101
|
Toxicological evaluation of exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 115:104686. [PMID: 32450131 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies report that the therapeutic mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is mainly mediated by paracrine factors that are released from MSCs such as exosomes. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that are transferred to target cells for cell-to-cell communication. Although MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) are suggested as novel cell-free therapeutics for various human diseases, evaluation studies for the safety and toxicity of MSC-exosomes are limited. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the toxicological profile, including skin sensitization, photosensitization, eye and skin irritation, and acute oral toxicity using exosomes derived from human adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASC-exosomes) in accordance with the OECD guidelines and the principles of Good Laboratory Practice. The ASC-exosomes were classified as a potential non-sensitizer in the skin sensitization test, UN GHS no category in the eye irritation test, and as a skin non-irritant in the skin irritation test, and did not induce any toxicity in the phototoxicity test or in acute oral toxicity testing. Our findings are the first to suggest that ASC-exosomes are safe for use as a topical treatment, with no adverse effects in toxicological testing, and have potential application as a therapeutic agent, cosmetic ingredient, or for other biological uses.
Collapse
|
102
|
Selected Tetraspanins Functionalized Niosomes as Potential Standards for Exosome Immunoassays. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050971. [PMID: 32443605 PMCID: PMC7712311 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative detection of exosomes in bio-fluids is a challenging task in a dynamic research field. The absence of a well-established reference material (RM) for method development and inter-comparison studies could be potentially overcome with artificial exosomes: lab-produced biomimetic particles with morphological and functional properties close to natural exosomes. This work presents the design, development and functional characteristics of fully artificial exosomes based on tetraspanin extracellular loops-coated niosomes, produced by bio-nanotechnology methods based on supra-molecular chemistry and recombinant protein technology. Mono- and double-functionalized particles with CD9/CD63 tetraspanins have been developed and characterized from a morphological and functional point of view. Produced bio-particles showed close similarities with natural entities in terms of physical properties. Their utility for bioanalysis is demonstrated by their detection and molecular-type discrimination by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), one of the most frequent bio-analytical method found in routine and research labs. The basic material based on streptavidin-coated niosomes allows the surface functionalization with any biotinylated protein or peptide, introducing versatility. Although promising results have been reported, further optimizations and deeper characterization will help this innovative biomaterial become a robust RM for validation and development of diagnostic tools for exosomes determination.
Collapse
|
103
|
Chen Z, Yang Y, Yamaguchi H, Hung MC, Kameoka J. Isolation of cancer-derived extracellular vesicle subpopulations by a size-selective microfluidic platform. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:034113. [PMID: 32577148 PMCID: PMC7307647 DOI: 10.1063/5.0008438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication. Recently, there has been increasing interest in EVs as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles. However, the molecular properties and cargo information of EV subpopulations have not yet been fully investigated due to lack of reliable and reproducible EV separation technology. Current approaches have faced difficulties with efficiently isolating EVs from biofluids, especially subpopulations of small EVs. Here, we report an EV isolation method based on a size-selective microfluidic platform (ExoSMP) via nanomembrane filtration and electrophoretic force. This unique platform offers an enhanced approach to sorting a heterogeneous population of EVs based on size, with the additional advantages of being label-free and low-cost, and featuring a short processing time (<1 h), and convenient integration with downstream analysis. In this research, we used ExoSMP to demonstrate the isolation of cancer-derived small EVs (30-120 nm) with high recovery (94.2%) and reproducibility at an optimum sample flow rate. Furthermore, we investigated isolation of EV subpopulations by altering nanomembrane combinations with different pore size combinations (50 and 100 nm, 30 and 100 nm, 30 and 200 nm, and 30 and 50 nm). This ExoSMP technique can serve as a standardized EV isolation/separation tool, facilitating the clinical prospects of EVs and opening up a new avenue for future point-of-care applications in liquid biopsies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheyuan Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840,
USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The
University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030,
USA
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research
Institute, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar
Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Jun Kameoka
- Author to whom correspondence should be
addressed:
| |
Collapse
|
104
|
Alharbi M, Sharma S, Guanzon D, Lai A, Zuñiga F, Shiddiky MJA, Yamauchi Y, Salas-Burgos A, He Y, Pejovic T, Winters C, Morgan T, Perrin L, Hooper JD, Salomon C. miRNa signature in small extracellular vesicles and their association with platinum resistance and cancer recurrence in ovarian cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 28:102207. [PMID: 32334098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carboplatin, administered as a single drug or in combination with paclitaxel, is the standard chemotherapy treatment for patients with ovarian cancer (OVCA). Recent evidence suggests that miRNAs associated with small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) participate in the development of chemoresistance. We studied the effect of carboplatin in a heterogeneity population of OVCA cells and their derived sEVs to identify mechanisms associated with chemoresistance. sEVs were quantified using an engineered superparamagnetic material, gold-loaded ferric oxide nanotubes and a screen-printed electrode. miR-21-3p, miR-21-5p, and miR-891-5p are enriched in sEVs, and they contribute to carboplatin resistance in OVCA. Using a quantitative MS/MS, miR-21-5p activates glycolysis and increases the expression of ATP-binding cassette family and a detoxification enzyme. miR-21-3p and miR-891-5p increase the expression of proteins involved in DNA repair mechanisms. Interestingly, the levels of miR-891-5p within sEVs are significantly higher in patients at risk of ovarian cancer relapse. Identification of miRNAs in sEVs also provides the opportunity to track them in biological fluids to potentially determine patient response to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alharbi
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dominic Guanzon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Felipe Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University Nathan Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Yaowu He
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Tanja Pejovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Carmen Winters
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Terry Morgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Pathology, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lewis Perrin
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - John D Hooper
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
105
|
The Course of Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicles in Patients Undergoing Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6381396. [PMID: 32382562 PMCID: PMC7193280 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6381396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, increasing efforts have been devoted to investigating the role of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in cardiovascular diseases. These nano-sized particles (30-150 nm), secreted by different cell types, contain signalling molecules that enable participation in intercellular communication processes. In this study, we examined the course of circulating sEVs in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and correlated them with echocardiographic and standard blood parameters. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 135 patients undergoing SAVR preoperatively and at three follow-up points. Circulating sEVs were precipitated using Exoquick™ exosome isolation reagent and analyzed by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Our findings indicate that no more than 7 days after SAVR, there was a marked increase of circulating sEVs before returning to initial values after 3 months. Further, shear stress is not a trigger for the formation and release of circulating sEVs. Moreover, we pointed out a correlation between circulating sEVs and erythrocytes as well as LDH and creatinine levels in peripheral blood. Finally, all patients with a moderate prosthesis-patient mismatch as well as with an impaired left ventricular mass regression had lower levels of circulating sEVs 3 months after SAVR compared to their respective status before surgery. We conclude that in patients with aortic valve stenosis (AVS), sEVs may play an important part in mediating cell-cell communication and SAVR may have a crucial and lasting impact on their circulating levels. Besides, lower levels of sEVs portend to be associated with inferior recovery after major surgical interventions. The additional use of circulating sEVs beyond echocardiographic and laboratory parameters could have a prognostic value to estimate adverse outcomes in patients undergoing SAVR.
Collapse
|
106
|
Tamara C, Nerea LB, Belén BS, Aurelio S, Iván C, Fernando S, Javier B, Felipe CF, María P. Vesicles Shed by Pathological Murine Adipocytes Spread Pathology: Characterization and Functional Role of Insulin Resistant/Hypertrophied Adiposomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2252. [PMID: 32214011 PMCID: PMC7139903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently emerged as a relevant way of cell to cell communication, and its analysis has become an indirect approach to assess the cell/tissue of origin status. However, the knowledge about their nature and role on metabolic diseases is still very scarce. We have established an insulin resistant (IR) and two lipid (palmitic/oleic) hypertrophied adipocyte cell models to isolate EVs to perform a protein cargo qualitative and quantitative Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra (SWATH) analysis by mass spectrometry. Our results show a high proportion of obesity and IR-related proteins in pathological EVs; thus, we propose a panel of potential obese adipose tissue EV-biomarkers. Among those, lipid hypertrophied vesicles are characterized by ceruloplasmin, mimecan, and perilipin 1 adipokines, and those from the IR by the striking presence of the adiposity and IR related transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein ig-h3 (TFGBI). Interestingly, functional assays show that IR and hypertrophied adipocytes induce differentiation/hypertrophy and IR in healthy adipocytes through secreted EVs. Finally, we demonstrate that lipid atrophied adipocytes shed EVs promote macrophage inflammation by stimulating IL-6 and TNFα expression. Thus, we conclude that pathological adipocytes release vesicles containing representative protein cargo of the cell of origin that are able to induce metabolic alterations on healthy cells probably exacerbating the disease once established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camino Tamara
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
| | - Lago-Baameiro Nerea
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
| | - Bravo Susana Belén
- Unidad de Proteómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Sueiro Aurelio
- Grupo Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.A.); (C.F.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Couto Iván
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
- Servicio de Cirugía Plástica y Reparadora, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Santos Fernando
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Baltar Javier
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Casanueva F. Felipe
- Grupo Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (S.A.); (C.F.F.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pardo María
- Grupo Obesidómica, Área de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Xerencia de Xestión Integrada de Santiago (XXIS/SERGAS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (C.T.); (L.-B.N.); (C.I.); (S.F.); (B.J.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
107
|
Schou AS, Nielsen JE, Askeland A, Jørgensen MM. Extracellular vesicle-associated proteins as potential biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2020; 99:1-48. [PMID: 32951635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Every cell in the body secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) possibly as cellular signaling components and these cell-derivatives can be found in multiple numbers in biological fluids. EVs have in the scientific field received great attention in relation to pathophysiology and disease diagnostics. Altered protein expressions associated with circulating EVs in diseased individuals can serve as biomarkers for different disease states. This capacity paves the way for non-invasive screening tools and early diagnostic markers. However, no isolation method of EVs has been acknowledged as the "golden standard," thus reproducibility of the studies remains inadequate. Increasing interest in EV proteins as disease biomarkers could give rise to more scientific knowledge with diagnostic applicability. In this chapter, studies of proteins believed to be associated with EVs within cancer, autoimmunity, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases have been outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Schou
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Ellegaard Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anders Askeland
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malene Møller Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
108
|
Clayton SM, Archard JA, Wagner J, Farwell DG, Bewley AF, Beliveau A, Birkeland A, Rao S, Abouyared M, Belafsky PC, Anderson JD. Immunoregulatory Potential of Exosomes Derived from Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:327-335. [PMID: 31856674 PMCID: PMC7081244 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are malignancies that originate in the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract. Despite advances in therapeutic interventions, survival rates among HNSCC patients have remained static for years. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor-initiating cells that are highly resistant to treatment, and are hypothesized to contribute to a significant fraction of tumor recurrences. Consequently, further investigations of how CSCs mediate recurrence may provide insights into novel druggable targets. A key element of recurrence involves the tumor's ability to evade immunosurveillance. Recent published reports suggest that CSCs possess immunosuppressive properties, however, the underlying mechanism have yet to be fully elucidated. To date, most groups have focused on the role of CSC-derived secretory proteins, such as cytokines and growth factors. Here, we review the established immunoregulatory role of exosomes derived from mixed tumor cell populations, and propose further study of CSC-derived exosomes may be warranted. Such studies may yield novel insights into new druggable targets, or lay the foundation for future exosome-based diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Clayton
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Joehleen A. Archard
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Joseph Wagner
- University of California Drug Discovery Consortium, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - D. Gregory Farwell
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Arnaud F. Bewley
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Angela Beliveau
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Andrew Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Shyam Rao
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Marianne Abouyared
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Peter C. Belafsky
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Johnathon D. Anderson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| |
Collapse
|
109
|
Floriano JF, Willis G, Catapano F, de Lima PR, Reis FVDS, Barbosa AMP, Rudge MVC, Emanueli C. Exosomes Could Offer New Options to Combat the Long-Term Complications Inflicted by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Cells 2020; 9:E675. [PMID: 32164322 PMCID: PMC7140615 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a complex clinical condition that promotes pelvic floor myopathy, thus predisposing sufferers to urinary incontinence (UI). GDM usually regresses after birth. Nonetheless, a GDM history is associated with higher risk of subsequently developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and UI. Some aspects of the pathophysiology of GDM remain unclear and the associated pathologies (outcomes) are poorly addressed, simultaneously raising public health costs and diminishing women's quality of life. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles produced and actively secreted by cells as part of their intercellular communication system. Exosomes are heterogenous in their cargo and depending on the cell sources and environment, they can mediate both pathogenetic and therapeutic functions. With the advancement in knowledge of exosomes, new perspectives have emerged to support the mechanistic understanding, prediction/diagnosis and ultimately, treatment of the post-GMD outcomes. Here, we will review recent advances in knowledge of the role of exosomes in GDM and related areas and discuss the possibilities for translating exosomes as therapeutic agents in the GDM clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ferreira Floriano
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, 18618687 Botucatu, Brazil; (J.F.F.); (P.R.d.L.); (F.V.D.S.R.); (A.M.P.B.)
| | - Gareth Willis
- Division of Newborn Medicine/Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Francesco Catapano
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Patrícia Rodrigues de Lima
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, 18618687 Botucatu, Brazil; (J.F.F.); (P.R.d.L.); (F.V.D.S.R.); (A.M.P.B.)
| | | | - Angélica Mercia Pascon Barbosa
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, 18618687 Botucatu, Brazil; (J.F.F.); (P.R.d.L.); (F.V.D.S.R.); (A.M.P.B.)
| | - Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge
- Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, 18618687 Botucatu, Brazil; (J.F.F.); (P.R.d.L.); (F.V.D.S.R.); (A.M.P.B.)
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
110
|
Aghamir SMK, Heshmat R, Ebrahimi M, Khatami F. Liquid Biopsy: The Unique Test for Chasing the Genetics of Solid Tumors. Epigenet Insights 2020; 13:2516865720904052. [PMID: 32166219 PMCID: PMC7050026 DOI: 10.1177/2516865720904052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood test is a kind of liquid biopsy that checks cancer cells or cancer nucleic acids circulating freely from cells in the blood. A liquid biopsy may be used to distinguish cancer at early stages and it could be a game-changer for both cancer diagnosis and prognosis strategies. Liquid biopsy tests consider several tumor components, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and the tiny vesicles originating from tumor cells. Actually, liquid biopsy signifies the genetic alterations of tumors through nucleic acids or cells in various body fluids, including blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, or saliva in a noninvasive manner. In this review, we present an overall description of liquid biopsy in which circulating tumor cells, cell-free nucleic acids, exosomes, and extrachromosomal circular DNA are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ebrahimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khatami
- Urology Research Center (URC), Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
111
|
Tran PHL, Xiang D, Nguyen TNG, Tran TTD, Chen Q, Yin W, Zhang Y, Kong L, Duan A, Chen K, Sun M, Li Y, Hou Y, Zhu Y, Ma Y, Jiang G, Duan W. Aptamer-guided extracellular vesicle theranostics in oncology. Theranostics 2020; 10:3849-3866. [PMID: 32226524 PMCID: PMC7086349 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the study of exosomes, nanosized vesicles (50-150 nm) released into the extracellular space via the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane, has burgeoned with impressive achievements in theranostics applications. These nanosized vesicles have emerged as key players in homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of diseases owing to the variety of the cargos they can carry, the nature of the molecules packaged inside the vesicles, and the robust interactions between exosomes and target cells or tissues. Accordingly, the development of exosome-based liquid biopsy techniques for early disease detection and for monitoring disease progression marks a new era of precision medicine in the 21st century. Moreover, exosomes possess intrinsic properties - a nanosized structure and unique "homing effects" - that make them outstanding drug delivery vehicles. In addition, targeted exosome-based drug delivery systems can be further optimized using active targeting ligands such as nucleic acid aptamers. Indeed, the aptamers themselves can function as therapeutic and/or diagnostic tools based on their attributes of unique target-binding and non-immunogenicity. This review aims to provide readers with a current picture of the research on exosomes and aptamers and their applications in cancer theranostics, highlighting recent advances in their transition from the bench to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H-L Tran
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louise Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tuong N-G Nguyen
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thao T-D Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Qian Chen
- Translational Medical Center, The Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China, 100853
| | - Wang Yin
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yumei Zhang
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lingxue Kong
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia
| | - Andrew Duan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 27 Rainforest Walk, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kuisheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, He'nan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Miomio Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, He'nan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, and St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yingchun Hou
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongchao Ma
- Clinical School, Luohe Medical College, 148, Daxue Road, Luohe City, Henan Province, 462000, China
| | - Guoqin Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, P.R. China, 215004
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- GenePharma-Deakin Joint Laboratory of Aptamer Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China and Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
112
|
Logozzi M, Spugnini E, Mizzoni D, Di Raimo R, Fais S. Extracellular acidity and increased exosome release as key phenotypes of malignant tumors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:93-101. [PMID: 30715644 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor milieu is characteristically acidic as a consequence of the fermentative metabolism of glucose that results in massive accumulation of lactic acid within the cytoplasm. Tumor cells get rid of excessive protons through exchangers that are responsible for the extracellular acidification that selects cellular clones that are more apt at surviving in this challenging and culling environment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vesicles with diameters ranging from nm to μm that are released from the cells to deliver nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to adjacent or distant cells. EVs are involved in a plethora of biological events that promote tumor progression including unrestricted proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, local invasion, preparation of the metastatic niche, metastasis, downregulation or hijacking of the immune system, and drug resistance. There is evidence that the release of specific exosomes is increased many folds in cancer patients, as shown by many techniques aimed at evaluating "liquid biopsies". The quality of the exosomal contents has been shown to vary at the different moments of tumor life such as local invasion or metastasis. In vitro studies have recently pointed out that cancer acidity is a major determinant in inducing increased exosome release by human cancer cells, by showing that exosomal release was increased as the pH moved from 7.4 pH to the typical pH of cancer that is 6.5. In this review, we emphasize the recent evidence that tumor acidity and exosomes levels are strictly related and strongly contribute to the malignant tumor phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Spugnini
- SAFU Department, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 51, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mizzoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
113
|
Rodríguez Zorrilla S, García García A, Blanco Carrión A, Gándara Vila P, Somoza Martín M, Gallas Torreira M, Pérez Sayans M. Exosomes in head and neck cancer. Updating and revisiting. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 34:1641-1651. [PMID: 31496355 PMCID: PMC6746279 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1662000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have gone from being considered simple containers of intracellular waste substances to be considered important carriers of cellular signals. Its broad capacity to promote tumour growth, both in situ and metastatic, has greatly intensified scientific research on them. In the same way and depending on its content, its tumour suppressive properties have opened a window of light and hope in the fight against cancer. In the present review we try to gather in a simple and understandable way the most relevant knowledge to date on the role of exosomes in oral squamous cell carcinoma, helping to understand their process of formation, release and activity on the tumour microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rodríguez Zorrilla
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Abel García García
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Andrés Blanco Carrión
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Pilar Gándara Vila
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Manuel Somoza Martín
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallas Torreira
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Mario Pérez Sayans
- Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
114
|
Longoni B, Fasciani I, Kolachalam S, Pietrantoni I, Marampon F, Petragnano F, Aloisi G, Coppolino MF, Rossi M, Scarselli M, Maggio R. Neurotoxic and Neuroprotective Role of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4510-4522. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191113103537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
:Exosomes are extracellular vesicles produced by eukaryotic cells that are also found in most biological fluids and tissues. While they were initially thought to act as compartments for removal of cellular debris, they are now recognized as important tools for cell-to-cell communication and for the transfer of pathogens between the cells. They have attracted particular interest in neurodegenerative diseases for their potential role in transferring prion-like proteins between neurons, and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), they have been shown to spread oligomers of α-synuclein in the brain accelerating the progression of this pathology. A potential neuroprotective role of exosomes has also been equally proposed in PD as they could limit the toxicity of α-synuclein by clearing them out of the cells. Exosomes have also attracted considerable attention for use as drug vehicles. Being nonimmunogenic in nature, they provide an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the delivery of incorporated drugs to target cells. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the potential neurotoxic and neuroprotective role of exosomes and their potential application as drug delivery systems in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biancamaria Longoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Fasciani
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Shivakumar Kolachalam
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pietrantoni
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Petragnano
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aloisi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria F. Coppolino
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mario Rossi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Scarselli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Maggio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
115
|
Techniques Associated with Exosome Isolation for Biomarker Development: Liquid Biopsies for Ovarian Cancer Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2055:181-199. [PMID: 31502152 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9773-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading gynecological malignancy worldwide. This is attributed to the fact that the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, where the survival rates drop from approximately 90% (detection at an early stage) to 20%. Furthermore, ovarian cancer is not associated with overt physical symptoms. Thus, there is an urgent need for a highly sensitive and minimally invasive biomarker for the early detection of ovarian cancer. However, this continues to remain an unmet clinical need, as several proposed techniques have shown low sensitivity and specificity, with poor positive and negative predictive values. The quest for an ideal biomarker has bought exosomes to the forefront. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of an endocytic origin, which can encapsulate genetic information, in the form of proteins and miRNAs. They are released by multiple cell types and are involved in intercellular communication, through the transfer of their cargo. The process of exosome biogenesis allows for the packaging of molecules from both membranous and cytosolic origins. Therefore, exosomes are representations of the releasing cell, and thus provide an insight into the cellular environment. Furthermore, exosomal encapsulation of molecules such as proteins and miRNAs can prevent degradation, making exosomes an ideal biomarker source. Thus, this chapter provides an overview of ovarian cancer, the potential of exosomes as an early detection biomarker, and the different methods associated with the isolation of different vesicle subpopulations, and exosome enrichment.
Collapse
|
116
|
Jhan YY, Prasca-Chamorro D, Palou Zuniga G, Moore DM, Arun Kumar S, Gaharwar AK, Bishop CJ. Engineered extracellular vesicles with synthetic lipids via membrane fusion to establish efficient gene delivery. Int J Pharm 2020; 573:118802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
117
|
Huang TY, Wang CY, Chen KY, Huang LT. Urinary Exosomal Thyroglobulin in Thyroid Cancer Patients With Post-ablative Therapy: A New Biomarker in Thyroid Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:382. [PMID: 32612576 PMCID: PMC7308545 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Most patients with thyroid cancer typically receive thyroidectomy with ablative radioactive iodine therapy. Such patients were followed with thyroid ultrasonography and serial serum thyroglobulin evaluation. Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted into extracellular environments, including plasma, saliva, urine, and other body fluids of patients with cancer. We try to find the early prognostic and exosomal biological markers of urine. Methods: We analyzed urinary exosomal proteins, including thyroglobulin and galectin-3, to identify early prognostic biological markers in urine for patients receiving operation and radioactive iodine ablative therapy. We enrolled sixteen newly diagnosed patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma and follicular thyroid carcinoma. We collect all patient's urine samples before operation, immediately after operation, post-operatively at three and six months (4 collections per patient). The levels of pre-operative and post-ablative of U-Ex Tg and galectin-3 in patients with thyroid cancer were measured. Results: Trends in urinary thyroglobulin concentrations in patients with post-ablative thyroid cancer were detected in the first sixteen patients. Importantly, serum thyroglobulin was not detected in five patients after operation and radioactive I-131 ablation, while U-Ex Tg still showed an increasing trend, which implicating the probable recurrence of thyroid cancer. This is the first study to evaluate whether U-Ex Tg is a future biological marker as a substitute for serum thyroglobulin. Conclusion: Our study have developed a brand-new evaluation for tracking thyroid cancer. The most useful scenario in using a test that is potentially more sensitive than existing serological testing is to eliminate the suspicion of recurrence and remove subjects from long term follow up. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02862470; 5, August 2016. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02862470?term=NCT02862470&rank=1. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03488134; 3, August 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03488134?term=NCT03488134&draw=2&rank=1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Ying Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin/Hsin-Chu Branch, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin/Hsin-Chu Branch, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chih-Yuan Wang ;
| | - Kuen-Yuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun-Lin/Hsin-Chu Branch, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
118
|
Kore RA, Henson JC, Hamzah RN, Griffin RJ, Tackett AJ, Ding Z, Mehta JL. Molecular events in MSC exosome mediated cytoprotection in cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19276. [PMID: 31848380 PMCID: PMC6917778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A host of hormonal-metabolic alterations take place following exposure of cardiomyocytes to hypoxia and other noxious stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that exposure of cultured rat cardiomyocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in upregulation (~1.5 fold) of oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1). There was also a marked increase in apoptosis 12 hrs after LPS treatment with caspase-3 levels being significantly elevated (~1.3 fold) and a significant increase in LDH release at 24 hrs. Interestingly, there was a ~1.4-fold upregulation of LC-3 expression post-LPS treatment indicating development of autophagy, which probably is a compensatory response to combat cellular injury induced by LPS. Treatment with LPS also reduced the size and morphology of cardiomyocyte spheroids. In an attempt to limit LPS-induced injury, cardiomyocytes were treated with exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). We noted a significant suppression of LOX-1 expression that in turn suppressed apoptosis as well as autophagic response and restored spheroid morphology. Mass spectrophotometric analysis of MSC exosomes revealed a cargo rich in proteins which are involved in pathways negatively modulating cell death and apoptosis while promoting cell survival. This is first report to our knowledge on the initial molecular events in MSC exosome mediated cytoprotection of stressed cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajshekhar A Kore
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare system, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Henson
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare system, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Rabab N Hamzah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.,Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare system, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare system, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
119
|
Benites BD, Alvarez MC, Saad STO. Small Particles, Big Effects: The Interplay Between Exosomes and Dendritic Cells in Antitumor Immunity and Immunotherapy. Cells 2019; 8:E1648. [PMID: 31888159 PMCID: PMC6952774 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells play a fundamental role in the antitumor immunity cycle, and the loss of their antigen-presenting function is a recognized mechanism of tumor evasion. We have recently demonstrated the effect of exosomes extracted from serum of patients with acute myeloid leukemia as important inducers of dendritic cell immunotolerance, and several other works have recently demonstrated the effects of these nanoparticles on immunity to other tumor types as well. The aim of this review was to highlight the recent findings on the effects of tumor exosomes on dendritic cell functions, the mechanisms by which they can lead to tumor evasion, and their manipulation as a possible strategy in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Deltreggia Benites
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (M.C.A.); (S.T.O.S.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
120
|
Cacheux J, Bancaud A, Leichlé T, Cordelier P. Technological Challenges and Future Issues for the Detection of Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients With Cancer. Front Chem 2019; 7:815. [PMID: 31850308 PMCID: PMC6894013 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, the success of clinical trials, notably for patients diagnosed with cancer, strongly relies on biomarkers with pristine clinical value but also on robust and versatile analytical technologies to ensure proper patients' stratification and treatment. In this review, we will first address whether plasmatic and salivary microRNAs can be considered as a reliable source of biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We will then discuss the pre-analytical steps preceding miRNA quantification (from isolation to purification), and how such process could be biased and time-consuming. Next, we will review the most recent tools derived from micro- and nano-technologies for microRNA detection available to date and how they may compete with current standards. This review will prioritize publications using relevant biological samples. The significance of various physical transduction schemes (mechanical, optical, electrical, etc.) for biological detection will be compared, and pros and cons of each method will be widely discussed. Finally, we will debate on how micro and nanotechnologies could widespread the use of biomarkers in modern medicine, to help manage patients with serious diseases such as cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Cacheux
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CRCT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Cordelier
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CRCT, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
121
|
Modulating Pro-inflammatory Cytokines, Tissue Damage Magnitude, and Motor Deficit in Spinal Cord Injury with Subventricular Zone-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:458-466. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
122
|
Baker SL, Kaupbayeva B, Lathwal S, Das SR, Russell AJ, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Biorelated Hybrid Materials. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4272-4298. [PMID: 31738532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, nucleic acids, lipid vesicles, and carbohydrates are the major classes of biomacromolecules that function to sustain life. Biology also uses post-translation modification to increase the diversity and functionality of these materials, which has inspired attaching various other types of polymers to biomacromolecules. These polymers can be naturally (carbohydrates and biomimetic polymers) or synthetically derived and have unique properties with tunable architectures. Polymers are either grafted-to or grown-from the biomacromolecule's surface, and characteristics including polymer molar mass, grafting density, and degree of branching can be controlled by changing reaction stoichiometries. The resultant conjugated products display a chimerism of properties such as polymer-induced enhancement in stability with maintained bioactivity, and while polymers are most often conjugated to proteins, they are starting to be attached to nucleic acids and lipid membranes (cells) as well. The fundamental studies with protein-polymer conjugates have improved our synthetic approaches, characterization techniques, and understanding of structure-function relationships that will lay the groundwork for creating new conjugated biomacromolecular products which could lead to breakthroughs in genetic and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Baker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 4N201, 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Bibifatima Kaupbayeva
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Sushil Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Subha R Das
- Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , Scott Hall 4N201, 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Biological Sciences , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering , Carnegie Mellon University , 5000 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15213 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
123
|
Woith E, Fuhrmann G, Melzig MF. Extracellular Vesicles-Connecting Kingdoms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5695. [PMID: 31739393 PMCID: PMC6888613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells of almost every type of cell or organism, showing their ubiquity in all empires of life. EVs are defined as naturally released particles from cells, delimited by a lipid bilayer, and cannot replicate. These nano- to micrometer scaled spheres shuttle a set of bioactive molecules. EVs are of great interest as vehicles for drug targeting and in fundamental biological research, but in vitro culture of animal cells usually achieves only small yields. The exploration of other biological kingdoms promises comprehensive knowledge on EVs broadening the opportunities for basic understanding and therapeutic use. Thus, plants might be sustainable biofactories producing nontoxic and highly specific nanovectors, whereas bacterial and fungal EVs are promising vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases. Importantly, EVs from different eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms are involved in many processes including host-pathogen interactions, spreading of resistances, and plant diseases. More extensive knowledge of inter-species and interkingdom regulation could provide advantages for preventing and treating pests and pathogens. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of EVs derived from eukaryota and prokaryota and we discuss how better understanding of their intercommunication role provides opportunities for both fundamental and applied biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Woith
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Biogenic Nanotherapeutics Group (BION), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Matthias F. Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
124
|
Song W, Zhou X, Benktander JD, Gaunitz S, Zou G, Wang Z, Novotny MV, Jacobson SC. In-Depth Compositional and Structural Characterization of N-Glycans Derived from Human Urinary Exosomes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13528-13537. [PMID: 31539226 PMCID: PMC6834888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of exosomes has become increasingly popular due to their potentially important biological roles. Urine can be used as an effective source of exosomes for noninvasive investigations into the pathophysiological states of the urinary system, but first, detailed characterization of exosomal components in healthy individuals is essential. Here, we significantly extend the number of N-glycan compositions, including sulfated species, identified from urinary exosomes and determine the sialic acid linkages for many of those compositions. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to identify N-glycan and sulfated N-glycan compositions. Second, because the alteration of sialylation patterns has been previously implicated in various disease states, ion-exchange chromatography, microfluidic capillary electrophoresis (CE), and MALDI-MS were adopted to resolve positional isomers of sialic acids. Structures of the sialyl-linkage isomers were assigned indirectly through α2-3 sialidase treatment and sialic acid linkage-specific alkylamidation (SALSA). In total, we have identified 219 N-glycan structures that include 175 compositions, 64 sialic acid linkage isomers, 26 structural isomers, and 27 sulfated glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woran Song
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - Xiaomei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - John D. Benktander
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - Stefan Gaunitz
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - Guozhang Zou
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| | - Stephen C. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102
| |
Collapse
|
125
|
Kim H, Kim DW, Cho JY. Exploring the key communicator role of exosomes in cancer microenvironment through proteomics. Proteome Sci 2019; 17:5. [PMID: 31686989 PMCID: PMC6820930 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-019-0154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to fully understand the mechanism of cancer behavior. Yet, how cancers develop and metastasize still remain elusive. Emerging concepts of cancer biology in recent years have focused on the communication of cancer with its microenvironment, since cancer cannot grow and live alone. Cancer needs to communicate with other cells for survival, and thus they secrete various messengers, including exosomes that contain many proteins, miRNAs, mRNAs, etc., for construction of the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, these intercellular communications between cancer and its microenvironment, including stromal cells or distant cells, can promote tumor growth, metastasis, and escape from immune surveillance. In this review, we summarized the role of proteins in the exosome as communicators between cancer and its microenvironment. Consequently, we present cancer specific exosome proteins and their unique roles in the interaction between cancer and its microenvironment. Clinically, these exosomes might provide useful biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic tools for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HuiSu Kim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- 1Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,2Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| |
Collapse
|
126
|
Cord Blood-Derived Exosomal CNTN2 and BDNF: Potential Molecular Markers for Brain Health of Neonates at Risk for Iron Deficiency. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102478. [PMID: 31623079 PMCID: PMC6835945 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal iron deficiency anemia, obesity, and diabetes are prevalent during pregnancy. All are associated with neonatal brain iron deficiency (ID) and neurodevelopmental impairment. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles involved in cell–cell communication. Contactin-2 (CNTN2), a neural-specific glycoprotein, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are important in neurodevelopment and found in exosomes. We hypothesized that exosomal CNTN2 and BDNF identify infants at risk for brain ID. Umbilical cord blood samples were measured for iron status. Maternal anemia, diabetes, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Cord blood exosomes were isolated and validated for the exosomal marker CD81 and the neural-specific exosomal marker CNTN2. Exosomal CNTN2 and BDNF levels were quantified by ELISA. Analysis of CNTN2 and BDNF levels as predictors of cord blood iron indices showed a direct correlation between CNTN2 and ferritin in all neonates (n = 79, β = 1.75, p = 0.02). In contrast, BDNF levels inversely correlated with ferritin (β = −1.20, p = 0.03), with stronger association in female neonates (n = 37, β = −1.35, p = 0.06), although there is no evidence of a sex-specific effect. Analysis of maternal risk factors for neonatal brain ID as predictors of exosomal CNTN2 and BDNF levels showed sex-specific relationships between infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) and CNTN2 levels (Interaction p = 0.0005). While male IDMs exhibited a negative correlation (n = 42, β = −0.69, p = 0.02), female IDMs showed a positive correlation (n = 37, β = 0.92, p = 0.01) with CNTN2. A negative correlation between BNDF and maternal BMI was found with stronger association in female neonates (per 10 units BMI, β = −0.60, p = 0.04). These findings suggest CNTN2 and BNDF are respective molecular markers for male and female neonates at risk for brain ID. This study supports the potential of exosomal markers to assess neonatal brain status in at-risk infants.
Collapse
|
127
|
Kang YT, Purcell E, Hadlock T, Lo TW, Mutukuri A, Jolly S, Nagrath S. Multiplex isolation and profiling of extracellular vesicles using a microfluidic DICE device. Analyst 2019; 144:5785-5793. [PMID: 31463505 PMCID: PMC6774196 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01235d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Profiling of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is an emerging area in the field of liquid biopsies because of their innate significance in diseases and abundant information reflecting disease status. However, unbiased enrichment of EVs and thorough profiling of EVs is challenging. In this paper, we present a simple strategy to immobilize and analyze EVs for multiple markers on a single microfluidic device and perform differentiated immunostaining-based characterization of extracellular vesicles (DICE). This device, composed of four quadrants with a single inlet, captures biotinylated EVs efficiently and facilitates multiplexed immunostaining to profile their extracellular proteins, allowing for a multiplexed approach for non-invasive cancer diagnostics in the future. From controlled sample experiments using cancer cell line derived EVs and specific fluorescence staining with lipophilic dyes, we identified that the DICE device is capable of isolating biotinylated EVs with 84.4% immobilization efficiency. We extended our study to profile EVs of 9 clinical samples from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and healthy donors and found that the DICE device successfully facilitates immunofluorescent staining for both the NSCLC patients and the healthy control. This versatile and simple method to profile EVs could be extended to EVs of any biological origin, promoting discoveries of the role of EVs in disease diagnostics and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Tae Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institutes, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Emma Purcell
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institutes, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Thomas Hadlock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institutes, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Ting-Wen Lo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institutes, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Anusha Mutukuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institutes, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Shruti Jolly
- Radiation Oncology, University of Hospital, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biointerface Institutes, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC B10-A184, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
128
|
Moleirinho MG, Silva RJ, Carrondo MJ, Alves PM, Peixoto C. Exosome-based therapeutics: Purification using semi-continuous multi-column chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
129
|
Than UTT, Leavesley DI, Parker TJ. Characteristics and roles of extracellular vesicles released by epidermal keratinocytes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33:2264-2272. [PMID: 31403744 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes, which constitute 90% of the cells in the epidermis of the skin, have been demonstrated to communicate with other skin cells such as fibroblasts, melanocytes and immune cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs). This communication is facilitated by the enriched EV biomolecular cargo which regulates multiple biological processes within skin tissue, including cell proliferation, cell migration, anti-apoptosis, pigmentation transfer and extracellular matrix remodelling. This review will provide an overview of the current literature and advances in the field of keratinocyte-derived EV research with particular regard to the interactions and communication between keratinocytes and other skin cells, mediated by EVs and EV components. Importantly, this information may shed some light on the potential for keratinocyte-derived EVs in future biomedical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U T T Than
- Vinmec Research Institute of Stem Cell and Gene Technology, Vinmec International Hospital, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - D I Leavesley
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - T J Parker
- School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Qld, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
130
|
Rontogianni S, Synadaki E, Li B, Liefaard MC, Lips EH, Wesseling J, Wu W, Altelaar M. Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles allows for human breast cancer subtyping. Commun Biol 2019; 2:325. [PMID: 31508500 PMCID: PMC6722120 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0570-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a potential source of disease-associated biomarkers for diagnosis. In breast cancer, comprehensive analyses of EVs could yield robust and reliable subtype-specific biomarkers that are still critically needed to improve diagnostic routines and clinical outcome. Here, we show that proteome profiles of EVs secreted by different breast cancer cell lines are highly indicative of their respective molecular subtypes, even more so than the proteome changes within the cancer cells. Moreover, we detected molecular evidence for subtype-specific biological processes and molecular pathways, hyperphosphorylated receptors and kinases in connection with the disease, and compiled a set of protein signatures that closely reflect the associated clinical pathophysiology. These unique features revealed in our work, replicated in clinical material, collectively demonstrate the potential of secreted EVs to differentiate between breast cancer subtypes and show the prospect of their use as non-invasive liquid biopsies for diagnosis and management of breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Rontogianni
- 1Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eleni Synadaki
- 1Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bohui Li
- 1Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marte C Liefaard
- 3Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther H Lips
- 3Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Wesseling
- 3Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,4Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Wu
- 1Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- 1Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,5Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
131
|
Chopra N, Dutt Arya B, Jain N, Yadav P, Wajid S, Singh SP, Choudhury S. Biophysical Characterization and Drug Delivery Potential of Exosomes from Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13143-13152. [PMID: 31460441 PMCID: PMC6705090 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell-derived exosomes (30-200 nm) as biological "nanocarriers" have attracted a great deal of interest for therapeutic applications due to their ability to internalize in in vivo biological systems (i.e., cells). Although they can be harvested from various sources including stem cells, yet an appropriate isolation and characterization protocol to obtain "pure" exosomal population is needed. For potential clinical applications, understanding the functional ability of exosomes and their purity, that is, free from microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and protein aggregates, is a pre-requisite. To achieve high purity and yield of exosomes from human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) in the size range of 30-200 nm, we have performed and compared three isolation procedures: ultracentrifugation (UC), sucrose cushion (SC), and commercially available reagent (CR). The isolated exosomes were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, to understand the therapeutic potential of the hWJ-MSC-derived exosomes (hWJ-ME) to target pancreatic tumor cells, the internalization efficacy has been evaluated on the MiaPaCa-2 cell lines using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The NTA results showed sucrose cushion to be an optimal method for exosome isolation with high purity (86.8%), as compared to UC (40.5%; p = 0.050) and CR (38%; p = 0.050). Optical analysis by FESEM and AFM revealed that SC-isolated exosomes presented a spherical morphology, whereas UC- and CR-isolated exosomes exhibited an uneven morphology. Furthermore, the data from confocal images and flow cytometry showed that hWJ-ME were internalized by MiaPaCa-2, demonstrating the feasibility of exosomes as a "potential nanocarrier". Thus, our study suggests that a combination of NTA (yield), AFM (dimensions), and FESEM (morphology and topography) could provide sensitive biophysical characterization of hWJ-ME. In the future, enriched exosomes could be used as a delivery vehicle to transport target-specific drugs or gene-silencing constructs to tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chopra
- Department
of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Old Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India
- Department
of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Braham Dutt Arya
- CSIR−National
Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Namrata Jain
- Malvern
Panalytical Ltd., Enigma Business Park, Malvern WR14 1XZ, U.K.
| | - Poonam Yadav
- Department
of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Old Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department
of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Surinder P. Singh
- CSIR−National
Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy
of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110025, India
- E-mail: (S.P.S.)
| | - Sangeeta Choudhury
- Department
of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Old Rajinder Nagar, Delhi 110060, India
- E-mail: (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
132
|
Hamlett ED, LaRosa A, Mufson EJ, Fortea J, Ledreux A, Granholm AC. Exosome release and cargo in Down syndrome. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:639-655. [PMID: 31347291 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a multisystem disorder affecting 1 in 800 births worldwide. Advancing technology, medical treatment, and social intervention have dramatically increased life expectancy, yet there are many etiologies of this disorder that are in need of further research. The advent of the ability to capture extracellular vesicles (EVs) in blood from specific cell types allows for the investigation of novel intracellular processes. Exosomes are one type of EVs that have demonstrated great potential in uncovering new biomarkers of neurodegeneration and disease, and also that appear to be intricately involved in the transsynaptic spread of pathogenic factors underlying Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases. Exosomes are nanosized vesicles, generated in endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and secreted by most cells in the body. Since exosomes are important mediators of intercellular communication and genetic exchange, they have emerged as a major research focus and have revealed novel biological sequelae involved in conditions afflicting the DS population. This review summarizes current knowledge on exosome biology in individuals with DS, both early in life and in aging individuals. Collectively these studies have demonstrated that complex multicellular processes underlying DS etiologies may include abnormal formation and secretion of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Hamlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Angela LaRosa
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurobiology and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Juan Fortea
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau, CIBERNED, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ann-Charlotte Granholm
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
133
|
Song Z, Cai Z, Yan J, Shao YW, Zhang Y. Liquid biopsies using pleural effusion-derived exosomal DNA in advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2019; 8:392-400. [PMID: 31555514 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2019.08.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Recently, plasma-derived exosomal DNA (exoDNA) has been successfully used in clinical genetic testing. However, the clinical utility of pleural effusion-derived exoDNA (PE-exoDNA) was still unknown. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using PE-exoDNA for genetic testing in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Methods Twenty PE-exoDNA samples and 18 pleural effusion-derived cell-free DNA (PE-cfDNA) samples were obtained from 20 stage IV lung adenocarcinoma patients. Using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 416 cancer-relevant genes, the genomic alterations between PE-exoDNA and PE-cfDNA were identified and compared. Results NGS results showed highly similar mutation profiles between exoDNA and cfDNA, with TP53, EGFR, PKD1, and ALK as the top 4 mutated genes in both samples. A total of 304 genetic mutations were identified in 18 cfDNA samples and 276 genetic mutations were identified in 20 exoDNA samples. Forty-seven mutations from 8 genes (EGFR, ALK, KARS, BRAF, MET, PTEN, TP53, and RB1) were identified in 18 patients who had both exoDNA and cfDNA samples. Of the 47 mutations, 43 were shared between the two types of samples, yielding a concordance rate of 89.6%. Collectively, 78% of the mutations were shared between exoDNA and cfDNA samples, and this frequency increased to 94.2% when copy number variations (CNVs) were excluded from the analysis. Conclusions In patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma, the genetic profile of PE-exoDNA and PE-cfDNA were comparable, except for CNVs that had lower similarities between these two samples. Our findings support the clinical utility of exoDNA and could motivate further exploration of using exoDNA as an alternative source for genetic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbo Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Junrong Yan
- Medical Department, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc., Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Yang W Shao
- Translational Medicine Research Centre, Geneseeq Technology Inc., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| |
Collapse
|
134
|
Jiang K, Karasawa R, Hu Z, Chen Y, Holmes L, O’Neil KM, Jarvis JN. Plasma exosomes from children with juvenile dermatomyositis are taken up by human aortic endothelial cells and are associated with altered gene expression in those cells. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019; 17:41. [PMID: 31299993 PMCID: PMC6626431 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-019-0347-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathology of juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is characterized by prominent vessel wall and perivascular inflammation. This feature of the disease has remained unexplained and under-investigated. We have hypothesized that plasma exosomes, which play an important role in inter-cellular communication, may play a role in the vascular injury associated with JDM. OBJECTIVE To characterize the circulating exosomes of children with JDM and determine whether the small RNA cargoes within those exosomes are capable of altering transcriptional programs within endothelial cells. DESIGN/METHODS We purified exosomes from plasma samples of children with active, untreated JDM (n = 6) and healthy controls (n = 9). We characterized the small RNA cargoes in JDM and control exosomes by RNA sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. We then incubated isolated exosomes from healthy controls and children with JDM with cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) for 24 h. Fluorescence microscopy was used to confirm that both control and JDM exosomes were taken up by HAEC. RNA was then purified from HAEC that had been incubated with either control or JDM exosomes and sequenced on the Illumina platform. Differential expression of mRNAs from HAEC incubated with control or JDM exosomes was ascertained using standard computational methods. Finally, we assessed the degree to which differential gene expression in HAEC could be attributed to the different small RNA cargoes in JDM vs control exosomes using conventional and novel analytic methods. RESULTS We identified 10 small RNA molecules that showed differential abundance when we compared JDM and healthy control exosomes. Fluorescence microscopy of labeled exosomes confirmed that both JDM and control exosomes were taken up by HAEC. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 59 genes that showed differential expression between HAEC incubated with JDM exosomes vs HAEC incubated with exosomes from controls. Statistical analysis of gene expression data demonstrated that multiple miRNAs exerted transcriptional control on multiple genes with HAEC. CONCLUSIONS Plasma exosomes from children with active, untreated JDM are taken up by HAEC and are associated with alterations in gene expression in those cells. These findings provide new insight into potential mechanisms leading to the targeting of vascular tissue by the immune system in JDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Rie Karasawa
- Department of Frontier Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Zihua Hu
- Center for Computational Research, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Yanmin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Lucy Holmes
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Kathleen M. O’Neil
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - James N. Jarvis
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
- Genetics, Genomics, & Bioinformatics Program, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
135
|
Ovarian cancer-derived exosomes promote tumour metastasis in vivo: an effect modulated by the invasiveness capacity of their originating cells. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1401-1419. [PMID: 31227603 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small nanovesicles that carry bioactive molecules which can be delivered to neighbouring cells to modify their biological functions. Studies have showed that exosomes from ovarian cancer (OVCA) cells can alter the cell migration and proliferation of cells within the tumour microenvironment, an effect modulated by the invasiveness capacity of their originating cells. Using an OVCA cell line xenograph mouse model, we showed that exosomes derived from a high invasiveness capacity cell line (exo-SKOV-3) promoted metastasis in vivo compared with exosomes from a low invasiveness capacity cell line (exo-OVCAR-3). Analysis from anin vivo imaging system (IVIS) revealed that exo-SKOV-3 formed metastatic niches, whereas exo-OVCAR-3 formed colonies of clustered cells close to the site of injection. Interestingly, kinetic parameters showed that the half-maximal stimulatory time (ST50) of tumour growth with exo-OVCAR-3 (4.0 ± 0.31 weeks) was significantly lower compared with the ST50 in mice injected with exo-SKOV-3 (4.5 ± 0.32 weeks). However, the number of metastic nodes in mice injected with exo-SKOV-3 was higher compared with exo-OVCAR-3. Using a quantitative mass spectrometry approach (SWATH MS/MS) followed by bioinformatics analysis using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we identified a total of 771 proteins. Furthermore, 40 of these proteins were differentially expressed in tumour tissues from mice injected with exo-SKOV-3 compared with exo-OVCAR-3, and associated with Wnt canonical pathway (β-catenin). Finally, we identified a set of proteins which had elevated expression in the circulating exosomes in association with tumour metastasis. These observations suggest that exosomal signalling plays an important role in OVCA metastasis.
Collapse
|
136
|
Plasma-derived extracellular vesicles yield predictive markers of cranial irradiation exposure in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9460. [PMID: 31263197 PMCID: PMC6603161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation exposure to the brain is common for patients with a variety of CNS related malignancies. This exposure is known to induce structural and functional alterations to the brain, impacting dendritic complexity, spine density and inflammation. Over time, these changes are associated with cognitive decline. However, many of these impacts are only observable long after irradiation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells in nearly all known tissues, with roles in many disease pathologies. EVs are becoming an important target for identifying circulating biomarkers. The aim of this study is to identify minimally invasive biomarkers of ionizing radiation damage to the CNS that are predictors of late responses that manifest as persistent cognitive impairments. Using a clinically relevant 9 Gy irradiation paradigm, we exposed mice to cranial (head only) irradiation. Using metabolomic and lipidomic profiling, we analyzed their plasma and plasma-derived EVs two days and two weeks post-exposure to detect systemic signs of damage. We identified significant changes associated with inflammation in EVs. Whole-plasma profiling provided further evidence of systemic injury. These studies are the first to demonstrate that profiling of plasma-derived EVs may be used to study clinically relevant markers of ionizing radiation toxicities to the brain.
Collapse
|
137
|
Xu H, Jia S, Xu H. Potential therapeutic applications of exosomes in different autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2019; 205:116-124. [PMID: 31228581 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by self-immune responses to autoantigens, which damage body tissues and severely affect the patient's quality of life. Therapeutic drugs are associated with adverse side effects and their beneficial effects are limited to specific populations. Evidence indicates that exosomes which are small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, and may play roles in both immune stimulation and tolerance since they are involved in many processes such as immune signaling, inflammation and angiogenesis. Exosomes have also emerged as promising tools for therapeutic delivery, given their intrinsic features such as stability, biocompatibility and a capacity for stealth. In this review, we summarize existing literature regarding the production, efficacy, action mechanism, and potential therapeutic uses of exosomes in the contexts of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shaochang Jia
- Department of Bio-Treatment, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
138
|
Delivery of microRNAs by Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Infections: Could the News be Packaged? Cells 2019; 8:cells8060611. [PMID: 31216738 PMCID: PMC6627707 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by various cells and recently have attracted attention because they constitute a refined system of cell-cell communication. EVs deliver a diverse array of biomolecules including messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids, and they can be used as potential biomarkers in normal and pathological conditions. The cargo of EVs is a snapshot of the donor cell profile; thus, in viral infections, EVs produced by infected cells could be a central player in disease pathogenesis. In this context, miRNAs incorporated into EVs can affect the immune recognition of viruses and promote or restrict their replication in target cells. In this review, we provide an updated overview of the roles played by EV-delivered miRNAs in viral infections and discuss the potential consequences for the host response. The full understanding of the functions of EVs and miRNAs can turn into useful biomarkers for infection detection and monitoring and/or uncover potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
139
|
Simonsen JB, Larsen JB, Hempel C, Eng N, Fossum A, Andresen TL. Unique Calibrators Derived from Fluorescence‐Activated Nanoparticle Sorting for Flow Cytometric Size Estimation of Artificial Vesicles: Possibilities and Limitations. Cytometry A 2019; 95:917-924. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens B. Simonsen
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby DK‐2800 Denmark
| | - Jannik B. Larsen
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby DK‐2800 Denmark
| | - Casper Hempel
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby DK‐2800 Denmark
| | | | - Anna Fossum
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC)University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DK‐2200 Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Department of Health TechnologyTechnical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby DK‐2800 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
140
|
Sluijter JPG, Davidson SM, Boulanger CM, Buzás EI, de Kleijn DPV, Engel FB, Giricz Z, Hausenloy DJ, Kishore R, Lecour S, Leor J, Madonna R, Perrino C, Prunier F, Sahoo S, Schiffelers RM, Schulz R, Van Laake LW, Ytrehus K, Ferdinandy P. Extracellular vesicles in diagnostics and therapy of the ischaemic heart: Position Paper from the Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart of the European Society of Cardiology. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:19-34. [PMID: 29106545 PMCID: PMC5852624 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs)—particularly exosomes and microvesicles (MVs)—are attracting considerable interest in the cardiovascular field as the wide range of their functions is recognized. These capabilities include transporting regulatory molecules including different RNA species, lipids, and proteins through the extracellular space including blood and delivering these cargos to recipient cells to modify cellular activity. EVs powerfully stimulate angiogenesis, and can protect the heart against myocardial infarction. They also appear to mediate some of the paracrine effects of cells, and have therefore been proposed as a potential alternative to cell-based regenerative therapies. Moreover, EVs of different sources may be useful biomarkers of cardiovascular disease identities. However, the methods used for the detection and isolation of EVs have several limitations and vary widely between studies, leading to uncertainties regarding the exact population of EVs studied and how to interpret the data. The number of publications in the exosome and MV field has been increasing exponentially in recent years and, therefore, in this ESC Working Group Position Paper, the overall objective is to provide a set of recommendations for the analysis and translational application of EVs focussing on the diagnosis and therapy of the ischaemic heart. This should help to ensure that the data from emerging studies are robust and repeatable, and optimize the pathway towards the diagnostic and therapeutic use of EVs in clinical studies for patient benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Petrus Gerardus Sluijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3508GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Edit Iren Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE Immunoproteogenomics Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dominique Paschalis Victor de Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Benedikt Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169609.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228.,The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.,The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Research & Development, Maple House 1st floor, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, W Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Raj Kishore
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and Lionel Opie Preclinical Imaging Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Center of Aging Science and Regenerative Medicine, CESI-Met and Institute of Cardiology, "G. D'Annunzio" University, Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical School in Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrice Prunier
- Institut Mitovasc, CHU d'Angers, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Susmita Sahoo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ray Michel Schiffelers
- Laboratory Clinical Chemistry and Hematology Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Aulweg 129, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Linda Wilhelmina Van Laake
- Division Heart and Lungs, and Hubrecht Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsti Ytrehus
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest 1089, Hungary and.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
141
|
Zhao A, Guo L, Xu J, Zheng L, Guo Z, Ling Z, Wang L, Mao W. Identification and validation of circulating exosomes-based liquid biopsy for esophageal cancer. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3566-3574. [PMID: 31099496 PMCID: PMC6601589 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early detection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) recurrence is a key element for follow‐up care and surveillance. The aim of this study is to detect the level of circulating exosomes (CEs) in ESCC patient and clarify its clinical significance. Methods In this study, 200 serum samples of ESCC patients were obtained from the Zhejiang Cancer Hospital Biospecimen Repository. Total CEs were purified by selectively capturing epithelial cell adhesion molecule positive exosomes, using magnetic‐bead technique. enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the concentration level of CEs. The oncogenic potential of CEs was analyzed in vitro. Results Serum concentration of CEs was significantly higher in ESCC patients than in healthy controls (P < 0.01). Receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that CEs concentration could distinguish patients with ESCC from healthy individuals with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 85%. Kaplan‐Meier analysis demonstrated that the increased CEs concentration was associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.01) and progression free survival (P = 0.03) in ESCC patients. Multivariate cox regression analysis revealed that CEs concentration was an independent prognostic marker for overall survival in ESCC patients (P < 0.01). Results from transwell and wound scratching experiments showed that the CEs could promote cell migration and invasion. Conclusions This study clearly demonstrates that CEs from ESCC patients are stable enough to be measured and their levels in ESCC patients are significantly upregulated. Circulating exosomes could serve as a novel noninvasive biomarker for detection of ESCC. Their involvement in carcinogenesis must be further established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Zhao
- Institute of Cancer Research, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- Institute of Cancer Research, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Xu
- Department of Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Institute of Cancer Research, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenying Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ling
- Institute of Cancer Research, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weimin Mao
- Institute of Cancer Research, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
142
|
Yunusova NV, Tugutova EA, Tamkovich SN, Kondakova IV. [The role of exosomal tetraspanins and proteases in tumor progression]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2019; 64:123-133. [PMID: 29723143 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186402123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Major (CD9, CD63, CD81) and others (CD82, CD151, Tspan8) tetraspanins are widely represented in exosomes, where they interact with various proteins and form functional tetraspanin complexes. Tetraspanin complexes include proteases. Tetraspanin-associated exosomal proteases (ADAM proteases, MMPs, EMMPRIN) play an important role in the processes of cell motility, migration, invasion and formation of metastases. Also, a significant contribution to tumor progression is made by proteases that are not associated with tetraspanins. They destabilize intercellular contacts, promote migration and invasion of tumor cells, participate in the regulation of the expression IGF-I, VEGF and transcription factors activation/deactivation. The role of other proteases of exosomes in the processes of tumor progression is being clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N V Yunusova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E A Tugutova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - S N Tamkovich
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia; Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I V Kondakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
143
|
Lanyu Z, Feilong H. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in lung injury and inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 113:108748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
144
|
Haddad G, Lorenzen JM. Biogenesis and Function of Circular RNAs in Health and in Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:428. [PMID: 31080413 PMCID: PMC6497739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNA that were previously thought to be insignificant byproducts of splicing errors. However, recent advances in RNA sequencing confirmed the presence of circRNAs in multiple cell lines and across different species suggesting a functional role of this RNA species. CircRNAs arise from back-splicing events resulting in a circular RNA that is stable, specific and conserved. They can be generated from exons, exon-introns, or introns. CircRNAs have multifaceted functions. They are likely part of the competing endogenous RNA class. They can regulate gene expression by sponging microRNAs, binding proteins or they can be translated into a protein themselves. CircRNAs have been associated with health and disease, some with disease protective effects, some with disease promoting functions. The widespread expression and disease regulatory mechanisms endow circRNAs to be used as functional biomarkers and therapeutic targets for a variety of different disorders. In this concise article we provide an overview of the association of circRNAs with various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and kidney disease as well as cellular senescence. We conclude with an assessment of the current status and future outlook of this new field of research that carries immense potential with respect to diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of a variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Haddad
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan M. Lorenzen
- Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
145
|
Jahan R, Ganguly K, Smith LM, Atri P, Carmicheal J, Sheinin Y, Rachagani S, Natarajan G, Brand RE, Macha MA, Grandgenett PM, Kaur S, Batra SK. Trefoil factor(s) and CA19.9: A promising panel for early detection of pancreatic cancer. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:375-385. [PMID: 30956167 PMCID: PMC6491718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trefoil factors (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) are small secretory molecules that recently have gained significant attention in multiple studies as an integral component of pancreatic cancer (PC) subtype-specific gene signature. Here, we comprehensively investigated the diagnostic potential of all the member of trefoil family, i.e., TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 in combination with CA19.9 for detection of PC. Methods Trefoil factors (TFFs) gene expression was analyzed in publicly available cancer genome datasets, followed by assessment of their expression in genetically engineered spontaneous mouse model (GEM) of PC (KrasG12D; Pdx1-Cre (KC)) and in human tissue microarray consisting of normal pancreas adjacent to tumor (NAT), precursor lesions (PanIN), and various pathological grades of PC by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Serum TFFs and CA19.9 levels were evaluated via ELISA in comprehensive sample set (n = 362) comprised of independent training and validation sets each containing benign controls (BC), chronic pancreatitis (CP), and various stages of PC. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to examine their diagnostic potential both alone and in combination with CA19.9. Findings The publicly available datasets and expression analysis revealed significant increased expression of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3 in human PanINs and PC tissues. Assessment of KC mouse model also suggested upregulated expression of TFFs in PanIN lesions and early stage of PC. In serum analyses studies, TFF1 and TFF2 were significantly elevated in early stages of PC in comparison to benign and CP control group while significant elevation in TFF3 levels were observed in CP group with no further elevation in its level in early stage PC group. In receiver operating curve (ROC) analyses, combination of TFFs with CA19.9 emerged as promising panel for discriminating early stage of PC (EPC) from BC (AUCTFF1+TFF2+TFF3+CA19.9 = 0.93) as well as CP (AUCTFF1+TFF2+TFF3+CA19.9 = 0.93). Notably, at 90% specificity (desired for blood-based biomarker panel), TFFs combination improved CA19.9 sensitivity by 10% and 25% to differentiate EPC from BC and CP respectively. In an independent blinded validation set, the combination of TFFs and CA19.9 (AUCTFF1+TFF2+TFF3+CA19.9 = 0.82) also improved the overall efficacy of CA19.9 (AUCCA19.9 = 0.66) to differentiate EPC from CP proving unique biomarker capabilities of TFFs to distinguish early stage of this deadly lethal disease. Interpretation In silico, tissue and serum analyses validated significantly increased level of all TFFs in precursor lesions and early stages of PC. The combination of TFFs enhanced sensitivity and specificity of CA19.9 to discriminate early stage of PC from benign control and chronic pancreatitis groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Jahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Lynette M Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Pranita Atri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Joseph Carmicheal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Yuri Sheinin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Gopalakrishnan Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Randall E Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Sukhwinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA; Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
146
|
Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Jeyaraj M, Qasim M, Kim JH. Review of the Isolation, Characterization, Biological Function, and Multifarious Therapeutic Approaches of Exosomes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040307. [PMID: 30987213 PMCID: PMC6523673 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They are derived from endocytic membranes and can transfer signals to recipient cells, thus mediating a novel mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. They are also thought to be involved in cellular waste disposal. Exosomes play significant roles in various biological functions, including the transfer of biomolecules such as RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids and the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes in various diseases. Because of these properties, they are considered to be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases and may contribute to the development of minimally invasive diagnostics and next generation therapies. The biocompatible nature of exosomes could enhance the stability and efficacy of imaging probes and therapeutics. Due to their potential use in clinical applications, exosomes have attracted much research attention on their roles in health and disease. To explore the use of exosomes in the biomedical arena, it is essential that the basic molecular mechanisms behind the transport and function of these vesicles are well-understood. Herein, we discuss the history, biogenesis, release, isolation, characterization, and biological functions of exosomes, as well as the factors influencing their biogenesis and their technical and biological challenges. We conclude this review with a discussion on the future perspectives of exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muniyandi Jeyaraj
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-Dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
147
|
Rodríguez Zorrilla S, Pérez-Sayans M, Fais S, Logozzi M, Gallas Torreira M, García García A. A Pilot Clinical Study on the Prognostic Relevance of Plasmatic Exosomes Levels in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030429. [PMID: 30917536 PMCID: PMC6468603 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To evaluate the relationship between the plasmatic CD63 and CAV1 positive exosome levels, in patients with OSCC before and after surgical treatment and to correlate it with their overall survival. Methods: A double-blind pilot study over 10 patients OSCC and T4 stage without distant metastases or local bone invasion has been performed. The average follow-up period was 37.64 months (34.3–40.84). We obtained 2 plasma tubes of 1 mL each before surgery and 7 days after surgery. Before performing the immunocapture-based analysis, EVs (Extracellular Vesicles) were isolated from the plasma and characterized with western blot analysis. Results: Mean values of CD63 positive plasmatic exosomes (EXO-CD63) after surgery decreased from 750.88 ± 286.67 to 541.71 ± 244.93 (p = 0.091). On the other hand, CAV-1 positive plasmatic exosomes (EXO-CAV-1) increased after surgery from 507 ± 483.39 to 1120.25 ± 1151.17 (p = 0.237). Patients with EXO-CD63 levels lower than the mean global value before the surgery had a survival of 36.04 months compared with the group with EXO-CD63 higher than the average who only survived 12.49 ± 1.67 months from the diagnosis, p = 0.225. When EXO-CAV-1 levels before surgery was lower than the average (813.94 ± 801.21) overall survival was 24.69 ± 22.23 months in contrast when it was higher that was only 11.64 months, p = 0.157. Patients with lower EXO-CD63 levels after surgery lived an average of 23.84 ± 23.9 months, while those with higher plasmatic levels of EXO-CD63 live 13.35 months, p = 0.808. When EXO-CAV-1 levels after surgery were lower, the average overall survival was 20.344 ± 15.40 months, in contrast when the EXO-CAV-1 levels were higher showing rather an estimate survival expectation of 1.64 months. Conclusions: Surgical treatment induced a dramatic reduction of the plasmatic levels of exosomes expressing CD63 as early as 1 week after resection. This first result suggests that the tumour mass is responsible of the high levels of circulating exosomes detected in cancer patients. At the same time point exosome expressing CAV-1 increased, possibly due to the inflammatory reaction immediately after surgery. Lastly, statistical analysis showed that lower levels of plasmatic exosomes both before and after surgery correlated with a better life expectancy of OSCC patients. Hopefully, this approach will prove useful in the clinical follow-up of cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rodríguez Zorrilla
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain.
| | - Mario Pérez-Sayans
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Coruña, Spain.
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mercedes Gallas Torreira
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain.
| | - Abel García García
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Galicia, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
148
|
Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Host immunogenetics in tick-borne encephalitis virus infection-The CCR5 crossroad. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 10:729-741. [PMID: 30879988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection is a complex event encompassing factors derived from the virus itself, the vectors, the final host, and the environment as well. Classically, genetic traits stand out among the human factors that modify the susceptibility and progression of infectious diseases. However, and although this is a changing scenario, studies evaluating the genetic factors that affect the susceptibility specifically to TBEV infection and TBEV-related diseases are still scarce. There are already some interesting pieces of evidence showing that some genes and polymorphisms have a real impact on TBEV infection. Also, the inflammatory processes involving tick-human interactions began to be understood in greater detail. This review focuses on the immunogenetic and inflammatory aspects concerning tick-host interactions, TBEV infections, and tick-borne encephalitis. Of note, it has been described that polymorphisms in CD209, GSTM1, IL-10, IL-28B, MMP9, OAS2, OAS3, and TLR3 have a statistically significant impact on TBEV infection. Besides, CCR5, its ligands, and the CCR5Δ32 genetic variant seem to have a very important influence on the infection and its immune responses. Taking this information into consideration, a special discussion regarding the effects of CCR5 on TBEV infection and tick-borne encephalitis will be presented. Emerging topics (such as exosomes, evasins, and CCR5 blockers) involving immunological and inflammatory aspects of TBEV-human interactions will also be addressed. Lastly, the current picture of TBEV infection and the importance to address the TBEV-associated problems through the One Health perspective will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
149
|
Lee JH, Dindorf J, Eberhardt M, Lai X, Ostalecki C, Koliha N, Gross S, Blume K, Bruns H, Wild S, Schuler G, Vera J, Baur AS. Innate extracellular vesicles from melanoma patients suppress β-catenin in tumor cells by miRNA-34a. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201800205. [PMID: 30846484 PMCID: PMC6406044 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon tumor development, new extracellular vesicles appear in circulation. Our knowledge of their relative abundance, function, and overall impact on cancer development is still preliminary. Here, we demonstrate that plasma extracellular vesicles (pEVs) of non-tumor origin are persistently increased in untreated and post-excision melanoma patients, exhibiting strong suppressive effects on the proliferation of tumor cells. Plasma vesicle numbers, miRNAs, and protein levels were elevated two- to tenfold and detected many years after tumor resection. The vesicles revealed individual and clinical stage-specific miRNA profiles as well as active ADAM10. However, whereas pEV from patients preventing tumor relapse down-regulated β-catenin and blocked tumor cell proliferation in an miR-34a-dependent manner, pEV from metastatic patients lost this ability and stimulated β-catenin-mediated transcription. Cancer-induced pEV may constitute an innate immune mechanism suppressing tumor cell activity including that of residual cancer cells present after primary surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Dindorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Eberhardt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Lai
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nina Koliha
- Miltenyi Biotech GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Stefani Gross
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Blume
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Miltenyi Biotech GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
150
|
Welch JL, Stapleton JT, Okeoma CM. Vehicles of intercellular communication: exosomes and HIV-1. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:350-366. [PMID: 30702421 PMCID: PMC7011712 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The terms extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, oncosomes, or exosomes are often used interchangeably as descriptors of particles that are released from cells and comprise a lipid membrane that encapsulates nucleic acids and proteins. Although these entities are defined based on a specific size range and/or mechanism of release, the terminology is often ambiguous. Nevertheless, these vesicles are increasingly recognized as important modulators of intercellular communication. The generic characterization of extracellular vesicles could also be used as a descriptor of enveloped viruses, highlighting the fact that extracellular vesicles and enveloped viruses are similar in both composition and function. Their high degree of similarity makes differentiating between vesicles and enveloped viruses in biological specimens particularly difficult. Because viral particles and extracellular vesicles are produced simultaneously in infected cells, it is necessary to separate these populations to understand their independent functions. We summarize current understanding of the similarities and differences of extracellular vesicles, which henceforth we will refer to as exosomes, and the enveloped retrovirus, HIV-1. Here, we focus on the presence of these particles in semen, as these are of particular importance during HIV-1 sexual transmission. While there is overlap in the terminology and physical qualities between HIV-1 virions and exosomes, these two types of intercellular vehicles may differ depending on the bio-fluid source. Recent data have demonstrated that exosomes from human semen serve as regulators of HIV-1 infection that may contribute to the remarkably low risk of infection per sexual exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Pharmacologic Sciences, Basic Sciences Tower, Rm 8-142, Stony Brook, University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| |
Collapse
|