101
|
Rodell CB, Arlauckas SP, Cuccarese MF, Garris CS, Li R, Ahmed MS, Kohler RH, Pittet MJ, Weissleder R. TLR7/8-agonist-loaded nanoparticles promote the polarization of tumour-associated macrophages to enhance cancer immunotherapy. Nat Biomed Eng 2018; 2:578-588. [PMID: 31015631 PMCID: PMC6192054 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-018-0236-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant in many cancers, and often display an immune-suppressive M2-like phenotype that fosters tumour growth and promotes resistance to therapy. Yet macrophages are highly plastic and can also acquire an anti-tumourigenic M1-like phenotype. Here, we show that R848, an agonist of the toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR7 and TLR8 identified in a morphometric-based screen, is a potent driver of the M1 phenotype in vitro and that R848-loaded β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles (CDNPs) lead to efficient drug delivery to TAMs in vivo. As a monotherapy, the administration of CDNP-R848 in multiple tumour models in mice altered the functional orientation of the tumour immune microenvironment towards an M1 phenotype, leading to controlled tumour growth and protecting the animals against tumour rechallenge. When used in combination with the immune checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1, we observed improved immunotherapy response rates, also in a tumour model resistant to anti-PD-1 therapy. Our findings demonstrate the ability of rationally engineered drug–nanoparticle combinations to efficiently modulate TAMs for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
102
|
Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:391-412. [PMID: 29730580 PMCID: PMC7106078 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed. TLRs are first described PRRs that revolutionized the biology of host-pathogen interaction and immune response The discovery of different TLRs in humans proved milestone in the field of innate immunity and inflammation The pattern of expression of all the TLRs expressed by human immune cells An association of various TLR SNPs with different inflammatory diseases Currently available drugs or vaccines based on TLRs and their future in drug targeting along with the role in reproduction, and regeneration
Collapse
|
103
|
TLR7 Agonists Display Potent Antiviral Effects against Norovirus Infection via Innate Stimulation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018. [PMID: 29530841 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02417-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus infections are a significant health and economic burden globally, accounting for hundreds of millions of cases of acute gastroenteritis every year. In the absence of an approved norovirus vaccine, there is an urgent need to develop antivirals to treat chronic infections and provide prophylactic therapy to limit viral spread during epidemics and pandemics. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been explored widely for their antiviral potential, and several are progressing through clinical trials for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and as adjuvants for norovirus viruslike particle (VLP) vaccines. However, norovirus therapies in development are largely direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) with fewer compounds that target the host. Our aim was to assess the antiviral potential of TLR7 agonist immunomodulators on norovirus infection using the murine norovirus (MNV) and human Norwalk replicon models. TLR7 agonists R-848, Gardiquimod, GS-9620, R-837, and loxoribine were screened using a plaque reduction assay, and each displayed inhibition of MNV replication (50% effective concentrations [EC50s], 23.5 nM, 134.4 nM, 0.59 μM, 1.5 μM, and 79.4 μM, respectively). RNA sequencing of TLR7-stimulated cells revealed a predominant upregulation of innate immune response genes and interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) that are known to drive an antiviral state. Furthermore, the combination of R-848 and the nucleoside analogue (NA) 2'C-methylcytidine elicited a synergistic antiviral effect against MNV, demonstrating that combinational therapy of host modulators and DAAs might be used to reduce drug cytotoxicity. In summary, we have identified that TLR7 agonists display potent inhibition of norovirus replication and are a therapeutic option to combat norovirus infections.
Collapse
|
104
|
Bayik D, Tross D, Klinman DM. Factors Influencing the Differentiation of Human Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Into Inflammatory Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:608. [PMID: 29632539 PMCID: PMC5879147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mMDSC) accumulate within tumors where they create an immunosuppressive milieu that inhibits the activity of cytotoxic T and NK cells thereby allowing cancers to evade immune elimination. The toll-like receptors 7/8 agonist R848 induces human mMDSC to mature into inflammatory macrophage (MACinflam). This work demonstrates that TNFα, IL-6, and IL-10 produced by maturing mMDSC are critical to the generation of MACinflam. Neutralizing any one of these cytokines significantly inhibits R848-dependent mMDSC differentiation. mMDSC cultured in pro-inflammatory cytokine IFNγ or the combination of TNFα plus IL-6 differentiate into MACinflam more efficiently than those treated with R848. These mMDSC-derived macrophages exert anti-tumor activity by killing cancer cells. RNA-Seq analysis of the genes expressed when mMDSC differentiate into MACinflam indicates that TNFα and the transcription factors NF-κB and STAT4 are major hubs regulating this process. These findings support the clinical evaluation of R848, IFNγ, and/or TNFα plus IL-6 for intratumoral therapy of established cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Defne Bayik
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Debra Tross
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
Palmer CR, Jacobson ME, Fedorova O, Pyle AM, Wilson JT. Environmentally Triggerable Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I Agonists Using Synthetic Polymer Overhangs. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:742-747. [PMID: 29350913 PMCID: PMC6407425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that potently activates antiviral innate immunity upon recognition of 5' triphosphorylated double-stranded RNA (pppRNA). Accordingly, RNA ligands of the RIG-I pathway have recently emerged as promising antiviral agents, vaccine adjuvants, and cancer immunotherapeutics. However, RIG-I is expressed constitutively in virtually all cell types, and therefore administration of RIG-I agonists causes risk for systemic inflammation and possible dose-limiting toxicities. Here, we establish proof-of-concept and initial design criteria for pppRNA prodrugs capable of activating the RIG-I pathway in response to specific environmental stimuli. We show that covalent conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to the 3' end of the complementary strand, i.e., on the same side but opposite strand as the 5' triphosphate group, can generate a synthetic overhang that prevents RIG-I activation. Additionally, conjugation of PEG through a cleavable linker-here, a reducible disulfide bond-allows for removal of the synthetic overhang and restoration of immunostimulatory activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that blockade of RIG-I activation via synthetic overhangs is dependent on PEG molecular weight, with a critical molecular weight between 550 and 1000 Da required to inhibit activity. Additionally, we demonstrate that blockade of RIG-I activity is conjugation site-dependent, as ligation of PEG to the opposite end of the RNA did not influence ligand activity. Collectively, this work demonstrates that conjugation of synthetic polymer overhangs to pppRNA through cleavable linkers is a viable strategy for the development of environmentally triggerable RIG-I-targeting prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R. Palmer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Max E. Jacobson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Anna M. Pyle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology; Yale University New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University
| | - John T. Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology; Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation; Vanderbilt University
| |
Collapse
|
106
|
Burt AJ, Hantho JD, Nielsen AE, Mancini RJ. An Enzyme-Directed Imidazoquinoline Activated by Drug Resistance. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2184-2188. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Burt
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, 1470 East College Avenue, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Joseph D. Hantho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, 1470 East College Avenue, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Amy E. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, 1470 East College Avenue, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Rock J. Mancini
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, 1470 East College Avenue, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Pearson FE, Chang K, Minoda Y, Rojas IML, Haigh OL, Daraj G, Tullett KM, Radford KJ. Activation of human CD141 + and CD1c + dendritic cells in vivo with combined TLR3 and TLR7/8 ligation. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:390-400. [PMID: 29344995 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells are valuable models to study aspects of the human immune system in vivo. We describe a humanized mouse model (hu mice) in which fully functional human CD141+ and CD1c+ myeloid and CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) develop from human cord blood CD34+ cells in immunodeficient mice. CD141+ DC are the human equivalents of murine CD8+ /CD103+ DC which are essential for the induction of tumor-inhibitory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, making them attractive targets to exploit for the development of new cancer immunotherapies. We used CD34+ -engrafted NSG-A2 mice to investigate activation of DC subsets by synthetic dsRNA or ssRNA analogs polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid/poly I:C and Resiquimod/R848, agonists for TLR3 and TLR8, respectively, both of which are expressed by CD141+ DC. Injection of hu mice with these agonists resulted in upregulation of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD83 and CD86 by CD141+ and CD1c+ DC alike, and their combination further enhanced expression of these molecules by both subsets. When combined, poly I:C and R848 enhanced serum levels of key cytokines associated with cross-presentation and the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses including IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-12 and CXCL10. These data advocate a combination of poly I:C and R848 TLR agonists as means of activating human DC for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Pearson
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karshing Chang
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yoshihito Minoda
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Leal Rojas
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Oscar L Haigh
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ghazal Daraj
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsteen M Tullett
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Angelini C, Varano B, Puddu P, Fiori M, Baldassarre A, Masotti A, Gessani S, Conti L. Direct and Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Mediated Effects of TLR8 Triggering on Human Dendritic Cells, CD14 +CD16 + Monocytes and γδ T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1813. [PMID: 29312324 PMCID: PMC5743793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)7/8 plays a crucial role in host recognition/response to viruses and its mucosal expression directly correlates with intestinal inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TLR7/8 stimulation of intestinal epithelium in shaping the phenotype and functions of innate immunity cell subsets, and to define direct and/or epithelial cell-mediated mechanisms of the TLR7/8 agonist R848 immunomodulatory activity. We describe novel, TLR8-mediated, pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of R848 on ex vivo cultured human blood monocytes and γδ T lymphocytes, either induced by direct immune cell stimulation or mediated by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Apical stimulation with R848 led to its transport across normal polarized epithelial cell monolayer and resulted in the inhibition of monocyte differentiation toward immunostimulatory dendritic cells and Th1 type response. Furthermore, γδ T lymphocyte activation was promoted following direct exposure of these cells to the agonist. Conversely, a selective enrichment of the CD14+CD16+ monocyte subpopulation was observed, which required a CCL2-mediated inflammatory response of normal epithelial cells to R848. Of note, a TLR-mediated activation of control γδ T lymphocytes was promoted by inflamed intestinal epithelium from active Crohn's disease patients. This study unravels a novel regulatory mechanism linking the activation of the TLR8 pathway in IEC to the monocyte-mediated inflammatory response, and highlights the capacity of the TLR7/8 agonist R848 to directly enhance the activation of γδ T lymphocytes. Overall these results expand the range of cell targets and immune responses controlled by TLR8 triggering that may contribute to the antiviral response, to chronic inflammation, as well as to the adjuvant activity of TLR8 agonists, highlighting the role of intestinal epithelium microenvironment in shaping TLR agonist-induced responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Angelini
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Varano
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Puddu
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fiori
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Masotti
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, Research Laboratories, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Conti
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Carignan D, Herblot S, Laliberté-Gagné MÈ, Bolduc M, Duval M, Savard P, Leclerc D. Activation of innate immunity in primary human cells using a plant virus derived nanoparticle TLR7/8 agonist. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 14:2317-2327. [PMID: 29128662 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rod-shaped virus-like nanoparticles (VLNP) made of papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) coat proteins (CP) self-assembled around a single stranded RNA (ssRNA) were showed to be a TLR7 agonist. Their utilization as an immune modulator in cancer immunotherapy was shown to be promising. To establish a clinical relevance in human for PapMV VLNP, we showed that stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with VLNP induces the secretion of interferon alpha (IFNα) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were activated and secreted IFN-α upon VLNP exposure. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells upregulate maturation markers and produce IL-6 in response to PapMV VLNP stimulation, which suggests the activation of TLR8. Finally, when co-cultured with NK cells, PapMV induced pDCs promoted the NK cytolytic activity against cancer cells. These data obtained with primary human immune cells further strengthen the clinical relevance of PapMV VLNPs as a cancer immunotherapy agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Carignan
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, PQ, Canada
| | - Sabine Herblot
- Unité de recherche en hémato-oncologie Charles-Bruneau, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Laliberté-Gagné
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, PQ, Canada
| | - Marilène Bolduc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, PQ, Canada
| | - Michel Duval
- Unité de recherche en hémato-oncologie Charles-Bruneau, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Savard
- Neurosciences, Laval University, Québec City, PQ, Canada
| | - Denis Leclerc
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, PQ, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Bell J, Dymond M, Biffen M, Delaney S, Keeling D, Zhang H, Robinson I. Temporal cytokine and lymphoid responses to an inhaled TLR7 antedrug agonist in the cynomolgus monkey demonstrates potential safety and tolerability of this approach. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 338:9-19. [PMID: 29122671 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AZD8848 is a TLR7 agonist antedrug developed for administration by inhalation dosing for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as asthma. Allergic asthma is associated with increased levels of Th2 cytokines which are suppressed for extended periods by TLR7 agonists in a number of preclinical models of allergic airway inflammation. However, TLRs form a central part of innate immunity and their activation often results in proinflammatory responses. Whilst AZD8848's antedrug mechanism is designed to restrict its pharmacological action beyond the lung, the effect of chronic, supramaximal dosing to the target tissue has yet to be defined. To support clinical development of this potentially disease modifying approach the nonclinical safety and pharmacodynamics of AZD8848 were evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys in studies examining single or multiple weekly inhaled doses. Here we show that following a single dose nearly all responses returned to baseline within a week. During multiple dosing serum biomarkers were quantified over the dosing period and indicated a limited systemic response. The dose at which maximal interferon responses were seen was dependent on dose. Thorough histopathological examination revealed a dose related increase of size and cells of lymphoid tissues in the lung and nose. Local lymphoid responses were recovered after the treatment free period. These studies are the first to evaluate safety of an inhaled TLR7 agonist and demonstrate AZD8848 is safe with a no observed adverse effect level at 26μg/kg allowing progression to man with weekly inhalation dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Bell
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mike Dymond
- Plus-Project Ltd, Alderley Park, Cheshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Biffen
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Delaney
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Keeling
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hui Zhang
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ian Robinson
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Sato-Kaneko F, Yao S, Ahmadi A, Zhang SS, Hosoya T, Kaneda MM, Varner JA, Pu M, Messer KS, Guiducci C, Coffman RL, Kitaura K, Matsutani T, Suzuki R, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Cohen EE. Combination immunotherapy with TLR agonists and checkpoint inhibitors suppresses head and neck cancer. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93397. [PMID: 28931759 PMCID: PMC5621908 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the majority of patients do not benefit from these agents. To improve the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors, intratumoral (i.t.) injection with innate immune activators, TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, were tested along with programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) blockade. The combination therapy suppressed tumor growth at the primary injected and distant sites in human papillomavirus-negative (HPV-negative) SCC7 and MOC1, and HPV-positive MEER syngeneic mouse models. Abscopal effects and suppression of secondary challenged tumor suggest that local treatment with TLR agonists in combination with anti-PD-1 provided systemic adaptive immunity. I.t. treatment with a TLR7 agonist increased the ratio of M1 to M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and promoted the infiltration of tumor-specific IFNγ-producing CD8+ T cells. Anti-PD-1 treatment increased T cell receptor (TCR) clonality of CD8+ T cells in tumors and spleens of treated mice. Collectively, these experiments demonstrate that combination therapy with i.t. delivery of TLR agonists and PD-1 blockade activates TAMs and induces tumor-specific adaptive immune responses, leading to suppression of primary tumor growth and prevention of metastasis in HNSCC models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alast Ahmadi
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Minya Pu
- Moores Cancer Center, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kazutaka Kitaura
- Repertoire Genesis Inc., Saito Bioincubator, Saito-Asagai, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaji Matsutani
- Repertoire Genesis Inc., Saito Bioincubator, Saito-Asagai, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Suzuki
- Repertoire Genesis Inc., Saito Bioincubator, Saito-Asagai, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
112
|
Nam J, Son S, Moon JJ. Adjuvant-Loaded Spiky Gold Nanoparticles for Activation of Innate Immune Cells. Cell Mol Bioeng 2017; 10:341-355. [PMID: 29270238 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-017-0505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gold nanoparticles are versatile carriers for delivery of biomacromolecules. Here, we have developed spiky gold nanoparticles (SGNPs) that can efficiently deliver immunostimulatory agents. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to develop a platform technology for co-delivery of multiple adjuvant molecules for synergistic stimulation and maturation of innate immune cells. METHODS SGNPs were synthesized by a seed-mediated, surfactant-free synthesis method and incorporated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (pIC) and DNA oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CpG motif (CpG) by an electrostatic layer-by-layer approach. Adjuvant-loaded SGNP nano-complexes were examined for their biophysical and biochemical properties and studied for immune activation using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). RESULTS We have synthesized SGNPs with branched nano-spikes layered with pIC and/or CpG. Adjuvant-loaded SGNP nano-complexes promoted cellular uptake of the adjuvants. Importantly, we achieved spatio-temporal control over co-delivery of pIC and CpG via SGNPs, which produced synergistic enhancement in cytokine release (IL-6, TNF-α) and upregulation of co-stimulatory markers (CD40, CD80, CD86) in BMDCs, compared with pIC, CpG, or their admixtures. CONCLUSION SGNPs serve as a versatile delivery platform that allows flexible and on-demand cargo fabrication for strong activation of innate immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutaek Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sejin Son
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Zhang W, An M, Xi J, Liu H. Targeting CpG Adjuvant to Lymph Node via Dextran Conjugate Enhances Antitumor Immunotherapy. Bioconjug Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid based adjuvants recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLR) are potent immune system stimulants that can augment the antitumor immune responses in an antigen-specific manner. However, their clinical uses as vaccine adjuvants are limited primarily due to lack of accumulation in the lymph nodes, the anatomic sites where the immune responses are initiated. Here, we showed that chemical conjugation of type B CpG DNA, a TLR9 agonist to dextran polymer dramatically enhanced CpG's lymph node accumulation in mice. Dextran conjugation did not alter CpG ODN's uptake, internalization, and bioactivity in vitro. Delivery of Dextran-CpG conjugate markedly increased the uptake by antigen presenting cells in the lymph nodes and enhanced CD8+ T cell responses primed by protein vaccines, leading to improved therapeutic antitumor immunity. Furthermore, immunization with Dextran-CpG mixed with necrotic whole tumor cells induced a protective antitumor response in a murine model, suggesting that this approach was not limited to molecularly defined antigens. This simple method might also be applicable for the delivery of many other nucleic acid based adjuvants in cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Myunggi An
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Jingchao Xi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Haipeng Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Tumor Biology and Microenvironment Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Zhang L, Dewan V, Yin H. Discovery of Small Molecules as Multi-Toll-like Receptor Agonists with Proinflammatory and Anticancer Activities. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5029-5044. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Varun Dewan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Madan-Lala R, Pradhan P, Roy K. Combinatorial Delivery of Dual and Triple TLR Agonists via Polymeric Pathogen-like Particles Synergistically Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2530. [PMID: 28566683 PMCID: PMC5451393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research very few vaccine-adjuvants have received FDA approval. Two fundamental challenges plague clinical translation of vaccine-adjuvants: reducing acute toxicities that result from systemic diffusion of many soluble adjuvants, and delivering multiple adjuvants at the same time to mimic the synergistic immune-stimulation of pathogens, while being safe. In order to address these barriers, we evaluated combinations of four clinically relevant immune-agonists, specifically Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, using biodegradable, polymer microparticles. We tested them alone and in combinations of 2 or 3, for a total of 10 unique conditions. We evaluated primary bone-marrow-derived Dendritic Cell phenotypes and functionality, and identified several synergistic combinations. We picked a dual and a triple adjuvant combination, TLR4/TLR9 and TLR4/TLR7/TLR9, for further evaluation and found that both combinations promoted antigen cross-presentation in vitro. Studies in mice using the model antigen Ovalbumin, showed that both combinations enhanced lymph node germinal center and T follicular helper cell responses. The triple adjuvant combination showed increased antigen-specific antibody titer with an overall balanced Th1/Th2 response, while the dual combination promoted Th1-polarized IgG responses. Our results show how polymeric particulate-carriers can be adopted to safely deliver combinatorial adjuvants and selectively synergize specific types of immune responses for vaccine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Madan-Lala
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
116
|
Alkie TN, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Barjesteh N, Bavananthasivam J, Hodgins DC, Sharif S. Characterization of Innate Responses Induced by PLGA Encapsulated- and Soluble TLR Ligands In Vitro and In Vivo in Chickens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169154. [PMID: 28045984 PMCID: PMC5207720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural or synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands trigger innate responses by interacting with distinct TLRs. TLR ligands can thus serve as vaccine adjuvants or stand-alone antimicrobial agents. One of the limitations of TLR ligands for clinical application is their short half-life and rapid clearance from the body. In the current study, encapsulation of selected TLR ligands in biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) polymer nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) was examined in vitro and in vivo as a means to prolong innate responses. MQ-NCSU cells (a chicken macrophage cell line) were treated with encapsulated or soluble forms of TLR ligands and the resulting innate responses were evaluated. In most cases, encapsulated forms of TLR ligands (CpG ODN 2007, lipopolysaccharide and Pam3CSK4) induced comparable or higher levels of nitric oxide and cytokine gene expression in macrophages, compared to the soluble forms. Encapsulated CpG ODN, in particular the higher dose, induced significantly higher expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN-β until at least 18 hr post-treatment. Cytokine expression by splenocytes was also examined in chickens receiving encapsulated or soluble forms of lipopolysaccharide (a potent inflammatory cytokine inducer in chickens) by intramuscular injection. Encapsulated LPS induced more sustained innate responses characterized by higher expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β until up to 96 hr. The ability of TLR ligands encapsulated in polymeric nanoparticles to maintain prolonged innate responses indicates that this controlled-release system can extend the use of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants or as stand-alone prophylactic agents against pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Pathology Department, Beni-Suef University, Al Shamlah, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
117
|
Siegler EL, Kim YJ, Wang P. Nanomedicine targeting the tumor microenvironment: Therapeutic strategies to inhibit angiogenesis, remodel matrix, and modulate immune responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocit.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
118
|
Hantho JD, Strayer TA, Nielsen AE, Mancini RJ. An Enzyme-Directed Imidazoquinoline for Cancer Immunotherapy. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2496-2500. [PMID: 27726302 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and activity of an enzyme-directed immunostimulant with immune cell activation mediated by β-galactosidase, either exogenously added, or on B16 melanoma cells. Covalent attachment of a β-galactopyranoside to an imidazoquinoline immunostimulant at a position critical for activity resulted in a pro-immunostimulant that could be selectively converted by β-galactosidase into an active immunostimulant. The pro-immunostimulant exhibited β-galactosidase-directed immune cell activation as measured by NF-κB transcription in RAW-Blue macrophages or cytokine production (TNF, IL-6, IL-12) in JAWSII monocytes. Conversion of the pro-immunostimulant into an active immunostimulant was also found to occur using β-galactosidase-enriched B16 melanoma cells. In co-culture experiments with either immune cell line, β-galactosidase-enriched B16 cells effected activation of bystander immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Hantho
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Timothy A Strayer
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Amy E Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Rock J Mancini
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Needle-Free Delivery of Acetalated Dextran-Encapsulated AR-12 Protects Mice from Francisella tularensis Lethal Challenge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:2052-62. [PMID: 26787696 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02228-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensiscauses tularemia and is a potential biothreat. Given the limited antibiotics for treating tularemia and the possible use of antibiotic-resistant strains as a biowarfare agent, new antibacterial agents are needed. AR-12 is an FDA-approved investigational new drug (IND) compound that induces autophagy and has shown host-directed, broad-spectrum activityin vitroagainstSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium andF. tularensis We have shown that AR-12 encapsulated within acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticles (AR-12/MPs) significantly reduces host cell cytotoxicity compared to that with free AR-12, while retaining the ability to controlS.Typhimurium within infected human macrophages. In the present study, the toxicity and efficacy of AR-12/MPs in controlling virulent type AF. tularensisSchuS4 infection were examinedin vitroandin vivo No significant toxicity of blank MPs or AR-12/MPs was observed in lung histology sections when the formulations were given intranasally to uninfected mice. In histology sections from the lungs of intranasally infected mice treated with the formulations, increased macrophage infiltration was observed for AR-12/MPs, with or without suboptimal gentamicin treatment, but not for blank MPs, soluble AR-12, or suboptimal gentamicin alone. AR-12/MPs dramatically reduced the burden ofF. tularensisin infected human macrophages, in a manner similar to that of free AR-12. However,in vivo, AR-12/MPs significantly enhanced the survival ofF. tularensisSchuS4-infected mice compared to that seen with free AR-12. In combination with suboptimal gentamicin treatment, AR-12/MPs further improved the survival ofF. tularensisSchuS4-infected mice. These studies provide support for Ace-DEX-encapsulated AR-12 as a promising new therapeutic agent for tularemia.
Collapse
|
120
|
Lebel MÈ, Chartrand K, Tarrab E, Savard P, Leclerc D, Lamarre A. Potentiating Cancer Immunotherapy Using Papaya Mosaic Virus-Derived Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:1826-32. [PMID: 26891174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of novel immunotherapies is revolutionizing cancer treatment. These include, for example, immune checkpoint blockade, immunomodulation, or therapeutic vaccination. Although effective on their own, combining multiple approaches will most likely be required in order to achieve the maximal therapeutic benefit. In this regard, the papaya mosaic virus nanoparticle (PapMV) has shown tremendous potential as (i) an immunostimulatory molecule, (ii) an adjuvant, and (iii) a vaccine platform through its intrinsic capacity to activate the innate immune response in an IFN-α-dependent manner. Here, we demonstrate that intratumor administration of PapMV significantly slows down melanoma progression and prolongs survival. This correlates with enhanced chemokine and pro-inflammatory-cytokine production in the tumor and increased immune-cell infiltration. Proportions of total and tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells dramatically increase following PapMV treatment whereas those of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) concomitantly decrease. Moreover, systemic PapMV administration prevents metastatic tumor-implantation in the lungs. Importantly, PapMV also synergistically improves the therapeutic benefit of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination and PD-1 blockade by potentiating antitumor immune responses. This study illustrates the immunostimulatory potential of a plant virus-derived nanoparticle for cancer therapy either alone or in conjunction with other promising immunotherapies in clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ève Lebel
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier , Laval, Quebec Canada , H7V 1B7
| | - Karine Chartrand
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier , Laval, Quebec Canada , H7V 1B7
| | - Esther Tarrab
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier , Laval, Quebec Canada , H7V 1B7
| | | | | | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier , Laval, Quebec Canada , H7V 1B7
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Shah M, Anwar MA, Kim JH, Choi S. Advances in Antiviral Therapies Targeting Toll-like Receptors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:437-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1154040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
122
|
Khiar S, Pietrancosta N, Vidalain PO. [Stimulating Type I interferon response with small molecules: revival of an old idea]. Biol Aujourdhui 2015; 209:145-59. [PMID: 26514384 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2015015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons play a central role in the establishment of an innate immune response against viral infections and tumor cells. Shortly after their discovery in 1957, several groups have looked for small molecules capable of inducing the expression of these cytokines with therapeutic applications in mind. A set of active compounds in mice were identified, but because of their relative inefficiency in humans for reasons not understood at the time, these studies fell into oblivion. In recent years, the characterization of pathogen recognition receptors and the signaling pathways they activate, together with the discovery of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, have revolutionized our understanding of innate immunity. These discoveries and the popularization of high-throughput screening technologies have renewed the interest for small molecules that can induce type I interferons. Proofs about their therapeutic potency in humans are expected very soon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samira Khiar
- Unitéde Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France - CNRS UMR3569, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Plateau 2MI, CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- qÉuipe Chimie et Biologie, Nucléo(s)tides & Immunologie pour la Thérapie, CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Matzner P, Sorski L, Shaashua L, Elbaz E, Lavon H, Melamed R, Rosenne E, Gotlieb N, Benbenishty A, Reed SG, Ben-Eliyahu S. Perioperative treatment with the new synthetic TLR-4 agonist GLA-SE reduces cancer metastasis without adverse effects. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1754-64. [PMID: 26453448 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of TLR agonists as an anti-cancer treatment is gaining momentum given their capacity to activate various host cellular responses through the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and type-I interferons. It is now also recognized that the perioperative period is a window of opportunity for various interventions aiming at reducing the risk of cancer metastases-the major cause of cancer related death. However, immune-stimulatory approach has not been used perioperatively given several contraindications to surgery. To overcome these obstacles, in this study, we used the newly introduced, fully synthetic TLR-4 agonist, Glucopyranosyl Lipid-A (GLA-SE), in various models of cancer metastases, and in the context of acute stress or surgery. Without exerting evident adverse effects, a single systemic administration of GLA-SE rapidly and dose dependently elevated both innate and adaptive immunity in the circulation, lungs and the lymphatic system. Importantly, GLA-SE treatment led to reduced metastatic development of a mammary adenocarcinoma and a colon carcinoma by approximately 40-75% in F344 rats and BALB/c mice, respectively, at least partly through elevating marginating-pulmonary NK cell cytotoxicity. GLA-SE is safe and well tolerated in humans, and currently is used as an adjuvant in phase-II clinical trials. Given that the TLR-4 receptor and its signaling cascade is highly conserved throughout evolution, our current results suggest that GLA-SE may be a promising immune stimulatory agent in the context of oncological surgeries, aiming to reduce long-term cancer recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pini Matzner
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Liat Sorski
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Lee Shaashua
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Ely Elbaz
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Hagar Lavon
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Rivka Melamed
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Ella Rosenne
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Neta Gotlieb
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkely, California
| | - Amit Benbenishty
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Steve G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI), Seattle, Washington
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Neuro-Immunology Research Unit, School of Psychological Sciences Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Papakostas D, Stockfleth E. Topical treatment of basal cell carcinoma with the immune response modifier imiquimod. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2985-90. [PMID: 26450707 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, is a novel immune response modifier currently widely used in the treatment of actinic keratoses (in situ squamous cell carcinoma). Imiquimod has revolutionized the treatment of field cancerization and has been approved for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma with the recommendation of a 6-week treatment strategy, offering an alternative to surgery or other destructive treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papakostas
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, A Syggros Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, 5, I. Dragoumi Str. 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology & Allergology, Catholic Clinic Bochum, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, 44971 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Kobold S, Wiedemann G, Rothenfußer S, Endres S. Modes of action of TLR7 agonists in cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:1085-95. [PMID: 25428647 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
From the numerous Toll-like receptor agonists, only TLR7 agonists have been approved for cancer treatment, although they are current restricted to topical application. The main target cells of TLR7 agonists are plasmacytoid dendritic cells, producing IFN-α and thus acting on other immune cells. Thereby dendritic cells acquire enhanced costimulatory and antigen-presenting capacity, priming an adaptive immune response. Besides NK cells, antigen-specific T cells are the main terminal effectors of TLR7 agonists in tumor therapy. This qualifies TLR7 agonists as vaccine adjuvants, which is currently being tested in clinical trials. However, the systemic application of TLR7 agonists shows insufficient efficacy, most likely owing to toxicity-limited dosing. The use of TLR7 agonists in combinational therapy holds the promise of synergistic activity and lower required doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
126
|
Reduction of avian influenza virus shedding by administration of Toll-like receptor ligands to chickens. Vaccine 2015; 33:4843-9. [PMID: 26238721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are of concern to the poultry industry. Outbreaks of AIV highlight the urgent need for effective control measures. Prophylactic strategies should be explored that rapidly elicit immunity against the virus. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune molecules that can induce anti-viral responses, therefore the application of TLR ligands as prophylactic agents in chickens is gaining more attention. We hypothesized that treatment of chickens with TLR ligands reduces the shedding of AIV from infected birds. In addition, the effects of TLR ligand dose and route of administration on the efficiency of TLR ligands to reduce AIV shedding were examined. Chickens were treated with TLR2, 4, 7 and 21 ligands using different doses and routes of administration, 18h before AIV infection. Moreover, the expression of several candidate genes, such as type I interferons, PKR, OAS, viperin and IFITM3 was quantified at 3, 8 and 18h post-treatment with TLR ligands. The results revealed that route of administration and dosage affect the efficacy of TLR ligands to reduce virus shedding. Furthermore, varying effects were observed when different ligands were applied. Our results demonstrated that all TLR ligand treatments reduced AIV shedding, with the CpG-ODN 1826 being the most efficacious to reduce oral virus shedding, whereas LPS from Escherichia coli 026:B6 resulted in the largest reduction in cloacal virus shedding. Moreover, TLR ligands induced the expression of genes involved in antiviral responses such as type I interferons and interferon-stimulated genes in chicken trachea and cecal tonsils. These results raise the possibility of treatment of chickens with TLR ligands as anti-viral agents.
Collapse
|
127
|
Cheng K, Gao M, Godfroy JI, Brown PN, Kastelowitz N, Yin H. Specific activation of the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer by small-molecule agonists. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1400139. [PMID: 26101787 PMCID: PMC4474499 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists activate both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. These TLR agonists have been exploited as potent vaccine adjuvants and antitumor agents. We describe the identification and characterization of a small molecule, N-methyl-4-nitro-2-(4-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1 H-imidazol-1-yl)aniline (CU-T12-9), that directly targets TLR1/2 to initiate downstream signaling. CU-T12-9 specifically induces TLR1/2 activation, which can be blocked by either the anti-hTLR1 or the anti-hTLR2 antibody, but not the anti-hTLR6 antibody. Using a variety of different biophysical assays, we have demonstrated the binding mode of CU-T12-9. By binding to both TLR1 and TLR2, CU-T12-9 facilitates the TLR1/2 heterodimeric complex formation, which in turn activates the downstream signaling. Fluorescence anisotropy assays revealed competitive binding to the TLR1/2 complex between CU-T12-9 and Pam3CSK4 with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 54.4 nM. Finally, we showed that CU-T12-9 signals through nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and invokes an elevation of the downstream effectors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Thus, our studies not only provide compelling new insights into the regulation of TLR1/2 signaling transduction but also may facilitate future therapeutic developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
| | - James I. Godfroy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Peter N. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Noah Kastelowitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Luo YH, Chang LW, Lin P. Metal-Based Nanoparticles and the Immune System: Activation, Inflammation, and Potential Applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:143720. [PMID: 26125021 PMCID: PMC4466342 DOI: 10.1155/2015/143720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, including metal-based nanoparticles, are used for various biological and medical applications. However, metals affect immune functions in many animal species including humans. Different physical and chemical properties induce different cellular responses, such as cellular uptake and intracellular biodistribution, leading to the different immune responses. The goals of this review are to summarize and discuss the innate and adaptive immune responses triggered by metal-based nanoparticles in a variety of immune system models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsia Luo
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Louis W. Chang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Pinpin Lin
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
129
|
Barjesteh N, Brisbin JT, Behboudi S, Nagy É, Sharif S. Induction of antiviral responses against avian influenza virus in embryonated chicken eggs with toll-like receptor ligands. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:192-200. [PMID: 25874816 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Early responses against viruses, such as avian influenza virus (AIV), may be induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways. In the present study, an in ovo model was employed to study the antiviral activities of TLR ligands. It was hypothesized that administration of TLR ligands in ovo at the appropriate dose and time can reduce AIV titer in embryonated chicken eggs. Moreover, the study aimed to determine the mechanisms involved in the TLR-mediated antiviral responses in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Embryonated eggs (10-14 day old) were treated with TLR2, 4, 7, and 21 ligands using different doses and times pre- and post-AIV infection. The results revealed that treatment of embryonated chicken eggs with TLR ligands reduced AIV replication. Further analysis showed that TLR ligands induced interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN stimulatory genes in the CAM, which may have played a role in the reduction of the AIV titer. The timing and dose of TLR ligands administration had significant impacts on the outcome of the treated eggs. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the in ovo route may be employed to determine the antiviral characteristics of TLR ligands against AIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Barjesteh
- 1 Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
130
|
Maheaswari R, Sivasankar K, Subbarayan S. Toll gates: An emerging therapeutic target. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2015; 18:686-92. [PMID: 25624622 PMCID: PMC4296450 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.147398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune system forms the first line of defense against microbial infections, as it exerts an immediate response. Innate immunity works through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which functions as primary sensors of pathogens. TLR activates multiple signaling cascades leading to the induction of genes responsible for the release of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon. Thus, they induce antimicrobial responses and also have an instructive role in adaptive immunity. However, TLR-mediated inflammation is said to be responsible for many of the destructive host responses in inflammatory diseases like periodontitis. Hence, therapeutics targeting TLRs are being used to treat disease such as HIV, Hepatitis B, asthma etc. Recently, synthetic TLR agonists are tried as novel vaccine adjuvant in treating periodontal diseases. This paper reviews the scope of TLR-based therapeutics in treating periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Maheaswari
- Department of Periodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kiruthika Sivasankar
- Consultant Periodontist, Apollo White Dental, T. Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathya Subbarayan
- Department of Periodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Cobaleda-Siles M, Henriksen-Lacey M, Ruiz de Angulo A, Bernecker A, Gómez Vallejo V, Szczupak B, Llop J, Pastor G, Plaza-Garcia S, Jauregui-Osoro M, Meszaros LK, Mareque-Rivas JC. An iron oxide nanocarrier for dsRNA to target lymph nodes and strongly activate cells of the immune system. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:5054-5067. [PMID: 25123704 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The success of nanoparticle-based therapies will depend in part on accurate delivery to target receptors and organs. There is, therefore, considerable potential in nanoparticles which achieve delivery of the right drug(s) using the right route of administration to the right location at the right time, monitoring the process by non-invasive molecular imaging. A challenge is harnessing immunotherapy via activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) for the development of vaccines against major infectious diseases and cancer. In immunotherapy, delivery of the vaccine components to lymph nodes (LNs) is essential for effective stimulation of the immune response. Although some promising advances have been made, delivering therapeutics to LNs remains challenging. It is here shown that iron-oxide nanoparticles can be engineered to combine in a single and small (<50 nm) nanocarrier complementary multimodal imaging features with the immunostimulatory activity of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)). Whilst the fluorescence properties of the nanocarrier show effective delivery to endosomes and TLR3 in antigen presenting cells, MRI/SPECT imaging reveals effective delivery to LNs. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo studies show that, using this nanocarrier, the immunostimulatory activity of poly (I:C) is greatly enhanced. These nanocarriers have considerable potential for cancer diagnosis and the development of new targeted and programmable immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Cobaleda-Siles
- Theranostic Nanomedicine Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
132
|
Quayle K, Coy C, Standish L, Lu H. The TLR2 agonist in polysaccharide-K is a structurally distinct lipid which acts synergistically with the protein-bound β-glucan. J Nat Med 2014; 69:198-208. [PMID: 25510899 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0879-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (Krestin; PSK) is a hot-water extract of Trametes versicolor with immune stimulatory activity. It has been used for the past 30 years and has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in multiple types of cancer. The ability of PSK to activate dendritic cells and T cells is dependent on its ability to stimulate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), yet it remains unknown which structural component within PSK activates TLR2. The purpose of this study was to identify the TLR2 agonist within PSK and understand its role in the overall mechanism of PSK's immunogenic activity. TLR2 activity was eliminated by treatment with lipoprotein lipase but not by trypsin or lyticase. Rapid centrifugation of PSK can separate the fraction with TLR2 agonist activity from the soluble β-glucan fraction. To study the potential interaction between the β-glucan component and the lipid component, we labeled the soluble β-glucan with fluorescein. Uptake of the labeled β-glucan by J774A macrophages and JAWSII dendritic cells was inhibited by anti-Dectin-1 antibody but not by anti-TLR2 antibody, confirming that Dectin-1 is the receptor for β-glucan. Interestingly, pre-treatment of JAWSII cells with the TLR2-active lipid fraction significantly enhanced the uptake of the soluble β-glucan, indicating the synergy between the TLR2 agonist component and the β-glucan component. Altogether, these results present evidence that PSK has two active components-the well-characterized protein-bound β-glucan and a previously unreported lipid-which work synergistically via the Dectin-1 and TLR2 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Quayle
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
133
|
Martins KAO, Bavari S, Salazar AM. Vaccine adjuvant uses of poly-IC and derivatives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:447-59. [PMID: 25308798 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are stand-alone immunomodulators or 'danger signals,' that are increasingly recognized as critical components of many modern vaccines. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-IC) is a synthetic dsRNA that can activate multiple elements of the host defense in a pattern that parallels that of a viral infection. When properly combined with an antigen, it can be utilized as a PAMP-adjuvant, resulting in modulation and optimization of the antigen-specific immune response. We briefly review the preclinical and clinical uses of poly-IC and two poly-IC derivatives, poly-IC12U (Ampligen) and poly-ICLC (Hiltonol), as vaccine adjuvants.
Collapse
|
134
|
Fend L, Gatard-Scheikl T, Kintz J, Gantzer M, Schaedler E, Rittner K, Cochin S, Fournel S, Préville X. Intravenous injection of MVA virus targets CD8+ lymphocytes to tumors to control tumor growth upon combinatorial treatment with a TLR9 agonist. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1163-74. [PMID: 25168392 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effector T-cell access to tumor tissue is a limiting step for clinical efficacy of antigen-specific T cell-based immunotherapies. Ectopic mouse tumor models, in which a subcutaneously (s.c.) implanted tumor is treated with s.c. or intramuscular therapeutic immunization, may not be optimal for targeting effector T cells to an organ-borne tumor. We used an orthotopic renal carcinoma model to evaluate the impact of injection routes on therapeutic efficacy of a Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara viral vector expressing the human mucin 1 tumor-associated xeno-antigen (MVA-MUC1). We show that intravenous (i.v.) administration of MVA-MUC1 displayed enhanced efficacy when compared with s.c. injection. Therapeutic efficacy of MVA-MUC1 was further enhanced by i.v. injection of a TLR9 agonist. In all cases, infiltration of tumor-bearing kidney by CD8(+) lymphocytes was associated with control of tumor growth. Biodistribution experiments indicate that, following i.v. injection, MVA-encoded antigens are quickly expressed in visceral organs and, in particular, in splenic antigen-presenting cells, compared with those following s.c. injection. This appears to result in a faster generation of MUC1-specific CD8(+) T cells. Lymphocytes infiltrating tumor-bearing kidneys are characterized by an effector memory phenotype and express PD-1 and Tim3 immune checkpoint molecules. Therapeutic efficacy was associated with a modification of the tumor microenvironment toward a Th1-type immune response and recruitment of activated lymphocytes. This study supports the clinical evaluation of MVA-based immunotherapies via the i.v. route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sylvie Fournel
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Biovectorologie, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
135
|
White AL, Dou L, Chan HTC, Field VL, Mockridge CI, Moss K, Williams EL, Booth SG, French RR, Potter EA, Butts C, Al-Shamkhani A, Cragg MS, Verbeek JS, Johnson PWM, Glennie MJ, Beers SA. Fcγ receptor dependency of agonistic CD40 antibody in lymphoma therapy can be overcome through antibody multimerization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1828-35. [PMID: 25024386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory mAbs, led by the anti-CTLA4 mAb ipilimumab, are an exciting new class of drugs capable of promoting anticancer immunity and providing durable control of some tumors. Close analysis of a number of agents has revealed a critical yet variable role for Fcγ receptors in their efficacy. In this article, we reveal that agonistic anti-CD40 mAbs have an absolute requirement for cross-linking by inhibitory FcγRIIB when used systemically to treat established BCL1 syngeneic lymphoma, and therapy is lost when using a mouse IgG2a mAb not cross-linked by FcγRIIB. Furthermore, in FcγRIIB-deficient mice the lymphoma itself can provide FcγRIIB to cross-link anti-CD40 on neighboring cells, and only when this is blocked does therapy fail. The dependence on FcγRIIB for immunostimulatory activity was not absolute, however, because when anti-CD40 mAbs were administered systemically with the TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or were given subcutaneously, activatory FcγR could also provide cross-linking. Using this mechanistic insight, we designed multimeric forms of anti-CD40 mAb with intrinsic FcγR-independent activity that were highly effective in the treatment of lymphoma-bearing mice. In conclusion, FcγR-independent anti-CD40 activation is a viable strategy in vivo. These findings have important translational implications, as humans, unlike mice, do not have IgG that binds strongly to FcγRIIB; therefore FcγR-independent derivatives represent an attractive therapeutic option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Vikki L Field
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Kane Moss
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Cherié Butts
- Immunology Research, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Southampton Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
| |
Collapse
|
136
|
Reikie BA, Adams RC, Leligdowicz A, Ho K, Naidoo S, Rusk CE, de Beer C, Preiser W, Cotton MF, Speert DP, Esser M, Kollmann TR. Altered innate immune development in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 66:245-255. [PMID: 24732876 PMCID: PMC4146715 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in life, HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants are at an increased risk of morbidity and mortality from infectious disease compared with HIV-unexposed (UE) infants. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying their increased risk, we contrasted innate immune development between HEU and UE infants in a developing world setting, where early life infectious disease risk is exceptionally high. METHODS A prospective longitudinal cohort of HEU and UE newborns was established, and the most detailed characterization to date of HEU infant immune development was performed. Single-cell cytokine production was analyzed by flow cytometry after stimulation of whole blood with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). RESULTS Monocyte, classical dendritic cell, and plasmacytoid dendritic cell composition was similar between HEU and UE infants throughout the first year of life. However, HEU mononuclear cells mounted an enhanced pro-inflammatory response to PAMP stimulation, both in quantity of cytokine produced per cell and in proportion of responder cells. Significant differences in cytokine production were detected on the single-cell level in a PAMP-specific pattern, but only at 2 and 6 weeks of age; all differences normalized by 12 months of age. CONCLUSIONS This time course of innate immune deviation early in life corresponds to the clinical window of vulnerability to infections in HEU infants and may be at least partially responsible for their increased morbidity and mortality from infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Reikie
- Division of Infectious & Immunological Diseases, and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Leaders in Medicine Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Rozanne C.M. Adams
- Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, PO 19063, Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Aleksandra Leligdowicz
- Division of Infectious & Immunological Diseases, and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Kevin Ho
- Division of Infectious & Immunological Diseases, and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Shalena Naidoo
- Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, PO 19063, Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Candice E. Rusk
- Division of Infectious & Immunological Diseases, and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Corena de Beer
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, PO 19063, Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, PO 19063, Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Mark F. Cotton
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Stellenbosch University, PO 19063, Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - David P. Speert
- Division of Infectious & Immunological Diseases, and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Monika Esser
- Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, NHLS and Stellenbosch University, PO 19063, Tygerberg 7505 South Africa
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Division of Infectious & Immunological Diseases, and Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infections in Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
137
|
The anti-lung cancer activity of SEP is mediated by the activation and cytotoxicity of NK cells via TLR2/4 in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:119-30. [PMID: 24630931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Strongylocentrotus nudus egg polysaccharide (SEP) has been reported to display antitumor activity. However, the effects of SEP and its underlying mechanism in the treatment of lung cancer remain unclear, particularly with an immunodeficient mouse model of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In the present study, we investigated the anti-lung cancer effects of SEP and its underlying mechanism of action in both Lewis lung cancer (LLC)-bearing C57/BL6J mice and human NSCLC H460-bearing nude mice. Although SEP showed no inhibitory effects on tumor cells in vitro, it markedly stimulated the percentage of CD3-NK1.1(+) cells and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in the spleens of nude mice and C57/BL6J mice. In LLC-bearing mice, SEP not only inhibited tumor growth but also promoted NK-mediated cytotoxicity, the NK1.1(+) cell population, and IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion. SEP significantly suppressed H460 growth in nude mice, which was abrogated by the selective depletion of NK cells via the intraperitoneal injection of anti-asialo GM-1 antibodies. Furthermore, anti-TLR2/4 antibodies blocked both SEP and NK cell binding and SEP-induced perforin secretion. SEP-induced proliferation and IFN-γ secretion by NK cells in wild type mice were partially impaired in TLR2 or TLR4 knockout mice. These results suggest that SEP-promoted NK cytotoxicity, which was partially mediated via TLR2 and TLR4, was the main contributing factor to lung cancer inhibition in vivo and that SEP may be a potential immunotherapy candidate for the treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
|
138
|
Feigenson KA, Kusnecov AW, Silverstein SM. Inflammation and the two-hit hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 38:72-93. [PMID: 24247023 PMCID: PMC3896922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The high societal and individual cost of schizophrenia necessitates finding better, more effective treatment, diagnosis, and prevention strategies. One of the obstacles in this endeavor is the diverse set of etiologies that comprises schizophrenia. A substantial body of evidence has grown over the last few decades to suggest that schizophrenia is a heterogeneous syndrome with overlapping symptoms and etiologies. At the same time, an increasing number of clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies have shown links between schizophrenia and inflammatory conditions. In this review, we analyze the literature on inflammation and schizophrenia, with a particular focus on comorbidity, biomarkers, and environmental insults. We then identify several mechanisms by which inflammation could influence the development of schizophrenia via the two-hit hypothesis. Lastly, we note the relevance of these findings to clinical applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Feigenson
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Alex W Kusnecov
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience Program and Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers University, 52 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA.
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; University Behavioral Health Care at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 671 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
139
|
Wu CCN, Crain B, Yao S, Sabet M, Lao FS, Tawatao RI, Chan M, Smee DF, Julander JG, Cottam HB, Guiney DG, Corr M, Carson DA, Hayashi T. Innate immune protection against infectious diseases by pulmonary administration of a phospholipid-conjugated TLR7 ligand. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:315-24. [PMID: 24192551 DOI: 10.1159/000355217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary administration of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands protects hosts from inhaled pathogens. However, systemic side effects induced by TLR stimulation limit clinical development. Here, a small-molecule TLR7 ligand conjugated with phospholipid, 1V270 (also designated TMX201), was tested for innate immune activation and its ability to prevent pulmonary infection in mice. We hypothesized that phospholipid conjugation would increase internalization by immune cells and localize the compound in the lungs, thus avoiding side effects due to systemic cytokine release. Pulmonary 1V270 administration increased innate cytokines and chemokines in bronchial alveolar lavage fluids, but neither caused systemic induction of cytokines nor B cell proliferation in distant lymphoid organs. 1V270 activated pulmonary CD11c+ dendritic cells, which migrated to local lymph nodes. However, there was minimal cell infiltration into the pulmonary parenchyma. Prophylactic administration of 1V270 significantly protected mice from lethal infection with Bacillus anthracis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and H1N1 influenza virus. The maximum tolerated dose of 1V270 by pulmonary administration was 75 times the effective therapeutic dose. Therefore, pulmonary 1V270 treatment can protect the host from different infectious agents by stimulating local innate immune responses while exhibiting an excellent safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina C N Wu
- Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
140
|
Pothlichet J, Quintana-Murci L. The genetics of innate immunity sensors and human disease. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:157-208. [PMID: 23570315 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.777064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery, innate immunity microbial sensors have been increasingly studied and shown to play a critical role in innate responses to microbes in several experimental in vitro, ex vivo, and animal models. However, their role in the human response to infection in natural conditions has just started to be deciphered, by means of clinical studies of primary immunodeficiencies and epidemiological genetic studies. Here, we summarize the major findings concerning the genetic diversity of the various families of microbial sensors in humans, and of other molecules involved in the signaling pathways they trigger. Specifically, we review the genetic associations, revealed by both clinical and epidemiological genetics studies, of microbial sensors from five different families: Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and cytosolic DNA sensors. In particular, we consider the relationships between variation at the genes encoding these molecules and susceptibility to and the severity of infectious diseases and other clinical conditions associated with immune dysfunction, including autoimmunity, inflammation, allergy, and cancer. Despite the fact that the genetic links between innate immunity sensors and human disorders remain still limited, human genetics studies are increasingly improving our understanding of the genuine functions of microbial sensors and downstream signaling molecules in the natural setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Pothlichet
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
141
|
Batista-Duharte A, Portuondo D, Carlos IZ, Pérez O. An approach to local immunotoxicity induced by adjuvanted vaccines. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:526-36. [PMID: 23968848 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of injection site reactions following immunization is the most frequently reported toxicity manifestation of vaccines; however, the different types of local reactions and the different mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, the current advances in adjuvants and the role that adjuvants play in local reactions are reviewed. The role of adjuvants in the formation of the loco-regional complex (LRC), which consists of the injection site, draining lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes, is also discussed. Finally, strategies and recommendations for the rational design of adjuvanted vaccines are discussed, with a particular interest in the reduction of local inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Batista-Duharte
- Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology and Biomedicine Center (TOXIMED), Medical Science University, Autopista Nacional Km. 1 1/2 CP 90400, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
142
|
Engel AL, Sun GC, Gad E, Rastetter LR, Strobe K, Yang Y, Dang Y, Disis ML, Lu H. Protein-bound polysaccharide activates dendritic cells and enhances OVA-specific T cell response as vaccine adjuvant. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1468-76. [PMID: 23735481 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is a hot water extract from Trametes versicolor mushroom. It has been used traditionally in Asian countries for its immune stimulating and anti-cancer effects. We have recently found that PSK can activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). TLR2 is highly expressed on dendritic cells (DC), so the current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of PSK on DC activation and the potential of using PSK as a vaccine adjuvant. In vitro experiments using mouse bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) demonstrated that PSK induces DC maturation as shown by dose-dependent increase in the expression of CD80, CD86, MHCII, and CD40. PSK also induces the production of multiple inflammatory cytokines by DC, including IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6, at both mRNA and protein levels. In vivo experiments using PSK as an adjuvant to OVAp323-339 vaccine showed that PSK as adjuvant leads to enlarged draining lymph nodes with higher number of activated DC. PSK also stimulates proliferation of OVA-specific T cells, and induces T cells that produce multiple cytokines, IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. Altogether, these results demonstrate the ability of PSK to activate DC in vitro and in vivo and the potential of using PSK as a novel vaccine adjuvant.
Collapse
|
143
|
Lu J, Jiang S, Ye S, Deng Y, Ma S, Li CP. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide ligand potentiates the activity of the pVAX1-Sj26GST. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:609-613. [PMID: 24648995 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is considered one of the most important neglected tropical diseases and remains a major public health problem in endemic countries. Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have been investigated as potential vaccine adjuvants for tumor and virus immunotherapy. However, few TLR ligands affecting schistosoma vaccines have been characterized. In this study, we evaluated a TLR9 ligand (CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826, CpG) as an adjuvant for a partially protective DNA vaccine encoding a 26-kDa glutathione S-transferase of Schistosoma japonicum (pVAX1-Sj26GST). Vaccination with pVAX1-Sj26GST in combination with CpG inhibited Treg immunosuppressive function, upregulated the production of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-2 and IL-6, and decreased CD4+CD8+Foxp3+ expression in vitro, which may contribute to the escape from Treg-mediated suppression during vaccination, allowing expansion of antigen-specific T cells against pathogens. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that selective TLR ligand combination may increase protective efficacy against schistosomiasis, which may synergistically antagonize Treg-mediated suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Mining Engineering, Huainan Vocational and Technical College, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P.R. China
| | - Song Ye
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Yun Deng
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Pin Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Bengbu Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
144
|
Wang X, Dong L, Ni H, Zhou S, Xu Z, Hoellwarth JS, Chen X, Zhang R, Chen Q, Liu F, Wang J, Su C. Combined TLR7/8 and TLR9 ligands potentiate the activity of a Schistosoma japonicum DNA vaccine. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2164. [PMID: 23593527 PMCID: PMC3617091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have been explored as vaccine adjuvants for tumor and virus immunotherapy, but few TLR ligands affecting schistosoma vaccines have been characterized. Previously, we developed a partially protective DNA vaccine encoding the 26-kDa glutathione S-transferase of Schistosoma japonicum (pVAX1-Sj26GST). Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we evaluated a TLR7/8 ligand (R848) and a TLR9 ligand (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, or CpG) as adjuvants for pVAX1-Sj26GST and assessed their effects on the immune system and protection against S. japonicum. We show that combining CpG and R848 with pVAX1-Sj26GST immunization significantly increases splenocyte proliferation and IgG and IgG2a levels, decreases CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) frequency in vivo, and enhances protection against S. japonicum. CpG and R848 inhibited Treg-mediated immunosuppression, upregulated the production of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-2, and IL-6, and decreased Foxp3 expression in vitro, which may contribute to prevent Treg suppression and conversion during vaccination and allow expansion of antigen-specific T cells against pathogens. Conclusions Our data shows that selective TLR ligands can increase the protective efficacy of DNA vaccines against schistosomiasis, potentially through combined antagonism of Treg-mediated immunosuppression and conversion. There is evidence that TLR activation can block Treg cell responses and thereby break tolerance to self-antigens. It is expected that the use of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants will induce potent anti-pathogen immune responses and simultaneously overcome immune inhibition mediated by Tregs. However, the impact of TLR ligands on schistosomiasis vaccines is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the use of a TLR7/8 ligand (R848) and a TLR9 ligand (CpG) as adjuvants in combination with the S. japonicum vaccine pVAX1-Sj26GST improves disease protection. The combination of CpG and R848 administered after vaccination causes an immune response marked by an upregulation of splenocyte proliferation and IgG and IgG2a levels that also coincides with a decreased proportion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs in mice. We also show that combined adjuvant use of CpG and R848 may impair Treg development and function by promoting the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and reducing Foxp3 expression. Our findings suggest that in combination with the vaccine, TLR ligands may protect the effector response from Treg-mediated suppression, thereby eliciting the appropriate immune response to improve vaccine efficacy. Immunization combined with the TLR ligands CpG and R848 thus represents a promising new approach for the design of schistosoma vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
145
|
Silva JM, Videira M, Gaspar R, Préat V, Florindo HF. Immune system targeting by biodegradable nanoparticles for cancer vaccines. J Control Release 2013; 168:179-99. [PMID: 23524187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of therapeutic cancer vaccines is based on the activation of the immune system against tumor cells after the presentation of tumor antigens. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential as delivery systems for cancer vaccines as they potentiate the co-delivery of tumor-associated antigens and adjuvants to dendritic cells (DCs), insuring effective activation of the immune system against tumor cells. In this review, the immunological mechanisms behind cancer vaccines, including the role of DCs in the stimulation of T lymphocytes and the use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as adjuvants will be discussed. An overview of each of the three essential components of a therapeutic cancer vaccine - antigen, adjuvant and delivery system - will be provided with special emphasis on the potential of particulate delivery systems for cancer vaccines, in particular those made of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL). Some of the factors that can influence NP uptake by DCs, including size, surface charge, surface functionalization and route of administration, will also be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana M Silva
- iMed.UL, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|