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Parsons SJH, Wright NB, Burkitt-Wright E, Skae MS, Murray PG. A heterozygous microdeletion of 20p12.2-3 encompassing PROKR2
and BMP2
in a patient with congenital hypopituitarism and growth hormone deficiency. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2261-2267. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. H. Parsons
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Neville B. Wright
- Department of Paediatric Radiology; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Manchester UK
| | - Emma Burkitt-Wright
- Genomic Medicine; St Mary's Hospital; Manchester UK
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Centre for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Human Development; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
| | - Mars S. Skae
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Manchester UK
| | - Phillip G. Murray
- Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development; University of Manchester; Manchester UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital; Manchester UK
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102
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Lima Amato LG, Latronico AC, Gontijo Silveira LF. Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Congenital Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2017; 46:283-303. [PMID: 28476224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a clinically and genetically heterogenous disorder characterized by abnormal synthesis, secretion, or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, a key hypothalamic decapeptide that orchestrates the reproductive axis. Several modes of inheritance have been identified. A growing list of causative genes has been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of syndromic and nonsyndromic IHH, largely contributing for better understanding the complex neuroendocrine control of reproduction. This article summarizes the great advances of molecular genetics of IHH and pointed up the heterogeneity and complexity of the genetic basis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Guimaraes Lima Amato
- Division of Endocrinology, Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics/LIM42, Clinical Hospital, Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 7 andar, sala 7037, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Division of Endocrinology, Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics/LIM42, Clinical Hospital, Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 7 andar, sala 7037, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Leticia Ferreira Gontijo Silveira
- Division of Endocrinology, Development Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics/LIM42, Clinical Hospital, Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo University, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 7 andar, sala 7037, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
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103
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Akkuş G, Kotan LD, Durmaz E, Mengen E, Turan İ, Ulubay A, Gürbüz F, Yüksel B, Tetiker T, Topaloğlu AK. Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism due to Novel FGFR1 Mutations. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:95-100. [PMID: 28008864 PMCID: PMC5463295 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The underlying genetic etiology of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is heterogeneous. Fibroblast growth factor signaling is pivotal in the ontogeny of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 gene cause variable HH phenotypes encompassing pubertal delay to idiopathic HH (IHH) or Kallmann syndrome (KS). As FGFR1 mutations are common, recognizing mutations and associated phenotypes may enhance clinical management. METHODS Using a candidate gene approach, we screened 52 IHH/KS patients. RESULTS We identified three novel (IVS3-1G>C and p.W2X, p.R209C) FGFR1 gene mutations. Despite predictive null protein function, patients from the novel mutation families had normosmic IHH without non-reproductive phenotype. CONCLUSION These findings further emphasize the great variability of FGFR1 mutation phenotypes in IHH/KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Akkuş
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Leman Damla Kotan
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Erdem Durmaz
- İzmir University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Eda Mengen
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - İhsan Turan
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ayça Ulubay
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Adana, Turkey
| | - Fatih Gürbüz
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Bilgin Yüksel
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - Tamer Tetiker
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
| | - A. Kemal Topaloğlu
- Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey
,* Address for Correspondence: Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Adana, Turkey E-mail:
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104
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Kaur Y, de Souza RJ, Gibson WT, Meyre D. A systematic review of genetic syndromes with obesity. Obes Rev 2017; 18:603-634. [PMID: 28346723 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Syndromic monogenic obesity typically follows Mendelian patterns of inheritance and involves the co-presentation of other characteristics, such as mental retardation, dysmorphic features and organ-specific abnormalities. Previous reviews on obesity have reported 20 to 30 syndromes but no systematic review has yet been conducted on syndromic obesity. We searched seven databases using terms such as 'obesity', 'syndrome' and 'gene' to conduct a systematic review of literature on syndromic obesity. Our literature search identified 13,719 references. After abstract and full-text review, 119 relevant papers were eligible, and 42 papers were identified through additional searches. Our analysis of these 161 papers found that 79 obesity syndromes have been reported in literature. Of the 79 syndromes, 19 have been fully genetically elucidated, 11 have been partially elucidated, 27 have been mapped to a chromosomal region and for the remaining 22, neither the gene(s) nor the chromosomal location(s) have yet been identified. Interestingly, 54.4% of the syndromes have not been assigned a name, whereas 13.9% have more than one name. We report on organizational inconsistencies (e.g. naming discrepancies and syndrome classification) and provide suggestions for improvements. Overall, this review illustrates the need for increased clinical and genetic research on syndromes with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaur
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - R J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - W T Gibson
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Rouault AAJ, Srinivasan DK, Yin TC, Lee AA, Sebag JA. Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Proteins (MRAPs): Functions in the melanocortin system and beyond. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2462-2467. [PMID: 28499989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by numerous proteins including kinases, G-proteins, β-arrestins and accessory proteins. Several families of GPCR accessory proteins like Receptor Activity Modifying Proteins, Receptor Transporting Proteins and Melanocortin Receptor Accessory Proteins (MRAPs) have been identified as regulator of receptor trafficking, signaling and ligand specificity. The MRAP family contains two members, MRAP1 and MRAP2, responsible for the formation of a functional ACTH receptor and for the regulation of energy homeostasis respectively. Like all known GPCR accessory proteins, MRAPs are single transmembrane proteins, however, they form a unique structure since they assemble as an anti-parallel homodimer. Moreover, the accepted idea that MRAPs are specific regulators of melanocortin receptors was recently challenged by the discovery that MRAP2 inhibits the activity of prokineticin receptors. Recent studies are starting to explain the role of the unusual structure of MRAPs and to illustrate the importance of MRAP2 for the maintenance of both energy and glucose homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix A J Rouault
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Fraternal Order of Eagle Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Dinesh K Srinivasan
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Fraternal Order of Eagle Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Terry C Yin
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Fraternal Order of Eagle Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Abigail A Lee
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Fraternal Order of Eagle Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Julien A Sebag
- University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Fraternal Order of Eagle Diabetes Research Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Fang Q, George AS, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Gergics P, Cheung LYM, Daly AZ, Ajmal A, Pérez Millán MI, Ozel AB, Kitzman JO, Mills RE, Li JZ, Camper SA. Genetics of Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: Roadmap into the Genome Era. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:636-675. [PMID: 27828722 PMCID: PMC5155665 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis for combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is complex, involving 30 genes in a variety of syndromic and nonsyndromic presentations. Molecular diagnosis of this disorder is valuable for predicting disease progression, avoiding unnecessary surgery, and family planning. We expect that the application of high throughput sequencing will uncover additional contributing genes and eventually become a valuable tool for molecular diagnosis. For example, in the last 3 years, six new genes have been implicated in CPHD using whole-exome sequencing. In this review, we present a historical perspective on gene discovery for CPHD and predict approaches that may facilitate future gene identification projects conducted by clinicians and basic scientists. Guidelines for systematic reporting of genetic variants and assigning causality are emerging. We apply these guidelines retrospectively to reports of the genetic basis of CPHD and summarize modes of inheritance and penetrance for each of the known genes. In recent years, there have been great improvements in databases of genetic information for diverse populations. Some issues remain that make molecular diagnosis challenging in some cases. These include the inherent genetic complexity of this disorder, technical challenges like uneven coverage, differing results from variant calling and interpretation pipelines, the number of tolerated genetic alterations, and imperfect methods for predicting pathogenicity. We discuss approaches for future research in the genetics of CPHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Akima S George
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alexandre Z Daly
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Adnan Ajmal
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - María Ines Pérez Millán
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - A Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Goi T, Kurebayashi H, Ueda Y, Naruse T, Nakazawa T, Koneri K, Hirono Y, Katayama K, Yamaguchi A. Expression of prokineticin-receptor2(PK-R2) is a new prognostic factor in human colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31758-66. [PMID: 26372733 PMCID: PMC4741637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells is important for progression and metastasis to the surrounding organs. According to recent molecular biological studies, signaling through transmembrane Prokineticin-Receptor2(PK-R2) is likely involved in the ability of tumor cell to invade. However, no studies have evaluated the relationship between PK-R2 expression, ability of cancer to invade/metastasize, and patient prognosis in cases of resected colorectal cancer. Accordingly, we have examined these factors in the present study. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to detect PK-R2 in the primary lesion and adjacent normal large intestine mucosa of 324 colorectal cancer patients who underwent resection surgery at our department. Additionally, we conducted clinicopathologic examinations and analyzed patient prognoses with the Kaplan-Meier method. Further, multivariate analysis was conducted using a cox-proportional hazard model. PK-R2 expression was observed on the cellular membrane of the primary lesion in 147 of 324 cases (45.3%) of human colorectal cancer. PK-R2 expression was associated with a higher incidence of vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, hepatic metastasis, and hematogenous metastasis. Further, prevalence of PK-R2 expression increased as tumor stage increased. In stage III curative resection cases, where recurrence is the most serious problem, cases that expressed PK-R2 had a significantly lower 5-year survival rate (82.1% versus 66.8%) and higher recurrence compared to those cases with no PK-R2 expression. In the multivariate analysis for prognosis, PK-R2 expression was found to be an independent factor(ratio2.621). PK-R2 expression could be one of the new prognostic factors in human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Goi
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Ueda
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takayuki Naruse
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Koneri
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hirono
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kanji Katayama
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Akio Yamaguchi
- First Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Deletion of Vax1 from Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons Abolishes GnRH Expression and Leads to Hypogonadism and Infertility. J Neurosci 2016; 36:3506-18. [PMID: 27013679 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2723-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are at the apex of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis that regulates mammalian fertility. Herein we demonstrate a critical role for the homeodomain transcription factor ventral anterior homeobox 1 (VAX1) in GnRH neuron maturation and show that Vax1 deletion from GnRH neurons leads to complete infertility in males and females. Specifically, global Vax1 knock-out embryos had normal numbers of GnRH neurons at 13 d of gestation, but no GnRH staining was detected by embryonic day 17. To identify the role of VAX1 specifically in GnRH neuron development,Vax1(flox)mice were generated and lineage tracing performed in Vax1(flox/flox):GnRH(cre):RosaLacZ mice. This identified VAX1 as essential for maintaining expression of Gnrh1 The absence of GnRH staining in adult Vax1(flox/flox):GnRH(cre)mice led to delayed puberty, hypogonadism, and infertility. To address the mechanism by which VAX1 maintains Gnrh1 transcription, the capacity of VAX1 to regulate Gnrh1 transcription was evaluated in the GnRH cell lines GN11 and GT1-7. As determined by luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we found VAX1 to be a direct activator of the GnRH promoter through binding to four ATTA sites in the GnRH enhancer (E1) and proximal promoter (P), and able to compete with the homeoprotein SIX6 for occupation of the identified ATTA sites in the GnRH promoter. We conclude that VAX1 is expressed in GnRH neurons where it is required for GnRH neuron expression of GnRH and maintenance of fertility in mice. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Infertility classified as idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is characterized by delayed or absent sexual maturation and low sex steroid levels due to alterations in neuroendocrine control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The incidence of IHH is 1-10 cases per 100,000 births. Although extensive efforts have been invested in identifying genes giving rise to IHH, >50% of cases have unknown genetic origins. We recently showed that haploinsufficiency of ventral anterior homeobox 1 (Vax1) leads to subfertility, making it a candidate in polygenic IHH. In this study, we investigate the mechanism by which VAX1 controls fertility finding that VAX1 is required for maintenance of Gnrh1 gene expression and deletion of Vax1 from GnRH neurons leads to complete infertility.
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Kurebayashi H, Goi T, Shimada M, Tagai N, Naruse T, Nakazawa T, Kimura Y, Hirono Y, Yamaguchi A. Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is an important factor for angiogenesis in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26242-51. [PMID: 26317645 PMCID: PMC4694898 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Prokineticin 2 (PROK2) is correlated with indispensable in maintaining the homeostasis of healthy human tissues. Herein, we examined the role of PROK2 in human colorectal cancer. After total RNA extraction from 6 colorectal cancer cell lines, we examined the expression of PROK2 mRNA. For investigating angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice, the PROK2 gene was transfected into colorectal cancer cell lines having low PROK2 mRNA expression. In addition, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into colorectal cancer cell lines having high PROK2 mRNA expression for investigation of angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice. From 6 colorectal cancer cell lines studied, PROK2 mRNA expression was increased in 3 cell lines. When the PROK2 gene was transfected into the colorectal cancer cell line with low PROK2 mRNA expression, angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice increased significantly compared to the cell line with the control vector. When PROK2 siRNA was transfected into colorectal cancer cell lines with high PROK2 mRNA expression, angiogenesis and tumor growth in mice were suppressed significantly compared to the cell line with siRNA (control). This is the first report of the association of PROK2 as an angiogenic growth factor in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takanori Goi
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Michiaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tagai
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Naruse
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | | | - Youhei Kimura
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Hirono
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
| | - Akio Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Fukui, Fukui 9101193, Japan
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Helsten T, Schwaederle M, Kurzrock R. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in hereditary and neoplastic disease: biologic and clinical implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016. [PMID: 26224133 PMCID: PMC4573649 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are transmembrane growth factor receptors with wide tissue distribution. FGF/FGFR signaling is involved in neoplastic behavior and also development, differentiation, growth, and survival. FGFR germline mutations (activating) can cause skeletal disorders, primarily dwarfism (generally mutations in FGFR3), and craniofacial malformation syndromes (usually mutations in FGFR1 and FGFR2); intriguingly, some of these activating FGFR mutations are also seen in human cancers. FGF/FGFR aberrations reported in cancers are mainly thought to be gain-of-function changes, and several cancers have high frequencies of FGFR alterations, including breast, bladder, or squamous cell carcinomas (lung and head and neck). FGF ligand aberrations (predominantly gene amplifications) are also frequently seen in cancers, in contrast to hereditary syndromes. There are several pharmacologic agents that have been or are being developed for inhibition of FGFR/FGF signaling. These include both highly selective inhibitors as well as multi-kinase inhibitors. Of note, only four agents (ponatinib, pazopanib, regorafenib, and recently lenvatinib) are FDA-approved for use in cancer, although the approval was not based on their activity against FGFR. Perturbations in the FGFR/FGF signaling are present in both inherited and malignant diseases. The development of potent inhibitors targeting FGF/FGFR may provide new tools against disorders caused by FGF/FGFR alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Helsten
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.
| | - Maria Schwaederle
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA
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111
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Kleinau G, Müller A, Biebermann H. Oligomerization of GPCRs involved in endocrine regulation. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:R59-80. [PMID: 27151573 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 800 different human membrane-spanning G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve as signal transducers at biological barriers. These receptors are activated by a wide variety of ligands such as peptides, ions and hormones, and are able to activate a diverse set of intracellular signaling pathways. GPCRs are of central importance in endocrine regulation, which underpins the significance of comprehensively studying these receptors and interrelated systems. During the last decade, the capacity for multimerization of GPCRs was found to be a common and functionally relevant property. The interaction between GPCR monomers results in higher order complexes such as homomers (identical receptor subtype) or heteromers (different receptor subtypes), which may be present in a specific and dynamic monomer/oligomer equilibrium. It is widely accepted that the oligomerization of GPCRs is a mechanism for determining the fine-tuning and expansion of cellular processes by modification of ligand action, expression levels, and related signaling outcome. Accordingly, oligomerization provides exciting opportunities to optimize pharmacological treatment with respect to receptor target and tissue selectivity or for the development of diagnostic tools. On the other hand, GPCR heteromerization may be a potential reason for the undesired side effects of pharmacological interventions, faced with numerous and common mutual signaling modifications in heteromeric constellations. Finally, detailed deciphering of the physiological occurrence and relevance of specific GPCR/GPCR-ligand interactions poses a future challenge. This review will tackle the aspects of GPCR oligomerization with specific emphasis on family A GPCRs involved in endocrine regulation, whereby only a subset of these receptors will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Kleinau
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology (IEPE)Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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112
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Alkelai A, Olender T, Haffner-Krausz R, Tsoory MM, Boyko V, Tatarskyy P, Gross-Isseroff R, Milgrom R, Shushan S, Blau I, Cohn E, Beeri R, Levy-Lahad E, Pras E, Lancet D. A role for TENM1 mutations in congenital general anosmia. Clin Genet 2016; 90:211-9. [PMID: 27040985 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Congenital general anosmia (CGA) is a neurological disorder entailing a complete innate inability to sense odors. While the mechanisms underlying vertebrate olfaction have been studied in detail, there are still gaps in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of innate olfactory disorders. Applying whole-exome sequencing to a family multiply affected with CGA, we identified three members with a rare X-linked missense mutation in the TENM1 (teneurin 1) gene (ENST00000422452:c.C4829T). In Drosophila melanogaster, TENM1 functions in synaptic-partner-matching between axons of olfactory sensory neurons and target projection neurons and is involved in synapse organization in the olfactory system. We used CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate a Tenm1 disrupted mouse model. Tenm1(-/-) and point-mutated Tenm1(A) (/A) adult mice were shown to have an altered ability to locate a buried food pellet. Tenm1(A) (/A) mice also displayed an altered ability to sense aversive odors. Results of our study, that describes a new Tenm1 mouse, agree with the hypothesis that TENM1 has a role in olfaction. However, additional studies should be done in larger CGA cohorts, to provide statistical evidence that loss-of-function mutations in TENM1 can solely cause the disease in our and other CGA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alkelai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - T Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Haffner-Krausz
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M M Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - V Boyko
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - P Tatarskyy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Gross-Isseroff
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Milgrom
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Shushan
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel
| | - I Blau
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - E Cohn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Beeri
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Levy-Lahad
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - E Pras
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Lancet
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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113
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Kallmann Syndrome: 14 Cases and Review of the Literature. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2016; 40:39-42. [PMID: 26571055 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to characterize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen patients with KS and a comparison group of 20 matched people with normal MRI were analyzed with optimized voxel-based morphometry. Coronal T1- and T2-weighted images from the anterior margin of the frontal sinus to the hypothalamus were obtained. The olfactory sulci, bulbs, and bundles were assessed as normal, hypoplastic, or absent. The pituitary gland was also evaluated. RESULTS Four of the 14 patients came from 1 family. Ten patients had low levels of GnRH and gonadal hormone, 11 had hyposmia, and 3 had anosmia. On MRI, the olfactory bulbs (OBs) and bundles were absent bilaterally in 8 patients. Two patients exhibited absence of the OBs and bundles on the left and hypoplasia on the right. Four patients displayed bilateral hypoplastic OBs and bundles. The olfactory sulci were absent in 5 and hypoplastic in 9 of these patients. The anterior pituitary was hypoplastic in 6 patients. CONCLUSIONS Kallmann syndrome has distinctive features on MRI. Magnetic resonance imaging may aid in the diagnosis of KS in patients with ambiguous clinical findings.
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114
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Regulation of FGF signaling: Recent insights from studying positive and negative modulators. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 53:101-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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115
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Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF. Withdrawn: Discovering Genes Essential to the Hypothalamic Regulation of Human Reproduction Using a Human Disease Model: Adjusting to Life in the "-Omics" Era. Endocr Rev 2016; 2016:4-22. [PMID: 27454361 PMCID: PMC6958992 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1045.2016.1.test] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction is an intricate process requiring the exquisite coordination of an assortment of cellular networks, all converging on the GnRH neurons. These neurons have a complex life history, migrating mainly from the olfactory placode into the hypothalamus, where GnRH is secreted and acts as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Much of what we know about the biology of the GnRH neurons has been aided by discoveries made using the human disease model of isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD), a family of rare Mendelian disorders that share a common failure of secretion and/or action of GnRH causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Over the last 30 years, research groups around the world have been investigating the genetic basis of IGD using different strategies based on complex cases that harbor structural abnormalities or single pleiotropic genes, endogamous pedigrees, candidate gene approaches as well as pathway gene analyses. Although such traditional approaches, based on well-validated tools, have been critical to establish the field, new strategies, such as next-generation sequencing, are now providing speed and robustness, but also revealing a surprising number of variants in known IGD genes in both patients and healthy controls. Thus, before the field moves forward with new genetic tools and continues discovery efforts, we must reassess what we know about IGD genetics and prepare to hold our work to a different standard. The purpose of this review is to: 1) look back at the strategies used to discover the "known" genes implicated in the rare forms of IGD; 2) examine the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies used to validate genetic variation; 3)substantiate the role of known genes in the pathophysiology of the disease; and 4) project forward as we embark upon a widening use of these new and powerful technologies for gene discovery. (Endocrine Reviews 36: 603-621, 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - K H Cox
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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116
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Rohayem J, Sinthofen N, Nieschlag E, Kliesch S, Zitzmann M. Causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism predict response to gonadotropin substitution in adults. Andrology 2016; 4:87-94. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rohayem
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; Department of Clinical Andrology; University of Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - N. Sinthofen
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; Department of Clinical Andrology; University of Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - E. Nieschlag
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; Department of Clinical Andrology; University of Muenster; Muenster Germany
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Kliesch
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; Department of Clinical Andrology; University of Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - M. Zitzmann
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology; Department of Clinical Andrology; University of Muenster; Muenster Germany
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Chung WCJ, Linscott ML, Rodriguez KM, Stewart CE. The Regulation and Function of Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 and Its Function during Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:114. [PMID: 27656162 PMCID: PMC5011149 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, numerous studies solidified the hypothesis that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling regulates neuroendocrine progenitor cell proliferation, fate specification, and cell survival and, therefore, is critical for the regulation and maintenance of homeostasis of the body. One important example that underscores the involvement of FGF signaling during neuroendocrine cell development is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuron ontogenesis. Indeed, transgenic mice with reduced olfactory placode (OP) Fgf8 expression do not have GnRH neurons. This observation indicates the requirement of FGF8 signaling for the emergence of the GnRH neuronal system in the embryonic OP, the putative birth place of GnRH neurons. Mammalian reproductive success depends on the presence of GnRH neurons to stimulate gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary, which activates gonadal steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. Together, these observations are critical for understanding the function of GnRH neurons and their control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis to maintain fertility. Taken together, these studies illustrate that GnRH neuron emergence and hence HPG function is vulnerable to genomic and molecular signals that abnormally modify Fgf8 expression in the developing mouse OP. In this short review, we focus on research that is aimed at unraveling how androgen, all-trans retinoic acid, and how epigenetic factors modify control mouse OP Fgf8 transcription in the context of GnRH neuronal development and mammalian reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C. J. Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- *Correspondence: Wilson C. J. Chung,
| | - Megan L. Linscott
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Karla M. Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Courtney E. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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118
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Min L, Nie M, Zhang A, Wen J, Noel SD, Lee V, Carroll RS, Kaiser UB. Computational Analysis of Missense Variants of G Protein-Coupled Receptors Involved in the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Reproduction. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:230-9. [PMID: 26088945 PMCID: PMC4684493 DOI: 10.1159/000435884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many missense variants in G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) involved in the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction have been identified by phenotype-driven or large-scale exome sequencing. Computational functional prediction analysis is commonly performed to evaluate their impact on receptor function. METHODS To assess the performance and outcome of functional prediction analyses for these GPCRs, we performed a statistical analysis of the prediction performance of SIFT and PolyPhen-2 for variants with documented biological function as well as variants retrieved from Ensembl. We obtained missense variants with documented biological function testing from patients with reproductive disorders from a comprehensive literature search. Missense variants from individuals with known reproductive disorders were retrieved from the Human Gene Mutation Database. Missense variants from the general population were retrieved from the Ensembl genome database. RESULTS The accuracies of SIFT and PolyPhen-2 were 83 and 85%, respectively. The performance of both prediction tools was greater in predicting loss-of-function variants (SIFT: 92%; PolyPhen-2: 95%) than in predicting variants that did not affect function (SIFT: 54%; PolyPhen-2: 57%). Concordance between SIFT and PolyPhen-2 did not improve accuracy. Surprisingly, approximately half of the variants retrieved from Ensembl were predicted as loss-of-function variants by SIFT (47%) and PolyPhen-2 (54%). CONCLUSION Our findings provide new guidance for interpreting the results and limitations of computational functional prediction analyses for GPCRs and will help to determine which variants require biological function testing. In addition, our findings raise important questions regarding the link between genotype and phenotype in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Min
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
- To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed: Le Min, M.D., Ph.D., Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
| | - Min Nie
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Anna Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Junping Wen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Sekoni D. Noel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Rona S. Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
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Di Gregorio E, Gai G, Botta G, Calcia A, Pappi P, Talarico F, Savin E, Ribotta M, Zonta A, Mancini C, Giorgio E, Cavalieri S, Restagno G, Ferrero GB, Viora E, Pasini B, Grosso E, Brusco A, Brussino A. Array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization Analysis in Fetuses with Major Congenital Malformations Reveals that 24% of Cases Have Pathogenic Deletions/Duplications. Cytogenet Genome Res 2015; 147:10-6. [PMID: 26658296 DOI: 10.1159/000442308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Karyotyping and aCGH are routinely used to identify genetic determinants of major congenital malformations (MCMs) in fetal deaths or terminations of pregnancy after prenatal diagnosis. Pathogenic rearrangements are found with a variable rate of 9-39% for aCGH. We collected 33 fetuses, 9 with a single MCM and 24 with MCMs involving 2-4 organ systems. aCGH revealed copy number variants in 14 out of 33 cases (42%). Eight were classified as pathogenic which account for a detection rate of 24% (8/33) considering fetuses with 1 or more MCMs and 33% (8/24) taking into account fetuses with multiple malformations only. Three of the pathogenic variants were known microdeletion syndromes (22q11.21 deletion, central chromosome 22q11.21 deletion, and TAR syndrome) and 5 were large rearrangements, adding up to >11 Mb per subject and comprising strong phenotype-related genes. One of those was a de novo complex rearrangement, and the remaining 4 duplications and 2 deletions were 130-900 kb in size, containing 1-7 genes, and were classified as variants of unknown clinical significance. Our study confirms aCGH as a powerful technique to ascertain the genetic etiology of fetal major congenital malformations.
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120
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Kim SH. Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Kallmann Syndrome: Past, Present, and Future. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2015; 30:456-66. [PMID: 26790381 PMCID: PMC4722398 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2015.30.4.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper development and coordination of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis are essential for normal reproductive competence. The key factor that regulates the function of the HPG axis is gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Timely release of GnRH is critical for the onset of puberty and subsequent sexual maturation. Misregulation in this system can result in delayed or absent puberty and infertility. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and Kallmann syndrome (KS) are genetic disorders that are rooted in a GnRH deficiency but often accompanied by a variety of non-reproductive phenotypes such as the loss of the sense of smell and defects of the skeleton, eye, ear, kidney, and heart. Recent progress in DNA sequencing technology has produced a wealth of information regarding the genetic makeup of CHH and KS patients and revealed the resilient yet complex nature of the human reproductive neuroendocrine system. Further research on the molecular basis of the disease and the diverse signal pathways involved will aid in improving the diagnosis, treatment, and management of CHH and KS patients as well as in developing more precise genetic screening and counseling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hyun Kim
- Molecular Cell Sciences Research Centre, St. George's Medical School, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
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121
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Stamou MI, Cox KH, Crowley WF. Discovering Genes Essential to the Hypothalamic Regulation of Human Reproduction Using a Human Disease Model: Adjusting to Life in the "-Omics" Era. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:603-21. [PMID: 26394276 PMCID: PMC4702497 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction is an intricate process requiring the exquisite coordination of an assortment of cellular networks, all converging on the GnRH neurons. These neurons have a complex life history, migrating mainly from the olfactory placode into the hypothalamus, where GnRH is secreted and acts as the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Much of what we know about the biology of the GnRH neurons has been aided by discoveries made using the human disease model of isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD), a family of rare Mendelian disorders that share a common failure of secretion and/or action of GnRH causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Over the last 30 years, research groups around the world have been investigating the genetic basis of IGD using different strategies based on complex cases that harbor structural abnormalities or single pleiotropic genes, endogamous pedigrees, candidate gene approaches as well as pathway gene analyses. Although such traditional approaches, based on well-validated tools, have been critical to establish the field, new strategies, such as next-generation sequencing, are now providing speed and robustness, but also revealing a surprising number of variants in known IGD genes in both patients and healthy controls. Thus, before the field moves forward with new genetic tools and continues discovery efforts, we must reassess what we know about IGD genetics and prepare to hold our work to a different standard. The purpose of this review is to: 1) look back at the strategies used to discover the "known" genes implicated in the rare forms of IGD; 2) examine the strengths and weaknesses of the methodologies used to validate genetic variation; 3) substantiate the role of known genes in the pathophysiology of the disease; and 4) project forward as we embark upon a widening use of these new and powerful technologies for gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Stamou
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - K H Cox
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard National Center for Translational Research in Reproduction and Infertility, Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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Boehm U, Bouloux PM, Dattani MT, de Roux N, Dodé C, Dunkel L, Dwyer AA, Giacobini P, Hardelin JP, Juul A, Maghnie M, Pitteloud N, Prevot V, Raivio T, Tena-Sempere M, Quinton R, Young J. Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:547-64. [PMID: 26194704 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder caused by the deficient production, secretion or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is the master hormone regulating the reproductive axis. CHH is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with >25 different causal genes identified to date. Clinically, the disorder is characterized by an absence of puberty and infertility. The association of CHH with a defective sense of smell (anosmia or hyposmia), which is found in ∼50% of patients with CHH is termed Kallmann syndrome and results from incomplete embryonic migration of GnRH-synthesizing neurons. CHH can be challenging to diagnose, particularly when attempting to differentiate it from constitutional delay of puberty. A timely diagnosis and treatment to induce puberty can be beneficial for sexual, bone and metabolic health, and might help minimize some of the psychological effects of CHH. In most cases, fertility can be induced using specialized treatment regimens and several predictors of outcome have been identified. Patients typically require lifelong treatment, yet ∼10-20% of patients exhibit a spontaneous recovery of reproductive function. This Consensus Statement summarizes approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of CHH and discusses important unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Boehm
- University of Saarland School of Medicine, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew A Dwyer
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Sevice of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Sevice of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
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Burnik Papler T, Vrtacnik Bokal E, Maver A, Kopitar AN, Lovrečić L. Transcriptomic Analysis and Meta-Analysis of Human Granulosa and Cumulus Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136473. [PMID: 26313571 PMCID: PMC4552299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific gene expression in oocytes and its surrounding cumulus (CC) and granulosa (GC) cells is needed for successful folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. The aim of the present study was to compare genome-wide gene expression and biological functions of human GC and CC. Individual GC and CC were derived from 37 women undergoing IVF procedures. Gene expression analysis was performed using microarrays, followed by a meta-analysis. Results were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. There were 6029 differentially expressed genes (q < 10−4); of which 650 genes had a log2 FC ≥ 2. After the meta-analysis there were 3156 genes differentially expressed. Among these there were genes that have previously not been reported in human somatic follicular cells, like prokineticin 2 (PROK2), higher expressed in GC, and pregnancy up-regulated nonubiquitous CaM kinase (PNCK), higher expressed in CC. Pathways like inflammatory response and angiogenesis were enriched in GC, whereas in CC, cell differentiation and multicellular organismal development were among enriched pathways. In conclusion, transcriptomes of GC and CC as well as biological functions, are distinctive for each cell subpopulation. By describing novel genes like PROK2 and PNCK, expressed in GC and CC, we upgraded the existing data on human follicular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Burnik Papler
- Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eda Vrtacnik Bokal
- Department of Human Reproduction, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slajmerjeva 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ales Maver
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre, Slajmerjeva 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Natasa Kopitar
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca Lovrečić
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre, Slajmerjeva 4, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Wang F, Huang GD, Tian H, Zhong YB, Shi HJ, Li Z, Zhang XS, Wang H, Sun F. Point mutations in KAL1 and the mitochondrial gene MT-tRNA(cys) synergize to produce Kallmann syndrome phenotype. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13050. [PMID: 26278626 PMCID: PMC4642522 DOI: 10.1038/srep13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is an inherited developmental disorder defined as the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. KS has been shown to be a genetically heterogeneous disease with different modes of inheritance. However, variants in any of the causative genes identified so far are only found in approximately one third of KS patients, thus indicating that other genes or pathways remain to be discovered. Here, we report a large Han Chinese family with inherited KS which harbors two novel variants, KAL1 c.146G>T (p.Cys49Phe) and mitochondrial tRNA(cys) (m.5800A>G). Although two variants can't exert obvious effects on the migration of GnRH neurons, they show the synergistic effect, which can account for the occurrence of the disorder in this family. Furthermore, the disturbance of the mitochondrial cysteinyl-tRNA pathway can significantly affect the migration of GnRH cells in vitro and in vivo by influencing the chemomigration function of anosmin-1. Our work highlights a new mode of inheritance underlay the genetic etiology of KS and provide valuable clues to understand the disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guo-Dong Huang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ying-Bin Zhong
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xian-Sheng Zhang
- Departments of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Han Wang
- Center for Circadian Clocks, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China.,School of Biology &Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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125
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Cherif Ben Abdallah L, Lakhoua Y, Nagara M, Khiari K, Elouej S, Messaoud O, Bouyacoub Y, Romdhane L, Turki Z, Abdelhak S, Ben Abdallah N. A Tunisian patient with two rare syndromes: triple a syndrome and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 82:338-43. [PMID: 25247238 DOI: 10.1159/000365888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The coexistence of triple A syndrome (AAAS) and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) has so far not been reported in the literature. This study aimed to characterize at the clinical and genetic level one patient presenting an association of AAAS and CHH in order to identify causal mutations. METHODS Clinical and endocrinal investigations were performed and followed by mutational screening of candidate genes. RESULTS At the age of 18, the patient presented sexual infantilism, a micropenis and gynecomastia. No mutation was revealed in GnRHR, TACR3/TAC3, PROK2/PROKR2 and PROP1 genes, except a homozygous intronic variation (c.244 + 128C>T; dbSNP: rs350129) in the KISS1R gene, which is likely nondeleterious. A homozygous splice-donor site mutation (IVS14 + 1G>A) was found in the AAAS gene. This mutation, responsible for AAAS, is a founder mutation in North Africa. CONCLUSION This is the first report on a Tunisian patient with the coexistence of AAAS and CHH. The diagnosis of CHH should be taken in consideration in patients with Allgrove syndrome and who carry the IVS14 + 1G>A mutation as this might challenge appropriate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Cherif Ben Abdallah
- LR11IPT05, Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Whitlock KE. The loss of scents: do defects in olfactory sensory neuron development underlie human disease? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:114-25. [PMID: 26111003 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is a fascinating and beguiling sensory system: olfactory sensory neurons detect odors underlying behaviors essential for mate choice, food selection, and escape from predators, among others. These sensory neurons are unique in that they have dendrites contacting the outside world, yet their first synapse lies in the central nervous system. The information entering the central nervous system is used to create odor memories that play a profound role in recognition of individuals, places, and appropriate foods. Here, the structure of the olfactory epithelium is given as an overview to discuss the origin of the olfactory placode, the plasticity of the olfactory sensory neurons, and finally the origins of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuroendocrine cells. For the purposes of this review, the development of the peripheral sensory system will be analyzed, incorporating recently published studies highlighting the potential novelties in development mechanisms. Specifically, an emerging model where the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb develop simultaneously from a continuous neurectoderm patterned at the end of gastrulation, and the multiple origins of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuroendocrine cells associated with the olfactory sensory system development will be presented. Advances in the understanding of the basic mechanisms underlying olfactory sensory system development allows for a more thorough understanding of the potential causes of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Whitlock
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
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127
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Villanueva C, Argente J. Pathology or normal variant: what constitutes a delay in puberty? Horm Res Paediatr 2015; 82:213-21. [PMID: 25011467 DOI: 10.1159/000362600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a complex maturation process that begins during fetal life and persists until the acquisition of reproduction function. The fundamental event that activates puberty occurs in the hypothalamus. A complex neuron network stimulates GnRH secretion, which stimulates pituitary gonadotropin secretion and then gonadal steroid secretion. Pubertal delay is defined as the presentation of clinical signs of puberty 2-2.5 SD later than in the normal population. Three major groups of etiopathogeneses are described: (1) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, (2) hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, and (3) constitutional delay of puberty (CDP) - the most common cause of delayed puberty in boys. The differential diagnosis between CDP and isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism remains difficult. Mechanisms of pubertal timing are now better understood and genetic or epigenetic causes can explain some pubertal delays. However, there are still unexplained mechanisms. Treatment of delayed puberty is necessary to ensure full pubertal development for the adolescent and in case of hypogonadism, to restore fertility. Finally, precocious diagnosis of hypogonadism is primordial but can be difficult during childhood and in cases of partial hypogonadism. The study of genetic pubertal diseases or of different animal models could help to discover new diagnostic or therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Villanueva
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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128
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Sarfati J, Bouvattier C, Bry-Gauillard H, Cartes A, Bouligand J, Young J. Kallmann syndrome with FGFR1 and KAL1 mutations detected during fetal life. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:71. [PMID: 26051373 PMCID: PMC4469106 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) patients carrying FGFR1 mutations can transmit the disorder to their offspring as can asymptomatic female carriers of mutations in KAL1. We describe for the first time two cases in which KS was suspected during fetal life because of the family context and malformation detection by fetal ultrasound: syndactyly or unilateral renal agenesis in subjects with respectively FGFR1 and KAL1 mutations. In relevant family history, ultrasound monitoring can detect KS associated signs before birth and thus enable neonatal diagnosis and early management. These observations also underline the importance of genetic counselling for patients who may transmit KS to their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Sarfati
- Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94276, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Claire Bouvattier
- Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94276, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Hélène Bry-Gauillard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Alejandra Cartes
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France.,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Jérôme Bouligand
- Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94276, France.,INSERM UMR-1185, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94276, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France.,Molecular Genetics and Hormonology Department, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94276, France. .,INSERM UMR-1185, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94276, France. .,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France. .,Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94275, France.
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129
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Correa FA, Trarbach EB, Tusset C, Latronico AC, Montenegro LR, Carvalho LR, Franca MM, Otto AP, Costalonga EF, Brito VN, Abreu AP, Nishi MY, Jorge AAL, Arnhold IJP, Sidis Y, Pitteloud N, Mendonca BB. FGFR1 and PROKR2 rare variants found in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiencies. Endocr Connect 2015; 4:100-7. [PMID: 25759380 PMCID: PMC4401104 DOI: 10.1530/ec-15-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genetic aetiology of congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is not entirely elucidated. FGFR1 and PROKR2 loss-of-function mutations are classically involved in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH), however, due to the clinical and genetic overlap of HH and CH; these genes may also be involved in the pathogenesis of CH. Using a candidate gene approach, we screened 156 Brazilian patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiencies (CPHD) for loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 and PROKR2. We identified three FGFR1 variants (p.Arg448Trp, p.Ser107Leu and p.Pro772Ser) in four unrelated patients (two males) and two PROKR2 variants (p.Arg85Cys and p.Arg248Glu) in two unrelated female patients. Five of the six patients harbouring the variants had a first-degree relative that was an unaffected carrier of it. Results of functional studies indicated that the new FGFR1 variant p.Arg448Trp is a loss-of-function variant, while p.Ser107Leu and p.Pro772Ser present signalling activity similar to the wild-type form. Regarding PROKR2 variants, results from previous functional studies indicated that p.Arg85Cys moderately compromises receptor signalling through both MAPK and Ca(2) (+) pathways while p.Arg248Glu decreases calcium mobilization but has normal MAPK activity. The presence of loss-of-function variants of FGFR1 and PROKR2 in our patients with CPHD is indicative of an adjuvant and/or modifier effect of these rare variants on the phenotype. The presence of the same variants in unaffected relatives implies that they cannot solely cause the phenotype. Other associated genetic and/or environmental modifiers may play a role in the aetiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A Correa
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ericka B Trarbach
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cintia Tusset
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luciana R Montenegro
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luciani R Carvalho
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcela M Franca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aline P Otto
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Everlayny F Costalonga
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vinicius N Brito
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mirian Y Nishi
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivo J P Arnhold
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yisrael Sidis
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do DesenvolvimentoLaboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42Unidade de Endocrinologia GenéticaLaboratório de Endocrinologia Celular e Molecular LIM25, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, BrazilCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV)Faculté de Biologie et Médecine de l'Univesité de Lausanne, Lausanne, SwitzerlandDivision of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gu WJ, Zhang Q, Wang YQ, Yang GQ, Hong TP, Zhu DL, Yang JK, Ning G, Jin N, Chen K, Zang L, Wang AP, Du J, Wang XL, Yang LJ, Ba JM, Lv ZH, Dou JT, Mu YM. Mutation analyses in pedigrees and sporadic cases of ethnic Han Chinese Kallmann syndrome patients. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1480-9. [PMID: 26031747 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215587531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome, a form of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, is characterized by developmental abnormalities of the reproductive system and abnormal olfaction. Despite association of certain genes with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the genetic inheritance and expression are complex and incompletely known. In the present study, seven Kallmann syndrome pedigrees in an ethnic Han Chinese population were screened for genetic mutations. The exons and intron-exon boundaries of 19 idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism)-related genes in seven Chinese Kallmann syndrome pedigrees were sequenced. Detected mutations were also tested in 70 sporadic Kallmann syndrome cases and 200 Chinese healthy controls. In pedigrees 1, 2, and 7, the secondary sex characteristics were poorly developed and the patients' sense of smell was severely or completely lost. We detected a genetic mutation in five of the seven pedigrees: homozygous KAL1 p.R191ter (pedigree 1); homozygous KAL1 p.C13ter (pedigree 2; a novel mutation); heterozygous FGFR1 p.R250W (pedigree 3); and homozygous PROKR2 p.Y113H (pedigrees 4 and 5). No genetic change of the assayed genes was detected in pedigrees 6 and 7. Among the 70 sporadic cases, we detected one homozygous and one heterozygous PROKR2 p.Y113H mutation. This mutation was also detected heterozygously in 2/200 normal controls and its pathogenicity is likely questionable. The genetics and genotype-phenotype relationships in Kallmann syndrome are complicated. Classical monogenic inheritance does not explain the full range of genetic inheritance of Kallmann syndrome patients. Because of stochastic nature of genetic mutations, exome analyses of Kallmann syndrome patients may provide novel insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying-Qian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guo-Qing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tian-Pei Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University the Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Da-Long Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated to Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jin-Kui Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Nan Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - An-Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jin Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xian-Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Juan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian-Ming Ba
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jing-Tao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Ming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Cariboni A, André V, Chauvet S, Cassatella D, Davidson K, Caramello A, Fantin A, Bouloux P, Mann F, Ruhrberg C. Dysfunctional SEMA3E signaling underlies gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron deficiency in Kallmann syndrome. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2413-28. [PMID: 25985275 DOI: 10.1172/jci78448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with an inherited deficiency in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have impaired sexual reproduction. Previous genetic linkage studies and sequencing of plausible gene candidates have identified mutations associated with inherited GnRH deficiency, but the small number of affected families and limited success in validating candidates have impeded genetic diagnoses for most patients. Using a combination of exome sequencing and computational modeling, we have identified a shared point mutation in semaphorin 3E (SEMA3E) in 2 brothers with Kallmann syndrome (KS), which causes inherited GnRH deficiency. Recombinant wild-type SEMA3E protected maturing GnRH neurons from cell death by triggering a plexin D1-dependent (PLXND1-dependent) activation of PI3K-mediated survival signaling. In contrast, recombinant SEMA3E carrying the KS-associated mutation did not protect GnRH neurons from death. In murine models, lack of either SEMA3E or PLXND1 increased apoptosis of GnRH neurons in the developing brain, reducing innervation of the adult median eminence by GnRH-positive neurites. GnRH neuron deficiency in male mice was accompanied by impaired testes growth, a characteristic feature of KS. Together, these results identify SEMA3E as an essential gene for GnRH neuron development, uncover a neurotrophic function for SEMA3E in the developing brain, and elucidate SEMA3E/PLXND1/PI3K signaling as a mechanism that prevents GnRH neuron deficiency.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Secondary amenorrhea--the absence of menses for three consecutive cycles--affects approximately 3-4% of reproductive age women, and infertility--the failure to conceive after 12 months of regular intercourse--affects approximately 6-10%. Neuroendocrine causes of amenorrhea and infertility, including functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia, constitute a majority of these cases. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss the physiologic, pathologic, and iatrogenic causes of amenorrhea and infertility arising from perturbations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, including potential genetic causes. We focus extensively on the hormonal mechanisms involved in disrupting the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. CONCLUSIONS A thorough understanding of the neuroendocrine causes of amenorrhea and infertility is critical for properly assessing patients presenting with these complaints. Prompt evaluation and treatment are essential to prevent loss of bone mass due to hypoestrogenemia and/or to achieve the time-sensitive treatment goal of conception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Fourman
- Department of Medicine (L.T.F., P.K.F.) and Neuroendocrine Unit (P.K.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
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133
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Asakura Y, Muroya K, Hanakawa J, Sato T, Aida N, Narumi S, Hasegawa T, Adachi M. Combined pituitary hormone deficiency with unique pituitary dysplasia and morning glory syndrome related to a heterozygous PROKR2 mutation. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2015; 24:27-32. [PMID: 25678757 PMCID: PMC4322290 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.24.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have indicated the role of the prokineticin receptor 2 gene
(PROKR2) in the etiology of congenital hypopituitarism, including
septo-optic dysplasia and Kallmann syndrome. In the present study, using next-generation
targeted sequencing, we identified a novel heterozygous PROKR2 variant
(c.742C>T; p.R248W) in a female patient who had combined pituitary hormone deficiency
(CPHD), morning glory syndrome and a severely malformed pituitary gland. No other mutation
was present in 27 genes related to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, pituitary hormone
deficiency and optic nerve malformation. The substituted amino acid was located on the
third intracellular loop of the PROKR2 protein, which is a G protein-coupled receptor.
Computational analyses with two programs (SIFT and PolyPhen-2) showed that the
substitution was deleterious to PROKR2 function. The p.R248W mutation was transmitted from
the patient’s mother, who had a slightly delayed menarche. Collectively, we provide
further genetic evidence linking heterozygous PROKR2 mutations and the
development of CPHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Asakura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koji Muroya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Junko Hanakawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan ; Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Aida
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Adachi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
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134
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Sposini S, Caltabiano G, Hanyaloglu AC, Miele R. Identification of transmembrane domains that regulate spatial arrangements and activity of prokineticin receptor 2 dimers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 399:362-72. [PMID: 25449422 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine prokineticin 2 (PK2) activates its cognate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) PKR2 to elicit various downstream signaling pathways involved in diverse biological processes. Many GPCRs undergo dimerization that can modulate a number of functions including membrane delivery and signal transduction. The aim of this study was to elucidate the interface of PKR2 protomers within dimers by analyzing the ability of PKR2 transmembrane (TM) deletion mutants to associate with wild type (WT) PKR2 in yeast using co-immunoprecipitation and mammalian cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer. Deletion of TMs 5-7 resulted in a lack of detectable association with WT PKR2, but could associate with a truncated mutant lacking TMs 6-7 (TM1-5). Interestingly, TM1-5 modulated the distance, or organization, between protomers and positively regulated Gαs signaling and surface expression of WT PKR2. We propose that PKR2 protomers form type II dimers involving TMs 4 and 5, with a role for TM5 in modulation of PKR2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sposini
- Department of Biochemical Science, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, UK
| | - G Caltabiano
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - A C Hanyaloglu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - R Miele
- Department of Biochemical Science, Sapienza Università di Roma, Italy
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Méndez JP, Zenteno JC, Coronel A, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Valencia-Villalvazo EY, Soderlund D, Coral-Vázquez RM, Canto P. Triallelic digenic mutation in the prokineticin 2 and GNRH receptor genes in two brothers with normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Endocr Res 2015; 40:166-71. [PMID: 25531638 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2014.982327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose/aim of the study: To date, different genes have been identified as responsible for the presence of normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nCHH). Herein, we report the molecular findings regarding the analysis of PROK2, in two brothers with nCHH. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two siblings with nCHH, in whom mutations in GNRHR, PROKR2 and FGFR1 had been investigated previously, as well as their family were studied. DNA was amplified by PCR and sequenced for the PROK2 gene. Controls were analyzed by restriction fragment-length polymorphism. The structure of PROK2 and its mutant protein were compared using a protein molecular model. RESULTS Both affected siblings exhibited a heterozygous p.R117W mutation in PROK2, while their mother was a heterozygous carrier and their father, an unaffected brother and their sister were homozygous wild type. Besides, both patients presented a homozygous p.E90K mutation in GNRHR that had been previously reported. CONCLUSIONS We found a novel mutation in PROK2 in two siblings in whom a mutation in the GNRHR gene had been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación en Obesidad: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Clínica de Obesidad, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán," México, D.F. , México
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136
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Giacobini P. Shaping the Reproductive System: Role of Semaphorins in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Development and Function. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 102:200-15. [PMID: 25967979 DOI: 10.1159/000431021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The semaphorin proteins, which contribute to the morphogenesis and homeostasis of a wide range of systems, are among the best-studied families of guidance cues. Much recent research has focused on the role of semaphorins in the development and adult activity of hormone systems and, reciprocally, how circulating reproductive hormones regulate their expression and function. Specifically, several reports have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of semaphorins on the migration, survival and structural and functional plasticity of neurons that secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), essential for the acquisition and maintenance of reproductive competence in mammals. Alterations in the development of this neuroendocrine system lead to anomalous or absent GnRH secretion, resulting in heterogeneous reproductive disorders such as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) or other conditions characterized by infertility or subfertility. This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of semaphorins and their receptors on the development, differentiation and plasticity of the GnRH system. In addition, the involvement of genetic deficits in semaphorin signaling in some forms of CHH in humans is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, U1172, School of Medicine, University of Lille, and Institut de Médecine Prédictive et de Recherche Thérapeutique, IFR114, Lille, France
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137
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Forni PE, Wray S. GnRH, anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--where are we? Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:165-77. [PMID: 25306902 PMCID: PMC4703044 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons originate the nasal placode and migrate into the brain during prenatal development. Once within the brain, these cells become integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, essential for reproductive function. Disruption of this system causes hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). HH associated with anosmia is clinically defined as Kallman syndrome (KS). Recent work examining the developing nasal region has shed new light on cellular composition, cell interactions and molecular cues responsible for the development of this system in different species. This review discusses some developmental aspects, animal models and current advancements in our understanding of pathologies affecting GnRH. In addition we discuss how development of neural crest derivatives such as the glia of the olfactory system and craniofacial structures control GnRH development and reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Forni
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States.
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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138
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Dash PK, Raj DH. Biochemical and MRI findings of Kallmann's syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr2014207386. [PMID: 25498112 PMCID: PMC4265034 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann's syndrome is a neuronal migration disorder characterised by anosmia/hyposmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. We present a case of a 21-year-old man who was unable to sense smell since birth and who displayed non-development of secondary sexual characteristics for the past 10 years. Blood investigations showed low basal levels of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), serum luteinising hormone (LH) and serum testosterone. After a gonadotropin releasing hormone challenge test there was a slight increase in serum FSH and serum LH, and after a human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) challenge test the patient's serum testosterone level increased to 34 times that of his basal level. MRI of the brain showed absence of bilateral olfactory bulbs and sulcus with an apparently normal appearing pituitary gland, and bilateral loss of distinction between the gyrus rectus and medial orbital gyrus, thus confirming the diagnosis. The patient is on treatment with injection of HCG 2000 IU deep intramuscular twice a week and is on follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla Kumar Dash
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, CMIIL-SCB Medical MRI Centre, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Dinesh Harvey Raj
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, CMIIL-SCB Medical MRI Centre, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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139
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A novel KAL1 mutation is associated with combined pituitary hormone deficiency. Hum Genome Var 2014; 1:14011. [PMID: 27081504 PMCID: PMC4785554 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a next-generation sequencing strategy, we identified a novel KAL1 missense mutation (p.His568Gln) in a patient with combined pituitary hormone deficiency, right microphthalmia, right renal aplasia and severe developmental delay. Our findings will provide additional evidence that KAL1 mutations are associated with hypopituitarism, in addition to luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone deficiencies, and improve our understanding of the phenotypic features and developmental course associated with KAL1 mutations.
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140
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Mutations in FEZF1 cause Kallmann syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:326-31. [PMID: 25192046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons originate outside the CNS in the olfactory placode and migrate into the CNS, where they become integral components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Disruption of this migration results in Kallmann syndrome (KS), which is characterized by anosmia and pubertal failure due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Using candidate-gene screening, autozygosity mapping, and whole-exome sequencing in a cohort of 30 individuals with KS, we searched for genes newly associated with KS. We identified homozygous loss-of-function mutations in FEZF1 in two independent consanguineous families each with two affected siblings. The FEZF1 product is known to enable axons of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) to penetrate the CNS basal lamina in mice. Because a subset of axons in these tracks is the migratory pathway for GnRH neurons, in FEZF1 deficiency, GnRH neurons also fail to enter the brain. These results indicate that FEZF1 is required for establishment of the central component of the HPG axis in humans.
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141
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Díaz-Balzac CA, Lázaro-Peña MI, Tecle E, Gomez N, Bülow HE. Complex cooperative functions of heparan sulfate proteoglycans shape nervous system development in Caenorhabditis elegans. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2014; 4:1859-70. [PMID: 25098771 PMCID: PMC4199693 DOI: 10.1534/g3.114.012591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of the nervous system is a complex process requiring the integration of numerous molecular cues to form functional circuits. Many cues are regulated by heparan sulfates, a class of linear glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides. These sugars contain distinct modification patterns that regulate protein-protein interactions. Misexpressing the homolog of KAL-1/anosmin-1, a neural cell adhesion molecule mutant in Kallmann syndrome, in Caenorhabditis elegans causes a highly penetrant, heparan sulfate-dependent axonal branching phenotype in AIY interneurons. In an extended forward genetic screen for modifiers of this phenotype, we identified alleles in new as well as previously identified genes involved in HS biosynthesis and modification, namely the xylosyltransferase sqv-6, the HS-6-O-sulfotransferase hst-6, and the HS-3-O-sulfotransferase hst-3.2. Cell-specific rescue experiments showed that different HS biosynthetic and modification enzymes can be provided cell-nonautonomously by different tissues to allow kal-1-dependent branching of AIY. In addition, we show that heparan sulfate proteoglycan core proteins that carry the heparan sulfate chains act genetically in a highly redundant fashion to mediate kal-1-dependent branching in AIY neurons. Specifically, lon-2/glypican and unc-52/perlecan act in parallel genetic pathways and display synergistic interactions with sdn-1/syndecan to mediate kal-1 function. Because all of these heparan sulfate core proteins have been shown to act in different tissues, these studies indicate that KAL-1/anosmin-1 requires heparan sulfate with distinct modification patterns of different cellular origin for function. Our results support a model in which a three-dimensional scaffold of heparan sulfate mediates KAL-1/anosmin-1 and intercellular communication through complex and cooperative interactions. In addition, the genes we have identified could contribute to the etiology of Kallmann syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Díaz-Balzac
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - María I Lázaro-Peña
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - Eillen Tecle
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - Nathali Gomez
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461 Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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142
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Sbai O, Monnier C, Dodé C, Pin JP, Hardelin JP, Rondard P. Biased signaling through G-protein-coupled PROKR2 receptors harboring missense mutations. FASEB J 2014; 28:3734-44. [PMID: 24830383 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-243402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Various missense mutations in the gene coding for prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor, have been identified in patients with Kallmann syndrome. However, the functional consequences of these mutations on the different signaling pathways of this receptor have not been studied. We first showed that the wild-type PROKR2 can activate different G-protein subtypes (Gq, Gs, and Gi/o) and recruit β-arrestins in transfected HEK-293 cells. We then examined, for each of these signaling pathways, the effects of 9 mutations that did not significantly impair cell surface targeting or ligand binding of the receptor. Four mutant receptors showing defective Gq signaling (R85C, R85H, R164Q, and V331M) could still recruit β-arrestins on ligand activation, which may cause biased signaling in vivo. Conversely, the R80C receptor could activate the 3 types of G proteins but could not recruit β-arrestins. Finally, the R268C receptor could recruit β-arrestins and activate the Gq and Gs signaling pathways but could not activate the Gi/o signaling pathway. Our results validate the concept that mutations in the genes encoding membrane receptors can bias downstream signaling in various ways, possibly leading to pathogenic and, perhaps in some cases, protective (e.g., R268C) effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oualid Sbai
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U661, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Carine Monnier
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U661, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Dodé
- EA7331, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; and
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U661, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hardelin
- INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1120, Département Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rondard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U661, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 1 and 2, Montpellier, France;
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143
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Chen DN, Ma YT, Liu H, Zhou QY, Li JD. Functional rescue of Kallmann syndrome-associated prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) mutants deficient in trafficking. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15518-26. [PMID: 24753254 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.556381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the G protein-coupled prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) are known to cause Kallmann syndrome and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism manifesting with delayed puberty and infertility. Some of the mutant receptors are not routed to the cell surface; instead, they are trapped in the cellular secretory pathway. The cell-permeant agonists/antagonists have been used to rescue some membrane receptors that are not targeted onto the cell membrane. Here, we chose three disease-associated mutations (W178S, G234D, and P290S), which all resulted in retention of PKR2 intracellularly. We show that a small molecule PKR2 antagonist (A457) dramatically increased cell surface expression and rescued the function of P290S PKR2, but had no effect on W178S and G234D PKR2. Furthermore, we also tested chemical chaperone glycerol on the cell surface expression and function of PKR2 mutants. Treatment with 10% glycerol significantly increased the cell surface expression and signaling of P290S and W178S PKR2. These data demonstrate that some Kallmann syndrome-associated, intracellularly retained mutant PKR2 receptors can be functionally rescued, suggesting a potential treatment strategy for patients bearing such mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Na Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China, the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, China
| | - Yan-Tao Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Huadie Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Jia-Da Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China, the Department of Pharmacology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, 88 Xianning Road, Xianning, Hubei 437100, China, and
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144
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Entrala-Bernal C, Montes-Castillo C, Alvarez-Cubero MJ, Gutiérrez-Alcántara C, Fernandez-Rosado F, Martinez-Espίn E, Sánchez-Malo C, Santiago-Fernández P. Genetic diagnosis of idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism: a new point mutation in the KAL2 gene. Hormones (Athens) 2014; 13:280-5. [PMID: 24776628 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Kallmann Syndrome (KS) is a genetic disease of embryonic development which is characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) due to a deficit of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and a hypo/anosmia (including a hypoplasia of the nasal sulcus and agenesis of the olfactory bulbs). Even though it is a genotypically and phenotypically heterogeneous clinical disease, there are some key genes related to KS (KAL1, FGFR1 (KAL2), GNRHR, KISSR1 (GPR54), GNRH1, NELF and PROK2). The aim of this study was to present a case report of a genetic diagnosis of KS linked to the presence of mutations in the FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, also known as KAL2) gene. This diagnosis was made in a 44-year old female affected by a hypogonadism for which she had received intermittent treatment until she was 30 years old based on the patient's own decision. The molecular analysis of FGFR1 identified the mutation c. 246_247delAG (p.T82Xfs110) in heterozygosis on exon 3 of the KAL2 gene. This is the first report of this mutation related to idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Jesus Alvarez-Cubero
- Laboratorio de Identificaciün Gentica, Departamento de Medicina Legal y Toxicologίa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada; Granada, Spain
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145
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Brouillet S, Hoffmann P, Alfaidy N, Feige JJ. [Prokineticins: new regulatory peptides in human reproduction]. Med Sci (Paris) 2014; 30:274-9. [PMID: 24685218 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20143003015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, there has been growing evidence for the involvement of prokineticins and their receptors (PROK/PROKR) in human reproduction, with multiple roles in the female and male reproductive systems. The PROK/PROKR signalling complex has been reported as a new actor in ovary, uterus, placenta, and testis physiology, with marked dysfunction in various pathological conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, recurrent pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, and ectopic pregnancy. Altogether, the results strongly suggest the involvement of prokineticins in spermatogenesis, oocyte competence, embryo implantation, pregnancy, and delivery, and argue for the clinical relevance of these cytokines and their receptors as diagnostic markers for several reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Brouillet
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, hôpital couple-enfant, centre d'aide médicale à la procréation, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Inserm U1036, biologie du cancer et de l'infection, iRTSV, CEA Grenoble, 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, institut de recherche en technologie et sciences pour le vivant, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Pascale Hoffmann
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Grenoble, hôpital couple-enfant, centre d'aide médicale à la procréation, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Inserm U1036, biologie du cancer et de l'infection, iRTSV, CEA Grenoble, 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, institut de recherche en technologie et sciences pour le vivant, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Inserm U1036, biologie du cancer et de l'infection, iRTSV, CEA Grenoble, 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, institut de recherche en technologie et sciences pour le vivant, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Feige
- Inserm U1036, biologie du cancer et de l'infection, iRTSV, CEA Grenoble, 17, rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, institut de recherche en technologie et sciences pour le vivant, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France - Université Grenoble-Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
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146
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Balasubramanian R, Cohen DA, Klerman EB, Pignatelli D, Hall JE, Dwyer AA, Czeisler CA, Pitteloud N, Crowley WF. Absence of central circadian pacemaker abnormalities in humans with loss of function mutation in prokineticin 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E561-6. [PMID: 24423319 PMCID: PMC3942237 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Loss of prokineticin 2 (PROK2) signaling in mice disrupts circadian rhythms, but the role of PROK2 signaling in the regulation of circadian rhythms in humans is undetermined. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the circadian rhythms of humans with a complete loss-of-function PROK2 mutation using an inpatient constant routine (CR) protocol. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a case study in an academic medical center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two siblings (one male and one female, ages 67 and 62 y, respectively) with isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD) due to a biallelic loss-of-function PROK2 mutation were studied using an inpatient CR protocol. Historical data from inpatient CR protocols conducted in healthy controls (ages 65-81 y) were used for comparison. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured circadian phase markers (melatonin, cortisol, and core body temperature) and neurobehavioral performance (psychomotor vigilance task [PVT] and subjective alertness scale). RESULTS Circadian waveforms of melatonin and cortisol did not differ between the IGD participants with PROK2 mutation and controls. In both IGD participants, neurobehavioral testing with PVT showed disproportionate worsening of PVT lapses and median reaction time in the second half of the CR. CONCLUSIONS Humans with loss of PROK2 signaling lack abnormalities in circadian phase markers, indicating intact central circadian pacemaker activity in these patients. These results suggest that PROK2 signaling in humans is not required for central circadian pacemaker function. However, impaired PVT in the PROK2-null participants despite preserved endocrine rhythms suggests that PROK2 may transmit circadian timing information to some neurobehavioral neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Endocrine Sciences Center and the Reproductive Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine (R.B., J.E.H., A.A.D., N.P., W.F.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114; Division of Sleep Medicine (D.A.C., E.B.K., C.A.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Endocrinology-Hospital São João (D.P.), Department of Experimental Biology-Faculty of Medicine (D.P.), and Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto (IPATIMUP) (D.P.), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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147
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Ragancokova D, Rocca E, Oonk AM, Schulz H, Rohde E, Bednarsch J, Feenstra I, Pennings RJ, Wende H, Garratt AN. TSHZ1-dependent gene regulation is essential for olfactory bulb development and olfaction. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1214-27. [PMID: 24487590 PMCID: PMC3934178 DOI: 10.1172/jci72466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) receives odor information from the olfactory epithelium and relays this to the olfactory cortex. Using a mouse model, we found that development and maturation of OB interneurons depends on the zinc finger homeodomain factor teashirt zinc finger family member 1 (TSHZ1). In mice lacking TSHZ1, neuroblasts exhibited a normal tangential migration to the OB; however, upon arrival to the OB, the neuroblasts were distributed aberrantly within the radial dimension, and many immature neuroblasts failed to exit the rostral migratory stream. Conditional deletion of Tshz1 in mice resulted in OB hypoplasia and severe olfactory deficits. We therefore investigated olfaction in human subjects from families with congenital aural atresia that were heterozygous for TSHZ1 loss-of-function mutations. These individuals displayed hyposmia, which is characterized by impaired odor discrimination and reduced olfactory sensitivity. Microarray analysis, in situ hybridization, and ChIP revealed that TSHZ1 bound to and regulated expression of the gene encoding prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2), a G protein–coupled receptor essential for OB development. Mutations in PROKR2 lead to Kallmann syndrome, characterized by anosmia and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Our data indicate that TSHZ1 is a key regulator of mammalian OB development and function and controls the expression of molecules involved in human Kallmann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ragancokova
- Neuroscience Program, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Rocca
- Neuroscience Program, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne M.M. Oonk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Elvira Rohde
- Neuroscience Program, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Bednarsch
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilse Feenstra
- Human Genetics, Hearing, and Genes, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J.E. Pennings
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hagen Wende
- Neuroscience Program, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alistair N. Garratt
- Neuroscience Program, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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148
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Yin W, Liu H, Peng Z, Chen D, Li J, Li JD. Mechanisms that underlie the internalization and extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 activation by PKR2 receptor. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1118-24. [PMID: 24509228 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prokineticins (PKs) are a pair of signal factors involved in many physiological processes by binding to two closely related G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), PKR1 and PKR2. We recently demonstrated that PKR2 undergoes rapid ligand-induced endocytosis, and PKR2 recycles back to the plasma membrane after the removal of ligand. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the PKR2 endocytosis. Here, we studied the involvement of GPCR kinase 2 (GRK2), β-arrestins, clathrin and protein kinase C (PKC) in the PKR2 endocytosis. Our results indicated that PK2-induced PKR2 endocytosis is GRK2- and clathrin-dependent, but β-arrestin-independent. PKC activation also induced PKR2 endocytosis; however, PKC activation is not necessary for the PK2-induced PKR2 endocytosis. PK2 stimulation induced a transient activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) on PKR2 expressing cells. The internalization and PKC activation are not required for the PK2-induced ERK1/2 activation. Our results indicated that PK2-induced ERK1/2 activation may involve the released βγ subunits of G-protein, phospholipase C β and MEK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yin
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huadie Liu
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danna Chen
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Jia-Da Li
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China; School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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149
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Ghervan C, Young J. [Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann syndrome in males]. Presse Med 2014; 43:152-61. [PMID: 24456696 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) and Kallmann syndrome (KS) are a group of rare disorders responsible for complete or partial pubertal failure due to lack or insufficient secretion of the pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH. The underlying neuroendocrine abnormalities are classically divided into two main groups: molecular defects of the gonadotrope cascade leading to isolated normosmic CHH (nCHH), and developmental abnormalities affecting the hypothalamic location of GnRH neurons, but also olfactory bulbs and tracts morphogenesis and responsible for KS. Identification of genetic abnormalities related to CHH/KS has provided major insights into the pathways critical for the development, maturation and function of the gonadotrope axis. In patients affected by nCHH, particularly in familial cases, genetic alterations affecting GnRH secretion (mutations in GNRH1, GPR54/KISS1R and TAC3 and TACR3) or the GnRH sensitivity of gonadotropic cells (GNRHR) have been found. Mutations in KAL1, FGFR1/FGF8/FGF17, PROK2/PROKR2, NELF, CHD7, HS6ST1, WDR11, SEMA3A, SOX10, IL17RD2, DUSP6, SPRY4, and FLRT3 have been associated with KS but sometimes also with its milder hyposmic/normosmic CHH clinical variant. A number of observations, particularly in sporadic cases, suggest that CHH/KS is not always a monogenic mendelian disease as previously thought but rather a digenic or potentially oligogenic condition. Before the age of 18 years, the main differential diagnosis of isolated nCHH is the relatively frequent constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP). However, in male patients with pubertal delay and low gonadotropin levels, the presence of micropenis and/or cryptorchidism argues strongly in favor of CHH and against CDGP. CHH/KS are not always congenital life-long disorders as initially thought, because in nearly 10 % of patients the disease seems not permanent, as evidenced by partial recovery of the pulsatile activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis after discontinuation of treatment in adulthood (the so-called reversible CHH/KS). The clinical and hormonal diagnosis and the therapeutic management as well as the genetic counseling of these patients will be discussed here based on the experience acquired in our department during the past 30 years, from monitoring more than 400 patients with these rare conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ghervan
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Endocrinology department, Cluj-Napoca, Roumanie
| | - Jacques Young
- Assistance publique-hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), hôpital de Bicêtre, université Paris SUD, service d'endocrinologie et des maladies de la reproduction, Inserm U693, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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150
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Valdes-Socin H, Rubio Almanza M, Tomé Fernández-Ladreda M, Debray FG, Bours V, Beckers A. Reproduction, smell, and neurodevelopmental disorders: genetic defects in different hypogonadotropic hypogonadal syndromes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:109. [PMID: 25071724 PMCID: PMC4088923 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine control of reproduction in mammals is governed by a neural hypothalamic network of nearly 1500 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreting neurons that modulate the activity of the reproductive axis across life. Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is a clinical syndrome that is characterized by partial or complete pubertal failure. HH may result from inadequate hypothalamic GnRH axis activation, or a failure of pituitary gonadotropin secretion/effects. In man, several genes that participate in olfactory and GnRH neuronal migration are thought to interact during the embryonic life. A growing number of mutations in different genes are responsible for congenital HH. Based on the presence or absence of olfaction dysfunction, HH is divided in two syndromes: HH with olfactory alterations [Kallmann syndrome (KS)] and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) with normal smell (normosmic IHH). KS is a heterogeneous disorder affecting 1 in 5000 males, with a three to fivefold of males over females. KS is associated with mutations in KAL1, FGFR1/FGF8, FGF17, IL17RD, PROK2/PROKR2, NELF, CHD7, HS6ST1, FLRT3, SPRY4, DUSP6, SEMA3A, NELF, and WDR11 genes that are related to defects in neuronal migration. These reproductive and olfactory deficits include a variable non-reproductive phenotype, including sensorineural deafness, coloboma, bimanual synkinesis, craniofacial abnormalities, and/or renal agenesis. Interestingly, defects in PROKR2, FGFR1, FGF8, CHD7, DUSP6, and WDR11 genes are also associated with normosmic IHH, whereas mutations in KISS1/KISSR, TAC3/TACR3, GNRH1/GNRHR, LEP/LEPR, HESX1, FSHB, and LHB are only present in patients with normosmic IHH. In this paper, we summarize the reproductive, neurodevelopmental, and genetic aspects of HH in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Valdes-Socin
- Service of Endocrinology, CHU Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Hernan Valdes-Socin, Service of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rue de l’Hôpital 1, Liège 4000, Belgium e-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Bours
- Service of Human Genetics, CHU Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Service of Endocrinology, CHU Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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