101
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Fernandes JM, Cajão R, Lopes R, Jerónimo R, Barahona-Corrêa JB. Social Cognition in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Comparisons. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:504. [PMID: 30459645 PMCID: PMC6232921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Deficits in social cognition are well-recognized in both schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, it is less clear how social cognition deficits differ between both disorders and what distinct mechanisms may underlie such differences. We aimed at reviewing available evidence from studies directly comparing social cognitive performance between individuals with schizophrenia and ASD. Methods: We performed a systematic review of literature up to May 22, 2018 on Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Search terms included combinations of the keywords "social cognition," "theory of mind," "autism," "Asperger," "psychosis," and "schizophrenia." Two researchers independently selected and extracted data according to PRISMA guidelines. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for performance on social cognitive tasks evaluating: (1) emotion perception; (2) theory of mind (ToM); (3) emotional intelligence (managing emotions score of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test); and (4) social skills. Results: We identified 19 eligible studies for meta-analysis including a total of 1,040 patients (558 with schizophrenia and 482 with ASD). Eight studies provided data on facial emotion perception that evidenced a better performance by participants with schizophrenia compared to those with ASD (Hedges' g = 0.43; p = 0.031). No significant differences were found between groups in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (8 studies; Hedges' g = 0.22; p = 0.351), other ToM tasks (9 studies; Hedges' g = -0.03; p = 0.903), emotional intelligence (3 studies; Hedges' g = -0.17; p = 0.490), and social skills (3 studies; Hedges' g = 0.86; p = 0.056). Participants' age was a significant moderator of effect size in emotion perception and RMET analyzes, with larger differences favoring patients with schizophrenia being observed in studies with younger participants. Conclusions: The instruments that are currently available to evaluate social cognition poorly differentiate between individuals with schizophrenia and ASD. Combining behavioral tasks with neurophysiologic assessments may better characterize the differences in social cognition between both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Miguel Fernandes
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rute Cajão
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Lopes
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal.,CADIN-Neurodevelopment, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Rita Jerónimo
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Bernardo Barahona-Corrêa
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal.,CADIN-Neurodevelopment, Cascais, Portugal.,Champalimaud Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Centre for the Unkown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
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102
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Erdeniz B, Serin E, İbadi Y, Taş C. Decreased functional connectivity in schizophrenia: The relationship between social functioning, social cognition and graph theoretical network measures. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 270:22-31. [PMID: 29017061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex disorder in which abnormalities in brain connectivity and social functioning play a central role. The aim of this study is to explore small-world network properties, and understand their relationship with social functioning and social cognition in the context of schizophrenia, by testing functional connectivity differences in network properties and its relation to clinical behavioral measures. Resting-state fMRI time series data were acquired from 23 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 23 healthy volunteers. The results revealed that patients with schizophrenia show significantly decreased connectivity between a range of brain regions, particularly involving connections among the right orbitofrontal cortex, bilateral putamen and left amygdala. Furthermore, topological properties of functional brain networks in patients with schizophrenia were characterized by reduced path length compared to healthy controls; however, no significant difference was found for clustering coefficient, local efficiency or global efficiency. Additionally, we found that nodal efficiency of the amygdala and the putamen were significantly correlated with the independence-performance subscale of social functioning scale (SFC), and Reading the Mind in the Eyes test; however, the correlations do not survive correction for multiple comparison. The current results help to clarify the relationship between social functioning deficits and topological brain measures in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Erdeniz
- İzmir University of Economics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychology, Turkey.
| | - Emin Serin
- Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Berlin,Germany
| | - Yelda İbadi
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Taş
- Üsküdar University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, İstanbul, Turkey
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103
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Mufford MS, Stein DJ, Dalvie S, Groenewold NA, Thompson PM, Jahanshad N. Neuroimaging genomics in psychiatry-a translational approach. Genome Med 2017; 9:102. [PMID: 29179742 PMCID: PMC5704437 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging genomics is a relatively new field focused on integrating genomic and imaging data in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying brain phenotypes and neuropsychiatric disorders. While early work in neuroimaging genomics focused on mapping the associations of candidate gene variants with neuroimaging measures in small cohorts, the lack of reproducible results inspired better-powered and unbiased large-scale approaches. Notably, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of brain imaging in thousands of individuals around the world have led to a range of promising findings. Extensions of such approaches are now addressing epigenetics, gene–gene epistasis, and gene–environment interactions, not only in brain structure, but also in brain function. Complementary developments in systems biology might facilitate the translation of findings from basic neuroscience and neuroimaging genomics to clinical practice. Here, we review recent approaches in neuroimaging genomics—we highlight the latest discoveries, discuss advantages and limitations of current approaches, and consider directions by which the field can move forward to shed light on brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Mufford
- UCT/MRC Human Genetics Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925
| | - Dan J Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925
| | - Shareefa Dalvie
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925
| | - Nynke A Groenewold
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, 7925
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90292, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90292, USA.
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104
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Childhood trauma is not a confounder of the overlap between autistic and schizotypal traits: A study in a non-clinical adult sample. Psychiatry Res 2017; 257:111-117. [PMID: 28750214 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma has been shown to be a robust risk factor for mental disorders, and may exacerbate schizotypal traits or contribute to autistic trait severity. However, little is known whether childhood trauma confounds the overlap between schizotypal traits and autistic traits. This study examined whether childhood trauma acts as a confounding variable in the overlap between autistic and schizotypal traits in a large non-clinical adult sample. A total of 2469 participants completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form. Correlation analysis showed that the majority of associations between AQ variables and SPQ variables were significant (p < 0.05). In the multiple regression models predicting scores on the AQ total, scores on the three SPQ subscales were significant predictors(Ps < 0.05). Scores on the Positive schizotypy and Negative schizotypy subscales were significant predictors in the multiple regression model predicting scores on the AQ Social Skill, AQ Attention Switching, AQ Attention to Detail, AQ Communication, and AQ Imagination subscales. The association between autistic and schizotypal traits could not be explained by shared variance in terms of exposure to childhood trauma. The findings point to important overlaps in the conceptualization of ASD and SSD, independent of childhood trauma.
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105
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Quidé Y, Ong XH, Mohnke S, Schnell K, Walter H, Carr VJ, Green MJ. Childhood trauma-related alterations in brain function during a Theory-of-Mind task in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 189:162-168. [PMID: 28215391 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma is a risk factor for schizophrenia that affects brain functions associated with higher cognitive processes, including social cognition. Alterations in Theory-of-Mind (ToM), or mentalizing skills, are a hallmark feature of schizophrenia, and are also evident in individuals exposed to childhood trauma. However, the impact of childhood trauma exposure on brain function during social cognition in schizophrenia remains unclear. We thus examined the association between childhood trauma and brain function during the performance of a ToM task in 47 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. All participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing an established visual-cartoon affective ToM task. Whole-brain multiple regression analysis was performed on ToM-related brain activation, with CTQ total score as regressor of interest, while accounting for the effects of age, sex, diagnosis, symptom severity, behavioural performance, intelligence and medications levels. First, using a small-volume correction approach within a mask made of key regions for ToM [including bilateral temporo-parietal junctions (TPJ), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus], total CTQ scores were positively associated with activation of the PCC/precuneus. Second, exploratory analyses for the rest of the brain (i.e., ROIs masked-out), revealed a positive association between trauma exposure and activation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), and a negative association with activation of the anterior section of the TPJ. These results suggest that childhood trauma exposure may, at least partially, contribute to functional alterations of brain regions essential for effective mental state inference in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology Randwick, NSW Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
| | - Xin H Ong
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Schnell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vaughan J Carr
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology Randwick, NSW Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales Research Unit for Schizophrenia Epidemiology Randwick, NSW Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; Black Dog Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia; ARC Centre for Cognition and its Disorders (CCD), Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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106
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Stanfield AC, Philip RCM, Whalley H, Romaniuk L, Hall J, Johnstone EC, Lawrie SM. Dissociation of Brain Activation in Autism and Schizotypal Personality Disorder During Social Judgments. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1220-1228. [PMID: 29088456 PMCID: PMC5737648 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background There are overlaps between autism and schizophrenia but these are particularly pronounced, especially in social domains, for higher functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or schizotypal personality disorder (SPD). It is not known whether these overlapping social deficits result from shared or distinct brain mechanisms. We therefore compared social cognition in ASD and SPD using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods Twenty-one individuals with SPD, 28 with ASD and 33 controls were compared with respect to clinical symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; social cognition, using a social judgment task and Ekman 60 faces task; and brain activation using an fMRI task of social judgment. Results The ASD and SPD groups showed few differences in symptoms or social cognition. However, fMRI showed that, compared to ASD, the SPD group showed significantly greater activation during social compared to gender judgments in the amygdala and 3 clusters: right posterior cerebellum, extending into fusiform and inferior temporal gyri; left posterior cerebellum; and left intraparietal sulcus extending through medial portions of the temporal gyri into the fusiform gyrus (all P < .05 family-wise error corrected). Control activations lay between the ASD and SPD groups. Conclusions Although social cognitive deficits in ASD and SPD appear superficially similar they are the result of different brain mechanisms. These findings have implications for therapeutic interventions targeted at social dysfunction in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Stanfield
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ruth C M Philip
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Tailor Ed Foundation, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liana Romaniuk
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eve C Johnstone
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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107
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Schiffer B, Pawliczek C, Müller BW, Wiltfang J, Brüne M, Forsting M, Gizewski ER, Leygraf N, Hodgins S. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Affective Theory of Mind in Violent Antisocial Personality Disorder and/or Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1229-1239. [PMID: 28199713 PMCID: PMC5737447 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Among violent offenders with schizophrenia, there are 2 sub-groups, one with and one without, conduct disorder (CD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), who differ as to treatment response and alterations of brain structure. The present study aimed to determine whether the 2 groups also differ in Theory of Mind and neural activations subsuming this task. Five groups of men were compared: 3 groups of violent offenders-schizophrenia plus CD/ASPD, schizophrenia with no history of antisocial behavior prior to illness onset, and CD/ASPD with no severe mental illness-and 2 groups of non-offenders, one with schizophrenia and one without (H). Participants completed diagnostic interviews, the Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version Interview, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, authorized access to clinical and criminal files, and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing an adapted version of the Reading-the-Mind-in-the-Eyes Task (RMET). Relative to H, nonviolent and violent men with schizophrenia and not CD/ASPD performed more poorly on the RMET, while violent offenders with CD/ASPD, both those with and without schizophrenia, performed similarly. The 2 groups of violent offenders with CD/ASPD, both those with and without schizophrenia, relative to the other groups, displayed higher levels of activation in a network of prefrontal and temporal-parietal regions and reduced activation in the amygdala. Relative to men without CD/ASPD, both groups of violent offenders with CD/ASPD displayed a distinct pattern of neural responses during emotional/mental state attribution pointing to distinct and comparatively successful processing of social information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schiffer
- Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Pawliczek
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard W Müller
- LVR-Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- LVR-Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Brüne
- Division of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Forsting
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elke R Gizewski
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Norbert Leygraf
- Institute of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sheilagh Hodgins
- Département de Psychiatrie, Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Canada and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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108
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M Schaller U, Rauh R. What Difference Does It Make? Implicit, Explicit and Complex Social Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:961-979. [PMID: 28083780 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-3008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We tested social cognition abilities of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and neurotypically developed peers (NTD). A multi-faceted test-battery including facial emotion categorization (FEC), classical false belief tasks (FBT), and complex social cognition (SC), yielded significantly lower accuracy rates for FEC and complex SC tasks in ASD, but no significant differences in performance concerning FBT. A significant correlation between age and performance in a FEC task and in a complex task was found only in ASD. We propose that dynamic and/or fragmented FEC tasks can elicit deficits in implicit processing of facial emotion more efficiently. The difficulties of ASD in solving complex SC tasks can be ascribed to deficits in the acquisition and application of social schemata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Schaller
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Reinhold Rauh
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 8, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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109
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Kronbichler L, Tschernegg M, Martin AI, Schurz M, Kronbichler M. Abnormal Brain Activation During Theory of Mind Tasks in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1240-1250. [PMID: 28575475 PMCID: PMC5737081 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Social cognition abilities are severely impaired in schizophrenia (SZ). The current meta-analysis used foci of 21 individual studies on functional abnormalities in the schizophrenic brain in order to identify regions that reveal convergent under- or over-activation during theory of mind (TOM) tasks. Studies were included in the analyses when contrasting tasks that require the processing of mental states with tasks which did not. Only studies that investigated patients with an ICD or DSM diagnosis were included. Quantitative voxel-based meta-analyses were done using Seed-based d Mapping software. Common TOM regions like medial-prefrontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction revealed abnormal activation in schizophrenic patients: Under-activation was identified in the medial prefrontal cortex, left orbito-frontal cortex, and in a small section of the left posterior temporo-parietal junction. Remarkably, robust over-activation was identified in a more dorsal, bilateral section of the temporo-parietal junction. Further abnormal activation was identified in medial occipito-parietal cortex, right premotor areas, left cingulate gyrus, and lingual gyrus. The findings of this study suggest that SZ patients simultaneously show over- and under-activation in TOM-related regions. Especially interesting, temporo-parietal junction reveals diverging activation patterns with an under-activating left posterior and an over-activating bilateral dorsal section. In conclusion, SZ patients show less specialized brain activation in regions linked to TOM and increased activation in attention-related networks suggesting compensatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kronbichler
- Neuroscience Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Christian-Doppler Clinic, Salzburg, Austria,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Neuroscience Institute Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; tel: +43-57255-56795, fax: +43-662-4483-3089, e-mail:
| | - Melanie Tschernegg
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Isabel Martin
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Schurz
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Kronbichler
- Neuroscience Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Christian-Doppler Clinic, Salzburg, Austria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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110
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Bogdan R, Salmeron BJ, Carey CE, Agrawal A, Calhoun VD, Garavan H, Hariri AR, Heinz A, Hill MN, Holmes A, Kalin NH, Goldman D. Imaging Genetics and Genomics in Psychiatry: A Critical Review of Progress and Potential. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:165-175. [PMID: 28283186 PMCID: PMC5505787 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Imaging genetics and genomics research has begun to provide insight into the molecular and genetic architecture of neural phenotypes and the neural mechanisms through which genetic risk for psychopathology may emerge. As it approaches its third decade, imaging genetics is confronted by many challenges, including the proliferation of studies using small sample sizes and diverse designs, limited replication, problems with harmonization of neural phenotypes for meta-analysis, unclear mechanisms, and evidence that effect sizes may be more modest than originally posited, with increasing evidence of polygenicity. These concerns have encouraged the field to grow in many new directions, including the development of consortia and large-scale data collection projects and the use of novel methods (e.g., polygenic approaches, machine learning) that enhance the quality of imaging genetic studies but also introduce new challenges. We critically review progress in imaging genetics and offer suggestions and highlight potential pitfalls of novel approaches. Ultimately, the strength of imaging genetics and genomics lies in their translational and integrative potential with other research approaches (e.g., nonhuman animal models, psychiatric genetics, pharmacologic challenge) to elucidate brain-based pathways that give rise to the vast individual differences in behavior as well as risk for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Bogdan
- BRAIN Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Caitlin E Carey
- BRAIN Lab, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Laboratory of NeuroGenetics, Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ned H Kalin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Neuroscience Training Program (NHK, RK, PHR, DPMT, MEE), University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (NHK, MEE), Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland
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111
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Ford TC, Nibbs R, Crewther DP. Increased glutamate/GABA+ ratio in a shared autistic and schizotypal trait phenotype termed Social Disorganisation. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 16:125-131. [PMID: 28794973 PMCID: PMC5537407 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autism and schizophrenia are multi-dimensional spectrum disorders that have substantial phenotypic overlap. This overlap is readily identified in the non-clinical population, and has been conceptualised as Social Disorganisation (SD). This study investigates the balance of excitatory glutamate and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in a non-clinical sample with high and low trait SD, as glutamate and GABA abnormalities are reported across the autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Participants were 18 low (10 females) and 19 high (9 females) SD scorers aged 18 to 40 years who underwent 1H-MRS for glutamate and GABA+macromolecule (GABA+) concentrations in right and left hemisphere superior temporal (ST) voxels. Reduced GABA+ concentration (p = 0.03) and increased glutamate/GABA+ ratio (p = 0.003) in the right ST voxel for the high SD group was found, and there was increased GABA+ concentration in the left compared to right ST voxel (p = 0.047). Bilateral glutamate concentration was increased for the high SD group (p = 0.006); there was no hemisphere by group interaction (p = 0.772). Results suggest that a higher expression of the SD phenotype may be associated with increased glutamate/GABA+ ratio in the right ST region, which may affect speech prosody processing, and lead behavioural characteristics that are shared within the autistic and schizotypal spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha C. Ford
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Nibbs
- Swinburne Neuroimaging, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P. Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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112
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Martinez G, Alexandre C, Mam-Lam-Fook C, Bendjemaa N, Gaillard R, Garel P, Dziobek I, Amado I, Krebs MO. Phenotypic continuum between autism and schizophrenia: Evidence from the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC). Schizophr Res 2017; 185:161-166. [PMID: 28089135 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenic (SCZ) and autism (ASD) spectrum disorders share several features including social cognition impairments. In SCZ, the link between symptomatic dimensions and social cognition deficits remains unclear. The Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) test, available in several languages including English, investigates mental state attribution capabilities in complex interpersonal situations. After its translation into French, we used MASC to direct compare social cognition in 36 young participants with SCZ to 19 with ASD and 20 healthy controls (HC) matched for gender, age (18-25y.o.) and level of education. The MASC discriminated each group from the others, patients with SCZ exhibiting difficulties compared to ASD (MASC total score 28.1 (4) and 24.2 (6.6), respectively; p<.001). In the whole sample, MASC scores were inversely correlated with autistic traits, evaluated by autism quotient, and with disorganization symptoms. Finally, in SCZ, over-mentalizing difficulties were correlated with age at disease onset. Our results demonstrate the validity of the French version of the MASC and bring direct evidence supporting the hypothesis of a phenotypic continuum between autism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Martinez
- INSERM, Laboratoire Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, U894 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), France
| | - Charlotte Alexandre
- INSERM, Laboratoire Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, U894 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), France
| | - Célia Mam-Lam-Fook
- INSERM, Laboratoire Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, U894 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), France
| | - Narjes Bendjemaa
- INSERM, Laboratoire Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, U894 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), France
| | - Raphaël Gaillard
- INSERM, Laboratoire Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, U894 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), France
| | - Patricia Garel
- Université de Montréal, CHU Ste-Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain and Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Amado
- INSERM, Laboratoire Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, U894 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM, Laboratoire Physiopathologie des maladies Psychiatriques, Centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, U894 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris, France; Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), France.
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113
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Luschekina EA, Khaerdinova OY, Luschekin VS, Strelets VB. Interhemispheric differences in the spectral power and coherence of EEG rhythms in children with autism spectrum disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0362119717030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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114
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Schurz M, Tholen MG, Perner J, Mars RB, Sallet J. Specifying the brain anatomy underlying temporo-parietal junction activations for theory of mind: A review using probabilistic atlases from different imaging modalities. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4788-4805. [PMID: 28608647 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this quantitative review, we specified the anatomical basis of brain activity reported in the Temporo-Parietal Junction (TPJ) in Theory of Mind (ToM) research. Using probabilistic brain atlases, we labeled TPJ peak coordinates reported in the literature. This was carried out for four different atlas modalities: (i) gyral-parcellation, (ii) sulco-gyral parcellation, (iii) cytoarchitectonic parcellation and (iv) connectivity-based parcellation. In addition, our review distinguished between two ToM task types (false belief and social animations) and a nonsocial task (attention reorienting). We estimated the mean probabilities of activation for each atlas label, and found that for all three task types part of TPJ activations fell into the same areas: (i) Angular Gyrus (AG) and Lateral Occpital Cortex (LOC) in terms of a gyral atlas, (ii) AG and Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) in terms of a sulco-gyral atlas, (iii) areas PGa and PGp in terms of cytoarchitecture and (iv) area TPJp in terms of a connectivity-based parcellation atlas. Beside these commonalities, we also found that individual task types showed preferential activation for particular labels. Main findings for the right hemisphere were preferential activation for false belief tasks in AG/PGa, and in Supramarginal Gyrus (SMG)/PFm for attention reorienting. Social animations showed strongest selective activation in the left hemisphere, specifically in left Middle Temporal Gyrus (MTG). We discuss how our results (i.e., identified atlas structures) can provide a new reference for describing future findings, with the aim to integrate different labels and terminologies used for studying brain activity around the TPJ. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4788-4805, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schurz
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Matthias G Tholen
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josef Perner
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clincial Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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115
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Oxytocin effects in schizophrenia: Reconciling mixed findings and moving forward. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:36-56. [PMID: 28506922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that causes major functional impairment. Current pharmacologic treatments are inadequate, particularly for addressing negative and cognitive symptoms of the disorder. Oxytocin, a neuropeptide known to moderate social behaviors, has been investigated as a potential therapeutic for schizophrenia in recent years. Results have been decidedly mixed, leading to controversy regarding oxytocin's utility. In this review, we outline several considerations for interpreting the extant literature and propose a focused agenda for future work that builds on the most compelling findings regarding oxytocin effects in schizophrenia to date. Specifically, we examine underlying causes of heterogeneity in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) conducted thus far and highlight the complexity of the human oxytocin system. We then review evidence of oxytocin's effects on specific deficits in schizophrenia, arguing for further study using objective, precise outcome measures in order to determine whether oxytocin has the potential to improve functional impairment in schizophrenia.
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116
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Eack SM, Wojtalik JA, Keshavan MS, Minshew NJ. Social-cognitive brain function and connectivity during visual perspective-taking in autism and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2017; 183:102-109. [PMID: 28291690 PMCID: PMC5432384 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia are neurodevelopmental conditions that are characterized by significant social impairment. Emerging genomic and neurobiological evidence has increasingly pointed to shared pathophysiologic mechanisms in the two disorders. Overlap in social impairment may reflect similar underlying neural dysfunction in social-cognitive brain networks, yet few studies have directly compared brain function and communication between those with ASD and schizophrenia. METHODS Outpatients with schizophrenia (n=36), ASD (n=33), and healthy volunteers (n=37) completed a visual perspective-taking task during functional neuroimaging at 3T to assess similarities and differences in fronto-temporal brain function and connectivity during social-cognitive processing. Analyses employed general linear models to examine differences in amplitude of BOLD-signal response between disorder groups, and computed functional connectivity coefficients to investigate differences in the connectivity profiles of networks implicated in social cognition. RESULTS Despite similar behavioral impairments, participants with ASD and schizophrenia evidenced distinct neural abnormalities during perspective-taking. Functional activation results indicated reduced temporo-parietal junction and medial prefrontal activity in ASD compared to schizophrenia (all Puncor<0.002). Functional connectivity analyses further revealed significantly greater local orbitofrontal connectivity in ASD than schizophrenia (all PFDR<0.028) during perspective-taking. Differences in brain activation and connectivity were unrelated to antipsychotic medication dose. CONCLUSIONS Autism and schizophrenia are characterized by similar social-cognitive impairments that may stem from different underlying abnormalities in the functional organization and communication of the social brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. Eack
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh,Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Address correspondence to Dr. Eack, University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
| | | | - Matcheri S. Keshavan
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Nancy J. Minshew
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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117
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Ford TC, Woods W, Crewther DP. Mismatch field latency, but not power, may mark a shared autistic and schizotypal trait phenotype. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 116:60-67. [PMID: 28235554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN), a preattentive processing potential, and its magnetic counterpart (MMF) are consistently reported as reduced in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. This study investigates whether MMF characteristics differ between subclinically high and low scorers on the recently discovered shared autism and schizophrenia phenotype, Social Disorganisation. A total of 18 low (10 females) and 19 high (9 females) Social Disorganisation scorers underwent magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a MMF paradigm of 50ms standard (1000Hz, 85%) and 100ms duration deviant tones. MMF was measured from the strongest active magnetometer over the right and left hemispheres (consistent across groups) after 100ms. No differences in MMF power were found, however there was a significant delay in the MMF peak (p=0.007). The P3am (following the MMF) was significantly reduced across both hemispheres for the high Social Disorganisation group (p=0.025), there were no specific hemispheric differences in P3am power or latency. Right MMF peak latency increased with higher scores on the schizotypal subscales Odd Speech, Odd Behaviour and Constricted Affect. Findings suggest that MMF peak latency delay marks a convergence of the autism and schizophrenia spectra at a subclinical. These findings have significant implications for future research methodology, as well as clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha C Ford
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Will Woods
- Brain and Psychological Science Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David P Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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118
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Erk S, Mohnke S, Ripke S, Lett TA, Veer IM, Wackerhagen C, Grimm O, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Degenhardt F, Tost H, Mattheisen M, Mühleisen TW, Charlet K, Skarabis N, Kiefer F, Cichon S, Witt SH, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Heinz A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Walter H. Functional neuroimaging effects of recently discovered genetic risk loci for schizophrenia and polygenic risk profile in five RDoC subdomains. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e997. [PMID: 28072415 PMCID: PMC5545733 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, 125 loci with genome-wide support for association with schizophrenia were identified. We investigated the impact of these variants and their accumulated genetic risk on brain activation in five neurocognitive domains of the Research Domain Criteria (working memory, reward processing, episodic memory, social cognition and emotion processing). In 578 healthy subjects we tested for association (i) of a polygenic risk profile score (RPS) including all single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reaching genome-wide significance in the recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analysis and (ii) of all independent genome-wide significant loci separately that showed sufficient distribution of all allelic groups in our sample (105 SNPs). The RPS was nominally associated with perigenual anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate/precuneus activation during episodic memory (PFWE(ROI)=0.047) and social cognition (PFWE(ROI)=0.025), respectively. Single SNP analyses revealed that rs9607782, located near EP300, was significantly associated with amygdala recruitment during emotion processing (PFWE(ROI)=1.63 × 10-4, surpassing Bonferroni correction for the number of SNPs). Importantly, this association was replicable in an independent sample (N=150; PFWE(ROI)<0.025). Other SNP effects previously associated with imaging phenotypes were nominally significant, but did not withstand correction for the number of SNPs tested. To assess whether there was true signal within our data, we repeated single SNP analyses with 105 randomly chosen non-schizophrenia-associated variants, observing fewer significant results and lower association probabilities. Applying stringent methodological procedures, we found preliminary evidence for the notion that genetic risk for schizophrenia conferred by rs9607782 may be mediated by amygdala function. We critically evaluate the potential caveats of the methodological approaches employed and offer suggestions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin D-10117, Germany. E-mail: or
| | - S Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin D-10117, Germany. E-mail: or
| | - S Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T A Lett
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - I M Veer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Wackerhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, Psychotherapy, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - N Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Degenhardt
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - H Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Mattheisen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - T W Mühleisen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Charlet
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Skarabis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Kiefer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - S Cichon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - H Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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119
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Martin AK, Dzafic I, Robinson GA, Reutens D, Mowry B. Mentalizing in schizophrenia: A multivariate functional MRI study. Neuropsychologia 2016; 93:158-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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120
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Arnsten AFT, Wang M. Targeting Prefrontal Cortical Systems for Drug Development: Potential Therapies for Cognitive Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 56:339-60. [PMID: 26738476 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Medications to treat cognitive disorders are increasingly needed, yet researchers have had few successes in this challenging arena. Cognitive abilities in primates arise from highly evolved N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor circuits in layer III of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These circuits have unique modulatory needs that can differ from the layer V neurons that predominate in rodents, but they offer multiple therapeutic targets. Cognitive improvement often requires low doses that enhance the pattern of information held in working memory, whereas higher doses can produce nonspecific changes that obscure information. Identifying appropriate doses for clinical trials may be helped by assessments in monkeys and by flexible, individualized dose designs. The use of guanfacine (Intuniv) for prefrontal cortical disorders was based on research in monkeys, supporting this approach. Coupling our knowledge of higher primate circuits with the powerful methods now available in drug design will help create effective treatments for cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510; ,
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510; ,
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121
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Campos C, Santos S, Gagen E, Machado S, Rocha S, Kurtz MM, Rocha NB. Neuroplastic Changes Following Social Cognition Training in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2016; 26:310-328. [PMID: 27541742 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-016-9326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Social cognitive impairment is a key feature of schizophrenia and social cognition training (SCT) is a promising tool to address these deficits. Neurobiological dysfunction in schizophrenia has been widely researched, but neuronal changes induced by SCT have been scarcely explored. This review aims to assess the neuroplastic effects of SCT in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for clinical trials testing the effects of SCT in functional and structural brain measurements of adult patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. A total of 11 studies were included: five used fMRI, two used EEG and ERP, one used ERP only, two used MEG and one study used MRI. Data extracting and processing regarding sociodemographic and clinical variables, intervention characteristics, neuroimaging procedures, neuroplastic findings, effect sizes and study quality criteria was completed by two raters. Results indicate a wide range of structural and functional changes in numerous regions and circuits of the social brain, including early perceptual areas, the limbic system and prefrontal regions. Despite the small number of trials currently available, evidence suggests that SCT is associated with neuroplastic changes in the social brain and concomitant improvements in social cognitive performance. There is a lack of extensive knowledge about the neural mechanisms that underlie social cognitive enhancement after treatment, but the reported findings may shed light on the neural substrates of social cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and how improved treatment procedures can be developed and applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Campos
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Health School, Rua Valente Perfeito, 332, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal. .,Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71, Campus da Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Susana Santos
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Health School, Rua Valente Perfeito, 332, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Emily Gagen
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 235 E. Cameron Avenue, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3720, USA
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Panic and Respiration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Venceslau Brás, 71, Campus da Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Activity Neuroscience, Physical Activity Postgraduate Program, Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Rua Marechal Deodoro, 263 - Centro, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Susana Rocha
- School of Accounting and Administration of Porto, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Rua Jaime Lopes Amorim, s/n, 4465-004 S, Mamede de Infesta, Portugal
| | - Matthew M Kurtz
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Ave, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George St., Suite 901, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Health School, Rua Valente Perfeito, 332, 4400-330, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.
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Abstract
Anxiety symptoms can occur in up to 65 % of patients with schizophrenia, and may reach the threshold for diagnosis of various comorbid anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, neurobiology, and management of anxiety in patients with schizophrenia, with a particular focus on pharmacotherapy. The prevalence of any anxiety disorder (at syndrome level) in schizophrenia is estimated to be up to 38 %, with social anxiety disorder (SAD) being the most prevalent. Severity of positive symptoms may correlate with severity of anxiety symptoms, but anxiety can occur independently of psychotic symptoms. While anxiety may be associated with greater levels of insight, it is also associated with increased depression, suicidality, medical service utilization, and cognitive impairment. Patients with anxiety symptoms are more likely to have other internalizing symptoms as opposed to externalizing symptoms. Diagnosis of anxiety in schizophrenia may be challenging, with positive symptoms obscuring anxiety, lower levels of emotional expressivity and communication impeding diagnosis, and conflation with akathisia. Higher diagnostic yield may be achieved by assessment following the resolution of the acute phase of psychosis as well as by the use of screening questions and disorder-specific self-report instruments. In schizophrenia patients with anxiety, there is evidence of underactive fear circuitry during anxiety-provoking stimuli but increased autonomic responsivity and increased responsiveness to neutral stimuli. Recent findings implicate the serotonin transporter (SERT) genes, brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) genes, and the serotonin 1a (5HT1a) receptor, but are preliminary and in need of replication. There are few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychotherapy for anxiety symptoms or disorders in schizophrenia. For pharmacotherapy, data from a few randomized and open trials have shown that aripiprazole and risperidone may be efficacious for obsessive-compulsive and social anxiety symptoms, and quetiapine and olanzapine for generalized anxiety. Older agents such as trifluoperazine may also reduce comorbid anxiety symptoms. Alternative options include selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) augmentation of antipsychotics, although evidence is based on a few randomized trials, small open trials, and case series, and caution is needed with regards to cytochrome P450 interactions and QTc interval prolongation. Buspirone and pregabalin augmentation may also be considered. Diagnosis and treatment of anxiety symptoms and disorders in schizophrenia is an important and often neglected aspect of the management of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Education Centre, Valkenberg Hospital, Private Bag X1, Observatory, Cape Town, 7935, South Africa.
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital (J-2), Anzio Rd, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
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Haigh SM, Gupta A, Barb SM, Glass SAF, Minshew NJ, Dinstein I, Heeger DJ, Eack SM, Behrmann M. Differential sensory fMRI signatures in autism and schizophrenia: Analysis of amplitude and trial-to-trial variability. Schizophr Res 2016; 175:12-19. [PMID: 27083780 PMCID: PMC4958557 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism and schizophrenia share multiple phenotypic and genotypic markers, and there is ongoing debate regarding the relationship of these two disorders. To examine whether cortical dynamics are similar across these disorders, we directly compared fMRI responses to visual, somatosensory and auditory stimuli in adults with autism (N=15), with schizophrenia (N=15), and matched controls (N=15). All participants completed a one-back letter detection task presented at fixation (to control attention) while task-irrelevant sensory stimulation was delivered to the different modalities. We focused specifically on the response amplitudes and the variability in sensory fMRI responses of the two groups, given the evidence of greater trial-to-trial variability in adults with autism. Both autism and schizophrenia individuals showed weaker signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) in sensory-evoked responses compared to controls (d>0.42), but for different reasons. For the autism group, the fMRI response amplitudes were indistinguishable from controls but were more variable trial-to-trial (d=0.47). For the schizophrenia group, response amplitudes were smaller compared to autism (d=0.44) and control groups (d=0.74), but were not significantly more variable (d<0.29). These differential group profiles suggest (1) that greater trial-to-trial variability in cortical responses may be specific to autism and is not a defining characteristic of schizophrenia, and (2) that blunted response amplitudes may be characteristic of schizophrenia. The relationship between the amplitude and the variability of cortical activity might serve as a specific signature differentiating these neurodevelopmental disorders. Identifying the neural basis of these responses and their relationship to the underlying genetic bases may substantially enlighten the understanding of both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Haigh
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Akshat Gupta
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scott M. Barb
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Summer A. F. Glass
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Nancy J. Minshew
- Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ilan Dinstein
- Psychology Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - David J. Heeger
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Shaun M. Eack
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Marlene Behrmann
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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124
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Becker-Krail D, Farrand AQ, Boger HA, Lavin A. Effects of fingolimod administration in a genetic model of cognitive deficits. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1174-1181. [PMID: 27439747 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding recent advances, cognitive impairments are among the most difficult-to-treat symptoms in neuropsychiatric disorders. Deficits in information processing contributing to memory and sociability impairments are found across neuropsychiatric-related disorders. Previously, we have shown that mutations in the DTNBP1 gene (encoding dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 [dysbindin-1]) lead to abnormalities in synaptic glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus and to cognitive deficits; glutamatergic transmission is important for cortical recurrent excitation that allows information processing in the PFC. To investigate possible means of restoring glutamate release and improving cognitive impairments, we assess the effects of increasing endogenous levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in a dysbindin-1-deficient mouse model. Increasing endogenous levels of BDNF may aid in remediating cognitive deficits, given the roles of BDNF in synaptic transmission, plasticity, and neuroprotection. To increase BDNF, we use a novel strategy, repeated intraperitoneal injections of fingolimod (Gilenya). Sphingolipids have recently been shown to have therapeutic value in several neurology-related disorders. Both wild-type (WT) and mutant (MUT) genotypes were tested for sociability and recognition memory, followed by measuring endogenous BDNF levels and presynaptic [Ca2+ ]i within the PFC. Both genotypes were treated for 1 week with either saline or fingolimod. Relative to WT mice, MUT mice demonstrated impairments in sociability and recognition memory and lower presynaptic calcium. After fingolimod treatment, MUT mice exhibited significant improvements in sociability and recognition memory and increases in presynaptic calcium and endogenous concentrations of BDNF. These results show promise for counteracting the cognitive impairments seen in neuropsychiatric disorders and may shed light on the role of dysbindin-1. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Q Farrand
- Deptartment of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - H A Boger
- Deptartment of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - A Lavin
- Deptartment of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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125
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Abu-Akel AM, Apperly IA, Wood SJ, Hansen PC. Autism and psychosis expressions diametrically modulate the right temporoparietal junction. Soc Neurosci 2016; 12:506-518. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1190786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian A. Apperly
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
| | - Stephen J. Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter C. Hansen
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, U.K
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126
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Mehta UM, Keshavan MS, Gangadhar BN. Bridging the schism of schizophrenia through yoga-Review of putative mechanisms. Int Rev Psychiatry 2016; 28:254-64. [PMID: 27187680 DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2016.1176905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients experience a 'disconnect' at multiple levels-neuronal networks, mental processes, and interpersonal relationships. The resultant poor quality-of-life and functional disability are related to the persistent cognitive deficits and negative symptoms, which are rather resistant to conventional antipsychotic medications. Yoga has emerged as an important therapeutic intervention to improve quality-of-life in schizophrenia. Recent preliminary evidence suggests that effects of yoga on cognitive and negative symptoms may drive this benefit. This study attempts to integrate evidence from neuroscience-based research, which focuses on the neuroplasticity-harnessing effects of yoga to bridge the schizophrenia connectopathy. In an overarching model to study putative neurobiological mechanisms that drive therapeutic effects of yoga, it is proposed that (a) various styles of meditation may help in strengthening the lateral and medial prefrontal brain networks, thus improving neurocognition and mentalizing abilities, and (b) learning and performing co-ordinated physical postures with a teacher facilitates imitation and the process of being imitated, which can improve social cognition and empathy through reinforcement of the premotor and parietal mirror neuron system. Oxytocin may play a role in mediating these processes, leading to better social connectedness and social outcomes. Clinical and heuristic implications of this model are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvakhsh Meherwan Mehta
- a Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bengaluru , India
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- b Department of Psychiatry , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- a Department of Psychiatry , National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS) , Bengaluru , India
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127
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Inan M, Zhao M, Manuszak M, Karakaya C, Rajadhyaksha AM, Pickel VM, Schwartz TH, Goldstein PA, Manfredi G. Energy deficit in parvalbumin neurons leads to circuit dysfunction, impaired sensory gating and social disability. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:35-46. [PMID: 27105708 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvalbumin-expressing, fast spiking interneurons have high-energy demands, which make them particularly susceptible to energy impairment. Recent evidence suggests a link between mitochondrial dysfunction in fast spiking cortical interneurons and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction restricted to parvalbumin interneurons has not been directly addressed in vivo. To investigate the consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction in parvalbumin interneurons in vivo, we generated conditional knockout mice with a progressive decline in oxidative phosphorylation by deleting cox10 gene selectively in parvalbumin neurons (PV-Cox10 CKO). Cox10 ablation results in defective assembly of cytochrome oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the electron transfer chain, and leads to mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction. PV-Cox10 CKO mice showed a progressive loss of cytochrome oxidase in cortical parvalbumin interneurons. Cytochrome oxidase protein levels were significantly reduced starting at postnatal day 60, and this was not associated with a change in parvalbumin interneuron density. Analyses of intrinsic electrophysiological properties in layer 5 primary somatosensory cortex revealed that parvalbumin interneurons could not sustain their typical high frequency firing, and their overall excitability was enhanced. An increase in both excitatory and inhibitory input onto parvalbumin interneurons was observed in PV-Cox10 CKO mice, resulting in a disinhibited network with an imbalance of excitation/inhibition. Investigation of network oscillations in PV-Cox10 CKO mice, using local field potential recordings in anesthetized mice, revealed significantly increased gamma and theta frequency oscillation power in both medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. PV-Cox10 CKO mice did not exhibit muscle strength or gross motor activity deficits in the time frame of the experiments, but displayed impaired sensory gating and sociability. Taken together, these data reveal that mitochondrial dysfunction in parvalbumin interneurons can alter their intrinsic physiology and network connectivity, resulting in behavioral alterations similar to those observed in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Inan
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Monica Manuszak
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cansu Karakaya
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anjali M Rajadhyaksha
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Virginia M Pickel
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Theodore H Schwartz
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter A Goldstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Giovanni Manfredi
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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128
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Discriminating autism spectrum disorders from schizophrenia by investigation of mental state attribution on an on-line mentalizing task: A review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 2016; 171:16-26. [PMID: 26817402 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, theories of how humans form a "theory of mind" of others ("mentalizing") have increasingly been called upon to explain impairments in social interaction in mental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. However, it remains unclear whether tasks that assess impairments in mentalizing can also contribute to determining differential deficits across disorders, which may be important for early identification and treatment. Paradigms that challenge mentalizing abilities in an on-line, real-life fashion have been considered helpful in detecting disease-specific deficits. In this review, we are therefore summarizing results of studies that assess the attribution of mental states using an animated triangles task. Behavioral as well as brain imaging studies in ASD and schizophrenia have been taken into account. While for neuroimaging methods, data are sparse and investigation methods inconsistent, we performed a meta-analysis of behavioral data to directly investigate performance deficits across disorders. Here, more impaired abilities in the appropriate description of interactions were found in ASD patients than in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, an analysis of first-episode (FES) versus longer lasting (LLS) schizophrenia showed that usage of mental state terms was reduced in the LLS group. In our review and meta-analysis, we identified performance differences between ASD and schizophrenia that seem helpful in targeting differential deficits, taking into account different stages of schizophrenia. However, to tackle the deficits in more detail, studies are needed that directly compare patients with ASD and schizophrenia using behavioral or neuroimaging methods with more standardized task versions.
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129
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Horan WP, Jimenez AM, Lee J, Wynn JK, Eisenberger NI, Green MF. Pain empathy in schizophrenia: an fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:783-92. [PMID: 26746181 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been proposed that schizophrenia is characterized by impaired empathy, several recent studies found intact neural responses on tasks measuring the affective subdomain of empathy. This study further examined affective empathy in 21 schizophrenia outpatients and 21 healthy controls using a validated pain empathy paradigm with two components: (i) observing videos of people described as medical patients who were receiving a painful sound stimulation treatment; (ii) listening to the painful sounds (to create regions of interest). The observing videos component incorporated experimental manipulations of perspective taking (instructions to imagine 'Self' vs 'Other' experiencing pain) and cognitive appraisal (information about whether treatment was 'Effective' vs 'Not Effective'). When considering activation across experimental conditions, both groups showed similar dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula (AI) activation while merely observing others in pain. However, there were group differences associated with perspective taking: controls showed relatively greater dACC and AI activation for the Self vs Other contrast whereas patients showed relatively greater activation in these and additional regions for the Other vs Self contrast. Although patients demonstrated grossly intact neural activity while observing others in pain, they showed more subtle abnormalities when required to toggle between imagining themselves vs others experiencing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Horan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy M Jimenez
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan K Wynn
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael F Green
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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130
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Aggernæs B. Rethinking the Concept of Psychosis and the Link Between Autism and Schizophrenia. Scand J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.21307/sjcapp-2016-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Aggernæs
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Region Zealand, Roskilde , Denmark
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131
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Díez-Cirarda M, Ojeda N, Peña J, Cabrera-Zubizarreta A, Gómez-Beldarrain MÁ, Gómez-Esteban JC, Ibarretxe-Bilbao N. Neuroanatomical Correlates of Theory of Mind Deficit in Parkinson's Disease: A Multimodal Imaging Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142234. [PMID: 26559669 PMCID: PMC4641650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) patients show theory of mind (ToM) deficit since the early stages of the disease, and this deficit has been associated with working memory, executive functions and quality of life impairment. To date, neuroanatomical correlates of ToM have not been assessed with magnetic resonance imaging in PD. The main objective of this study was to assess cerebral correlates of ToM deficit in PD. The second objective was to explore the relationships between ToM, working memory and executive functions, and to analyse the neural correlates of ToM, controlling for both working memory and executive functions. METHODS Thirty-seven PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr median = 2.0) and 15 healthy controls underwent a neuropsychological assessment and magnetic resonance images in a 3T-scanner were acquired. T1-weighted images were analysed with voxel-based morphometry, and white matter integrity and diffusivity measures were obtained from diffusion weighted images and analysed using tract-based spatial statistics. RESULTS PD patients showed impairments in ToM, working memory and executive functions; grey matter loss and white matter reduction compared to healthy controls. Grey matter volume decrease in the precentral and postcentral gyrus, middle and inferior frontal gyrus correlated with ToM deficit in PD. White matter in the superior longitudinal fasciculus (adjacent to the parietal lobe) and white matter adjacent to the frontal lobe correlated with ToM impairment in PD. After controlling for executive functions, the relationship between ToM deficit and white matter remained significant for white matter areas adjacent to the precuneus and the parietal lobe. CONCLUSIONS Findings reinforce the existence of ToM impairment from the early Hoehn and Yahr stages in PD, and the findings suggest associations with white matter and grey matter volume decrease. This study contributes to better understand ToM deficit and its neural correlates in PD, which is a basic skill for development of healthy social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Díez-Cirarda
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Natalia Ojeda
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Javier Peña
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan Carlos Gómez-Esteban
- Neurodegenerative Unit, Biocruces Research Institute; Neurology Service, Cruces University Hospital, Baracaldo, Biscay, Spain
| | - Naroa Ibarretxe-Bilbao
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
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132
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Bartholomeusz CF, Ganella EP, Labuschagne I, Bousman C, Pantelis C. Effects of oxytocin and genetic variants on brain and behaviour: Implications for treatment in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:614-27. [PMID: 26123171 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in social cognition and poor social functioning are core features of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. In recent years, there has been a move towards developing new treatment strategies that specifically target social cognitive and social behavioural deficits. Oxytocin (OXT) is one such strategy that has gained increasing attention. There is a strong rationale for studying OXT in psychosis, from both an evolutionary perspective and neurodevelopmental-cognitive model of schizophrenia. Thus, the aim of this review was to critique and examine the observational and clinical oxytocin trial literature in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. A handful of clinical trials suggest that OXT treatment may be beneficial for remediating social cognitive impairments, psychiatric symptoms, and improving social outcomes. However, inconsistencies exist in this literature, which may be explained by individual differences in the underlying neural response to OXT treatment and/or variation in the oxytocin and oxytocin receptor genes. Therefore, we additionally reviewed the evidence for structural and functional neural intermediate phenotypes in humans that link genetic variants to social behaviour/thinking, and discuss the implications of such interactions in the context of dysfunctional brain networks in schizophrenia. Factors that pose challenges for future OXT clinical research include the impact of age, sex, and ancestry, task-specific effects, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics, as well as neurotransmitter and drug interactions. While initial findings from OXT single dose/clinical trial studies are promising, more interdisciplinary research in both healthy and psychiatric populations is needed before determining whether OXT is a viable treatment option/adjunct for addressing poor illness outcomes in psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cali F Bartholomeusz
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Eleni P Ganella
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia
| | - Izelle Labuschagne
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chad Bousman
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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133
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Mohnke S, Erk S, Schnell K, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Schmierer P, Romund L, Garbusow M, Wackerhagen C, Ripke S, Grimm O, Haller L, Witt SH, Degenhardt F, Tost H, Heinz A, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Walter H. Theory of mind network activity is altered in subjects with familial liability for schizophrenia. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:299-307. [PMID: 26341902 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As evidenced by a multitude of studies, abnormalities in Theory of Mind (ToM) and its neural processing might constitute an intermediate phenotype of schizophrenia. If so, neural alterations during ToM should be observable in unaffected relatives of patients as well, since they share a considerable amount of genetic risk. While behaviorally, impaired ToM function is confirmed meta-analytically in relatives, evidence on aberrant function of the neural ToM network is sparse and inconclusive. The present study therefore aimed to further explore the neural correlates of ToM in relatives of schizophrenia. About 297 controls and 63 unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia performed a ToM task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Consistent with the literature relatives exhibited decreased activity of the medial prefrontal cortex. Additionally, increased recruitment of the right middle temporal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex was found, which was related to subclinical paranoid symptoms in relatives. These results further support decreased medial prefrontal activation during ToM as an intermediate phenotype of genetic risk for schizophrenia. Enhanced recruitment of posterior ToM areas in relatives might indicate inefficiency mechanisms in the presence of genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mohnke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,
| | - Susanne Erk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Schnell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Romanczuk-Seiferth
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phöbe Schmierer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lydia Romund
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Garbusow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Wackerhagen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany, Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg; Germany, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leila Haller
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Franziska Degenhardt
- Department of Genomics, Institute of Human Genetics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim/University of Heidelberg; Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
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134
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Han Y, Xi Q, Dai W, Yang S, Gao L, Su Y, Zhang X. Abnormal transsulfuration metabolism and reduced antioxidant capacity in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorders. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 46:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Qian‐qian Xi
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Wei Dai
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Shu‐han Yang
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Yuan‐yuan Su
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Public HealthTianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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135
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Ander BP, Barger N, Stamova B, Sharp FR, Schumann CM. Atypical miRNA expression in temporal cortex associated with dysregulation of immune, cell cycle, and other pathways in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2015; 6:37. [PMID: 26146533 PMCID: PMC4491207 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) likely involve dysregulation of multiple genes related to brain function and development. Abnormalities in individual regulatory small non-coding RNA (sncRNA), including microRNA (miRNA), could have profound effects upon multiple functional pathways. We assessed whether a brain region associated with core social impairments in ASD, the superior temporal sulcus (STS), would evidence greater transcriptional dysregulation of sncRNA than adjacent, yet functionally distinct, primary auditory cortex (PAC). METHODS We measured sncRNA expression levels in 34 samples of postmortem brain from STS and PAC to find differentially expressed sncRNA in ASD compared with control cases. For differentially expressed miRNA, we further analyzed their predicted mRNA targets and carried out functional over-representation analysis of KEGG pathways to examine their functional significance and to compare our findings to reported alterations in ASD gene expression. RESULTS Two mature miRNAs (miR-4753-5p and miR-1) were differentially expressed in ASD relative to control in STS and four (miR-664-3p, miR-4709-3p, miR-4742-3p, and miR-297) in PAC. In both regions, miRNA were functionally related to various nervous system, cell cycle, and canonical signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt signaling, previously implicated in ASD. Immune pathways were only disrupted in STS. snoRNA and pre-miRNA were also differentially expressed in ASD brain. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in sncRNA may underlie dysregulation of molecular pathways implicated in autism. sncRNA transcriptional abnormalities in ASD were apparent in STS and in PAC, a brain region not directly associated with core behavioral impairments. Disruption of miRNA in immune pathways, frequently implicated in ASD, was unique to STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Nicole Barger
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Cynthia M Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, 2805 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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136
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Chisholm K, Lin A, Abu-Akel A, Wood SJ. The association between autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A review of eight alternate models of co-occurrence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:173-83. [PMID: 25956249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although now believed to be two distinct disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) share multiple phenotypic similarities and risk factors, and have been reported to co-occur at elevated rates. In this narrative review, we give a brief overview of the phenomenological, genetic, environmental, and imaging evidence for the overlap between ASD and SSD, highlighting similarities and areas of distinction. We examine eight possible alternate models of explanation for the association and comorbidity between the disorders, and set out a research agenda to test these models. Understanding how and why these disorders co-occur has important implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, as well as for developing fundamental aetiological models of the disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia
| | - Ahmad Abu-Akel
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stephen J Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, National Neuroscience Facility, Level 3, Alan Gilbert Building, 161 Barry St, Carlton, Vic, 3053, Australia
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137
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Kret ME, Ploeger A. Emotion processing deficits: A liability spectrum providing insight into comorbidity of mental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:153-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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138
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Fett AKJ, Shergill SS, Krabbendam L. Social neuroscience in psychiatry: unravelling the neural mechanisms of social dysfunction. Psychol Med 2015; 45:1145-1165. [PMID: 25335852 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714002487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Social neuroscience is a flourishing, interdisciplinary field that investigates the underlying biological processes of social cognition and behaviour. The recent application of social neuroscience to psychiatric research advances our understanding of various psychiatric illnesses that are characterized by impairments in social cognition and social functioning. In addition, the upcoming line of social neuroscience research provides new techniques to design and evaluate treatment interventions that are aimed at improving patients' social lives. This review provides a contemporary overview of social neuroscience in psychiatry. We draw together the major findings about the neural mechanisms of social cognitive processes directed at understanding others and social interactions in psychiatric illnesses and discuss their implications for future research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K J Fett
- Department of Educational Neuroscience & Research Institute LEARN!,Faculty of Psychology and Education,VU University Amsterdam,Van der Boechorststraat 1,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
| | - S S Shergill
- Department of Psychosis Studies,Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London,De Crespigny Park,London,UK
| | - L Krabbendam
- Department of Educational Neuroscience & Research Institute LEARN!,Faculty of Psychology and Education,VU University Amsterdam,Van der Boechorststraat 1,Amsterdam,The Netherlands
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139
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Yan C, Yang T, Yu QJ, Jin Z, Cheung EFC, Liu X, Chan RCK. Rostral medial prefrontal dysfunctions and consummatory pleasure in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:187-96. [PMID: 25637357 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A large number of imaging studies have examined the neural correlates of consummatory pleasure and anticipatory pleasure in schizophrenia, but the brain regions where schizophrenia patients consistently demonstrate dysfunctions remain unclear. We performed a series of meta-analyses on imaging studies to delineate the regions associated with consummatory and anticipatory pleasure dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Nineteen functional magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography studies using whole brain analysis were identified through a literature search (PubMed and EBSCO; January 1990-February 2014). Activation likelihood estimation was performed using the GingerALE software. The clusters identified were obtained after controlling for the false discovery rate at p<0.05 and applying a minimum cluster size of 200 mm(3). It was found that schizophrenia patients exhibited decreased activation mainly in the rostral medial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC), the right parahippocampus/amygala, and other limbic regions (e.g., the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, the putamen, and the medial globus pallidus) when consummating pleasure. Task instructions (feeling vs. stimuli) were differentially related to medial prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia. When patients anticipated pleasure, reduced activation in the left putamen was observed, despite the limited number of studies. Our findings suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex and limbic regions may play an important role in neural dysfunction underlying deficits in consummatory pleasure in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (MOE & STCSM), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tammy Yang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Jing Yu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Beijing 306 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Eric F C Cheung
- Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Centre, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Centre, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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140
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Choudhary M, Kumar A, Tripathi M, Bhatia T, Shivakumar V, Beniwal RP, Gur RC, Gur RE, Nimgaonkar VL, Deshpande SN. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study of impaired emotion processing in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 162:103-7. [PMID: 25655909 PMCID: PMC4339502 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia cases have been consistently shown to have behavioural and neurofunctional abnormalities but studies during early course are scarce. The present work assesses the performance of acute first episode schizophrenia cases on correlation of a facial emotion perception task with brain function using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Twenty First episode schizophrenia cases and 20 matched healthy controls living in the community were enrolled. For cases, longest duration of illness was one year and treatment with neuroleptic did not exceed two weeks on the day of scan. To measure facial emotion perception (FEP) both groups were administered the Emotion battery from the Penn Computerized Battery followed by PET acquisition. SPM 8 analysis for group differences at p<0.001 was performed. RESULTS Schizophrenia subjects showed hypoactivation of bilateral prefrontal cortices and fusiform gyrii, with significant hyperactivation of bilateral basal ganglia and left precuneus. Positive correlation of metabolism in prefrontal cortex and performance indices on emotions domain was seen. No correlation of chlorpromazine equivalent days with metabolism in basal ganglia was observed. CONCLUSIONS The performance of schizophrenia cases on FEP task was significantly impaired in comparison to the control group. Brain regions implicated in emotion processing showed hypometabolism in cases as compared to controls. Failure of schizophrenia cases to optimally recruit brain circuitry may be contributing to deficits on FEP task. These findings suggest inherent deficits in neural circuitry of emotion processing in schizophrenia; devoid of confounding effects of neuroleptics and duration of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Choudhary
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (PGIMER-RMLH), Park Street, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (PGIMER-RMLH), Park Street, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhavi Tripathi
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, New Delhi, India
| | - Triptish Bhatia
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (PGIMER-RMLH), Park Street, New Delhi, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Cognitive Neurobiology Division, Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science, Bangaluru, India
| | - Ram Pratap Beniwal
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (PGIMER-RMLH), Park Street, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Schizophrenia Research Centre, Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Schizophrenia Research Centre, Neuropsychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Smita N. Deshpande
- Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (PGIMER-RMLH), Park Street, New Delhi, India
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141
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Kyriakopoulos M, Stringaris A, Manolesou S, Radobuljac MD, Jacobs B, Reichenberg A, Stahl D, Simonoff E, Frangou S. Determination of psychosis-related clinical profiles in children with autism spectrum disorders using latent class analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:301-7. [PMID: 24965798 PMCID: PMC4224587 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-014-0576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), high rates of idiosyncratic fears and anxiety reactions and thought disorder are thought to increase the risk of psychosis. The critical next step is to identify whether combinations of these symptoms can be used to categorise individual patients into ASD subclasses, and to test their relevance to psychosis. All patients with ASD (n = 84) admitted to a specialist national inpatient unit from 2003 to 2012 were rated for the presence or absence of impairment in affective regulation and anxiety (peculiar phobias, panic episodes, explosive reactions to anxiety), social deficits (social disinterest, avoidance or withdrawal and abnormal attachment) and thought disorder (disorganised or illogical thinking, bizarre fantasies, overvalued or delusional ideas). Latent class analysis of individual symptoms was conducted to identify ASD classes. External validation of these classes was performed using as a criterion the presence of hallucinations. Latent class analysis identified two distinct classes. Bizarre fears and anxiety reactions and thought disorder symptoms differentiated ASD patients into those with psychotic features (ASD-P: 51 %) and those without (ASD-NonP: 49 %). Hallucinations were present in 26 % of the ASD-P class but only 2.4 % of the ASD-NonP. Both the ASD-P and the ASD-NonP class benefited from inpatient treatment although inpatient stay was prolonged in the ASD-P class. This study provides the first empirically derived classification of ASD in relation to psychosis based on three underlying symptom dimensions, anxiety, social deficits and thought disorder. These results can be further developed by testing the reproducibility and prognostic value of the identified classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos Kyriakopoulos
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Clinical Academic Group, South London and the Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,
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142
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Ciaramidaro A, Bölte S, Schlitt S, Hainz D, Poustka F, Weber B, Bara BG, Freitag C, Walter H. Schizophrenia and autism as contrasting minds: neural evidence for the hypo-hyper-intentionality hypothesis. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:171-9. [PMID: 25210055 PMCID: PMC4266299 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Both schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by mentalizing problems and associated neural dysfunction of the social brain. However, the deficits in mental state attribution are somehow opposed: Whereas patients with SCZ tend to over-attribute intentions to agents and physical events ("hyper-intentionality"), patients with autism treat people as devoid of intentions ("hypo-intentionality"). Here we aimed to investigate whether this hypo-hyper-intentionality hypothesis can be supported by neural evidence during a mentalizing task. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the neural responses and functional connectivity during reading others intention. Scanning was performed in 23 individuals with ASD, 18 with paranoid SCZ and 23 gender and IQ matched control subjects. Both clinical groups showed reduced brain activation compared to controls for the contrast intentional vs physical information processing in left posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC) for SCZ, and right pSTS in ASD. As predicted, these effects were caused in a group specific way: Relative increased activation for physical information processing in SCZ that was also correlated with positive PANNS score and relative decreased activation for intentional information processing in ASD. Additionally, we could demonstrate opposed connectivity patterns between the right pSTS and vMPFC in the clinical groups, ie, increased for SCZ, decreased for ASD. These findings represent opposed neural signatures in key regions of the social brain as predicted by the hyper-hypo-intentionality hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ciaramidaro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany;
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany,Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Schlitt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Daniela Hainz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Fritz Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Bernhard Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany,Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno G Bara
- Center for Cognitive Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Christine Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Goethe-University, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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143
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Facial emotion recognition in paranoid schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:509-14. [PMID: 25278104 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) share deficits in emotion processing. In order to identify convergent and divergent mechanisms, we investigated facial emotion recognition in SZ, high-functioning ASD (HFASD), and typically developed controls (TD). Different degrees of task difficulty and emotion complexity (face, eyes; basic emotions, complex emotions) were used. Two Benton tests were implemented in order to elicit potentially confounding visuo-perceptual functioning and facial processing. Nineteen participants with paranoid SZ, 22 with HFASD and 20 TD were included, aged between 14 and 33 years. Individuals with SZ were comparable to TD in all obtained emotion recognition measures, but showed reduced basic visuo-perceptual abilities. The HFASD group was impaired in the recognition of basic and complex emotions compared to both, SZ and TD. When facial identity recognition was adjusted for, group differences remained for the recognition of complex emotions only. Our results suggest that there is a SZ subgroup with predominantly paranoid symptoms that does not show problems in face processing and emotion recognition, but visuo-perceptual impairments. They also confirm the notion of a general facial and emotion recognition deficit in HFASD. No shared emotion recognition deficit was found for paranoid SZ and HFASD, emphasizing the differential cognitive underpinnings of both disorders.
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144
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van der Gronde T, Kempes M, van El C, Rinne T, Pieters T. Neurobiological correlates in forensic assessment: a systematic review. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110672. [PMID: 25330208 PMCID: PMC4203816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increased knowledge of biological risk factors, interest in including this information in forensic assessments is growing. Currently, forensic assessments are predominantly focused on psychosocial factors. A better understanding of the neurobiology of violent criminal behaviour and biological risk factors could improve forensic assessments. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the current evidence about biological risk factors that predispose people to antisocial and violent behaviour, and determine its usefulness in forensic assessment. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using articles from PsycINFO, Embase and Pubmed published between 2000 and 2013. RESULTS This review shows that much research on the relationship between genetic predisposition and neurobiological alterations with aggression is performed on psychiatric patients or normal populations. However, the number of studies comparing offenders is limited. There is still a great need to understand how genetic and neurobiological alterations and/or deficits are related to violent behaviour, specifically criminality. Most studies focus on only one of the genetic or neurobiological fields related to antisocial and/or violent behaviour. To reliably correlate the findings of these fields, a standardization of methodology is urgently needed. CONCLUSION Findings from the current review suggest that violent aggression, like all forms of human behaviour, both develops under specific genetic and environmental conditions, and requires interplay between these conditions. Violence should be considered as the end product of a chain of life events, during which risks accumulate and potentially reinforce each other, displaying or triggering a specific situation. This systematic review did not find evidence of predispositions or neurobiological alterations that solely explain antisocial or violent behaviour. With better designed studies, more correlation between diverse fields, and more standardisation, it might be possible to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Thus, we advocate maintaining the current case-by-case differentiated approach to evidence-based forensic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), and Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike Kempes
- Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Pieter Baan Center, Forensic Psychiatric Observation Clinic, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carla van El
- Section Community Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics and EMGO+, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rinne
- Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Pieter Baan Center, Forensic Psychiatric Observation Clinic, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toine Pieters
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), and Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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145
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Eack SM, Greenwald DP, Hogarty SS, Bahorik AL, Litschge MY, Mazefsky CA, Minshew NJ. Cognitive enhancement therapy for adults with autism spectrum disorder: results of an 18-month feasibility study. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 43:2866-77. [PMID: 23619953 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-1834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Adults with autism experience significant impairments in social and non-social information processing for which few treatments have been developed. This study conducted an 18-month uncontrolled trial of Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET), a comprehensive cognitive rehabilitation intervention, in 14 verbal adults with autism spectrum disorder to investigate its feasibility, acceptability, and initial efficacy in treating these impairments. Results indicated that CET was satisfying to participants, with high treatment attendance and retention. Effects on cognitive deficits and social behavior were also large (d = 1.40-2.29) and statistically significant (all p < .001). These findings suggest that CET is a feasible, acceptable, and potentially effective intervention for remediating the social and non-social cognitive impairments in verbal adults with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Eack
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, 2117 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA,
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146
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David N, Schultz J, Milne E, Schunke O, Schöttle D, Münchau A, Siegel M, Vogeley K, Engel AK. Right temporoparietal gray matter predicts accuracy of social perception in the autism spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:1433-46. [PMID: 24305776 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-013-2008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show hallmark deficits in social perception. These difficulties might also reflect fundamental deficits in integrating visual signals. We contrasted predictions of a social perception and a spatial-temporal integration deficit account. Participants with ASD and matched controls performed two tasks: the first required spatiotemporal integration of global motion signals without social meaning, the second required processing of socially relevant local motion. The ASD group only showed differences to controls in social motion evaluation. In addition, gray matter volume in the temporal-parietal junction correlated positively with accuracy in social motion perception in the ASD group. Our findings suggest that social-perceptual difficulties in ASD cannot be reduced to deficits in spatial-temporal integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole David
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany,
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147
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Radeloff D, Ciaramidaro A, Siniatchkin M, Hainz D, Schlitt S, Weber B, Poustka F, Bölte S, Walter H, Freitag CM. Structural alterations of the social brain: a comparison between schizophrenia and autism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106539. [PMID: 25188200 PMCID: PMC4154717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia share a substantial number of etiologic and phenotypic characteristics. Still, no direct comparison of both disorders has been performed to identify differences and commonalities in brain structure. In this voxel based morphometry study, 34 patients with autism spectrum disorder, 21 patients with schizophrenia and 26 typically developed control subjects were included to identify global and regional brain volume alterations. No global gray matter or white matter differences were found between groups. In regional data, patients with autism spectrum disorder compared to typically developed control subjects showed smaller gray matter volume in the amygdala, insula, and anterior medial prefrontal cortex. Compared to patients with schizophrenia, patients with autism spectrum disorder displayed smaller gray matter volume in the left insula. Disorder specific positive correlations were found between mentalizing ability and left amygdala volume in autism spectrum disorder, and hallucinatory behavior and insula volume in schizophrenia. Results suggest the involvement of social brain areas in both disorders. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings and to quantify the amount of distinct and overlapping neural correlates in autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radeloff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main,Germany
| | - Angela Ciaramidaro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main,Germany
| | - Michael Siniatchkin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main,Germany
| | - Daniela Hainz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main,Germany
| | - Sabine Schlitt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main,Germany
| | - Bernhard Weber
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Psychiatric University Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fritz Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main,Germany
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main,Germany
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Margarete Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main,Germany
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148
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Ford TC, Crewther DP. Factor Analysis Demonstrates a Common Schizoidal Phenotype within Autistic and Schizotypal Tendency: Implications for Neuroscientific Studies. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:117. [PMID: 25221527 PMCID: PMC4145657 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and cognitive dysfunction, particularly social and communication impairments, are shared between autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, while evidence for a diametric autism-positive schizophrenia symptom profile is inconsistent. We investigated the shared phenotype at a personality trait level, particularly its resemblance to schizoid personality disorder, as well as differential aspects of the autism-schizophrenia model. Items of the autism spectrum quotient (AQ) and schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) were pseudo-randomly combined, and were completed by 449 (162 male, 287 female) non-clinical participants aged 18-40. A factor analysis revealed three factors; the first represented a shared social disorganization phenotype, the second reflected perceptual oddities specific to schizotypy while the third reflected social rigidity specific to autism. The AQ and SPQ were strongly correlated with Factor 1 (AQ: r = 0.75, p < 0.001; SPQ: r = 0.96, p < 0.001), SPQ score was correlated with Factor 2 (r = 0.51, p < 0.001), particularly in cognitive-perceptual features (r = 0.66, p < 0.001), and AQ score was strongly correlated with Factor 3 (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was no relationship between Factor 1 and Factor 2. Thus, there is robust evidence for a shared social disorganization phenotype in autistic and schizotypal tendency, which reflects the schizoid phenotype. Discriminating and independent dimensions of schizotypal and autistic tendency exist in Factors 2 and 3, respectively. Current diagnostic protocols could result in different diagnoses depending on the instrument used, suggesting the need for neuromarkers that objectively differentiate autistic and schizotypal traits and resolve the question of commonality versus co-morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha C Ford
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David P Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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149
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Spatio-temporal processing of tactile stimuli in autistic children. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5985. [PMID: 25100146 PMCID: PMC4124471 DOI: 10.1038/srep05985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered multisensory integration has been reported in autism; however, little is known concerning how the autistic brain processes spatio-temporal information concerning tactile stimuli. We report a study in which a crossed-hands illusion was investigated in autistic children. Neurotypical individuals often experience a subjective reversal of temporal order judgments when their hands are stimulated while crossed, and the illusion is known to be acquired in early childhood. However, under those conditions where the somatotopic representation is given priority over the actual spatial location of the hands, such reversals may not occur. Here, we showed that a significantly smaller illusory reversal was demonstrated in autistic children than in neurotypical children. Furthermore, in an additional experiment, the young boys who had higher Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) scores generally showed a smaller crossed hands deficit. These results suggest that rudimentary spatio-temporal processing of tactile stimuli exists in autistic children, and the altered processing may interfere with the development of an external frame of reference in real-life situations.
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150
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Horan WP, Iacoboni M, Cross KA, Korb A, Lee J, Nori P, Quintana J, Wynn JK, Green MF. Self-reported empathy and neural activity during action imitation and observation in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2014; 5:100-8. [PMID: 25009771 PMCID: PMC4087183 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Although social cognitive impairments are key determinants of functional outcome in schizophrenia their neural bases are poorly understood. This study investigated neural activity during imitation and observation of finger movements and facial expressions in schizophrenia, and their correlates with self-reported empathy. Methods 23 schizophrenia outpatients and 23 healthy controls were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they imitated, executed, or simply observed finger movements and facial emotional expressions. Between-group activation differences, as well as relationships between activation and self-reported empathy, were evaluated. Results Both patients and controls similarly activated neural systems previously associated with these tasks. We found no significant between-group differences in task-related activations. There were, however, between-group differences in the correlation between self-reported empathy and right inferior frontal (pars opercularis) activity during observation of facial emotional expressions. As in previous studies, controls demonstrated a positive association between brain activity and empathy scores. In contrast, the pattern in the patient group reflected a negative association between brain activity and empathy. Conclusions Although patients with schizophrenia demonstrated largely normal patterns of neural activation across the finger movement and facial expression tasks, they reported decreased self perceived empathy and failed to show the typical relationship between neural activity and self-reported empathy seen in controls. These findings suggest that patients show a disjunction between automatic neural responses to low level social cues and higher level, integrative social cognitive processes involved in self-perceived empathy. Comparable activation patterns were present in both groups for finger and facial stimuli. There were no group differences on any of the activation tasks. Self-reported empathy differentially related to neural activation in the two groups. Empathy related to right inferior frontal activity in controls but not in patients. Patients showed a disconnect between low- and high-level social cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Horan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Corresponding author at: University of California, Los Angeles & VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, MIRECC 210A, Bldg. 210, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. Tel.: + 1 310 478 3711x44041; fax: + 1 310 268 4056.
| | | | | | - Alex Korb
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Junghee Lee
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Poorang Nori
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Javier Quintana
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Wynn
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Michael F. Green
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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