101
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Scholl T, Mühlebner A, Ricken G, Gruber V, Fabing A, Samueli S, Gröppel G, Dorfer C, Czech T, Hainfellner JA, Prabowo AS, Reinten RJ, Hoogendijk L, Anink JJ, Aronica E, Feucht M. Impaired oligodendroglial turnover is associated with myelin pathology in focal cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis complex. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:770-780. [PMID: 27750396 PMCID: PMC5697648 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional antiepileptic drugs suppress the excessive firing of neurons during seizures. In drug-resistant patients, treatment failure indicates an alternative important epileptogenic trigger. Two epilepsy-associated pathologies show myelin deficiencies in seizure-related brain regions: Focal Cortical Dysplasia IIB (FCD) and cortical tubers in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). Studies uncovering white matter-pathology mechanisms are therefore urgently needed to gain more insight into epileptogenesis, the propensity to maintain seizures, and their associated comorbidities such as cognitive defects. We analyzed epilepsy surgery specimens of FCD IIB (n = 22), TSC (n = 8), and other malformations of cortical development MCD (n = 12), and compared them to autopsy and biopsy cases (n = 15). The entire lesional pathology was assessed using digital immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and western blotting for oligodendroglial lineage, myelin and mTOR markers, and findings were correlated to clinical parameters. White matter pathology with depleted myelin and oligodendroglia were found in 50% of FCD IIB and 62% of TSC cases. Other MCDs had either a normal content or even showed reactive oligodendrolial hyperplasia. Furthermore, myelin deficiency was associated with increased mTOR expression and the lower amount of oligodendroglia was linked with their precursor cells (PDGFRa). The relative duration of epilepsy (normalized to age) also correlated positively to mTOR activation and negatively to myelination. Decreased content of oligodendroglia and missing precursor cells indicated insufficient oligodendroglial development, probably mediated by mTOR, which may ultimately lead to severe myelin loss. In terms of disease management, an early and targeted treatment could restore normal myelin development and, therefore, alter seizure threshold and improve cognitive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Scholl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Mühlebner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerda Ricken
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Gruber
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Fabing
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sharon Samueli
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gudrun Gröppel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Dorfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Avanita S Prabowo
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy J Reinten
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Hoogendijk
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper J Anink
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Martha Feucht
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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102
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Heckers S, Held N, Kronenberg J, Skripuletz T, Bleich A, Gudi V, Stangel M. Investigation of Cuprizone Inactivation by Temperature. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:570-577. [PMID: 28124768 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal models, such as cuprizone (bis-cyclohexanone oxaldihydrazone) feeding, are helpful to study experimental demyelination and remyelination in the context of diseases like multiple sclerosis. Cuprizone is a copper chelator, which when supplemented to the normal food of C57BL/6J mice in a concentration of 0.2% leads to oligodendroglial loss, subsequent microglia and astrocyte activation, resulting in demyelination. Termination of the cuprizone diet results in remyelination, promoted by newly formed mature oligodendrocytes. The exact mode of cuprizone's action is not well understood, and information about its inactivation and cleavage are still not available. The knowledge of these processes could lead to a better understanding of cuprizone's mode of action, as well as a safer handling of this toxin. We therefore performed experiments with the aim to inactivate cuprizone by thermal heating, since it was suggested in the past that cuprizone is heat sensitive. C57BL/6J mice were fed for 4 weeks with 0.2% cuprizone, either thermally pretreated (60, 80, 105, 121 °C) or not heated. In addition, primary rat oligodendrocytes, as a known selective toxic target of cuprizone, were incubated with 350 μM cuprizone solutions, which were either thermally pretreated or not. Our results demonstrate that none of the tested thermal pretreatment conditions could abrogate or restrict the toxic and demyelinating effects of cuprizone, neither in vitro nor in vivo. In conclusion, the current study rebuts the hypothesis of cuprizone as a heat-sensitive compound, as well as the assumption that heat exposure is a reason for an insufficient demyelination of cuprizone-containing pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heckers
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Held
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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103
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Buzzard K, Chan WH, Kilpatrick T, Murray S. Multiple Sclerosis: Basic and Clinical. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:211-252. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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104
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Dulamea AO. The contribution of oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells to central nervous system repair in multiple sclerosis: perspectives for remyelination therapeutic strategies. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1939-1944. [PMID: 29323026 PMCID: PMC5784335 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.221146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodencrocytes (OLs) are the main glial cells of the central nervous system involved in myelination of axons. In multiple sclerosis (MS), there is an imbalance between demyelination and remyelination processes, the last one performed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and OLs, resulting into a permanent demyelination, axonal damage and neuronal loss. In MS lesions, astrocytes and microglias play an important part in permeabilization of blood-brain barrier and initiation of OPCs proliferation. Migration and differentiation of OPCs are influenced by various factors and the process is finalized by insufficient acummulation of OLs into the MS lesion. In relation to all these processes, the author will discuss the potential targets for remyelination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Octaviana Dulamea
- Department of Neurology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
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105
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Dulamea AO. Role of Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in Demyelination, Remyelination and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 958:91-127. [PMID: 28093710 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47861-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS) during development and throughout adulthood. They result from a complex and well controlled process of activation, proliferation, migration and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from the germinative niches of the CNS. In multiple sclerosis (MS), the complex pathological process produces dysfunction and apoptosis of OLs leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. This review attempts to describe the patterns of demyelination in MS, the steps involved in oligodendrogenesis and myelination in healthy CNS, the different pathways leading to OLs and myelin loss in MS, as well as principles involved in restoration of myelin sheaths. Environmental factors and their impact on OLs and pathological mechanisms of MS are also discussed. Finally, we will present evidence about the potential therapeutic targets in re-myelination processes that can be accessed in order to develop regenerative therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Octaviana Dulamea
- Neurology Clinic, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Fundeni Clinical Institute, Building A, Neurology Clinic, Room 201, 022328, Bucharest, Romania.
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106
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Lin X, Zhao T, Walker M, Ding A, Lin S, Cao Y, Zheng J, Liu X, Geng M, Xu XM, Liu S. Transplantation of Pro-Oligodendroblasts, Preconditioned by LPS-Stimulated Microglia, Promotes Recovery After Acute Contusive Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2016; 25:2111-2128. [PMID: 27513556 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x692636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a significant clinical challenge, and to date no effective treatment is available. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) transplantation has been a promising strategy for SCI repair. However, the poor posttransplantation survival and deficiency in differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) are two major challenges that limit the use of OPCs as donor cells. Here we report the generation of an OL lineage population [i.e., pro-oligodendroblasts (proOLs)] that is relatively more mature than OPCs for transplantation after SCI. We found that proOLs responded to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia conditioned medium (L+M) by preserving toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression, improving cell viability, and enhancing the expression of a myelinating OL marker myelin basic protein (MBP), compared to other OL lineage cells exposed to either LPS-stimulated (L+M) or nonstimulated microglia conditioned medium (LM). When L+M-stimulated proOLs were intrathecally delivered through a lumbar puncture after a T10 thoracic contusive SCI, they promoted behavioral recovery, as assessed by the BassoBeattieBresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, stride length, and slips on the grid tests. Histologically, transplantation of L+M proOLs caused a considerable increase in intralesional axon numbers and myelination, and less accumulation of invading macrophages when compared with the vehicle control or OPC transplantation. Thus, transplantation of proOLs, preconditioned by L+M, may offer a better therapeutic potential for SCI than OPCs since the former may have initiated the differentiation process toward OLs prior to transplantation.
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107
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Recovery from Toxic-Induced Demyelination Does Not Require the NG2 Proteoglycan. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163841. [PMID: 27755537 PMCID: PMC5068753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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108
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Colón JM, Torrado AI, Cajigas Á, Santiago JM, Salgado IK, Arroyo Y, Miranda JD. Tamoxifen Administration Immediately or 24 Hours after Spinal Cord Injury Improves Locomotor Recovery and Reduces Secondary Damage in Female Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1696-708. [PMID: 26896212 PMCID: PMC5035917 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a condition with no available cure. The initial physical impact triggers a cascade of molecular and cellular events that generate a nonpermissive environment for cell survival and axonal regeneration. Spinal cord injured patients often arrive at the clinic hours after the initial insult. This indicates the need to study and develop treatments with a long therapeutic window of action and multiactive properties, which target the complex set of events that arise after the initial trauma. We provide evidence that tamoxifen (TAM), a drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration, exerts neuroprotective effects in an animal model when applied up-to 24 h after SCI. We hypothesized that continuous TAM administration will improve functional locomotor recovery by favoring myelin preservation and reducing secondary damage after SCI. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (∼230 g) received a moderate contusion to the thoracic (T9-T10) spinal cord, using the MASCIS impactor device. To determine the therapeutic window available for TAM treatment, rats were implanted with TAM pellets (15 mg) immediately or 24 h after SCI. Locomotor function (Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan open field test, grid walk, and beam crossing tests) was assessed weekly for 35 days post-injury. TAM-treated rats showed significant functional locomotor recovery and improved fine movements when treated immediately or 24 h after SCI. Further, TAM increased white matter preservation and reduced secondary damage caused by astrogliosis, axonal degeneration, and cell death after trauma. These results provide evidence for TAM as a potential therapeutic agent to treat SCI up to 24 h after the trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Colón
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Aranza I. Torrado
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Ámbar Cajigas
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - José M. Santiago
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Carolina Campus, Carolina, Puerto Rico
| | - Iris K. Salgado
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Yaría Arroyo
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Carolina Campus, Carolina, Puerto Rico
| | - Jorge D. Miranda
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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109
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O’Rourke M, Cullen CL, Auderset L, Pitman KA, Achatz D, Gasperini R, Young KM. Evaluating Tissue-Specific Recombination in a Pdgfrα-CreERT2 Transgenic Mouse Line. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162858. [PMID: 27626928 PMCID: PMC5023134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS) platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) is expressed exclusively by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), making the Pdgfrα promoter an ideal tool for directing transgene expression in this cell type. Two Pdgfrα-CreERT2 mouse lines have been generated for this purpose which, when crossed with cre-sensitive reporter mice, allow the temporally restricted labelling of OPCs for lineage-tracing studies. These mice have also been used to achieve the deletion of CNS-specific genes from OPCs. However the ability of Pdgfrα-CreERT2 mice to induce cre-mediated recombination in PDGFRα+ cell populations located outside of the CNS has not been examined. Herein we quantify the proportion of PDGFRα+ cells that become YFP-labelled following Tamoxifen administration to adult Pdgfrα-CreERT2::Rosa26-YFP transgenic mice. We report that the vast majority (>90%) of PDGFRα+ OPCs in the CNS, and a significant proportion of PDGFRα+ stromal cells within the bone marrow (~38%) undergo recombination and become YFP-labelled. However, only a small proportion of the PDGFRα+ cell populations found in the sciatic nerve, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, heart, gastrocnemius muscle, kidney, lung, liver or intestine become YFP-labelled. These data suggest that Pdgfrα-CreERT2 transgenic mice can be used to achieve robust recombination in OPCs, while having a minimal effect on most PDGFRα+ cell populations outside of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O’Rourke
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Carlie L. Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Kimberley A. Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Daniela Achatz
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Robert Gasperini
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Kaylene M. Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
- * E-mail:
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110
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Hughes EG, Appel B. The cell biology of CNS myelination. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 39:93-100. [PMID: 27152449 PMCID: PMC4987163 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelination of axons in the central nervous system results from the remarkable ability of oligodendrocytes to wrap multiple axons with highly specialized membrane. Because myelin membrane grows as it ensheaths axons, cytoskeletal rearrangements that enable ensheathment must be coordinated with myelin production. Because the myelin sheaths of a single oligodendrocyte can differ in thickness and length, mechanisms that coordinate axon ensheathment with myelin growth likely operate within individual oligodendrocyte processes. Recent studies have revealed new information about how assembly and disassembly of actin filaments helps drive the leading edge of nascent myelin membrane around and along axons. Concurrently, other investigations have begun to uncover evidence of communication between axons and oligodendrocytes that can regulate myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Hughes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States.
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111
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Ferrara G, Errede M, Girolamo F, Morando S, Ivaldi F, Panini N, Bendotti C, Perris R, Furlan R, Virgintino D, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Uccelli A. NG2, a common denominator for neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier alteration, and oligodendrocyte precursor response in EAE, plays a role in dendritic cell activation. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:23-42. [PMID: 27026411 PMCID: PMC4911384 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In adult CNS, nerve/glial-antigen 2 (NG2) is expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and is an early marker of pericyte activation in pathological conditions. NG2 could, therefore, play a role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease associated with increased blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, inflammatory infiltrates, and CNS damage. We induced EAE in NG2 knock-out (NG2KO) mice and used laser confocal microscopy immunofluorescence and morphometry to dissect the effect of NG2 KO on CNS pathology. NG2KO mice developed milder EAE than their wild-type (WT) counterparts, with less intense neuropathology associated with a significant improvement in BBB stability. In contrast to WT mice, OPC numbers did not change in NG2KO mice during EAE. Through FACS and confocal microscopy, we found that NG2 was also expressed by immune cells, including T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Assessment of recall T cell responses to the encephalitogen by proliferation assays and ELISA showed that, while WT and NG2KO T cells proliferated equally to the encephalitogenic peptide MOG35-55, NG2KO T cells were skewed towards a Th2-type response. Because DCs could be responsible for this effect, we assessed their expression of IL-12 by PCR and intracellular FACS. IL-12-expressing CD11c+ cells were significantly decreased in MOG35-55-primed NG2KO lymph node cells. Importantly, in WT mice, the proportion of IL-12-expressing cells was significantly lower in CD11c+ NG2- cells than in CD11c+ NG2+ cells. To assess the relevance of NG2 at immune system and CNS levels, we induced EAE in bone-marrow chimeric mice, generated with WT recipients of NG2KO bone-marrow cells and vice versa. Regardless of their original phenotype, mice receiving NG2KO bone marrow developed milder EAE than those receiving WT bone marrow. Our data suggest that NG2 plays a role in EAE not only at CNS/BBB level, but also at immune response level, impacting on DC activation and thereby their stimulation of reactive T cells, through controlling IL-12 expression.
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112
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, an insulating sheath required for the saltatory conduction of electrical impulses along axons. Oligodendrocyte loss results in demyelination, which leads to impaired neurological function in a broad array of diseases ranging from pediatric leukodystrophies and cerebral palsy, to multiple sclerosis and white matter stroke. Accordingly, replacing lost oligodendrocytes, whether by transplanting oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) or by mobilizing endogenous progenitors, holds great promise as a therapeutic strategy for the diseases of central white matter. In this Primer, we describe the molecular events regulating oligodendrocyte development and how our understanding of this process has led to the establishment of methods for producing OPCs and oligodendrocytes from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as directly from somatic cells. In addition, we will discuss the safety of engrafted stem cell-derived OPCs, as well as approaches by which to modulate their differentiation and myelinogenesis in vivo following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Nicholas J Kuypers
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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113
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Osorio MJ, Goldman SA. Glial progenitor cell-based treatment of the childhood leukodystrophies. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:476-88. [PMID: 27170209 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The childhood leukodystrophies comprise a group of hereditary disorders characterized by the absence, malformation or destruction of myelin. These disorders share common clinical, radiological and pathological features, despite their diverse molecular and genetic etiologies. Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are the major affected cell populations, and are either structurally impaired or metabolically compromised through cell-intrinsic pathology, or are the victims of mis-accumulated toxic byproducts of metabolic derangement. In either case, glial cell replacement using implanted tissue or pluripotent stem cell-derived human neural or glial progenitor cells may comprise a promising strategy for both structural remyelination and metabolic rescue. A broad variety of pediatric white matter disorders, including the primary hypomyelinating disorders, the lysosomal storage disorders, and the broader group of non-lysosomal metabolic leukodystrophies, may all be appropriate candidates for glial progenitor cell-based treatment. Nonetheless, a variety of specific challenges remain before this therapeutic strategy can be applied to children. These include timely diagnosis, before irreparable neuronal injury has ensued; understanding the natural history of the targeted disease; defining the optimal cell phenotype for each disorder; achieving safe and scalable cellular compositions; designing age-appropriate controlled clinical trials; and for autologous therapy of genetic disorders, achieving the safe genetic editing of pluripotent stem cells. Yet these challenges notwithstanding, the promise of glial progenitor cell-based treatment of the childhood myelin disorders offers hope to the many victims of this otherwise largely untreatable class of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joana Osorio
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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114
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Hackett AR, Lee DH, Dawood A, Rodriguez M, Funk L, Tsoulfas P, Lee JK. STAT3 and SOCS3 regulate NG2 cell proliferation and differentiation after contusive spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 89:10-22. [PMID: 26804026 PMCID: PMC4785033 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 cells, also known as oligodendrocyte progenitors or polydendrocytes, are a major component of the glial scar that forms after spinal cord injury. NG2 cells react to injury by proliferating around the lesion site and differentiating into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, but the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we tested the role of the transcription factor STAT3, and its suppressor SOCS3, in NG2 cell proliferation and differentiation after spinal cord injury. Using knockout mice in which STAT3 or SOCS3 are genetically deleted specifically in NG2 cells, we found that deletion of STAT3 led to a reduction in oligodendrogenesis, while deletion of SOCS3 led to enhanced proliferation of NG2 cells within the glial scar after spinal cord injury. Additionally, STAT3 and SOCS3 were not required for astrogliogenesis from NG2 cells after spinal cord injury. Interestingly, genetic deletion of STAT3 and SOCS3 did not have opposing effects, suggesting that SOCS3 may have targets other than the STAT3 pathway in NG2 cells after spinal cord injury. Altogether, our data show that both STAT3 and SOCS3 play important, yet unexpected, roles in NG2 cell proliferation and differentiation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Hackett
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Do-Hun Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Abdul Dawood
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Mario Rodriguez
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lucy Funk
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jae K Lee
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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115
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Casamassa A, La Rocca C, Sokolow S, Herchuelz A, Matarese G, Annunziato L, Boscia F. Ncx3 gene ablation impairs oligodendrocyte precursor response and increases susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glia 2016; 64:1124-37. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Casamassa
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine; Federico II University of Naples; Napoli 80131 Italy
| | - Claudia La Rocca
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR); Napoli Italy
| | | | - Andre Herchuelz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles; Brussels Gosselies 6041 Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche; Università di Napoli “Federico II”; Napoli Italy
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine; Federico II University of Naples; Napoli 80131 Italy
- Fondazione IRCSS SDN; Naples Italy
| | - Francesca Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine; Federico II University of Naples; Napoli 80131 Italy
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116
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Crawford AH, Tripathi RB, Richardson WD, Franklin RJM. Developmental Origin of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells Determines Response to Demyelination and Susceptibility to Age-Associated Functional Decline. Cell Rep 2016; 15:761-773. [PMID: 27149850 PMCID: PMC4850420 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) arise from distinct ventral and dorsal domains within the ventricular germinal zones of the embryonic CNS. The functional significance, if any, of these different populations is not known. Using dual-color reporter mice to distinguish ventrally and dorsally derived OPs, we show that, in response to focal demyelination of the young adult spinal cord or corpus callosum, dorsally derived OPs undergo enhanced proliferation, recruitment, and differentiation as compared with their ventral counterparts, making a proportionally larger contribution to remyelination. However, with increasing age (up to 13 months), the dorsally derived OPs become less able to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. Comparison of dorsally and ventrally derived OPs in culture revealed inherent differences in their migration and differentiation capacities. Therefore, the responsiveness of OPs to demyelination, their contribution to remyelination, and their susceptibility to age-associated functional decline are markedly dependent on their developmental site of origin in the developing neural tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe H Crawford
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Richa B Tripathi
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London (UCL), Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK.
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117
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Tognatta R, Miller RH. Contribution of the oligodendrocyte lineage to CNS repair and neurodegenerative pathologies. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:539-547. [PMID: 27108096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the oligodendrocyte lineage as simply a source of myelinating cells in the vertebrate CNS is undergoing radical revision. Elucidation of the origins of oligodendrocytes in the CNS has led to identification of important signaling pathways, the timing and mechanism of lineage commitments and overlapping as well as redundant functionality among oligodendrocytes. The realization that a significant proportion of the oligodendrocyte lineage cells remain in a proliferative and immature state suggests they have roles other than as a reservoir of myelinating cells. While early studies were focused on understanding the development of oligodendrocytes, more recent work has begun to define the role of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in CNS functionality and the identification of new avenues for neural repair. A relatively unexplored aspect of the oligodendrocyte lineage is their contribution either directly or indirectly to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer's disease. Here we briefly consider the potential role of oligodendrocyte lineage cells as mediators of neural repair and neurodegeneration in the vertebrate CNS. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Tognatta
- George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street NW, Ross Hall 709G, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Robert H Miller
- George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye Street NW, Ross Hall 709G, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
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118
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Luo F, Li B. Chronic stress regulates NG2+ cell maturation and myelination in the prefrontal cortex through induction of death receptor 6. Exp Neurol 2016; 277:202-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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119
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Crawford AH, Tripathi RB, Foerster S, McKenzie I, Kougioumtzidou E, Grist M, Richardson WD, Franklin RJM. Pre-Existing Mature Oligodendrocytes Do Not Contribute to Remyelination following Toxin-Induced Spinal Cord Demyelination. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:511-6. [PMID: 26773350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination is the regenerative response to demyelination. Although the oligodendrocyte progenitor is established as the major source of remyelinating cells, there is no conclusive evidence on whether mature, differentiated oligodendrocytes can also contribute to remyelination. Using two different inducible myelin-CreER mouse strains in which mature oligodendrocytes were prelabeled by the expression of membrane-bound Green fluorescent protein, we found that after focal spinal cord demyelination, the surrounding surviving labeled oligodendrocytes did not proliferate but remained at a consistent density. Furthermore, existing (prelabeled) oligodendrocytes showed no evidence of incorporation or migration into the lesioned area, or of process extension from the peripheral margins into the lesion. Thus, mature oligodendrocytes do not normally contribute to remyelination and are therefore not a promising target for regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe H Crawford
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richa B Tripathi
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Foerster
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian McKenzie
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Kougioumtzidou
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Grist
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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120
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Cell Therapy for Pediatric Disorders of Glia. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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121
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Fukushima S, Nishikawa K, Furube E, Muneoka S, Ono K, Takebayashi H, Miyata S. Oligodendrogenesis in the fornix of adult mouse brain; the effect of LPS-induced inflammatory stimulation. Brain Res 2015; 1627:52-69. [PMID: 26385416 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Evidence have been accumulated that continuous oligodendrogenesis occurs in the adult mammalian brain. The fornix, projection and commissure pathway of hippocampal neurons, carries signals from the hippocampus to other parts of the brain and has critical role in memory and learning. However, basic characterization of adult oligodendrogenesis in this brain region is not well understood. In the present study, therefore, we aimed to examine the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and the effect of acute inflammatory stimulation on oligodendrogenesis in the fornix of adult mouse. We demonstrated the proliferation of OPCs and a new generation of mature oligodendrocytes by using bromodeoxyuridine and Ki67 immunohistochemistry. Oligodendrogenesis of adult fornix was also demonstrated by using oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 transgenic mouse. A single systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) attenuated proliferation of OPCs in the fornix together with reduced proliferation of hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells. Time course analysis showed that a single administration of LPS attenuated the proliferation of OPCs during 24-48 h. On the other hand, consecutive administration of LPS did not suppress proliferation of OPCs. The treatment of LPS did not affect differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes. Treatment of a microglia inhibitor minocycline significantly attenuated basal proliferation of OPCs under normal condition. In conclusion, the present study indicates that continuous oligodendrogenesis occurs and a single administration of LPS transiently attenuates proliferation of OPCs without changing differentiation in the fornix of the adult mouse brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Fukushima
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Eriko Furube
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Shiori Muneoka
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Shimogamohangicho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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122
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Monteiro de Castro G, Deja NA, Ma D, Zhao C, Franklin RJM. Astrocyte Activation via Stat3 Signaling Determines the Balance of Oligodendrocyte versus Schwann Cell Remyelination. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2431-40. [PMID: 26193667 PMCID: PMC4597277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination within the central nervous system (CNS) most often is the result of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells differentiating into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. In some cases, however, Schwann cells, the peripheral nervous system myelinating glia, are found remyelinating demyelinated regions of the CNS. The reason for this peripheral type of remyelination in the CNS and what governs it is unknown. Here, we used a conditional astrocytic phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 knockout mouse model to investigate the effect of abrogating astrocyte activation on remyelination after lysolecithin-induced demyelination of spinal cord white matter. We show that oligodendrocyte-mediated remyelination decreases and Schwann cell remyelination increases in lesioned knockout mice in comparison with lesioned controls. Our study shows that astrocyte activation plays a crucial role in the balance between Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte remyelination in the CNS, and provides further insight into remyelination of CNS axons by Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia Monteiro de Castro
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Biosciences, Sao Paulo Federal University, Santos, Brazil
| | - Natalia A Deja
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Ma
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chao Zhao
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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123
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Lineage, fate, and fate potential of NG2-glia. Brain Res 2015; 1638:116-128. [PMID: 26301825 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NG2 cells represent a fourth major glial cell population in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). They arise from discrete germinal zones in mid-gestation embryos and expand to occupy the entire CNS parenchyma. Genetic fate mapping studies have shown that oligodendrocytes and a subpopulation of ventral protoplasmic astrocytes arise from NG2 cells. This review describes recent findings on the fate and fate potential of NG2 cells under physiological and pathological conditions. We discuss age-dependent changes in the fate and fate potential of NG2 cells and possible mechanisms that could be involved in restricting their oligodendrocyte differentiation or fate plasticity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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124
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Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) originate in the ventricular zones (VZs) of the brain and spinal cord and migrate throughout the developing central nervous system (CNS) before differentiating into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs). It is not known whether OPCs or OLs from different parts of the VZ are functionally distinct. OPCs persist in the postnatal CNS, where they continue to divide and generate myelinating OLs at a decreasing rate throughout adult life in rodents. Adult OPCs respond to injury or disease by accelerating their cell cycle and increasing production of OLs to replace lost myelin. They also form synapses with unmyelinated axons and respond to electrical activity in those axons by generating more OLs and myelin locally. This experience-dependent "adaptive" myelination is important in some forms of plasticity and learning, for example, motor learning. We review the control of OL lineage development, including OL population dynamics and adaptive myelination in the adult CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight E Bergles
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, WBSB 1001, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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125
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Küspert M, Wegner M. SomethiNG 2 talk about-Transcriptional regulation in embryonic and adult oligodendrocyte precursors. Brain Res 2015; 1638:167-182. [PMID: 26232072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells that express the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan NG2 represent an inherently heterogeneous population. These so-called NG2-glia are present during development and in the adult CNS, where they are referred to as embryonic oligodendrocyte precursors and adult NG2-glia, respectively. They give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes at all times of life. Over the years much has been learnt about the transcriptional network in embryonic oligodendrocyte precursors, and several transcription factors from the HLH, HMG-domain, zinc finger and homeodomain protein families have been identified as main constituents. Much less is known about the corresponding network in adult NG2-glia. Here we summarize and discuss current knowledge on functions of each of these transcription factor families in NG2-glia, and where possible compare transcriptional regulation in embryonic oligodendrocyte precursors and adult NG2-glia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia (Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Küspert
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen D-91054, Germany.
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, Erlangen D-91054, Germany.
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126
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Dimou L, Gallo V. NG2-glia and their functions in the central nervous system. Glia 2015; 63:1429-51. [PMID: 26010717 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, NG2-glia represent a neural cell population that is distinct from neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. While in the past the main role ascribed to these cells was that of progenitors for oligodendrocytes, in the last years it has become more obvious that they have further functions in the brain. Here, we will discuss some of the most current and highly debated issues regarding NG2-glia: Do these cells represent a heterogeneous population? Can they give rise to different progenies, and does this change under pathological conditions? How do they respond to injury or pathology? What is the role of neurotransmitter signaling between neurons and NG2-glia? We will first give an overview on the developmental origin of NG2-glia, and then discuss whether their distinct properties in different brain regions are the result of environmental influences, or due to intrinsic differences. We will then review and discuss their in vitro differentiation potential and in vivo lineage under physiological and pathological conditions, together with their electrophysiological properties in distinct brain regions and at different developmental stages. Finally, we will focus on their potential to be used as therapeutic targets in demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review article will highlight the importance of NG2-glia not only in the healthy, but also in the diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, 80336, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - V Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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127
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Goldman SA, Nedergaard M, Windrem MS. Modeling cognition and disease using human glial chimeric mice. Glia 2015; 63:1483-93. [PMID: 26010831 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As new methods for producing and isolating human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) have been developed, the disorders of myelin have become especially compelling targets for cell-based therapy. Yet as animal modeling of glial progenitor cell-based therapies has progressed, it has become clear that transplanted hGPCs not only engraft and expand within murine hosts, but dynamically outcompete the resident progenitors so as to ultimately dominate the host brain. The engrafted human progenitor cells proceed to generate parenchymal astrocytes, and when faced with a hypomyelinated environment, oligodendrocytes as well. As a result, the recipient brains may become inexorably humanized with regards to their resident glial populations, yielding human glial chimeric mouse brains. These brains provide us a fundamentally new tool by which to assess the species-specific attributes of glia in modulating human cognition and information processing. In addition, the cellular humanization of these brains permits their use in studying glial infectious and inflammatory disorders unique to humans, and the effects of those disorders on the glial contributions to cognition. Perhaps most intriguingly, by pairing our ability to construct human glial chimeras with the production of patient-specific hGPCs derived from pluripotential stem cells, we may now establish mice in which a substantial proportion of resident glia are both human and disease-derived. These mice in particular may provide us new opportunities for studying the human-specific contributions of glia to psychopathology, as well as to higher cognition. As such, the assessment of human glial chimeric mice may provide us new insight into the species-specific contributions of glia to human cognitive evolution, as well as to the pathogenesis of human neurological and neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martha S Windrem
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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128
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Abstract
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, although this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granular neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet, remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this review, we will review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails and the consequences of its failure; and discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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129
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Sakry D, Yigit H, Dimou L, Trotter J. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells synthesize neuromodulatory factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127222. [PMID: 25966014 PMCID: PMC4429067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2 protein-expressing oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are a persisting and major glial cell population in the adult mammalian brain. Direct synaptic innervation of OPC by neurons throughout the brain together with their ability to sense neuronal network activity raises the question of additional physiological roles of OPC, supplementary to generating myelinating oligodendrocytes. In this study we investigated whether OPC express neuromodulatory factors, typically synthesized by other CNS cell types. Our results show that OPC express two well-characterized neuromodulatory proteins: Prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) and neuronal Pentraxin 2 (Nptx2/Narp). Expression levels of the enzyme PTGDS are influenced in cultured OPC by the NG2 intracellular region which can be released by cleavage and localizes to glial nuclei upon transfection. Furthermore PTGDS mRNA levels are reduced in OPC from NG2-KO mouse brain compared to WT cells after isolation by cell sorting and direct analysis. These results show that OPC can contribute to the expression of these proteins within the CNS and suggest PTGDS expression as a downstream target of NG2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sakry
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (JT); (DS)
| | - Hatice Yigit
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leda Dimou
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Trotter
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55122 Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail: (JT); (DS)
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130
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Lindner M, Thümmler K, Arthur A, Brunner S, Elliott C, McElroy D, Mohan H, Williams A, Edgar JM, Schuh C, Stadelmann C, Barnett SC, Lassmann H, Mücklisch S, Mudaliar M, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Meinl E, Linington C. Fibroblast growth factor signalling in multiple sclerosis: inhibition of myelination and induction of pro-inflammatory environment by FGF9. Brain 2015; 138:1875-93. [PMID: 25907862 PMCID: PMC7185739 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination failure plays an important role in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We now report actively demyelinating lesions in patients with multiple sclerosis are associated with increased glial expression of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9), which we demonstrate inhibits myelination and remyelination in vitro. This inhibitory activity is associated with the appearance of multi-branched ‘pre-myelinating’ MBP+/PLP+ oligodendrocytes that interact with axons but fail to assemble myelin sheaths; an oligodendrocyte phenotype described previously in chronically demyelinated multiple sclerosis lesions. This inhibitory activity is not due to a direct effect of FGF9 on cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage but is mediated by factors secreted by astrocytes. Transcriptional profiling and functional validation studies demonstrate that these include effects dependent on increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-sensitive proteases, enzymes more commonly associated with extracellular matrix remodelling. Further, we found that FGF9 induces expression of Ccl2 and Ccl7, two pro-inflammatory chemokines that contribute to recruitment of microglia and macrophages into multiple sclerosis lesions. These data indicate glial expression of FGF9 can initiate a complex astrocyte-dependent response that contributes to two distinct pathogenic pathways involved in the development of multiple sclerosis lesions. Namely, induction of a pro-inflammatory environment and failure of remyelination; a combination of effects predicted to exacerbate axonal injury and loss in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Lindner
- 1 Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Katja Thümmler
- 1 Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Ariel Arthur
- 1 Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Brunner
- 2 Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Elliott
- 1 Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel McElroy
- 1 Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Hema Mohan
- 3 Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Williams
- 4 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Julia M Edgar
- 1 Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Cornelia Schuh
- 5 Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susan C Barnett
- 1 Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Hans Lassmann
- 5 Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Steve Mücklisch
- 7 Department of Computer Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Manikhandan Mudaliar
- 8 Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- 2 Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edgar Meinl
- 3 Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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131
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Abstract
Adult progenitor cells proliferate in the acutely injured spinal cord and their progeny differentiate into new oligodendrocytes (OLs) that remyelinate spared axons. Whether this endogenous repair continues beyond the first week postinjury (wpi), however, is unknown. Identifying the duration of this response is essential for guiding therapies targeting improved recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI) by enhancing OL survival and/or remyelination. Here, we used two PDGFRα-reporter mouse lines and rats injected with a GFP-retrovirus to assess progenitor fate through 80 d after injury. Surprisingly, new OLs were generated as late as 3 months after injury and their processes ensheathed axons near and distal to the lesion, colocalized with MBP, and abutted Caspr+ profiles, suggesting newly formed myelin. Semithin sections confirmed stereotypical thin OL remyelination and few bare axons at 10 wpi, indicating that demyelination is relatively rare. Astrocytes in chronic tissue expressed the pro-OL differentiation and survival factors CNTF and FGF-2. In addition, pSTAT3+ NG2 cells were present through at least 5 wpi, revealing active signaling of the Jak/STAT pathway in these cells. The progenitor cell fate genes Sox11, Hes5, Id2, Id4, BMP2, and BMP4 were dynamically regulated for at least 4 wpi. Collectively, these data verify that the chronically injured spinal cord is highly dynamic. Endogenous repair, including oligodendrogenesis and remyelination, continues for several months after SCI, potentially in response to growth factors and/or transcription factor changes. Identifying and understanding spontaneous repair processes such as these is important so that beneficial plasticity is not inadvertently interrupted and effort is not exerted to needlessly duplicate ongoing spontaneous repair.
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132
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Sun Y, Lehmbecker A, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Sun W, Rohn K, Tzvetanova ID, Nave KA, Baumgärtner W, Ulrich R. STAT3 represents a molecular switch possibly inducing astroglial instead of oligodendroglial differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:347-70. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Sun
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma; Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma; Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Wenhui Sun
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Iva D. Tzvetanova
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Centre for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
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133
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Adult neural precursor cells from the subventricular zone contribute significantly to oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination. J Neurosci 2015; 34:14128-46. [PMID: 25319708 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3491-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parenchymal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (pOPCs) are considered the principal cell type responsible for oligodendrogenesis and remyelinaton in demyelinating diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that neural precursor cells (NPCs) from the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) can also generate new oligodendrocytes after demyelination. However, the relative contribution of NPCs versus pOPCs to remyelination is unknown. We used in vivo genetic fate mapping to assess the behavior of each progenitor type within the corpus callosi (CCs) of mice subjected to cuprizone-induced demyelination. Nestin-CreER(T2) and Pdgfra-CreER(T2) transgenic mice were crossed with fluorescent Cre reporter strains to map the fate of NPCs and pOPCs respectively. In cuprizone-challenged mice, substantial numbers of NPCs migrated into the demyelinated CC and contributed to oligodendrogenesis. This capacity was most prominent in rostral regions adjacent to the SVZ where NPC-derived oligodendrocytes significantly outnumbered those generated from pOPCs. Sixty-two percent of all nodes of Ranvier in this region were flanked by at least one paranode generated from an NPC-derived oligodendrocyte. Remarkably, g-ratios (ratio of the axon diameter to the diameter of the axon plus myelin sheath) of myelinated axons in regions subject to significant NPC-derived remyelination were equivalent to those of unchallenged controls, and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that NPC-derived myelin was significantly thicker than that generated by pOPCs, regardless of axonal caliber. We also demonstrate that a reduced efficiency of remyelination in the caudal CC was associated with long-term impairment in the maturation of oligodendrogenic NPCs but only transient delay in pOPC differentiation. Collectively, our data define a major distinct role for NPCs in remyelination, identifying them as a key target for enhancing myelin repair in demyelinating diseases.
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134
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A competitive advantage by neonatally engrafted human glial progenitors yields mice whose brains are chimeric for human glia. J Neurosci 2015; 34:16153-61. [PMID: 25429155 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1510-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatally transplanted human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) densely engraft and myelinate the hypomyelinated shiverer mouse. We found that, in hGPC-xenografted mice, the human donor cells continue to expand throughout the forebrain, systematically replacing the host murine glia. The differentiation of the donor cells is influenced by the host environment, such that more donor cells differentiated as oligodendrocytes in the hypomyelinated shiverer brain than in myelin wild-types, in which hGPCs were more likely to remain as progenitors. Yet in each recipient, both the number and relative proportion of mouse GPCs fell as a function of time, concomitant with the mitotic expansion and spread of donor hGPCs. By a year after neonatal xenograft, the forebrain GPC populations of implanted mice were largely, and often entirely, of human origin. Thus, neonatally implanted hGPCs outcompeted and ultimately replaced the host population of mouse GPCs, ultimately generating mice with a humanized glial progenitor population. These human glial chimeric mice should permit us to define the specific contributions of glia to a broad variety of neurological disorders, using human cells in vivo.
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135
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Nadella R, Voutilainen MH, Saarma M, Gonzalez-Barrios JA, Leon-Chavez BA, Jiménez JMD, Jiménez SHD, Escobedo L, Martinez-Fong D. Transient transfection of human CDNF gene reduces the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuroinflammation in the rat substantia nigra. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:209. [PMID: 25511018 PMCID: PMC4275959 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-inflammatory effect of the cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) was shown recently in primary glial cell cultures, yet such effect remains unknown both in vivo and in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) models of Parkinson's disease (PD). We addressed this issue by performing an intranigral transfection of the human CDNF (hCDNF) gene in the critical period of inflammation after a single intrastriatal 6-OHDA injection in the rat. METHODS At day 15 after lesion, the plasmids p3xNBRE-hCDNF or p3xNBRE-EGFP, coding for enhanced green florescent protein (EGFP), were transfected into the rat substantia nigra (SN) using neurotensin (NTS)-polyplex. At day 15 post-transfection, we measured nitrite and lipoperoxide levels in the SN. We used ELISA to quantify the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, endogenous rat CDNF (rCDNF) and hCDNF. We also used qRT-PCR to measure rCDNF and hCDNF transcripts, and immunofluorescence assays to evaluate iNOS, CDNF and glial cells (microglia, astrocytes and Neuron/Glial type 2 (NG2) cells). Intact SNs were additional controls. RESULTS In the SN, 6-OHDA triggered nitrosative stress, increased inflammatory cytokines levels, and activated the multipotent progenitor NG2 cells, which convert into astrocytes to produce rCDNF. In comparison with the hemiparkinsonian rats that were transfected with the EGFP gene or without transfection, 6-OHDA treatment and p3xNBRE-hCDNF transfection increased the conversion of NG2 cells into astrocytes resulting in 4-fold increase in the rCDNF protein levels. The overexpressed CDNF reduced nitrosative stress, glial markers and IL-6 levels in the SN, but not TNF-α and IL-1β levels. CONCLUSION Our results show the anti-inflammatory effect of CDNF in a 6-OHDA rat of Parkinson's disease. Our results also suggest the possible participation of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in rCDNF production by astrocytes, supporting their anti-inflammatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasajna Nadella
- Programa de Doctorado en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, DF, México. .,Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias; CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, DF, México.
| | - Merja H Voutilainen
- Institute of Biotechnology, PO Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, PO Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Juan A Gonzalez-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Hospital Regional '1° de Octubre', ISSSTE, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 1667, Magdalena de las Salinas, CP 02800, México, DF, México.
| | - Bertha A Leon-Chavez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Avenida San Claudio S/N, Ciudad Universitaria Edif. 105A, CP 72570, Puebla, PUE, México.
| | - Judith M Dueñas Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Juárez 976, Colonia Centro, CP 44100, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Sergio H Dueñas Jiménez
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Juárez 976, Colonia Centro, CP 44100, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Lourdes Escobedo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias; CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, DF, México.
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Programa de Doctorado en Nanociencias y Nanotecnología; CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, DF, México. .,Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias; CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, CP 07360, México, DF, México.
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136
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Mohan H, Friese A, Albrecht S, Krumbholz M, Elliott CL, Arthur A, Menon R, Farina C, Junker A, Stadelmann C, Barnett SC, Huitinga I, Wekerle H, Hohlfeld R, Lassmann H, Kuhlmann T, Linington C, Meinl E. Transcript profiling of different types of multiple sclerosis lesions yields FGF1 as a promoter of remyelination. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:168. [PMID: 25589163 PMCID: PMC4359505 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0168-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic demyelination is a pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). Only a minority of MS lesions remyelinates completely. Enhancing remyelination is, therefore, a major aim of future MS therapies. Here we took a novel approach to identify factors that may inhibit or support endogenous remyelination in MS. We dissected remyelinated, demyelinated active, and demyelinated inactive white matter MS lesions, and compared transcript levels of myelination and inflammation-related genes using quantitative PCR on customized TaqMan Low Density Arrays. In remyelinated lesions, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 was the most abundant of all analyzed myelination-regulating factors, showed a trend towards higher expression as compared to demyelinated lesions and was significantly higher than in control white matter. Two MS tissue blocks comprised lesions with adjacent de- and remyelinated areas and FGF1 expression was higher in the remyelinated rim compared to the demyelinated lesion core. In functional experiments, FGF1 accelerated developmental myelination in dissociated mixed cultures and promoted remyelination in slice cultures, whereas it decelerated differentiation of purified primary oligodendrocytes, suggesting that promotion of remyelination by FGF1 is based on an indirect mechanism. The analysis of human astrocyte responses to FGF1 by genome wide expression profiling showed that FGF1 induced the expression of the chemokine CXCL8 and leukemia inhibitory factor, two factors implicated in recruitment of oligodendrocytes and promotion of remyelination. Together, this study presents a transcript profiling of remyelinated MS lesions and identified FGF1 as a promoter of remyelination. Modulation of FGF family members might improve myelin repair in MS.
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137
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Chew LJ, DeBoy CA, Senatorov VV. Finding degrees of separation: experimental approaches for astroglial and oligodendroglial cell isolation and genetic targeting. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 236:125-47. [PMID: 25169049 PMCID: PMC4171043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The study of CNS glial cell function requires experimental methods to detect, purify, and manipulate each cell population with fidelity and specificity. With the identification and cloning of cell- and stage-specific markers, glial cell analysis techniques have grown beyond physical methods of tissue dissociation and cell culture, and become highly specific with immunoselection of cell cultures in vitro and genetic targeting in vivo. The unique plasticity of glial cells offers the potential for cell replacement therapies in neurological disease that utilize neural cells derived from transplanted neural stem and progenitor cells. In this mini-review, we outline general physical and genetic approaches for macroglial cell generation. We summarize cell culture methods to obtain astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and their precursors, from developing and adult tissue, as well as approaches to obtain human neural progenitor cells through the establishment of stem cells. We discuss popular targeting rodent strains designed for cell-specific detection, selection and manipulation of neuroglial cell progenitors and their committed progeny. Based on shared markers between astrocytes and stem cells, we discuss genetically modified mouse strains with overlapping expression, and highlight SOX-expressing strains available for targeting of stem and progenitor cell populations. We also include recently established mouse strains for detection, and tag-assisted RNA and miRNA analysis. This discussion aims to provide a brief overview of the rapidly expanding collection of experimental approaches and genetic resources for the isolation and targeting of macroglial cells, their sources, progeny and gene products to facilitate our understanding of their properties and potential application in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chew
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Cynthia A DeBoy
- Biology Department, Trinity Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Vladimir V Senatorov
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States
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138
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Peng L, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. EDITORIAL Neuroglia as a Central Element of Neurological Diseases: An Underappreciated Target for Therapeutic Intervention. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:303-7. [PMID: 25342938 PMCID: PMC4207070 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12999140829152550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglia of the central nervous system (CNS), represented by cells of neural (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and NG2 glial cells) and myeloid (microglia) origins are fundamental for homeostasis of the nervous tissue. Astrocytes are critical for the development of the CNS, they are indispensable for synaptogenesis, and they define structural organisation of the nervous tissue, as well as the generation and maintenance of CNS-blood and cerebrospinal fluid-blood barriers. Astroglial cells control homeostasis of ions and neurotransmitters and provide neurones with metabolic support. Oligodendrocytes, through the process of myelination, as well as by homoeostatic support of axons provide for interneuronal connectivity. The NG2 cells receive direct synaptic inputs, and might be important elements of adult remyelination. Microglial cells, which originate from foetal macrophages invading the brain early in embryogenesis, shape the synaptic connections through removing of redundant synapses and phagocyting apoptotic neurones. Neuroglia also form the defensive system of the CNS through complex and context-specific programmes of activation, known as reactive gliosis. Many neurological diseases are associated with neurogliopathologies represented by asthenic and atrophic changes in glial cells that, through the loss or diminution of their homeostatic and defensive functions, assist evolution of pathology. Conceptually, neurological and psychiatric disorders can be regarded as failures of neuroglial homeostatic/
defensive responses, and, hence, glia represent a (much underappreciated) target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA ; Department of Biotechnology, University or Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain ; University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
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139
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The contribution of immune and glial cell types in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2014; 2014:285245. [PMID: 25374694 PMCID: PMC4211315 DOI: 10.1155/2014/285245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterised by widespread areas of focal demyelination. Its aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear despite substantial insights gained through studies of animal models, most notably experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is widely believed to be immune-mediated and pathologically attributable to myelin-specific autoreactive CD4+ T cells. In recent years, MS research has expanded beyond its focus on CD4+ T cells to recognise the contributions of multiple immune and glial cell types to the development, progression, and amelioration of the disease. This review summarises evidence of T and B lymphocyte, natural killer cell, macrophage/microglial, astrocytic, and oligodendroglial involvement in both EAE and MS and the intercommunication and influence of each cell subset in the inflammatory process. Despite important advances in the understanding of the involvement of these cell types in MS, many questions still remain regarding the various subsets within each cell population and their exact contribution to different stages of the disease.
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140
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Age-dependent redistribution and hypersialylation of the central myelin paranodal loop membrane protein Opalin in the mouse brain. Neurosci Lett 2014; 581:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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141
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Neural stem cells in the adult spinal cord. Exp Neurol 2014; 260:44-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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142
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Crawford A, Stockley J, Tripathi R, Richardson W, Franklin R. Oligodendrocyte progenitors: Adult stem cells of the central nervous system? Exp Neurol 2014; 260:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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143
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Robinson AP, Rodgers JM, Goings GE, Miller SD. Characterization of oligodendroglial populations in mouse demyelinating disease using flow cytometry: clues for MS pathogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107649. [PMID: 25247590 PMCID: PMC4172589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing and enumerating cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage (OLCs) is crucial for understanding demyelination and therapeutic benefit in models of demyelinating disease in the central nervous system. Here we describe a novel method for the rapid, unbiased analysis of mouse OLCs using flow cytometry. The assay was optimized to maximize viable yield of OLCs and maintain OLC antigen integrity. Panels of antibodies were assembled for simultaneous analysis of seven antigens on individual cells allowing for characterization of oligodendroglial cells throughout the lineage. We verified the utility of the assay with cultured OLCs and through a time course of developmental myelination. Next we employed the assay to characterize OLC populations in two well-characterized models of demyelination: cuprizone-induced demyelination and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In EAE we observed a dramatic loss of mature oligodendrocytes coincident with a dramatic expansion of oligodendrocyte progenitors cells (OPCs) at the onset of disease suggesting an attempt of the host to repair myelin. This expanded OPC pool was maintained through remission and relapse suggesting an arrest in differentiation in the face of the chronic autoimmune T cell-mediated inflammatory response. These robust, reproducible changes in OLCs through disease provide a rapid quantitative global analysis of myelin-producing cells in the adult mouse brain and important information regarding effects of disease on oligodendroglial proliferation/differentiation which is useful for defining the pathogenesis and therapy of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jane M. Rodgers
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn E. Goings
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Exclusively neuron-centric approaches to neuropathological mechanisms have not resulted in major new breakthroughs in the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present paper, we review the role of glia in neurodegeneration in an attempt to identify novel targets that could be used to develop much-needed strategies for the containment and cure of neurodegenerative disorders. We discuss this in the context of glial roles in the homoeostasis and defence of the brain. We consider the mounting evidence supporting a change away from the perception of reactive glial responses merely as secondary detrimental processes that exacerbate the course of neurological disorders, in favour of an emerging contemporary view of glial pathological responses as complex and multistaged defensive processes that also have the potential for dysfunction.
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145
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Merson TD, Bourne JA. Endogenous neurogenesis following ischaemic brain injury: insights for therapeutic strategies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:4-19. [PMID: 25128862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is among the most common yet most intractable types of central nervous system (CNS) injury in the adult human population. In the acute stages of disease, neurons in the ischaemic lesion rapidly die and other neuronal populations in the ischaemic penumbra are vulnerable to secondary injury. Multiple parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. Accumulating evidence indicates that cerebral ischaemia initiates an endogenous regenerative response within the adult brain that potentiates adult neurogenesis from populations of neural stem and progenitor cells. A major research focus has been to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the potentiation of adult neurogenesis and to appreciate how interventions designed to modulate these processes could enhance neural regeneration in the post-ischaemic brain. In this review, we highlight recent advances over the last 5 years that help unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms that potentiate endogenous neurogenesis following cerebral ischaemia and are dissecting the functional importance of this regenerative mechanism following brain injury. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Merson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Level 1 North STRIP 1, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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146
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V. Neurological and psychiatric disorders as a neuroglial failure. PERIOD BIOL 2014; 116:115-124. [PMID: 25544781 PMCID: PMC4276339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuroglia are a diverse non-neuronal population of cells in the central and peripheral nervous system. These cells have a variety of functions that can all be summed up as the maintenance of homeostasis of the nervous system. It is the loss of homeostasis that represents the culprit of all disorders. Thus, neuroglia can be envisioned as the pivotal element in all neural disorders, be that neurological or psychiatric. In this review, we discuss the role of glia in homeostasis and defence of the nervous system as well as changes in the morpho-functional characteristics of these cells in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK ; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain ; University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA ; Department of Biotechnology, University or Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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147
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Nishiyama A, Suzuki R, Zhu X. NG2 cells (polydendrocytes) in brain physiology and repair. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:133. [PMID: 25018689 PMCID: PMC4072963 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
NG2 cells, also referred to as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) or polydendrocytes, represent a major resident glial cell population that is distinct from mature astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and neural stem cells and exist throughout the gray and white matter of the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS). While their most established fate is the oligodendrocyte, they retain lineage plasticity in an age- and region-specific manner. During development, they contribute to 36% of protoplasmic astrocytes in the ventral forebrain. Despite intense investigation on the neuronal fate of NG2 cells, there is no definitive evidence that they contribute substantially to the neuronal population. NG2 cells have attributes that suggest that they have functions other than to generate oligodendrocytes, but their exact role in the neural network remains unknown. Under pathological states, NG2 cells not only contribute to myelin repair, but they become activated in response to a wide variety of insults and could play a primary role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Ryusuke Suzuki
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut Storrs, CT, USA
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148
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Oliver-De La Cruz J, Carrión-Navarro J, García-Romero N, Gutiérrez-Martín A, Lázaro-Ibáñez E, Escobedo-Lucea C, Perona R, Belda-Iniesta C, Ayuso-Sacido A. SOX2+ cell population from normal human brain white matter is able to generate mature oligodendrocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99253. [PMID: 24901457 PMCID: PMC4047120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A number of neurodegenerative diseases progress with a loss of myelin, which makes them candidate diseases for the development of cell-replacement therapies based on mobilisation or isolation of the endogenous neural/glial progenitor cells, in vitro expansion, and further implantation. Cells expressing A2B5 or PDGFRA/CNP have been isolated within the pool of glial progenitor cells in the subcortical white matter of the normal adult human brain, all of which demonstrate glial progenitor features. However, the heterogeneity and differentiation potential of this pool of cells is not yet well established. METHODS We used diffusion tensor images, histopathology, and immunostaining analysis to demonstrate normal cytoarchitecture and the absence of abnormalities in human temporal lobe samples from patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. These samples were used to isolate and enrich glial progenitor cells in vitro, and later to detect such cells in vivo. RESULTS We have identified a subpopulation of SOX2+ cells, most of them co-localising with OLIG2, in the white matter of the normal adult human brain in vivo. These cells can be isolated and enriched in vitro, where they proliferate and generate immature (O4+) and mature (MBP+) oligodendrocytes and, to a lesser extent, astrocytes (GFAP+). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the existence of a new glial progenitor cell subpopulation that expresses SOX2 in the white matter of the normal adult human brain. These cells might be of use for tissue regeneration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Oliver-De La Cruz
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) and Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Hospital de Madrid Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Carrión-Navarro
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) and Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Hospital de Madrid Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí García-Romero
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados IMDEA nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elisa Lázaro-Ibáñez
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) and Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Hospital de Madrid Foundation, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Biopharmaceuticals and Pharmacokinetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carmen Escobedo-Lucea
- Division of Biopharmaceuticals and Pharmacokinetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rosario Perona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristobal Belda-Iniesta
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) and Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Hospital de Madrid Foundation, Madrid, Spain
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados IMDEA nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Centro Integral Oncológico Clara Campal (CIOCC) and Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Hospital de Madrid Foundation, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Biopharmaceuticals and Pharmacokinetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados IMDEA nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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149
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Boda E, Buffo A. Beyond cell replacement: unresolved roles of NG2-expressing progenitors. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:122. [PMID: 24904264 PMCID: PMC4033196 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NG2-expressing parenchymal precursors (NG2+p) serve as primary source of myelinating oligodendrocytes in both the developing and adult Central Nervous System (CNS). However, their abundance, limited differentiation potential at adult stages along with stereotypic reaction to injury independent of the extent of myelin loss suggest that NG2+p exert functions additional to myelin production. In support of this view, NG2+p express a complex battery of molecules known to exert neuromodulatory and neuroprotective functions. Further, they establish intimate physical associations with the other CNS cell types, receive functional synaptic contacts and possess ion channels apt to constantly sense the electrical activity of surrounding neurons. These latter features could endow NG2+p with the capability to affect neuronal functions with potential homeostatic outcomes. Here we summarize and discuss current evidence favoring the view that NG2+p can participate in circuit formation, modulate neuronal activity and survival in the healthy and injured CNS, and propose perspectives for studies that may complete our understanding of NG2+p roles in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin Turin, Italy
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150
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Glial cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2014; 262 Pt B:111-20. [PMID: 24859452 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For more than twenty years glial cells have been implicated in the pathogenetic cascades for genetic and sporadic forms of ALS. The biological role of glia, including the principal CNS glia, astroglia and oligodendroglia, as well as the myeloid derived microglia, has uniformly led to converging data sets that implicate these diverse cells in the degeneration of neurons in ALS. Originating as studies in postmortem human brain implicating astroglia, the research progressed to strongly implicate microglia and contributors to CNS injury in all forms of ALS. Most recently and unexpectedly, oligodendroglia have also been shown in animal model systems and human brain to play an early role in the dysfunction and death of ALS neurons. These studies have identified a number of diverse cellular cascades that could be, or have already been, the target of therapeutic interventions. Understanding the temporal and regional role of these cells and the magnitude of their contribution will be important for future interventions. Employing markers of these cell types may also allow for future important patient subgrouping and pharmacodynamic drug development tools.
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