protective effects of lower-body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Karpe
- 1] Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK. [2] NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington OX3 7LE, UK
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110
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Chon SH, Pappas A. Differentiation and characterization of human facial subcutaneous adipocytes. Adipocyte 2015; 4:13-21. [PMID: 26167398 DOI: 10.4161/21623945.2014.955402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with the loss of facial subcutaneous fat and with increased abdominal subcutaneous fat. Site specific differences in adipocyte phenotype and/or gene expression may play a role in these age-related changes. In this study, we isolated and characterized human facial preadipocytes and investigated distinct metabolic properties such as a differentiation pattern in relation to abdominal preadipocytes. Subcutaneous preadipocytes were isolated from human facial and abdominal skin and cultured in the presence of differentiation factors including rosiglitazone, a known peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, isobutyl-methyl xanthine (IBMX) and insulin. Differentiation was characterized microscopically and by quantitative real-time PCR. Unexpected superior adipogenic capacity of facial preadipocytes was observed; more facial preadipocytes differentiated in response to rosiglitazone than abdominal preadipocytes and facial preadipocytes retained their ability to differentiate through passage 11 compared with passage 5 for abdominal preadipocytes. Experiments confirmed a reduced lipolysis response in facial versus abdominal adipocytes after exposure to isoproterenol, which was consistent with the reduced β2-adrenergic receptor expression by 60% in the facial cells. The expression of other lipid metabolic gene markers was similar in both facial and abdominal adipocytes with the exception of β3-adrenergic receptor which was only found in abdominal adipose tissue. Gene profiling, by microarray analysis, identified that several HOX genes are robustly reduced in facial adipocytes compared to abdominal adipocytes, suggesting different characteristics between the 2 fat depots. These differences may have implications for development of treatments for facial fat loss during aging.
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111
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Pinnick KE, Nicholson G, Manolopoulos KN, McQuaid SE, Valet P, Frayn KN, Denton N, Min JL, Zondervan KT, Fleckner J, McCarthy MI, Holmes CC, Karpe F. Distinct developmental profile of lower-body adipose tissue defines resistance against obesity-associated metabolic complications. Diabetes 2014; 63:3785-97. [PMID: 24947352 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Upper- and lower-body fat depots exhibit opposing associations with obesity-related metabolic disease. We defined the relationship between DEXA-quantified fat depots and diabetes/cardiovascular risk factors in a healthy population-based cohort (n = 3,399). Gynoid fat mass correlated negatively with insulin resistance after total fat mass adjustment, whereas the opposite was seen for abdominal fat. Paired transcriptomic analysis of gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (GSAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (ASAT) was performed across the BMI spectrum (n = 49; 21.4-45.5 kg/m(2)). In both depots, energy-generating metabolic genes were negatively associated and inflammatory genes were positively associated with obesity. However, associations were significantly weaker in GSAT. At the systemic level, arteriovenous release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (n = 34) was lower from GSAT than ASAT. Isolated preadipocytes retained a depot-specific transcriptional "memory" of embryonic developmental genes and exhibited differential promoter DNA methylation of selected genes (HOTAIR, TBX5) between GSAT and ASAT. Short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing identified TBX5 as a regulator of preadipocyte proliferation and adipogenic differentiation in ASAT. In conclusion, intrinsic differences in the expression of developmental genes in regional adipocytes provide a mechanistic basis for diversity in adipose tissue (AT) function. The less inflammatory nature of lower-body AT offers insight into the opposing metabolic disease risk associations between upper- and lower-body obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.
| | - George Nicholson
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Medical Research Council Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, U.K
| | | | - Siobhán E McQuaid
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Metaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, INSERM-Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Keith N Frayn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Nathan Denton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Josine L Min
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jan Fleckner
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Gentofte, Denmark
| | | | - Mark I McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
| | - Chris C Holmes
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K. National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, U.K
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112
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Abstract
A detailed appreciation of the control of adipose tissue whether it be white, brown or brite/beige has never been more important to the development of a framework on which to build therapeutic strategies to combat obesity. This is because 1) the rate of fatty acid release into the circulation from lipolysis in white adipose tissue (WAT) is integrally important to the development of obesity, 2) brown adipose tissue (BAT) has now moved back to center stage with the realization that it is present in adult humans and, in its activated form, is inversely proportional to levels of obesity and 3) the identification and characterization of "brown-like" or brite/beige fat is likely to be one of the most exciting developments in adipose tissue biology in the last decade. Central to all of these developments is the role of the CNS in the control of different fat cell functions and central to CNS control is the integrative capacity of the hypothalamus. In this chapter we will attempt to detail key issues relevant to the structure and function of hypothalamic and downstream control of WAT and BAT and highlight the importance of developing an understanding of the neural input to brite/beige fat cells as a precursor to its recruitment as therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stefanidis
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - N M Wiedmann
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - E S Adler
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - B J Oldfield
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.
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113
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Divoux A, Karastergiou K, Xie H, Guo W, Perera RJ, Fried SK, Smith SR. Identification of a novel lncRNA in gluteal adipose tissue and evidence for its positive effect on preadipocyte differentiation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1781-5. [PMID: 24862299 PMCID: PMC4228784 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripheral lower body fat is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk. Physiological differences in gluteal compared with abdominal subcutaneous (sc) adipocyte functions are known but the molecular basis for depot differences in adipocyte function is poorly understood. Our goal is to identify novel gene regulatory pathways that underlie the heterogeneity of human fat distribution. METHODS Abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue aspirates obtained from 35 subjects (age = 30 ± 1.6 years; BMI = 27.3 ± 1.3 kg/m(2) ) were analyzed using Illumina microarrays and confirmed by RT-PCR. The HOTAIR gene was stably transfected into primary cultured human abdominal sc preadipocytes using a lentivirus and effects on adipogenic differentiation were analyzed. RESULTS A long noncoding RNA, HOTAIR that was expressed in gluteal but not in Abd sc adipose tissue was identified. This difference was retained throughout in vitro differentiation and was maximal at day 4. Ectopic expression of HOTAIR in abdominal preadipocytes produced an increase in differentiation as reflected by a higher percentage of differentiated cells, and increased expression of key adipogenic genes including PPARγ and LPL. CONCLUSIONS HOTAIR is expressed in gluteal adipose and may regulate key processes in adipocyte differentiation. The role of this lncRNA in determining the metabolic properties of gluteal compared with abdominal adipocytes merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Divoux
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Sanford/Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford/Burnham Medical Research Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida, USA
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114
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Roche MM, Wang PP. Factors associated with a diabetes diagnosis and late diabetes diagnosis for males and females. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 1:77-84. [PMID: 29159087 PMCID: PMC5685052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aims To examine the factors associated with diabetes, a late diabetes diagnosis, and whether these factors are different for males and females. Methods Cross-sectional study including 7101 individuals aged ≥25 years in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (466 with diabetes; 332 diagnosed late). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with a diabetes diagnosis and late diabetes diagnosis. Results For males, overweight/obesity (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.06-1.72) was positively associated with diabetes while being a regular/occasional drinker (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.32-0.88) was inversely associated with diabetes. Living in a rural area (HR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.01-2.15), receiving social assistance (HR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.52-5.15), having poor self perceived health (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.32-3.21), and considering most days stressful (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.01-2.10) were positively associated with diabetes for females. No factors were significantly associated with a late diabetes diagnosis for males. Having a low education (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.99) was inversely associated with a late diabetes diagnosis for females. Conclusions Different factors are associated with diabetes for males and females. Disadvantaged females appear to be at the greatest risk. The factors associated with a late diabetes diagnosis were also different for males and females. Females with lower education levels are diagnosed with diabetes earlier than females with higher education levels. Certain risk factors appear to impact males and females differently and more research is needed on how males and females develop diabetes and when they are diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madonna M Roche
- Research and Evaluation Department, Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Health Information, 70 O'Leary Avenue, St. John's, NL A1B 2C7, Canada
| | - Peizhong Peter Wang
- Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Schleinitz D, Böttcher Y, Blüher M, Kovacs P. The genetics of fat distribution. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1276-86. [PMID: 24632736 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fat stored in visceral depots makes obese individuals more prone to complications than subcutaneous fat. There is good evidence that body fat distribution (FD) is controlled by genetic factors. WHR, a surrogate measure of FD, shows significant heritability of up to ∼60%, even after adjusting for BMI. Genetic variants have been linked to various forms of altered FD such as lipodystrophies; however, the polygenic background of visceral obesity has only been sparsely investigated in the past. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for measures of FD revealed numerous loci harbouring genes potentially regulating FD. In addition, genes with fat depot-specific expression patterns (in particular subcutaneous vs visceral adipose tissue) provide plausible candidate genes involved in the regulation of FD. Many of these genes are differentially expressed in various fat compartments and correlate with obesity-related traits, thus further supporting their role as potential mediators of metabolic alterations associated with a distinct FD. Finally, developmental genes may at a very early stage determine specific FD in later life. Indeed, genes such as TBX15 not only manifest differential expression in various fat depots, but also correlate with obesity and related traits. Moreover, recent GWAS identified several polymorphisms in developmental genes (including TBX15, HOXC13, RSPO3 and CPEB4) strongly associated with FD. More accurate methods, including cardiometabolic imaging, for assessment of FD are needed to promote our understanding in this field, where the main focus is now to unravel the yet unknown biological function of these novel 'fat distribution genes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Schleinitz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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You T, Wang X, Murphy KM, Lyles MF, Demons JL, Yang R, Gong DW, Nicklas BJ. Regional adipose tissue hormone/cytokine production before and after weight loss in abdominally obese women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1679-84. [PMID: 24634403 PMCID: PMC4077942 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the regional differences in subcutaneous adipose tissue hormone/cytokine production in abdominally obese women during weight loss. METHODS Forty-two abdominally obese, older women underwent a 20-week weight loss intervention composed of hypocaloric diet with or without aerobic exercise (total energy expenditure: ∼2800 kcal/week). Subcutaneous (gluteal and abdominal) adipose tissue biopsies were conducted before and after the intervention. Adipose tissue gene expression and release of leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were determined. RESULTS The intervention resulted in significant weight loss (-10.1 ± 0.7 kg, P < 0.001). At baseline, gene expression of adiponectin were higher (P < 0.01), and gene expression and release of IL-6 were lower (both P < 0.05) in abdominal than in gluteal adipose tissue. After intervention, leptin gene expression and release were lower in both gluteal and abdominal adipose tissue compared to baseline (P < 0.05-0.01). Abdominal, but not gluteal, adipose tissue adiponectin gene expression and release increased after intervention (both P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A 20-week weight loss program decreased leptin production in both gluteal and abdominal adipose tissue, but only increased adiponectin production from abdominal adipose tissue in obese women. This depot-specific effect may be of importance for the treatment of health complications associated with abdominal adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Karin M. Murphy
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Mary F. Lyles
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jamehl L. Demons
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Barbara J. Nicklas
- Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, J. Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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Nieuwdorp M, Gilijamse PW, Pai N, Kaplan LM. Role of the microbiome in energy regulation and metabolism. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1525-33. [PMID: 24560870 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbes regulate metabolic function and energy balance; an altered microbial ecology is believed to contribute to the development of several metabolic diseases. Relative species abundance and metabolic characteristics of the intestinal microbiota change substantially in those who are obese or have other metabolic disorders and in response to ingested nutrients or therapeutic agents. The mechanisms through which the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites affect host homeostasis are just beginning to be understood. We review the relationships between the intestinal microbiota and host metabolism, including energy intake, use, and expenditure, in relation to glucose and lipid metabolism. These associations, along with interactions among the intestinal microbiota, mucus layer, bile acids, and mucosal immune responses, reveal potential mechanisms by which the microbiota affect metabolism. We discuss how controlled studies involving direct perturbations of microbial communities in human and animal models are required to identify effective therapeutic targets in the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Pim W Gilijamse
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nikhil Pai
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Institute and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee M Kaplan
- Obesity, Metabolism and Nutrition Institute and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Yoneyama S, Guo Y, Lanktree MB, Barnes MR, Elbers CC, Karczewski KJ, Padmanabhan S, Bauer F, Baumert J, Beitelshees A, Berenson GS, Boer JM, Burke G, Cade B, Chen W, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Gaunt TR, Gieger C, Gong Y, Gorski M, Heard-Costa N, Johnson T, Lamonte MJ, Mcdonough C, Monda KL, Onland-Moret NC, Nelson CP, O'Connell JR, Ordovas J, Peter I, Peters A, Shaffer J, Shen H, Smith E, Speilotes L, Thomas F, Thorand B, Monique Verschuren WM, Anand SS, Dominiczak A, Davidson KW, Hegele RA, Heid I, Hofker MH, Huggins GS, Illig T, Johnson JA, Kirkland S, König W, Langaee TY, Mccaffery J, Melander O, Mitchell BD, Munroe P, Murray SS, Papanicolaou G, Redline S, Reilly M, Samani NJ, Schork NJ, Van Der Schouw YT, Shimbo D, Shuldiner AR, Tobin MD, Wijmenga C, Yusuf S, Hakonarson H, Lange LA, Demerath EW, Fox CS, North KE, Reiner AP, Keating B, Taylor KC. Gene-centric meta-analyses for central adiposity traits in up to 57 412 individuals of European descent confirm known loci and reveal several novel associations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:2498-510. [PMID: 24345515 PMCID: PMC3988452 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) are surrogate measures of central adiposity that are associated with adverse cardiovascular events, type 2 diabetes and cancer independent of body mass index (BMI). WC and WHR are highly heritable with multiple susceptibility loci identified to date. We assessed the association between SNPs and BMI-adjusted WC and WHR and unadjusted WC in up to 57 412 individuals of European descent from 22 cohorts collaborating with the NHLBI's Candidate Gene Association Resource (CARe) project. The study population consisted of women and men aged 20-80 years. Study participants were genotyped using the ITMAT/Broad/CARE array, which includes ∼50 000 cosmopolitan tagged SNPs across ∼2100 cardiovascular-related genes. Each trait was modeled as a function of age, study site and principal components to control for population stratification, and we conducted a fixed-effects meta-analysis. No new loci for WC were observed. For WHR analyses, three novel loci were significantly associated (P < 2.4 × 10(-6)). Previously unreported rs2811337-G near TMCC1 was associated with increased WHR (β ± SE, 0.048 ± 0.008, P = 7.7 × 10(-9)) as was rs7302703-G in HOXC10 (β = 0.044 ± 0.008, P = 2.9 × 10(-7)) and rs936108-C in PEMT (β = 0.035 ± 0.007, P = 1.9 × 10(-6)). Sex-stratified analyses revealed two additional novel signals among females only, rs12076073-A in SHC1 (β = 0.10 ± 0.02, P = 1.9 × 10(-6)) and rs1037575-A in ATBDB4 (β = 0.046 ± 0.01, P = 2.2 × 10(-6)), supporting an already established sexual dimorphism of central adiposity-related genetic variants. Functional analysis using ENCODE and eQTL databases revealed that several of these loci are in regulatory regions or regions with differential expression in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiran Guo
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- BGI-Shenzhen, Beishan Beishan Industrial Zone,Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Michael R. Barnes
- National Institute for Health Biomedical Research Unit
- London School of Medicine
| | - Clara C. Elbers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Florianne Bauer
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gerald S. Berenson
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jolanda M.A. Boer
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Brian Cade
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Rhonda M. Cooper-Dehoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Toby Johnson
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts
- London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Michael J. Lamonte
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, SUNY-Buffalo School of Public Health and Health Professions, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Caitrin Mcdonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Keri L. Monda
- Gillings School of Global Public Health
- The Center for Observational Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - N. Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher P. Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | | | - Jose Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Shaffer
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Erin Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady's Children's Hospital, University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Liz Speilotes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Fridtjof Thomas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - W. M. Monique Verschuren
- Center for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sonia S. Anand
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, and
- Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S4L8
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Karina W. Davidson
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert A. Hegele
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, CanadaN6A 5C1
| | - Iris Heid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marten H. Hofker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen University, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gordon S. Huggins
- Center for Translational Genomics, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Thomas Illig
- Research Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Susan Kirkland
- Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Wolfgang König
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Taimour Y. Langaee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeanne Mccaffery
- Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital and
- Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hypertension & Cardiovascular Disease, Lund University, SE 20502 Malmo, Sweden
| | | | - Patricia Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts
- London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sarah S. Murray
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - George Papanicolaou
- Division of Prevention and Population Sciences, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20824, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Muredach Reilly
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Schork
- The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Health, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yvonne T. Van Der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine and Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Martin D. Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, and
- Population Genomics Program, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, CanadaL8S4L8
| | | | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Caroline S. Fox
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Gillings School of Global Public Health
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alex P. Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brendan Keating
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kira C. Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Yang RZ, Blumenthal JB, Glynn NM, Lee MJ, Goldberg AP, Gong DW, Ryan AS. Decrease of circulating SAA is correlated with reduction of abdominal SAA secretion during weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1085-90. [PMID: 24311467 PMCID: PMC3968182 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study goal was to determine the effect of weight loss (WL) alone and with aerobic exercise (WL + AEX) on serum amyloid A (SAA) levels and adipose SAA secretion from gluteal and abdominal depots. METHODS Ninety-six overweight or obese postmenopausal women undertook a 6-month WL alone (n = 47) or with AEX training (n = 49) (6 months WL and WL + AEX are considered WL when groups were combined). Their serum SAA levels, body weight, and adipose SAA secretion ex vivo from gluteal and abdominal depot were measured before and after WL interventions. RESULTS The participants lost an average of 8% body weight with a 10% decrease of serum SAA. Serum SAA levels remained significantly correlated with body weight before and after WL. However, the changes of serum SAA level did not correlate with changes of body weight. The gluteal adipose tissue secreted ∼50% more SAA than the abdominal tissue, but the changes of abdominal, but not gluteal, SAA secretion correlated (R(2) = 0.19, p < 0.01) with those of serum SAA levels during WL. CONCLUSIONS No linear correlation between the decrease in systemic SAA and WL was found. There is a depot-dependent difference in adipose SAA secretion and abdominal SAA secretion, which may partially account for the systemic SAA reduction during WL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Ze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Jacob B. Blumenthal
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - Nicole M. Glynn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Mi-Jeong Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Andrew P. Goldberg
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center
| | - Alice S. Ryan
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine
- VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center
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Gehrke S, Brueckner B, Schepky A, Klein J, Iwen A, Bosch TCG, Wenck H, Winnefeld M, Hagemann S. Epigenetic regulation of depot-specific gene expression in adipose tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82516. [PMID: 24340035 PMCID: PMC3855576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, adipose tissue is distributed in subcutaneous abdominal and subcutaneous gluteal depots that comprise a variety of functional differences. Whereas energy storage in gluteal adipose tissue has been shown to mediate a protective effect, an increase of abdominal adipose tissue is associated with metabolic disorders. However, the molecular basis of depot-specific characteristics is not completely understood yet. Using array-based analyses of transcription profiles, we identified a specific set of genes that was differentially expressed between subcutaneous abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue. To investigate the role of epigenetic regulation in depot-specific gene expression, we additionally analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in abdominal and gluteal depots. By combining both data sets, we identified a highly significant set of depot-specifically expressed genes that appear to be epigenetically regulated. Interestingly, the majority of these genes form part of the homeobox gene family. Moreover, genes involved in fatty acid metabolism were also differentially expressed. Therefore we suppose that changes in gene expression profiles might account for depot-specific differences in lipid composition. Indeed, triglycerides and fatty acids of abdominal adipose tissue were more saturated compared to triglycerides and fatty acids in gluteal adipose tissue. Taken together, our results uncover clear differences between abdominal and gluteal adipose tissue on the gene expression and DNA methylation level as well as in fatty acid composition. Therefore, a detailed molecular characterization of adipose tissue depots will be essential to develop new treatment strategies for metabolic syndrome associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gehrke
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Johannes Klein
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Department of Medicine I, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Alexander Iwen
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Department of Medicine I, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Horst Wenck
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Winnefeld
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hagemann
- Beiersdorf AG, Research and Development, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Genetic effects on DNA methylation and its potential relevance for obesity in Mexican Americans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73950. [PMID: 24058506 PMCID: PMC3772804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have identified effects of genetic variation on DNA methylation patterns and associated heritability, with research primarily focused on Caucasian individuals. In this paper, we examine the evidence for genetic effects on DNA methylation in a Mexican American cohort, a population burdened by a high prevalence of obesity. Using an Illumina-based platform and following stringent quality control procedures, we assessed a total of 395 CpG sites in peripheral blood samples obtained from 183 Mexican American individuals for evidence of heritability, proximal genetic regulation and association with age, sex and obesity measures (i.e. waist circumference and body mass index). We identified 16 CpG sites (∼4%) that were significantly heritable after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing and 27 CpG sites (∼6.9%) that showed evidence of genetic effects. Six CpG sites (∼2%) were associated with age, primarily exhibiting positive relationships, including CpG sites in two genes that have been implicated in previous genome-wide methylation studies of age (FZD9 and MYOD1). In addition, we identified significant associations between three CpG sites (∼1%) and sex, including DNA methylation in CASP6, a gene that may respond to estradiol treatment, and in HSD17B12, which encodes a sex steroid hormone. Although we did not identify any significant associations between DNA methylation and the obesity measures, several nominally significant results were observed in genes related to adipogenesis, obesity, energy homeostasis and glucose homeostasis (ARHGAP9, CDKN2A, FRZB, HOXA5, JAK3, MEST, NPY, PEG3 and SMARCB1). In conclusion, we were able to replicate several findings from previous studies in our Mexican American cohort, supporting an important role for genetic effects on DNA methylation. In addition, we found a significant influence of age and sex on DNA methylation, and report on trend-level, novel associations between DNA methylation and measures of obesity.
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122
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Gerhard GS, Styer AM, Strodel WE, Roesch SL, Yavorek A, Carey DJ, Wood GC, Petrick AT, Gabrielsen J, Ibele A, Benotti P, Rolston DD, Still CD, Argyropoulos G. Gene expression profiling in subcutaneous, visceral and epigastric adipose tissues of patients with extreme obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:371-8. [PMID: 23949615 PMCID: PMC3925764 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective The goal of the present study was to identify differences in gene expression between SAT, VAT, and EAT depots in Class III severely obese individuals. Design Human subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissues exhibit differential gene expression profiles. There is little information, however, about the other proximal white adipose tissue, epigastric (EAT) in terms of its function and contribution to metabolism. Subjects and Methods Using RNA from adipose biospecimens obtained from Class III severely obese patients undergoing open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, we compared gene expression profiles between SAT, VAT, and EAT, using microarrays validated by real time quantitative PCR. Results The three depots were found to share 1,907 genes. VAT had the greatest number of genes [66] expressed exclusively in this depot, followed by SAT [23], and then EAT [14]. Moreover, VAT shared more genes with EAT [65] than with SAT [38]. Further analyses using ratios of SAT/EAT, VAT/EAT, and SAT/VAT, identified specific as well as overlapping networks and pathways of genes representing dermatological diseases, inflammation, cell cycle and growth, cancer, and development. Targeted analysis of genes playing a role in adipose tissue development and function, revealed that Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) that regulates the precursor of the hormone Irisin (FNCD5), were abundantly expressed in all three fat depots, along with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) FGF1, FGF7, and FGF10, whereas, FGF19 and FGF21 were undetectable. Conclusions These data indicate that EAT has more in common with VAT suggesting similar metabolic potential. The human epigastric adipose depot could play a significant functional role in metabolic diseases and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Gerhard
- 1] Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - A M Styer
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - W E Strodel
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - S L Roesch
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A Yavorek
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - D J Carey
- Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA
| | - G C Wood
- Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A T Petrick
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - J Gabrielsen
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - A Ibele
- Department of Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - P Benotti
- Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - D D Rolston
- Department of General and Internal Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - C D Still
- 1] Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA [2] Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - G Argyropoulos
- 1] Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA, USA [2] Institute of Obesity, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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123
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Fuente-Martín E, Argente-Arizón P, Ros P, Argente J, Chowen JA. Sex differences in adipose tissue: It is not only a question of quantity and distribution. Adipocyte 2013; 2:128-34. [PMID: 23991358 PMCID: PMC3756100 DOI: 10.4161/adip.24075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated secondary complications are active areas of investigation in search of effective treatments. As a result of this intensified research numerous differences between males and females at all levels of metabolic control have come to the forefront. These differences include not only the amount and distribution of adipose tissue, but also differences in its metabolic capacity and functions between the sexes. Here, we review some of the recent advances in our understanding of these dimorphisms and emphasize the fact that these differences between males and females must be taken into consideration in hopes of obtaining successful treatments for both sexes.
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124
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Corvera S, Gealekman O. Adipose tissue angiogenesis: impact on obesity and type-2 diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:463-72. [PMID: 23770388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The growth and function of tissues are critically dependent on their vascularization. Adipose tissue is capable of expanding many-fold during adulthood, therefore requiring the formation of new vasculature to supply growing and proliferating adipocytes. The expansion of the vasculature in adipose tissue occurs through angiogenesis, where new blood vessels develop from those pre-existing within the tissue. Inappropriate angiogenesis may underlie adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, which in turn increases type-2 diabetes risk. In addition, genetic and developmental factors involved in vascular patterning may define the size and expandability of diverse adipose tissue depots, which are also associated with type-2 diabetes risk. Moreover, the adipose tissue vasculature appears to be the niche for pre-adipocyte precursors, and factors that affect angiogenesis may directly impact the generation of new adipocytes. Here we review recent advances on the basic mechanisms of angiogenesis, and on the role of angiogenesis in adipose tissue development and obesity. A substantial amount of data points to a deficit in adipose tissue angiogenesis as a contributing factor to insulin resistance and metabolic disease in obesity. These emerging findings support the concept of the adipose tissue vasculature as a source of new targets for metabolic disease therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Olga Gealekman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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125
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Tchoukalova YD, Krishnapuram R, White UA, Burk D, Fang X, Nijland MJ, Nathanielsz PW. Fetal baboon sex-specific outcomes in adipocyte differentiation at 0.9 gestation in response to moderate maternal nutrient reduction. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:224-30. [PMID: 23748190 PMCID: PMC3883997 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate in vitro adipocyte differentiation in baboon fetuses in response to reduced maternal nutrition. Design Cross-sectional comparison of adipocyte differentiation in normally grown fetuses and fetuses of pregnant baboons fed 70% control global diet from 30 days of pregnancy to term. Subjects Control (CTR) fetuses of ad libitum fed mothers (5 females and 5 males) and fetuses of mothers fed the 70% global diet eaten by CTR (MNR, 5 females and 5 males). The expression of genes/proteins involved in adipogenesis (PPARγ, FABP4 and adiponectin) and brown adipose tissue development (UCP1, TBX15 and COXIV) were determined in in vitro differentiated stromal-vascular cultures from subcutaneous abdominal, subcutaneous femoral, and omental adipose tissue depots. Adipocyte number per area (mm2) was determined histologically to assist in evaluating adipocyte size. Results Maternal suboptimal nutrition suppressed growth of male but not female fetuses and led to adipocyte hypertrophy accompanied by increased markers of white and particularly brown-type adipogenesis in male but not female fetuses. Conclusion Adipose tissue responses to fetal nonhuman primate under nutrition are sexually dimorphic. While female fetuses adapt adequately, males enhance pathways involved in white and brown adipose tissue development but are unable to compensate for a delayed development of adipose tissue associated with intrauterine growth restriction. These differences need to be considered when assessing developmental programming of adiposity in response to sub-optimal maternal nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Tchoukalova
- Department of Biology of Adipose Tissue Depots, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - R Krishnapuram
- Department of Biology of Adipose Tissue Depots, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - U A White
- Department of Biology of Adipose Tissue Depots, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - D Burk
- Department of Biology of Adipose Tissue Depots, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - X Fang
- Division of Health Economics, Louisiana State Department of Health and Hospitals, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M J Nijland
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - P W Nathanielsz
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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126
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Chatterjee TK, Aronow BJ, Tong WS, Manka D, Tang Y, Bogdanov VY, Unruh D, Blomkalns AL, Piegore MG, Weintraub DS, Rudich SM, Kuhel DG, Hui DY, Weintraub NL. Human coronary artery perivascular adipocytes overexpress genes responsible for regulating vascular morphology, inflammation, and hemostasis. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:697-709. [PMID: 23737535 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00042.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cross talk between perivascular adipose tissue and the blood vessel wall has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We previously reported that human perivascular (PV) adipocytes exhibit a proinflammatory phenotype and less adipogenic differentiation than do subcutaneous (SQ) adipocytes. To gain a global view of the genomic basis of biologic differences between PV and SQ adipocytes, we performed genome-wide expression analyses to identify differentially expressed genes between adipocytes derived from human SQ vs. PV adipose tissues. Although >90% of well-expressed genes were similarly regulated, we identified a signature of 307 differentially expressed genes that were highly enriched for functions associated with the regulation of angiogenesis, vascular morphology, inflammation, and blood clotting. Of the 156 PV upregulated genes, 59 associate with angiogenesis, vascular biology, or inflammation, noteworthy of which include TNFRSF11B (osteoprotegerin), PLAT, TGFB1, THBS2, HIF1A, GATA6, and SERPINE1. Of 166 PV downregulated genes, 21 associated with vascular biology and inflammation, including ANGPT1, ANGPTL1, and VEGFC. Consistent with the emergent hypothesis that PV adipocytes differentially regulate angiogenesis and inflammation, cell culture-derived adipocyte-conditioned media from PV adipocytes strongly enhanced endothelial cell tubulogenesis and monocyte migration compared with media from SQ adipocytes. These findings demonstrate that PV adipocytes have the potential to significantly modulate vascular inflammatory crosstalk in the setting of atherosclerosis by their ability to signal to both endothelial and inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Chatterjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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127
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Mueller E. Understanding the variegation of fat: novel regulators of adipocyte differentiation and fat tissue biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:352-7. [PMID: 23735215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of uncommitted cells into specialized adipocytes occurs through a cascade of transcriptional events culminating in the induction and activation of the nuclear receptor PPARγ, the central coordinator of fat cell function. Since the discovery of PPARγ, two decades ago, our views of how this molecule is activated have been significantly refined. Beyond the cell, we also now know that diverse signals and regulators control PPARγ function in a fat-depot specific manner. The goal of this article is to review the latest in our understanding of the early and late transcriptional events that regulate adipocyte development and their potential impact on energy storage and expenditure in different fat depots. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Mueller
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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128
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White UA, Tchoukalova YD. Sex dimorphism and depot differences in adipose tissue function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:377-92. [PMID: 23684841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, characterized by excessive adiposity, is a risk factor for many metabolic pathologies, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Numerous studies have shown that adipose tissue distribution may be a greater predictor of metabolic health. Upper-body fat (visceral and subcutaneous abdominal) is commonly associated with the unfavorable complications of obesity, while lower-body fat (gluteal-femoral) may be protective. Current research investigations are focused on analyzing the metabolic properties of adipose tissue, in order to better understand the mechanisms that regulate fat distribution in both men and women. This review will highlight the adipose tissue depot- and sex-dependent differences in white adipose tissue function, including adipogenesis, adipose tissue developmental patterning, the storage and release of fatty acids, and secretory function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A White
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yourka D Tchoukalova
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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129
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Tchkonia T, Thomou T, Zhu Y, Karagiannides I, Pothoulakis C, Jensen MD, Kirkland JL. Mechanisms and metabolic implications of regional differences among fat depots. Cell Metab 2013; 17:644-656. [PMID: 23583168 PMCID: PMC3942783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fat distribution is closely linked to metabolic disease risk. Distribution varies with sex, genetic background, disease state, certain drugs and hormones, development, and aging. Preadipocyte replication and differentiation, developmental gene expression, susceptibility to apoptosis and cellular senescence, vascularity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and adipokine secretion vary among depots, as do fatty-acid handling and mechanisms of enlargement with positive-energy and loss with negative-energy balance. How interdepot differences in these molecular, cellular, and pathophysiological properties are related is incompletely understood. Whether fat redistribution causes metabolic disease or whether it is a marker of underlying processes that are primarily responsible is an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Thomou
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging
| | - Iordanes Karagiannides
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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130
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Adipose tissue heterogeneity: implication of depot differences in adipose tissue for obesity complications. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 34:1-11. [PMID: 23068073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, defined as excess fat mass, increases risks for multiple metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and several types of cancer. Over and above fat mass per se, the pattern of fat distribution, android or truncal as compared to gynoid or peripheral, has a profound influence on systemic metabolism and hence risk for metabolic diseases. Increases in upper body adipose tissue (visceral and abdominal subcutaneous) confer an independent risk, while the quantity of gluteofemoral adipose tissue is protective. Variations in the capacity of different depots to store and release fatty acids and to produce adipokines are important determinants of fat distribution and its metabolic consequences. Depot differences in cellular composition and physiology, including innervation and blood flow, likely influence their phenotypic properties. A number of lines of evidence also support the idea that adipocytes from different anatomical depots are intrinsically different as a result of genetic or developmental events. In this chapter, we will review the phenotypic characteristics of different adipose depots and mechanisms that link their depot-specific biology to metabolic complications in men and women.
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