101
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Marra AN, Li Y, Wingert RA. Antennas of organ morphogenesis: the roles of cilia in vertebrate kidney development. Genesis 2016; 54:457-69. [PMID: 27389733 PMCID: PMC5053263 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cilia arose early during eukaryotic evolution, and their structural components are highly conserved from the simplest protists to complex metazoan species. In recent years, the role of cilia in the ontogeny of vertebrate organs has received increasing attention due to a staggering correlation between human disease and dysfunctional cilia. In particular, the presence of cilia in both the developing and mature kidney has become a deep area of research due to ciliopathies common to the kidney, such as polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Interestingly, mutations in genes encoding proteins that localize to the cilia cause similar cystic phenotypes in kidneys of various vertebrates, suggesting an essential role for cilia in kidney organogenesis and homeostasis as well. Importantly, the genes so far identified in kidney disease have conserved functions across species, whose kidneys include both primary and motile cilia. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of cilia and their role in kidney development, as well as highlight the usefulness of the zebrafish embryonic kidney as a model to further understand the function of cilia in kidney health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Marra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.
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102
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Bolar N, Golzio C, Živná M, Hayot G, Van Hemelrijk C, Schepers D, Vandeweyer G, Hoischen A, Huyghe J, Raes A, Matthys E, Sys E, Azou M, Gubler MC, Praet M, Van Camp G, McFadden K, Pediaditakis I, Přistoupilová A, Hodaňová K, Vyleťal P, Hartmannová H, Stránecký V, Hůlková H, Barešová V, Jedličková I, Sovová J, Hnízda A, Kidd K, Bleyer A, Spong R, Vande Walle J, Mortier G, Brunner H, Van Laer L, Kmoch S, Katsanis N, Loeys B. Heterozygous Loss-of-Function SEC61A1 Mutations Cause Autosomal-Dominant Tubulo-Interstitial and Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease with Anemia. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:174-87. [PMID: 27392076 PMCID: PMC5005467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant tubulo-interstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) encompasses a group of disorders characterized by renal tubular and interstitial abnormalities, leading to slow progressive loss of kidney function requiring dialysis and kidney transplantation. Mutations in UMOD, MUC1, and REN are responsible for many, but not all, cases of ADTKD. We report on two families with ADTKD and congenital anemia accompanied by either intrauterine growth retardation or neutropenia. Ultrasound and kidney biopsy revealed small dysplastic kidneys with cysts and tubular atrophy with secondary glomerular sclerosis, respectively. Exclusion of known ADTKD genes coupled with linkage analysis, whole-exome sequencing, and targeted re-sequencing identified heterozygous missense variants in SEC61A1-c.553A>G (p.Thr185Ala) and c.200T>G (p.Val67Gly)-both affecting functionally important and conserved residues in SEC61. Both transiently expressed SEC6A1A variants are delocalized to the Golgi, a finding confirmed in a renal biopsy from an affected individual. Suppression or CRISPR-mediated deletions of sec61al2 in zebrafish embryos induced convolution defects of the pronephric tubules but not the pronephric ducts, consistent with the tubular atrophy observed in the affected individuals. Human mRNA encoding either of the two pathogenic alleles failed to rescue this phenotype as opposed to a complete rescue by human wild-type mRNA. Taken together, these findings provide a mechanism by which mutations in SEC61A1 lead to an autosomal-dominant syndromic form of progressive chronic kidney disease. We highlight protein translocation defects across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, the principal role of the SEC61 complex, as a contributory pathogenic mechanism for ADTKD.
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103
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Prabhudesai S, Bensabeur FZ, Abdullah R, Basak I, Baez S, Alves G, Holtzman NG, Larsen JP, Møller SG. LRRK2 knockdown in zebrafish causes developmental defects, neuronal loss, and synuclein aggregation. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:717-35. [PMID: 27265751 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common cause of genetic Parkinson's disease, their function is largely unknown. LRRK2 is pleiotropic in nature, shown to be involved in neurodegeneration and in more peripheral processes, including kidney functions, in rats and mice. Recent studies in zebrafish have shown conflicting evidence that removal of the LRRK2 WD40 domain may or may not affect dopaminergic neurons and/or locomotion. This study shows that ∼50% LRRK2 knockdown in zebrafish causes not only neuronal loss but also developmental perturbations such as axis curvature defects, ocular abnormalities, and edema in the eyes, lens, and otic vesicles. We further show that LRRK2 knockdown results in significant neuronal loss, including a reduction of dopaminergic neurons. Immunofluorescence demonstrates that endogenous LRRK2 is expressed in the lens, brain, heart, spinal cord, and kidney (pronephros), which mirror the LRRK2 morphant phenotypes observed. LRRK2 knockdown results further in the concomitant upregulation of β-synuclein, PARK13, and SOD1 and causes β-synuclein aggregation in the diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and postoptic commissure. LRRK2 knockdown causes mislocalization of the Na(+) /K(+) ATPase protein in the pronephric ducts, suggesting that the edema might be linked to renal malfunction and that LRRK2 might be associated with pronephric duct epithelial cell differentiation. Combined, our study shows that LRRK2 has multifaceted roles in zebrafish and that zebrafish represent a complementary model to further our understanding of this central protein. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rashed Abdullah
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Indranil Basak
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Solange Baez
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Guido Alves
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Nathalia G Holtzman
- Department of Biology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, CUNY, Queens, New York
| | - Jan Petter Larsen
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Simon Geir Møller
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York.,The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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104
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Hatzold J, Beleggia F, Herzig H, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Bloch W, Wollnik B, Hammerschmidt M. Tumor suppression in basal keratinocytes via dual non-cell-autonomous functions of a Na,K-ATPase beta subunit. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27240166 PMCID: PMC4973367 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways underlying tumor suppression are incompletely understood. Here, we identify cooperative non-cell-autonomous functions of a single gene that together provide a novel mechanism of tumor suppression in basal keratinocytes of zebrafish embryos. A loss-of-function mutation in atp1b1a, encoding the beta subunit of a Na,K-ATPase pump, causes edema and epidermal malignancy. Strikingly, basal cell carcinogenesis only occurs when Atp1b1a function is compromised in both the overlying periderm (resulting in compromised epithelial polarity and adhesiveness) and in kidney and heart (resulting in hypotonic stress). Blockade of the ensuing PI3K-AKT-mTORC1-NFκB-MMP9 pathway activation in basal cells, as well as systemic isotonicity, prevents malignant transformation. Our results identify hypotonic stress as a (previously unrecognized) contributor to tumor development and establish a novel paradigm of tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hatzold
- Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Filippo Beleggia
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hannah Herzig
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology Unit, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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105
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Leventea E, Hazime K, Zhao C, Malicki J. Analysis of cilia structure and function in zebrafish. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 133:179-227. [PMID: 27263414 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are microtubule-based protrusions on the surface of most eukaryotic cells. They are found in most, if not all, vertebrate organs. Prominent cilia form in sensory structures, the eye, the ear, and the nose, where they are crucial for the detection of environmental stimuli, such as light and odors. Cilia are also involved in developmental processes, including left-right asymmetry formation, limb morphogenesis, and the patterning of neurons in the neural tube. Some cilia, such as those found in nephric ducts, are thought to have mechanosensory roles. Zebrafish proved very useful in genetic analysis and imaging of cilia-related processes, and in the modeling of mechanisms behind human cilia abnormalities, known as ciliopathies. A number of zebrafish defects resemble those seen in human ciliopathies. Forward and reverse genetic strategies generated a wide range of cilia mutants in zebrafish, which can be studied using sophisticated genetic and imaging approaches. In this chapter, we provide a set of protocols to examine cilia morphology, motility, and cilia-related defects in a variety of organs, focusing on the embryo and early postembryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leventea
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - K Hazime
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - C Zhao
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - J Malicki
- The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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106
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Zhu X, Chen Z, Zeng C, Wang L, Xu F, Hou Q, Liu Z. Ultrastructural characterization of the pronephric glomerulus development in zebrafish. J Morphol 2016; 277:1104-12. [PMID: 27185367 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zhaohong Chen
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Caihong Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Ling Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Qing Hou
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing China
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107
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Marshall RA, Osborn DPS. Zebrafish: a vertebrate tool for studying basal body biogenesis, structure, and function. Cilia 2016; 5:16. [PMID: 27168933 PMCID: PMC4862167 DOI: 10.1186/s13630-016-0036-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the role of basal bodies (BBs) during development and disease has been largely overshadowed by research into the function of the cilium. Although these two organelles are closely associated, they have specific roles to complete for successful cellular development. Appropriate development and function of the BB are fundamental for cilia function. Indeed, there are a growing number of human genetic diseases affecting ciliary development, known collectively as the ciliopathies. Accumulating evidence suggests that BBs establish cell polarity, direct ciliogenesis, and provide docking sites for proteins required within the ciliary axoneme. Major contributions to our knowledge of BB structure and function have been provided by studies in flagellated or ciliated unicellular eukaryotic organisms, specifically Tetrahymena and Chlamydomonas. Reproducing these and other findings in vertebrates has required animal in vivo models. Zebrafish have fast become one of the primary organisms of choice for modeling vertebrate functional genetics. Rapid ex-utero development, proficient egg laying, ease of genetic manipulation, and affordability make zebrafish an attractive vertebrate research tool. Furthermore, zebrafish share over 80 % of disease causing genes with humans. In this article, we discuss the merits of using zebrafish to study BB functional genetics, review current knowledge of zebrafish BB ultrastructure and mechanisms of function, and consider the outlook for future zebrafish-based BB studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Marshall
- Cell Sciences and Genetics Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - Daniel P S Osborn
- Cell Sciences and Genetics Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE UK
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108
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Kotb AM, Simon O, Blumenthal A, Vogelgesang S, Dombrowski F, Amann K, Zimmermann U, Endlich K, Endlich N. Knockdown of ApoL1 in Zebrafish Larvae Affects the Glomerular Filtration Barrier and the Expression of Nephrin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153768. [PMID: 27138898 PMCID: PMC4854397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
APOL1, a secreted high-density lipoprotein, is expressed in different human tissues. Genetic variants of APOL1 are described to be associated with the development of end stage renal diseases in African Americans. In human kidney, APOL1 is mainly expressed in podocytes that are responsible for proper blood filtration. Since mice do not express ApoL1, the zebrafish is an ideal model to study the role of ApoL1. Injection of morpholinos against zApoL1 into zebrafish eggs and larvae, respectively, induces severe edema indicating a leakage of the filtration barrier. This was demonstrated in zApoL1 knockdown larvae by intravascular injection of fluorescently-labeled 10- and 500-kDa dextrans and by clearance of the vitamin D-binding protein from the circulation. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR revealed the reduction of nephrin, a podocyte-specific protein essential for blood filtration. Coinjection of human nephrin mRNA rescued the zApoL1 knockdown induced phenotype. Reduced APOL1 and nephrin levels were also found in biopsies of patients suffering from end stage renal diseases. Our results demonstrate that zApoL1 is essential for proper blood filtration in the zebrafish glomerulus and that zApoL1 affects the expression of nephrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Kotb
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ole Simon
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Vogelgesang
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Zimmermann
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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109
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Abstract
The kidney of the zebrafish shares many features with other vertebrate kidneys including the human kidney. Similar cell types and shared developmental and patterning mechanisms make the zebrafish pronephros a valuable model for kidney organogenesis. Here we review recent advances in studies of zebrafish pronephric development and provide experimental protocols to analyze kidney cell types and structures, measure nephron function, live image kidney cells in vivo, and probe mechanisms of kidney regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Drummond
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - A J Davidson
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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110
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Poureetezadi SJ, Wingert RA. Little fish, big catch: zebrafish as a model for kidney disease. Kidney Int 2016; 89:1204-10. [PMID: 27165832 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish, Danio rerio, is a relevant vertebrate model for biomedical research and translational studies because of its broad genetic conservation with humans. In recent years, scientists have formulated a growing list of zebrafish kidney disease paradigms, the study of which has contributed a multitude of insights into the basic biology of human conditions and even identified potential therapeutic agents. Conversely, there are also distinctive aspects of zebrafish biology lacking in higher vertebrates, such as the capacity to heal without lasting scar formation after tissue damage and the ability to generate nephrons throughout their lifespan, which makes the zebrafish uniquely suited to study regeneration in the context of the kidney. Here, we review several informative zebrafish models of kidney disease and discuss their future applications in nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Jevin Poureetezadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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111
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Wu TS, Yang JJ, Wang YW, Yu FY, Liu BH. Mycotoxin ochratoxin A disrupts renal development via a miR-731/prolactin receptor axis in zebrafish. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:519-529. [PMID: 30090366 PMCID: PMC6062247 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) frequently contaminates various food and feed products, including cereals, coffee and wine. While the nephrotoxicity and teratogenicity of OTA have been extensively documented, the molecular mechanisms associated with OTA toxicity remained poorly understood in a developing organism. We showed that zebrafish embryos exposed to OTA demonstrated incorrect heart looping and small heart chambers. OTA also impaired the renal morphology and reduced the glomerular filtration rate of the embryonic zebrafish. The treatment of embryos with OTA attenuated the expression of the prolactin receptor, a gene (PRLRa) that has a key role in organogenesis and osmoregulation in vertebrates. OTA not only inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT5 and AKT, but also down-regulated the level of serpina1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the microRNA profiling based on RNA sequencing revealed the up-regulation of microRNA-731 (miR-731) in the OTA-treated embryos. Further in silico analysis predicted that PRLRa was a target gene of miR-731. AntagomiR-731 restored PRLRa levels that had been reduced by OTA and also recovered the pronephros morphology that was damaged by OTA. These observations suggest that the exposure to OTA adversely affected the organogenesis of zebrafish, and the modulation of miR-731 and the PRLR signaling cascade contributed to the abnormal renal development mediated by OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Shuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology , College of Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan . ; ; Tel: +886-2-23123456, ext 88602
| | - Jiann-Jou Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Chung Shan Medical University , Taiwan .
| | - Yan-Wei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Chung Shan Medical University , Taiwan .
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , Chung Shan Medical University , Taiwan .
- Department of Medical Research , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology , College of Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan . ; ; Tel: +886-2-23123456, ext 88602
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112
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Zheng W, Shen F, Hu R, Roy B, Yang J, Wang Q, Zhang F, King JC, Sergi C, Liu SM, Cordat E, Tang J, Cao Y, Ali D, Chen XZ. Far Upstream Element-Binding Protein 1 Binds the 3' Untranslated Region of PKD2 and Suppresses Its Translation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2645-57. [PMID: 26839368 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease pathogenesis can be recapitulated in animal models by gene mutations in or dosage alterations of polycystic kidney disease 1 (PKD1) or PKD2, demonstrating that too much and too little PKD1/PKD2 are both pathogenic. Gene dosage manipulation has become an appealing approach by which to compensate for loss or gain of gene function, but the mechanisms controlling PKD2 expression remain incompletely characterized. In this study, using cultured mammalian cells and dual-luciferase assays, we found that the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of PKD2 mRNA inhibits luciferase protein expression. We then identified nucleotides 691-1044, which we called 3FI, as the 3'UTR fragment necessary for repressing the expression of luciferase or PKD2 in this system. Using a pull-down assay and mass spectrometry we identified far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FUBP1) as a 3FI-binding protein. In vitro overexpression of FUBP1 inhibited the expression of PKD2 protein but not mRNA. In embryonic zebrafish, FUBP1 knockdown (KD) by morpholino injection increased PKD2 expression and alleviated fish tail curling caused by morpholino-mediated KD of PKD2. Conversely, FUBP1 overexpression by mRNA injection significantly increased pronephric cyst occurrence and tail curling in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, FUBP1 binds directly to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, indicating a link to the translation initiation complex. These results show that FUBP1 binds 3FI in the PKD2 3'UTR to inhibit PKD2 translation, regulating zebrafish disease phenotypes associated with PKD2 KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zheng
- Membrane Protein Disease and Cancer Research Centre, Provincial Innovation Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China; Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology
| | - Fan Shen
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Ruikun Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - JungWoo Yang
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology
| | - Qian Wang
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jennifer C King
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Song-Mei Liu
- Medical Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and
| | | | - Jingfeng Tang
- Membrane Protein Disease and Cancer Research Centre, Provincial Innovation Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Cao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xing-Zhen Chen
- Membrane Protein Disease and Cancer Research Centre, Provincial Innovation Center, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China; Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology,
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113
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Yue MS, Plavicki JS, Li XY, Peterson RE, Heideman W. A co-culture assay of embryonic zebrafish hearts to assess migration of epicardial cells in vitro. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 15:50. [PMID: 26715205 PMCID: PMC4696273 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The vertebrate heart consists of three cell layers: the innermost endothelium, the contractile myocardium and the outermost epicardium. The epicardium is vital for heart development and function, and forms from epicardial progenitor cells (EPCs), which migrate to the myocardium during early development. Disruptions in EPC migration and epicardium formation result in a number of cardiac malformations, many of which resemble congenital heart diseases in humans. Hence, it is important to understand the mechanisms that influence EPC migration and spreading in the developing heart. In vitro approaches heretofore have been limited to monolayer epicardial cell cultures, which may not fully capture the complex interactions that can occur between epicardial and myocardial cells in vivo. Results Here we describe a novel in vitro co-culture assay for assessing epicardial cell migration using embryonic zebrafish hearts. We isolated donor hearts from embryonic zebrafish carrying an epicardial-specific fluorescent reporter after epicardial cells were present on the heart. These were co-cultured with recipient hearts expressing a myocardial-specific fluorescent reporter, isolated prior to EPC migration. Using this method, we can clearly visualize the movement of epicardial cells from the donor heart onto the myocardium of the recipient heart. We demonstrate the utility of this method by showing that epicardial cell migration is significantly delayed or absent when myocardial cells lack contractility and when myocardial cells are deficient in tbx5 expression. Conclusions We present a method to assess the migration of epicardial cells in an in vitro assay, wherein the migration of epicardial cells from a donor heart onto the myocardium of a recipient heart in co-culture is monitored and scored. The donor and recipient hearts can be independently manipulated, using either genetic tools or pharmacological agents. This allows flexibility in experimental design for determining the role that target genes/signaling pathways in specific cell types may have on epicardial cell migration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-015-0100-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Yue
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Jessica S Plavicki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Xin-yi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710062, China.
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Warren Heideman
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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114
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Wang X, Liu KC, Sun GJ, Han LW, Wang RC, Peng WB, Sun C, Hsiao CD, Zhang Y, Hou HR. Evaluation of nephrotoxic effects of aristolochic acid on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:974-82. [PMID: 26612554 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115613844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the toxic effects of aristolochic acid (AA) on developed kidneys in zebrafish larvae, zebrafish at 3 days postfertilization were treated with various concentrations of AA for 24 h before the status of kidney injury was investigated from several points of view. It was found that 21% of the larvae treated with 10 µmoL/L AA exhibited evident periocular edema. When the concentrations of AA were increased to 20 and 40 µmoL/L, defect in the cardiovascular system characterized by slow heart beat and blood flow was seen coupled with periocular edema. Creatinine in the whole larval tissue determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry exhibited dramatic increase in the treated groups in a dose-dependent manner within a certain range of doses. Several evident protein bands were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in supernatant of the treated larvae, indicating leakage of glomerular filtration barrier. Results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction show that the messenger RNA expression of nephrin in the 20 and 40 µmoL/L AA-treated groups decreased to 0.58 ± 0.062 and 0.37 ± 0.075-folds of the control, respectively. Kidney damage was further confirmed by the histological changes in paraffin sections of treated larvae, for example, cystic glomeruli and disorganized epithelia cells of pronephric tubules. Our results revealed that AA exerted toxic effects on developed kidney of zebrafish larvae in a dose-dependent manner and podocyte dysfunction may be involved in the kidney injury and proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - K-C Liu
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - G-J Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, People's Repbulic of China
| | - L-W Han
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - R-C Wang
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - W-B Peng
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - C Sun
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - C-D Hsiao
- Epidermal Stem Cell Lab, Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Y Zhang
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - H-R Hou
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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115
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Rodriguez PQ, Oddsson A, Ebarasi L, He B, Hultenby K, Wernerson A, Betsholtz C, Tryggvason K, Patrakka J. Knockdown of Tmem234 in zebrafish results in proteinuria. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F955-66. [PMID: 26377798 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00525.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocytes are highly specialized epithelial cells located at the outer aspects of the glomerular capillary tuft and critical components of the kidney filtration barrier. To maintain their unique features, podocytes express a number of proteins that are only sparsely found elsewhere in the body. In this study, we have identified four (Tmem234, Znf185, Lrrc49, and Slfn5) new highly podocyte-enriched proteins. The proteins are strongly expressed by podocytes, while other parts of the kidney show only weak or no expression. Tmem234, Slfn5, and Lrrc49 are located in foot processes, whereas Znf185 is found in both foot and major processes. Expressional studies in developing kidneys show that these proteins are first expressed at the capillary stage glomerulus, the same stage when the formation of major and foot processes begins. We identified zebrafish orthologs for Tmem234 and Znf185 genes and knocked down their expression using morpholino technology. Studies in zebrafish larvae indicate that Tmem234 is essential for the organization and functional integrity of the pronephric glomerulus filtration barrier, as inactivation of Tmem234 expression results in foot process effacement and proteinuria. In summary, we have identified four novel highly podocyte-enriched proteins and show that one of them, Tmem234, is essential for the normal filtration barrier in the zebrafish pronephric glomerulus. Identification of new molecular components of the kidney filtration barrier opens up possibilities to study their role in glomerulus biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Q Rodriguez
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asmundur Oddsson
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lwaki Ebarasi
- KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bing He
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Wernerson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Division of Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jaakko Patrakka
- KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden;
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116
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Zhang J, Yuan S, Vasilyev A, Amin Arnaout M. The transcriptional coactivator Taz regulates proximodistal patterning of the pronephric tubule in zebrafish. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:328-35. [PMID: 26248207 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephric tubule consists of proximal and distal segments and a collecting duct. The proximal segment is subdivided into the neck, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and proximal straight tubule (PST) segments. The distal segment consists of the distal-early (DE) and distal-late (DL) segments. How the proximal and distal segments develop along the anteroposterior axis is poorly understood. Here we show that knockdown of taz in zebrafish caused shortening and a significant reduction in the number of principal cells of the PST-DE segment, and proximalization of the pronephric tubule in 24 hpf embryos. RA treatment expanded the pronephric proximal domain in normal embryos as in taz morphants, an effect that was further enhanced upon exposure of taz morphants to RA. The early pronephric defects in 24 hpf taz morphants led to the failure of anterior pronephric tubule migration and convolution, and to PCT dilation and cyst formation in older embryos. In situ hybridization showed weak and transient expression of taz at the bud stage in the intermediate mesoderm, the source of pronephric progenitors. The present findings show that Taz is required in the anteroposterior patterning of the pronephric progenitor domain in the intermediate mesoderm, acting in part by regulating RA signaling in the pronephric progenitor field in the intermediate mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhang
- Leukocyte Biology & Inflammation Program, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Shipeng Yuan
- Leukocyte Biology & Inflammation Program, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - Aleksandr Vasilyev
- Leukocyte Biology & Inflammation Program, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | - M Amin Arnaout
- Leukocyte Biology & Inflammation Program, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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117
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Chen YH, Chang CF, Lai YY, Sun CY, Ding YJ, Tsai JN. von Hippel-Lindau gene plays a role during zebrafish pronephros development. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015. [PMID: 26194803 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9938-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
von Hippel-Lindau (pVHL)-mediated ubiquitination of HIF-1α plays a central role in the cellular responses to changes in oxygen availability. In the present study, using zebrafish as a model, we showed that specific knockdown of endogenous vhl leads to pronephros malformation and renal failure. Knockdown of vhl resulted in abnormal kidney development, including curved and cystic pronephric tubule or/and cystic and atrophic glomerulus. Co-injecting capped vhl messenger RNA (mRNA) partially rescued pronephros morphant phenotype, confirming the specificity of the morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-induced pronephric defects. In keeping with the pronephros phenotype, renal function was affected as well in vhl morphants. Dextran clearance abilities of vhl morphants were significantly reduced as compared with those of control embryos. Further analysis indicated that glomerular integrity is impaired in vhl morphants, while the organization of pronephric duct was minimally affected. Vhl morphants display global increased vegf signaling and angiogenesis. In addition, we found that vhl morphants displayed elevated expression of vegfa in podocytes and increased angiogenesis at pronephric glomerulus and the nearby vessels. Treatment of vegf inducer to embryos also caused pronephros phenotype resembling vhl morphants, further supporting that increased vegfa signaling contribute to the pronephros morphant phenotype. Our study establishes the zebrafish as an alternative vertebrate model system for studying Vhl function during kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yau-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151, Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan. .,Bachelor's Program in Advanced Material Sciences, Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Fang Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151, Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, No. 151, Ying-Chuan Road, Tamsui, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ning Tsai
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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118
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Sugano Y, Lindenmeyer MT, Auberger I, Ziegler U, Segerer S, Cohen CD, Neuhauss SCF, Loffing J. The Rho-GTPase binding protein IQGAP2 is required for the glomerular filtration barrier. Kidney Int 2015; 88:1047-56. [PMID: 26154927 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Podocyte dysfunction impairs the size selectivity of the glomerular filter, leading to proteinuria, hypoalbuminuria, and edema, clinically defined as nephrotic syndrome. Hereditary forms of nephrotic syndrome are linked to mutations in podocyte-specific genes. To identify genes contributing to podocyte dysfunction in acquired nephrotic syndrome, we studied human glomerular gene expression data sets for glomerular-enriched gene transcripts differentially regulated between pretransplant biopsy samples and biopsies from patients with nephrotic syndrome. Candidate genes were screened by in situ hybridization for expression in the zebrafish pronephros, an easy-to-use in vivo assay system to assess podocyte function. One glomerulus-enriched product was the Rho-GTPase binding protein, IQGAP2. Immunohistochemistry found a strong presence of IQGAP2 in normal human and zebrafish podocytes. In zebrafish larvae, morpholino-based knockdown of iqgap2 caused a mild foot process effacement of zebrafish podocytes and a cystic dilation of the urinary space of Bowman's capsule upon onset of urinary filtration. Moreover, the glomerulus of zebrafish morphants showed a glomerular permeability for injected high-molecular-weight dextrans, indicating an impaired size selectivity of the glomerular filter. Thus, IQGAP2 is a Rho-GTPase binding protein, highly abundant in human and zebrafish podocytes, which controls normal podocyte structure and function as evidenced in the zebrafish pronephros.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sugano
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ines Auberger
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Ziegler
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Segerer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Nephrology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clemens D Cohen
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Nephrology, Klinikum Harlaching, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan C F Neuhauss
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Loffing
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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119
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Hanke N, King BL, Vaske B, Haller H, Schiffer M. A Fluorescence-Based Assay for Proteinuria Screening in Larval Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2015; 12:372-6. [PMID: 26125680 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of genes compromising the glomerular filtration barrier in rodent models using transgenic or knockdown approaches is time- and resource-consuming and often leads to unsatisfactory results. Therefore, it would be beneficial to have a selection tool indicating that your gene of interest is in fact associated with proteinuria. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a rapid screening tool to study effects in glomerular filtration barrier integrity after genetic manipulation. We use either injection of high-molecular-weight dextrans or a transgenic fluorescent fish line [Tg(l-fabp:DBP:EGFP)] expressing a vitamin D-binding protein fused with eGFP for indirect detection of proteinuria. A loss of high-molecular-weight proteins from the circulation of the fish into the urine can be identified by monitoring fluorescence intensity in the zebrafish eye. Paired with an optimized analysis method, this assay provides an effective screening solution to detect filtration barrier damage with proteinuria before moving to a mammalian system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Hanke
- 1 Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin L King
- 2 Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory , Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Bernhard Vaske
- 3 Division of Biometry, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- 1 Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory , Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Mario Schiffer
- 1 Division of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School , Hannover, Germany .,2 Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory , Bar Harbor, Maine
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120
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Cirio MC, de Caestecker MP, Hukriede NA. Zebrafish Models of Kidney Damage and Repair. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:163-170. [PMID: 28690924 PMCID: PMC5497754 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate kidney possesses the capacity to repair damaged nephrons, and this potential is conserved regardless of the complexity of species-specific kidneys. However, many aquatic vertebrates possess the ability to not only repair existing nephrons, but also generate new nephrons after injury. Adult zebrafish have the ability to recover from acute renal injury not only by replacing lost injured epithelial cells of endogenous nephrons, but by also generating de novo nephrons. This strong regeneration potential, along with other unique characteristics such as the high degree of genetic conservation with humans, the ease of harvesting externally fertilized, transparent embryos, the accessibility to larval and adult kidneys, and the ability to perform whole organism phenotypic small molecule screens, has positioned zebrafish as a unique vertebrate model to study kidney injury. In this review, we provide an overview of the contribution of zebrafish larvae/adult studies to the understanding of renal regeneration, diseases, and therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Cirio
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mark P de Caestecker
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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121
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Recent advances in elucidating the genetic mechanisms of nephrogenesis using zebrafish. Cells 2015; 4:218-33. [PMID: 26024215 PMCID: PMC4493457 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of working units known as nephrons, which are epithelial tubules that contain a series of specialized cell types organized into a precise pattern of functionally distinct segment domains. There is a limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that establish these discrete nephron cell types during renal development. The zebrafish embryonic kidney serves as a simplified yet conserved vertebrate model to delineate how nephron segments are patterned from renal progenitors. Here, we provide a concise review of recent advances in this emerging field, and discuss how continued research using zebrafish genetics can be applied to gain insightsabout nephrogenesis.
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122
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Atlas of Cellular Dynamics during Zebrafish Adult Kidney Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:547636. [PMID: 26089919 PMCID: PMC4451991 DOI: 10.1155/2015/547636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish is a useful animal model to study the signaling pathways that orchestrate kidney regeneration, as its renal nephrons are simple, yet they maintain the biological complexity inherent to that of higher vertebrate organisms including mammals. Recent studies have suggested that administration of the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin in zebrafish mimics human acute kidney injury (AKI) through the induction of nephron damage, but the timing and details of critical phenotypic events associated with the regeneration process, particularly in existing nephrons, have not been characterized. Here, we mapped the temporal progression of cellular and molecular changes that occur during renal epithelial regeneration of the proximal tubule in the adult zebrafish using a platform of histological and expression analysis techniques. This work establishes the timing of renal cell death after gentamicin injury, identifies proliferative compartments within the kidney, and documents gene expression changes associated with the regenerative response of proliferating cells. These data provide an important descriptive atlas that documents the series of events that ensue after damage in the zebrafish kidney, thus availing a valuable resource for the scientific community that can facilitate the implementation of zebrafish research to delineate the mechanisms that control renal regeneration.
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123
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McKee RA, Wingert RA. Zebrafish Renal Pathology: Emerging Models of Acute Kidney Injury. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:171-181. [PMID: 25973344 PMCID: PMC4419198 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renal system is vital to maintain homeostasis in the body, where the kidneys contain nephron functional units that remove metabolic waste from the bloodstream, regulate fluids, and balance electrolytes. Severe organ damage from toxins or ischemia that occurs abruptly can cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in which there is a rapid, life-threatening loss of these activities. Humans have a limited but poorly understood ability to regenerate damaged nephrons after AKI. However, researchers studying AKI in vertebrate animal models such as mammals, and more recently the zebrafish, have documented robust regeneration within the nephron blood filter and tubule following injury. Further, zebrafish kidneys contain progenitors that create new nephrons after AKI. Here, we review investigations in zebrafish which have established a series of exciting renal pathology paradigms that complement existing AKI models and can be implemented to discover insights into kidney regeneration and the roles of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Rebecca A. Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Zebrafish Research, Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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124
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Yang H, Lee YM, Lee JH, Noh JK, Kim HC, Park CJ, Park JW, Hwang IJ, Kim SY. Expression of Perforin Gene for Early Development of Nephrons in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Dev Reprod 2015; 17:321-7. [PMID: 25949147 PMCID: PMC4382958 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2013.17.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the only defense weapon that invertebrates have, and it is the fundamental defense mechanism for fish. The innate immune response is important in newly hatched flounders because it is closely involved in the initial feeding phase, which is why it is essential for survival during the juvenile period. The expression analysis of genes involved in the innate immune response in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in the days after hatching is incomplete. Therefore, we have begun to examine the expression patterns of genes specifically induced during the development of the innate immune system in newly hatched flounders. Microscopic observation showed that pronephron formation corresponded with the expression of perforin-encoding gene. These results suggest that perforin plays a vital role in the innate immunity of the kidney during developmental stages. Perforin expression was strong at the start of the development of the innate immune response, and continued throughout all the development stages. Our findings have important implications with respect to perforin’s biological role and the evolution of the first defense mechanisms in olive flounder. Further studies are required to elucidate the perforin-mediated innate immunity response and to decipher the functional role of perforin in developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Yang
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mee Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Lee
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Koo Noh
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul-Ji Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Park
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - In Joon Hwang
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Kim
- Genetics and Breeding Research Center, NFRDI, Geoje 656-842, Republic of Korea
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Gorski M, Tin A, Garnaas M, McMahon GM, Chu AY, Tayo BO, Pattaro C, Teumer A, Chasman DI, Chalmers J, Hamet P, Tremblay J, Woodward M, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Smith AV, Mitchell BD, O'Connell JR, Shuldiner AR, Coresh J, Li M, Freudenberger P, Hofer E, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Holliday EG, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, de Boer IH, Li G, Siscovick DS, Kutalik Z, Corre T, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Gupta J, Kanetsky PA, Hwang SJ, Olden M, Yang Q, de Andrade M, Atkinson EJ, Kardia SLR, Turner ST, Stafford JM, Ding J, Liu Y, Barlassina C, Cusi D, Salvi E, Staessen JA, Ridker PM, Grallert H, Meisinger C, Müller-Nurasyid M, Krämer BK, Kramer H, Rosas SE, Nolte IM, Penninx BW, Snieder H, Fabiola Del Greco M, Franke A, Nöthlings U, Lieb W, Bakker SJL, Gansevoort RT, van der Harst P, Dehghan A, Franco OH, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Sedaghat S, Uitterlinden AG, Coassin S, Haun M, Kollerits B, Kronenberg F, Paulweber B, Aumann N, Endlich K, Pietzner M, Völker U, Rettig R, Chouraki V, Helmer C, Lambert JC, Metzger M, Stengel B, Lehtimäki T, Lyytikäinen LP, Raitakari O, Johnson A, Parsa A, Bochud M, Heid IM, Goessling W, Köttgen A, Kao WHL, Fox CS, Böger CA. Genome-wide association study of kidney function decline in individuals of European descent. Kidney Int 2015; 87:1017-29. [PMID: 25493955 PMCID: PMC4425568 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified multiple loci associated with cross-sectional eGFR, but a systematic genetic analysis of kidney function decline over time is missing. Here we conducted a GWAS meta-analysis among 63,558 participants of European descent, initially from 16 cohorts with serial kidney function measurements within the CKDGen Consortium, followed by independent replication among additional participants from 13 cohorts. In stage 1 GWAS meta-analysis, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at MEOX2, GALNT11, IL1RAP, NPPA, HPCAL1, and CDH23 showed the strongest associations for at least one trait, in addition to the known UMOD locus, which showed genome-wide significance with an annual change in eGFR. In stage 2 meta-analysis, the significant association at UMOD was replicated. Associations at GALNT11 with Rapid Decline (annual eGFR decline of 3 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) or more), and CDH23 with eGFR change among those with CKD showed significant suggestive evidence of replication. Combined stage 1 and 2 meta-analyses showed significance for UMOD, GALNT11, and CDH23. Morpholino knockdowns of galnt11 and cdh23 in zebrafish embryos each had signs of severe edema 72 h after gentamicin treatment compared with controls, but no gross morphological renal abnormalities before gentamicin administration. Thus, our results suggest a role in the deterioration of kidney function for the loci GALNT11 and CDH23, and show that the UMOD locus is significantly associated with kidney function decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Gorski
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany [2] Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Adrienne Tin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maija Garnaas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gearoid M McMahon
- 1] Division of Nephrology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Audrey Y Chu
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Services, Loyola Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Chalmers
- George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pavel Hamet
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanne Tremblay
- CHUM Research Center- Technopôle Angus, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Woodward
- George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thor Aspelund
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Intramural Research Program, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- 1] Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland [2] University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- 1] Department of Medicine and Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA [2] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Department of Medicine and Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- 1] Department of Medicine and Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA [2] Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Josef Coresh
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA [2] Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Freudenberger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, CReDITSS, HMRI, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Guo Li
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David S Siscovick
- 1] Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA [2] New York Academy of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- 1] Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Medical Genetics, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Internal Medicine Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gérard Waeber
- Internal Medicine Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jayanta Gupta
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthias Olden
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany [2] NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiong Yang
- 1] NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeanette M Stafford
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Daniele Cusi
- 1] Department of Health Science, University of Milano, Milano, Italy [2] Division of Nephrology, San Paolo Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department of Health Science, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jan A Staessen
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands [2] Studies Coordinating Centre, Division of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harald Grallert
- 1] Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany [2] Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany [3] German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- 1] DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany [2] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany [3] Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany [4] Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, 5th Department of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Holly Kramer
- Department of Public Health Services, Loyola Medical Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Sylvia E Rosas
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology (FA40), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- 1] Department of Psychiatry/EMGO Institute/Neuroscience Campus, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] EMGO Institute Vumc, NESDA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands [2] Unit of Genetic Epidemiology and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology (FA40), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Fabiola Del Greco
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- 1] Popgen Biobank, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany [2] Section for Epidemiology, Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology and Biobank popgen, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sanaz Sedaghat
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Coassin
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margot Haun
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Kollerits
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Aumann
- Department SHIP/KEF, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karlhans Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mike Pietzner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer Rettig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald-Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Chouraki
- Inserm, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, CHR&U de Lille, Service d'épidémiologie régional, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- Inserm, U897, Université Bordeaux 2, ISPED, ISPED, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- Inserm, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
| | - Marie Metzger
- Inserm, U1018, University Paris-Sud, CESP Team 10, Villejuif, France
| | - Benedicte Stengel
- Inserm, U1018, University Paris-Sud, CESP Team 10, Villejuif, France
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Olli Raitakari
- 1] Department of Clinical Physiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland [2] Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrew Johnson
- NHLBI Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Human Genomics Branch, Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Afshin Parsa
- Department of Medicine and Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Lausanne University Hospital, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Iris M Heid
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany [2] Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- 1] Divisions of Genetics and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Köttgen
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA [2] Renal Division, Freiburg University Clinic, Germany, Freiburg, Germany
| | - W H Linda Kao
- 1] Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA [2] Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline S Fox
- 1] NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carsten A Böger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Oltrabella F, Pietka G, Ramirez IBR, Mironov A, Starborg T, Drummond IA, Hinchliffe KA, Lowe M. The Lowe syndrome protein OCRL1 is required for endocytosis in the zebrafish pronephric tubule. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005058. [PMID: 25838181 PMCID: PMC4383555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease are caused by mutation of the inositol 5-phosphatase OCRL1. Despite our increased understanding of the cellular functions of OCRL1, the underlying basis for the renal tubulopathy seen in both human disorders, of which a hallmark is low molecular weight proteinuria, is currently unknown. Here, we show that deficiency in OCRL1 causes a defect in endocytosis in the zebrafish pronephric tubule, a model for the mammalian renal tubule. This coincides with a reduction in levels of the scavenger receptor megalin and its accumulation in endocytic compartments, consistent with reduced recycling within the endocytic pathway. We also observe reduced numbers of early endocytic compartments and enlarged vacuolar endosomes in the sub-apical region of pronephric cells. Cell polarity within the pronephric tubule is unaffected in mutant embryos. The OCRL1-deficient embryos exhibit a mild ciliogenesis defect, but this cannot account for the observed impairment of endocytosis. Catalytic activity of OCRL1 is required for renal tubular endocytosis and the endocytic defect can be rescued by suppression of PIP5K. These results indicate for the first time that OCRL1 is required for endocytic trafficking in vivo, and strongly support the hypothesis that endocytic defects are responsible for the renal tubulopathy in Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease. Moreover, our results reveal PIP5K as a potential therapeutic target for Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease. Phosphoinositide lipids are key regulators of cellular physiology and consequently enzymes that generate or remove these lipids are of fundamental importance. Mutation of one such enzyme, called OCRL1, causes two disorders in humans, Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that OCRL1 regulates endocytosis, the process by which cells internalize material from their extracellular environment. Importantly, this is demonstrated in a physiologically relevant tissue in vivo, namely the zebrafish renal tubule. Defective endocytosis can explain the renal symptoms seen in Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 patients. We also report that defects in cell polarity or cilia formation cannot explain the renal symptoms. This study not only increases our understanding of the endocytic pathway, it also provides a mechanistic explanation for the renal defects observed in Lowe syndrome and Dent-2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grzegorz Pietka
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aleksandr Mironov
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Starborg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Iain A Drummond
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Martin Lowe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Perisic L, Rodriguez PQ, Hultenby K, Sun Y, Lal M, Betsholtz C, Uhlén M, Wernerson A, Hedin U, Pikkarainen T, Tryggvason K, Patrakka J. Schip1 is a novel podocyte foot process protein that mediates actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and forms a complex with Nherf2 and ezrin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122067. [PMID: 25807495 PMCID: PMC4373682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Podocyte foot process effacement accompanied by actin cytoskeleton rearrangements is a cardinal feature of many progressive human proteinuric diseases. Results By microarray profiling of mouse glomerulus, SCHIP1 emerged as one of the most highly enriched transcripts. We detected Schip1 protein in the kidney glomerulus, specifically in podocytes foot processes. Functionally, Schip1 inactivation in zebrafish by morpholino knock-down results in foot process disorganization and podocyte loss leading to proteinuria. In cultured podocytes Schip1 localizes to cortical actin-rich regions of lamellipodia, where it forms a complex with Nherf2 and ezrin, proteins known to participate in actin remodeling stimulated by PDGFβ signaling. Mechanistically, overexpression of Schip1 in vitro causes accumulation of cortical F-actin with dissolution of transversal stress fibers and promotes cell migration in response to PDGF-BB stimulation. Upon actin disassembly by latrunculin A treatment, Schip1 remains associated with the residual F-actin-containing structures, suggesting a functional connection with actin cytoskeleton possibly via its interaction partners. A similar assay with cytochalasin D points to stabilization of cortical actin cytoskeleton in Schip1 overexpressing cells by attenuation of actin depolymerisation. Conclusions Schip1 is a novel glomerular protein predominantly expressed in podocytes, necessary for the zebrafish pronephros development and function. Schip1 associates with the cortical actin cytoskeleton network and modulates its dynamics in response to PDGF signaling via interaction with the Nherf2/ezrin complex. Its implication in proteinuric diseases remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Perisic
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Q. Rodriguez
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Sun
- Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Lal
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annika Wernerson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timo Pikkarainen
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Patrakka
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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128
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Diep CQ, Peng Z, Ukah TK, Kelly PM, Daigle RV, Davidson AJ. Development of the zebrafish mesonephros. Genesis 2015; 53:257-69. [PMID: 25677367 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate kidney plays an essential role in removing metabolic waste and balancing water and salt. This is carried out by nephrons, which comprise a blood filter attached to an epithelial tubule with proximal and distal segments. In zebrafish, two nephrons are first formed as part of the embryonic kidney (pronephros) and hundreds are formed later to make up the adult kidney (mesonephros). Previous studies have focused on the development of the pronephros while considerably less is known about how the mesonephros is formed. Here, we characterize mesonephros development in zebrafish and examine the nephrons that form during larval metamorphosis. These nephrons, arising from proliferating progenitor cells that express the renal transcription factor genes wt1b, pax2a, and lhx1a, form on top of the pronephric tubules and develop a segmentation pattern similar to pronephric nephrons. We find that the pronephros acts as a scaffold for the mesonephros, where new nephrons fuse with the distal segments of the pronephric tubules to form the final branching network that characterizes the adult zebrafish kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Q Diep
- Department of Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Kidney Program, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania
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129
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Identification and comparison of gonadal transcripts of testis and ovary of adult common carp Cyprinus carpio using suppression subtractive hybridization. Theriogenology 2015; 83:1416-27. [PMID: 25772851 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The limited number of gonad-specific and gonad-related genes that have been identified in fish represents a major obstacle in the study of fish gonad development and sex differentiation. In common carp Cyprinus carpio from China's Yellow River, the ovary and testis differ in volume and weight in adult fish of the same age. Comparing sperm, egg, and somatic cell transcripts in this carp may provide insight into the mechanisms of its gonad development and sex differentiation. In the present work, gene expression patterns in the carp ovary and testis were compared using suppression subtractive hybridization. Two bidirectional subtracted complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were analyzed in parallel using testis or ovary as testers. Eighteen nonredundant clones were identified in the male library, including 15 known cDNAs. The expression patterns of selected genes in testis and ovary were analyzed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Tektin-1, GAPDS, FGFIBP, IGFBP-5, and an unknown gene from the Ccmg4 clone were observed to be expressed only in testis. GSDF, BMI1b, Wt1a, and an unknown gene from the Ccme2 clone were expressed at higher levels in testis than in ovary at sexual maturity. Thirty functional expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified in 43 sequenced clones in the female library, including 28 known cDNAs, one uncharacterized cDNA (EST clone), and one novel sequence. Eight identified ESTs showed significant differences in expression between the testis and the ovary. ZP3C and Psmb2 were expressed exclusively in ovary, whereas the expression levels of IFIPGL-1, Setd6, ATP-6, CDC45, AIF-1, and an unknown gene from the Ccfh2 clone were more strongly expressed in ovary than in testis. In addition, the expression of ZP3C, Wt1a, and Setd6 was analyzed in male and female gonads, heart, liver, kidney, and brain. ZP3C was expressed only in ovary. Setd6 expression was significantly stronger in female tissues than that in the male, except in the liver, and Wt1a expression showed sexual dimorphism in the kidney and liver. Results suggest that these genes could play key roles during carp growth, both in the gonad and other tissues. The results provide a resource for further investigation of molecular mechanisms responsible for gonad development and sex differentiation in Yellow River common carp.
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Cheng CN, Wingert RA. Nephron proximal tubule patterning and corpuscles of Stannius formation are regulated by the sim1a transcription factor and retinoic acid in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2014; 399:100-116. [PMID: 25542995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that establish nephron segments are poorly understood. The zebrafish embryonic kidney, or pronephros, is a simplified yet conserved genetic model to study this renal development process because its nephrons contain segments akin to other vertebrates, including the proximal convoluted and straight tubules (PCT, PST). The zebrafish pronephros is also associated with the corpuscles of Stannius (CS), endocrine glands that regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis, but whose ontogeny from renal progenitors is largely mysterious. Initial patterning of zebrafish renal progenitors in the intermediate mesoderm (IM) involves the formation of rostral and caudal domains, the former being reliant on retinoic acid (RA) signaling, and the latter being repressed by elevated RA levels. Here, using expression profiling to gain new insights into nephrogenesis, we discovered that the gene single minded family bHLH transcription factor 1a (sim1a) is dynamically expressed in the renal progenitors-first marking the caudal domain, then becoming restricted to the proximal segments, and finally exhibiting specific CS expression. In loss of function studies, sim1a knockdown expanded the PCT and abrogated both the PST and CS populations. Conversely, overexpression of sim1a modestly expanded the PST and CS, while it reduced the PCT. These results show that sim1a activity is necessary and partially sufficient to induce PST and CS fates, and suggest that sim1a may inhibit PCT fate and/or negotiate the PCT/PST boundary. Interestingly, the sim1a expression domain in renal progenitors is responsive to altered levels of RA, suggesting that RA regulates sim1a, directly or indirectly, during nephrogenesis. sim1a deficient embryos treated with exogenous RA formed nephrons that were predominantly composed of PCT segments, but lacked the enlarged PST observed in RA treated wild-types, indicating that RA is not sufficient to rescue the PST in the absence of sim1a expression. Alternately, when sim1a knockdowns were exposed to the RA inhibitor diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB), the CS was abrogated rather than expanded as seen in DEAB treated wild-types, revealing that CS formation in the absence of sim1a cannot be rescued by RA biosynthesis abrogation. Taken together, these data reveal previously unappreciated roles for sim1a in zebrafish pronephric proximal tubule and CS patterning, and are consistent with the model that sim1a acts downstream of RA to mitigate the formation of these lineages. These findings provide new insights into the genetic pathways that direct nephron development, and may have implications for understanding renal birth defects and kidney reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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131
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Sander V, Patke S, Sahu S, Teoh CL, Peng Z, Chang YT, Davidson AJ. The small molecule probe PT-Yellow labels the renal proximal tubules in zebrafish. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:395-8. [PMID: 25407666 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a small fluorescent molecule, BDNCA3-D2, herein referred to as PT-Yellow. Soaking zebrafish embryos in PT-Yellow or intraperitoneal injection into adults results in non-toxic in vivo fluorescent labeling of the renal proximal tubules, the major site of blood filtrate reabsorption and a common target of injury in acute kidney injury. We demonstrate the applicability of this new compound as a rapid and simple readout for zebrafish kidney filtration and proximal tubule reabsorption function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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132
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Pax8 and Pax2 are specifically required at different steps of Xenopus pronephros development. Dev Biol 2014; 397:175-90. [PMID: 25446030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The respective role of Pax2 and Pax8 in early kidney development in vertebrates is poorly understood. In this report, we have studied the roles of Pax8 and Pax2 in Xenopus pronephros development using a loss-of-function approach. Our results highlight a differential requirement of these two transcription factors for proper pronephros formation. Pax8 is necessary for the earliest steps of pronephric development and its depletion leads to a complete absence of pronephric tubule. Pax2 is required after the establishment of the tubule pronephric anlage, for the expression of several terminal differentiation markers of the pronephric tubule. Neither Pax2 nor Pax8 is essential to glomus development. We further show that Pax8 controls hnf1b, but not lhx1 and Osr2, expression in the kidney field as soon as the mid-neurula stage. Pax8 is also required for cell proliferation of pronephric precursors in the kidney field. It may exert its action through the wnt/beta-catenin pathway since activation of this pathway can rescue MoPax8 induced proliferation defect and Pax8 regulates expression of the wnt pathway components, dvl1 and sfrp3. Finally, we observed that loss of pronephros in Pax8 morphants correlates with an expanded vascular/blood gene expression domain indicating that Pax8 function is important to delimit the blood/endothelial genes expression domain in the anterior part of the dorso-lateral plate.
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133
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McKee R, Gerlach GF, Jou J, Cheng CN, Wingert RA. Temporal and spatial expression of tight junction genes during zebrafish pronephros development. Gene Expr Patterns 2014; 16:104-13. [PMID: 25460834 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of nephrons - epithelial tubes with specialized segments that reabsorb and secrete solutes, perform osmoregulation, and produce urine. Different nephron segments exhibit unique combinations of ion channels, transporter proteins, and cell junction proteins that govern permeability between neighboring cells. The zebrafish pronephros is a valuable model to study the mechanisms of vertebrate nephrogenesis, but many basic features of segment gene expression in renal progenitors and mature nephrons have not been characterized. Here, we analyzed the temporal and spatial expression pattern of tight junction components during zebrafish kidney ontogeny. During nephrogenesis, renal progenitors show discrete expression domains of claudin (cldn) 15a, cldn8, occludin (ocln) a, oclnb, tight junction protein (tjp) 2a, tjp2b, and tjp3. Interestingly, transcripts encoding these genes exhibit dynamic spatiotemporal domains during the time when pronephros segment domains are established. These data provide a useful gene expression map of cell junction components during zebrafish nephrogenesis. As such, this information complements the existing molecular map of nephron segment characteristics, and can be used to characterize kidney development mutants as well as various disease models, in addition to aiding in the elucidation of mechanisms governing epithelial regeneration after acute nephron injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McKee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Jonathan Jou
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Christina N Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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134
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Gerlach GF, Wingert RA. Zebrafish pronephros tubulogenesis and epithelial identity maintenance are reliant on the polarity proteins Prkc iota and zeta. Dev Biol 2014; 396:183-200. [PMID: 25446529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephros provides an excellent in vivo system to study the mechanisms of vertebrate nephron development. When and how renal progenitors in the zebrafish embryo undergo tubulogenesis to form nephrons is poorly understood, but is known to involve a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and the acquisition of polarity. Here, we determined the precise timing of these events in pronephros tubulogenesis. As the ternary polarity complex is an essential regulator of epithelial cell polarity across tissues, we performed gene knockdown studies to assess the roles of the related factors atypical protein kinase C iota and zeta (prkcι, prkcζ). We found that prkcι and prkcζ serve partially redundant functions to establish pronephros tubule epithelium polarity. Further, the loss of prkcι or the combined knockdown of prkcι/ζ disrupted proximal tubule morphogenesis and podocyte migration due to cardiac defects that prevented normal fluid flow to the kidney. Surprisingly, tubule cells in prkcι/ζ morphants displayed ectopic expression of the transcription factor pax2a and the podocyte-associated genes wt1a, wt1b, and podxl, suggesting that prkcι/ζ are needed to maintain renal epithelial identity. Knockdown of genes essential for cardiac contractility and vascular flow to the kidney, such as tnnt2a, or elimination of pronephros fluid output through knockdown of the intraflagellar transport gene ift88, was not associated with ectopic pronephros gene expression, thus suggesting a unique role for prkcι/ζ in maintaining tubule epithelial identity separate from the consequence of disruptions to renal fluid flow. Interestingly, knockdown of pax2a, but not wt1a, was sufficient to rescue ectopic tubule gene expression in prkcι/ζ morphants. These data suggest a model in which the redundant activities of prkcι and prkcζ are essential to establish tubule epithelial polarity and also serve to maintain proper epithelial cell type identity in the tubule by inhibiting pax2a expression. These studies provide a valuable foundation for further analysis of MET during nephrogenesis, and have implications for understanding the pathways that affect nephron epithelial cells during kidney disease and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F Gerlach
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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135
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Chou CW, Zhuo YL, Jiang ZY, Liu YW. The hemodynamically-regulated vascular microenvironment promotes migration of the steroidogenic tissue during its interaction with chromaffin cells in the zebrafish embryo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107997. [PMID: 25248158 PMCID: PMC4172588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While the endothelium-organ interaction is critical for regulating cellular behaviors during development and disease, the role of blood flow in these processes is only partially understood. The dorsal aorta performs paracrine functions for the timely migration and differentiation of the sympatho-adrenal system. However, it is unclear how the adrenal cortex and medulla achieve and maintain specific integration and whether hemodynamic forces play a role. Methodology and Principal Findings In this study, the possible modulation of steroidogenic and chromaffin cell integration by blood flow was investigated in the teleostean counterpart of the adrenal gland, the interrenal gland, in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Steroidogenic tissue migration and angiogenesis were suppressed by genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of blood flow, and enhanced by acceleration of blood flow upon norepinephrine treatment. Repressed steroidogenic tissue migration and angiogenesis due to flow deficiency were recoverable following restoration of flow. The regulation of interrenal morphogenesis by blood flow was found to be mediated through the vascular microenvironment and the Fibronectin-phosphorylated Focal Adhesion Kinase (Fn-pFak) signaling. Moreover, the knockdown of krüppel-like factor 2a (klf2a) or matrix metalloproteinase 2 (mmp2), two genes regulated by the hemodynamic force, phenocopied the defects in migration, angiogenesis, the vascular microenvironment, and pFak signaling of the steroidogenic tissue observed in flow-deficient embryos, indicating a direct requirement of mechanotransduction in these processes. Interestingly, epithelial-type steroidogenic cells assumed a mesenchymal-like character and downregulated β-Catenin at cell-cell junctions during interaction with chromaffin cells, which was reversed by inhibiting blood flow or Fn-pFak signaling. Blood flow obstruction also affected the migration of chromaffin cells, but not through mechanosensitive or Fn-pFak dependent mechanisms. Conclusions and Significance These results demonstrate that hemodynamically regulated Fn-pFak signaling promotes the migration of steroidogenic cells, ensuring their interaction with chromaffin cells along both sides of the midline during interrenal gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chou
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - You-Lin Zhuo
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zhe-Yu Jiang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Liu
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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136
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Ontogeny and osmoregulatory function of the urinary system in the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus (Borodin, 1897). Tissue Cell 2014; 46:287-98. [PMID: 25024093 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the kidney and the localization of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (NKA) immunopositive cells were examined throughout the postembryonic development of the Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus, from newly hatched prelarvae (10mm) to 20 days post hatch (20 DPH) larvae (31mm). Investigations were conducted through histology and immunohistochemistry by using the light and immunofluorescence microscopy. The pronephros was observed in newly hatched prelarvae. The cells lining the distal pronephric tubules and their collecting ducts showed laterally expressed NKA immunofluorescence that later extended throughout the whole cytoplasm. Mesonephrogenous placodes and pre-glomeruli were distinguished at 2 DPH along the collecting ducts posteriorly. Their tubules were formed and present in kidney mesenchyma, differentiated into neck, proximal, distal and collecting segments at 7 DPH when NKA immunopositive cells were observed. Their distal and collecting tubules showed an increasing immunofluorescence throughout their cytoplasm while the glomeruli remained unstained. From D 9 to D 17, the epithelial layer of pronephric collecting duct changed along the mesonephros to form ureters. Ureters, possessing isolated strong NKA immunopositive cells, appeared as two sac-like structures hanging under the trunk kidney. Since NKA immunopositive cells were not observed on the tegument or along the digestive tract of newly hatched prelarva, and also the gills are not formed yet, the pronephros is the only osmoregulatory organ until 4 DPH. At the larval stage, the pronephros and mesonephros are functional osmoregulatory organs and actively reabsorb necessary ions from the filtrate.
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137
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Kroeger PT, Wingert RA. Using zebrafish to study podocyte genesis during kidney development and regeneration. Genesis 2014; 52:771-92. [PMID: 24920186 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During development, vertebrates form a progression of up to three different kidneys that are comprised of functional units termed nephrons. Nephron composition is highly conserved across species, and an increasing appreciation of the similarities between zebrafish and mammalian nephron cell types has positioned the zebrafish as a relevant genetic system for nephrogenesis studies. A key component of the nephron blood filter is a specialized epithelial cell known as the podocyte. Podocyte research is of the utmost importance as a vast majority of renal diseases initiate with the dysfunction or loss of podocytes, resulting in a condition known as proteinuria that causes nephron degeneration and eventually leads to kidney failure. Understanding how podocytes develop during organogenesis may elucidate new ways to promote nephron health by stimulating podocyte replacement in kidney disease patients. In this review, we discuss how the zebrafish model can be used to study kidney development, and how zebrafish research has provided new insights into podocyte lineage specification and differentiation. Further, we discuss the recent discovery of podocyte regeneration in adult zebrafish, and explore how continued basic research using zebrafish can provide important knowledge about podocyte genesis in embryonic and adult environments. genesis 52:771-792, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Kroeger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556
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138
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Abstract
Renal tubule epithelial cells can regenerate in response to acute injury. Although this process remains poorly understood, it appears to involve the reactivation of pathways that are operative during embryonic kidney formation. A better understanding of renal regeneration may lead to the development of new therapies that can attenuate acute kidney injury or expedite recovery. The zebrafish is being used as a model to understand renal regeneration. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on zebrafish kidney formation, describe methods for inducing acute injury, and focus on the unique capacity of the zebrafish adult kidney to undergo de novo nephron formation in response to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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139
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Gee HY, Ashraf S, Wan X, Vega-Warner V, Esteve-Rudd J, Lovric S, Fang H, Hurd TW, Sadowski CE, Allen SJ, Otto EA, Korkmaz E, Washburn J, Levy S, Williams DS, Bakkaloglu SA, Zolotnitskaya A, Ozaltin F, Zhou W, Hildebrandt F. Mutations in EMP2 cause childhood-onset nephrotic syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 94:884-90. [PMID: 24814193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a genetically heterogeneous group of diseases that are divided into steroid-sensitive NS (SSNS) and steroid-resistant NS (SRNS). SRNS inevitably leads to end-stage kidney disease, and no curative treatment is available. To date, mutations in more than 24 genes have been described in Mendelian forms of SRNS; however, no Mendelian form of SSNS has been described. To identify a genetic form of SSNS, we performed homozygosity mapping, whole-exome sequencing, and multiplex PCR followed by next-generation sequencing. We thereby detected biallelic mutations in EMP2 (epithelial membrane protein 2) in four individuals from three unrelated families affected by SRNS or SSNS. We showed that EMP2 exclusively localized to glomeruli in the kidney. Knockdown of emp2 in zebrafish resulted in pericardial effusion, supporting the pathogenic role of mutated EMP2 in human NS. At the cellular level, we showed that knockdown of EMP2 in podocytes and endothelial cells resulted in an increased amount of CAVEOLIN-1 and decreased cell proliferation. Our data therefore identify EMP2 mutations as causing a recessive Mendelian form of SSNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Yung Gee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shazia Ashraf
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Julian Esteve-Rudd
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Svjetlana Lovric
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Humphrey Fang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toby W Hurd
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Carolin E Sadowski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan J Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Edgar A Otto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emine Korkmaz
- Nephrogenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Joseph Washburn
- Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shawn Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - David S Williams
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sevcan A Bakkaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara 06570, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih Ozaltin
- Nephrogenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey; Center for Biobanking and Genomics, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Weibin Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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140
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Tran PV, Sharma M, Li X, Calvet JP. Developmental signaling: does it bridge the gap between cilia dysfunction and renal cystogenesis? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:159-73. [PMID: 24861210 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For more than a decade, evidence has accumulated linking dysfunction of primary cilia to renal cystogenesis, yet molecular mechanisms remain undefined. The pathogenesis of renal cysts is complex, involving multiple cellular aberrations and signaling pathways. Adding to this complexity, primary cilia exhibit multiple roles in a context-dependent manner. On renal epithelial cells, primary cilia act as mechanosensors and trigger extracellular Ca(2+) influx in response to laminar fluid flow. During mammalian development, primary cilia mediate the Hedgehog (Hh), Wnt, and Notch pathways, which control cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue morphogenesis. Further, experimental evidence suggests the developmental state of the kidney strongly influences renal cystic disease. Thus, we review evidence for regulation of Ca(2+) and cAMP, key molecules in renal cystogenesis, at the primary cilium, the role of Hh, Wnt, and Notch signaling in renal cystic disease, and the interplay between these developmental pathways and Ca(2+) signaling. Indeed if these developmental pathways influence renal cystogenesis, these may represent novel therapeutic targets that can be integrated into a combination therapy for renal cystic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; The Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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141
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Sharma P, Sharma S, Patial V, Singh D, Padwad YS. Zebrafish (Danio rerio): A potential model for nephroprotective drug screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cqn.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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142
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Kamei CN, Drummond IA. Zebrafish as a Model for Studying Kidney Regeneration. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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143
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Le Corre S, Eyre D, Drummond IA. Modulation of the secretory pathway rescues zebrafish polycystic kidney disease pathology. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1749-59. [PMID: 24627348 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in polycystin 1 and polycystin 2 are responsible for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, the most common heritable human disease. Polycystins function as calcium ion channels, but their impact on cell physiology is not fully known. Recent findings suggest that polycystins could function in the maintenance of extracellular matrix integrity. In zebrafish, polycystin 2 knockdown induces kidney cysts, hydrocephalus, left/right asymmetry defects, and strong dorsal axis curvature. Here, we show that increased notochord sheath collagen deposition in polycystin 2-deficient embryos is directly linked to axis defects. Increased collagen II protein accumulation did not associate with increased col2a1 mRNA or a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase activity but, instead, it associated with increased expression of the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi transport coat protein complex II Sec proteins. sec24D knockdown prevented dorsal axis curvature and kidney cystogenesis in polycystin 2 morphants. Nontoxic doses of brefeldin A also prevented the dorsal axis curvature formation in polycystin 2 morphants and curly up polycystin 2 mutants. Brefeldin A treatment after the onset of polycystin deficiency phenotypes reversed the curved axis phenotype but not kidney cyst progression. Our results suggest that polycystin 2 deficiency causes increased collagen II synthesis with upregulation of secretory pathway coat protein complex II components. Restoration of normal rates of secretory protein synthesis and secretion may be a new target in the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Le Corre
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
| | - David Eyre
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Iain A Drummond
- Nephrology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; and
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144
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Dash SN, Lehtonen E, Wasik AA, Schepis A, Paavola J, Panula P, Nelson WJ, Lehtonen S. Sept7b is essential for pronephric function and development of left-right asymmetry in zebrafish embryogenesis. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1476-86. [PMID: 24496452 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.138495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The conserved septin family of filamentous small GTPases plays important roles in mitosis, cell migration and cell morphogenesis by forming scaffolds and diffusion barriers. Recent studies in cultured cells in vitro indicate that a septin complex of septin 2, 7 and 9 is required for ciliogenesis and cilia function, but septin function in ciliogenesis in vertebrate organs in vivo is not understood. We show that sept7b is expressed in ciliated cells in different tissues during early zebrafish development. Knockdown of sept7b by using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides caused misorientation of basal bodies and cilia, reduction of apical actin and the shortening of motile cilia in Kupffer's vesicle and pronephric tubules. This resulted in pericardial and yolk sac edema, body axis curvature and hydrocephaly. Notably, in sept7b morphants we detected strong left-right asymmetry defects in the heart and lateral plate mesoderm (situs inversus), reduced fluid flow in the kidney, the formation of kidney cysts and loss of glomerular filtration barrier function. Thus, sept7b is essential during zebrafish development for pronephric function and ciliogenesis, and loss of expression of sept7b results in defects that resemble human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjya Narayan Dash
- University of Helsinki, Haartman Institute, Department of Pathology, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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145
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McCampbell KK, Wingert RA. New tides: using zebrafish to study renal regeneration. Transl Res 2014; 163:109-22. [PMID: 24183931 PMCID: PMC3946610 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the zebrafish has become one of the major vertebrate model organisms used in biomedical research. In this arena, the zebrafish has emerged as an applicable system for the study of kidney diseases and renal regeneration. The relevance of the zebrafish model for nephrology research has been increasingly appreciated as the understanding of zebrafish kidney structure, ontogeny, and the response to damage has steadily expanded. Recent studies have documented the amazing regenerative characteristics of the zebrafish kidney, which include the ability to replace epithelial populations after acute injury and to grow new renal functional units, termed nephrons. Here we discuss how nephron composition is conserved between zebrafish and mammals, and highlight how recent findings from zebrafish studies utilizing transgenic technologies and chemical genetics can complement traditional murine approaches in the effort to dissect how the kidney responds to acute damage and identify therapeutics that enhance human renal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.
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146
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Li Y, Cheng CN, Verdun VA, Wingert RA. Zebrafish nephrogenesis is regulated by interactions between retinoic acid, mecom, and Notch signaling. Dev Biol 2013; 386:111-22. [PMID: 24309209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish pronephros provides a conserved model to study kidney development, in particular to delineate the poorly understood processes of how nephron segment pattern and cell type choice are established. Zebrafish nephrons are divided into distinct epithelial regions that include a series of proximal and distal tubule segments, which are comprised of intercalated transporting epithelial cells and multiciliated cells (MCC). Previous studies have shown that retinoic acid (RA) regionalizes the renal progenitor field into proximal and distal domains and that Notch signaling later represses MCC differentiation, but further understanding of these pathways has remained unknown. The transcription factor mecom (mds1/evi1 complex) is broadly expressed in renal progenitors, and then subsequently marks the distal tubule. Here, we show that mecom is necessary to form the distal tubule and to restrict both proximal tubule formation and MCC fate choice. We found that mecom and RA have opposing roles in patterning discrete proximal and distal segments. Further, we discovered that RA is required for MCC formation, and that one mechanism by which RA promotes MCC fate choice is to inhibit mecom. Next, we determined the epistatic relationship between mecom and Notch signaling, which limits MCC fate choice by lateral inhibition. Abrogation of Notch signaling with the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT revealed that Notch and mecom did not have additive effects in blocking MCC formation, suggesting that they function in the same pathway. Ectopic expression of the Notch signaling effector, Notch intracellular domain (NICD), rescued the expansion of MCCs in mecom morphants, indicating that mecom acts upstream to induce Notch signaling. These findings suggest a model in which mecom and RA arbitrate proximodistal segment domains, while MCC fate is modulated by a complex interplay in which RA inhibition of mecom, and mecom promotion of Notch, titrates MCC number. Taken together, our studies have revealed several essential and novel mechanisms that control pronephros development in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Christina N Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Valerie A Verdun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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147
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Gariano G, Guarienti M, Bresciani R, Borsani G, Carola G, Monti E, Giuliani R, Rezzani R, Bonomini F, Preti A, Schu P, Zizioli D. Analysis of three μ1-AP1 subunits during zebrafish development. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:299-314. [PMID: 24123392 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The family of AP-1 complexes mediates protein sorting in the late secretory pathway and it is essential for the development of mammals. The ubiquitously expressed AP-1A complex consists of four adaptins γ1, β1, μ1A, and σ1A. AP-1A mediates protein transport between the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes. The polarized epithelia AP-1B complex contains the μ1B-adaptin. AP-1B mediates specific transport of proteins from basolateral recycling endosomes to the basolateral plasma membrane of polarized epithelial cells. RESULTS Analysis of the zebrafish genome revealed the existence of three μ1-adaptin genes, encoding μ1A, μ1B, and the novel isoform μ1C, which is not found in mammals. μ1C shows 80% sequence identity with μ1A and μ1B. The μ1C expression pattern largely overlaps with that of μ1A, while μ1B is expressed in epithelial cells. By knocking-down the synthesis of μ1A, μ1B and μ1C with antisense morpholino techniques we demonstrate that each of these μ1 adaptins is essential for zebrafish development, with μ1A and μ1C being involved in central nervous system development and μ1B in kidney, gut and liver formation. CONCLUSIONS Zebrafish is unique in expressing three AP-1 complexes: AP-1A, AP-1B, and AP-1C. Our results demonstrate that they are not redundant and that each of them has specific functions, which cannot be fulfilled by one of the other isoforms. Each of the μ1 adaptins appears to mediate specific molecular mechanisms essential for early developmental processes, which depends on specific intracellular vesicular protein sorting pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Gariano
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Brescia, Italy
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148
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Huang CC, Monte A, Cook JM, Kabir MS, Peterson KP. Zebrafish heart failure models for the evaluation of chemical probes and drugs. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2013; 11:561-72. [PMID: 24351044 PMCID: PMC3870487 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2013.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex disease that involves genetic, environmental, and physiological factors. As a result, current medication and treatment for heart failure produces limited efficacy, and better medication is in demand. Although mammalian models exist, simple and low-cost models will be more beneficial for drug discovery and mechanistic studies of heart failure. We previously reported that aristolochic acid (AA) caused cardiac defects in zebrafish embryos that resemble heart failure. Here, we showed that cardiac troponin T and atrial natriuretic peptide were expressed at significantly higher levels in AA-treated embryos, presumably due to cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, several human heart failure drugs could moderately attenuate the AA-induced heart failure by 10%-40%, further verifying the model for drug discovery. We then developed a drug screening assay using the AA-treated zebrafish embryos and identified three compounds. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor (MEK-I), an inhibitor for the MEK-1/2 known to be involved in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, showed nearly 60% heart failure attenuation. C25, a chalcone derivative, and A11, a phenolic compound, showed around 80% and 90% attenuation, respectively. Time course experiments revealed that, to obtain 50% efficacy, these compounds were required within different hours of AA treatment. Furthermore, quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that C25, not MEK-I or A11, strongly suppressed inflammation. Finally, C25 and MEK-I, but not A11, could also rescue the doxorubicin-induced heart failure in zebrafish embryos. In summary, we have established two tractable heart failure models for drug discovery and three potential drugs have been identified that seem to attenuate heart failure by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chen Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin–River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin
| | - Aaron Monte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mohd Shahjahan Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Karl P. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–River Falls, River Falls, Wisconsin
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149
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Zebrafish Ciliopathy Screen Plus Human Mutational Analysis Identifies C21orf59 and CCDC65 Defects as Causing Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:672-86. [PMID: 24094744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is caused when defects of motile cilia lead to chronic airway infections, male infertility, and situs abnormalities. Multiple causative PCD mutations account for only 65% of cases, suggesting that many genes essential for cilia function remain to be discovered. By using zebrafish morpholino knockdown of PCD candidate genes as an in vivo screening platform, we identified c21orf59, ccdc65, and c15orf26 as critical for cilia motility. c21orf59 and c15orf26 knockdown in zebrafish and planaria blocked outer dynein arm assembly, and ccdc65 knockdown altered cilia beat pattern. Biochemical analysis in Chlamydomonas revealed that the C21orf59 ortholog FBB18 is a flagellar matrix protein that accumulates specifically when cilia motility is impaired. The Chlamydomonas ida6 mutant identifies CCDC65/FAP250 as an essential component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex. Analysis of 295 individuals with PCD identified recessive truncating mutations of C21orf59 in four families and CCDC65 in two families. Similar to findings in zebrafish and planaria, mutations in C21orf59 caused loss of both outer and inner dynein arm components. Our results characterize two genes associated with PCD-causing mutations and elucidate two distinct mechanisms critical for motile cilia function: dynein arm assembly for C21orf59 and assembly of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex for CCDC65.
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150
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"Zebrafishing" for novel genes relevant to the glomerular filtration barrier. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:658270. [PMID: 24106712 PMCID: PMC3784067 DOI: 10.1155/2013/658270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Data for genes relevant to glomerular filtration barrier function or proteinuria is continually increasing in an era of microarrays, genome-wide association studies, and quantitative trait locus analysis. Researchers are limited by published literature searches to select the most relevant genes to investigate. High-throughput cell cultures and other in vitro systems ultimately need to demonstrate proof in an in vivo model. Generating mammalian models for the genes of interest is costly and time intensive, and yields only a small number of test subjects. These models also have many pitfalls such as possible embryonic mortality and failure to generate phenotypes or generate nonkidney specific phenotypes. Here we describe an in vivo zebrafish model as a simple vertebrate screening system to identify genes relevant to glomerular filtration barrier function. Using our technology, we are able to screen entirely novel genes in 4–6 weeks in hundreds of live test subjects at a fraction of the cost of a mammalian model. Our system produces consistent and reliable evidence for gene relevance in glomerular kidney disease; the results then provide merit for further analysis in mammalian models.
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