101
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Nayak SP, Roy S. Immune phase transition under steroid treatment. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:062401. [PMID: 34271610 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.062401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone glucocorticoid (GC) is a well-known immunosuppressant that controls T-cell-mediated adaptive immune response. In this work, we have developed a minimal kinetic network model of T-cell regulation connecting relevant experimental and clinical studies to quantitatively understand the long-term effects of GC on pro-inflammatory T-cell (T_{pro}) and anti-inflammatory T-cell (T_{anti}) dynamics. Due to the antagonistic relation between these two types of T cells, their long-term steady-state population ratio helps us to characterize three classified immune regulations: (i) weak ([T_{pro}]>[T_{anti}]), (ii) strong ([T_{pro}]<[T_{anti}]), and (iii) moderate ([T_{pro}]∼[T_{anti}]), holding the characteristic bistability. In addition to the differences in their long-term steady-state outcome, each immune regulation shows distinct dynamical phases. In the presteady state, a characteristic intermediate stationary phase is observed to develop only in the moderate regulation regime. In the medicinal field, the resting time in this stationary phase is distinguished as a clinical latent period. GC dose-dependent steady-state analysis shows an optimal level of GC to drive a phase transition from the weak or autoimmune prone to the moderate regulation regime. Subsequently, the presteady state clinical latent period tends to diverge near that optimal GC level where [T_{pro}]:[T_{anti}] is highly balanced. The GC-optimized elongated stationary phase explains the rationale behind the requirement of long-term immune diagnostics, especially when long-term GC-based chemotherapeutics and other immunosuppressive drugs are administrated. Moreover, our study reveals GC sensitivity of clinical latent period, which might serve as an early warning signal in diagnosing different immune phases and determining immune phasewise steroid treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susmita Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Campus Road, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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102
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Kasimanickam RK, Kasimanickam VR. Association of gastrointestinal parasite burden, serum cytokines and hormones concentrations, and pregnancy in Angus-cross beef cows. Vet Parasitol 2021; 295:109464. [PMID: 34051524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to elucidate the relationships among gastrointestinal (GI) parasite load, serum cytokines (Th 1 - Interleukin (IL) 2, Interferon (IFN) γ and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α; Th 2- IL4, IL6, and IL10) levels, hormones (progesterone, cortisol, 8-epi-prostaglandin F2 alpha (isoprostane), prolactin, substance-p, and prostaglandin F metabolites) concentrations, and pregnancy in beef cattle. Angus-cross beef cows (n = 700; age, 3-8 y) were blocked by age and body condition score (BCS, 1-9), and were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 350, TRT, 50 mg of eprinomectin/50 kg BW, im) or control (n = 350, CON, no treatment) on Day -30. Cows were synchronized using Controlled Internal Drug Release insert (CIDR) + CO-Synch protocol and artificially inseminated at a fixed time on Day 0 (66 h after CIDR removal). Fecal samples were collected to determine fecal egg count per gram (FEG, McMaster method) on Days -30, -23, -16, -7, 7, 0, 16 and 23, and blood samples were collected on Days -7, 0, 7, 16 and 23. Serum cytokines were determined on Days -7, 0, 7, 16 and 23, and circulating hormones were measured on Day 16. BCS were recorded on Day 16 following artificial insemination (AI), and pregnancy status was diagnosed on Day 30 and 60. Pregnancy/AI varied among treatment groups on Day 30 [TRT, 62.0% (217/350); CON, 54.9% (192/350) (P = 0.05)] and Day 60 [TRT, 60.9% (213/350); CON, 51.7% (181/350) (P < 0.05)]. Pregnancy loss between 30 and 60 days for TRT and CON groups were 1.8% (4/217) and 5.7% (11/192), respectively (P < 0.05). The BCS on Day 16 did not differ among treatment groups (P> 0.1). Four groups of 40 cows were selected based on their pregnancy status and treatment: pregnant, TRT; non-pregnant, TRT; pregnant, CON; and non-pregnant, CON to compare the mean FEG, cytokines, and hormones levels. The FEG and cytokine concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by treatment, pregnancy status, day, treatment by pregnancy status, and treatment by day. Day 16 hormone concentrations were considerably influenced by treatment, pregnancy status, and treatment by pregnancy. Although FEG on Day -30 did not differ among the groups (P> 0.1), it was lower in treated, pregnant cows compared with cows in other three groups from Day -23 onwards (P < 0.05). Overall and pairwise comparisons showed that serum concentrations of Type 1 cytokines, IL2, IFNγ, and TNFα were lower (P < 0.05) from gestational Day 7 onwards in treated, pregnant cows compared with cows in other three groups. In contrast, serum concentrations of Type 2 cytokines, IL4, IL6 and IL10 were greater (P < 0.05) from gestational Day 7 onwards in treated, pregnant cows compared with cows in other groups. Serum concentrations of progesterone was greater and other hormones were lower for pregnant cows in TRT group compared to cows in other groups on gestational Day 16. In conclusion, GI parasite load was reduced; Th 1 cytokines levels were decreased; Th 2 cytokines concentrations were increased; progesterone level was increased; and cortisol, substance-P, prolactin, isoprostane, and PGFM were decreased in pregnant, TRT cows. These changes also resulted in an increase in P/AI. It is plausible that direct and bidirectional host-parasite interactions mediated by cytokines and hormones may have promoted maternal tolerance of an immunologically diverse conceptus and the establishment of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan K Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Vanmathy R Kasimanickam
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA; AARVEE Animal Biotech LLC, Corvallis, OR, 97333, USA.
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103
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Green MS, Nitzan D, Schwartz N, Niv Y, Peer V. Sex differences in the case-fatality rates for COVID-19-A comparison of the age-related differences and consistency over seven countries. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250523. [PMID: 33914806 PMCID: PMC8084161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, it was noted that males seemed to have higher case-fatality rates than females. We examined the magnitude and consistency of the sex differences in age-specific case-fatality rates (CFRs) in seven countries. METHODS Data on the cases and deaths from COVID-19, by sex and age group, were extracted from the national official agencies from Denmark, England, Israel, Italy, Spain, Canada and Mexico. Age-specific CFRs were computed for males and females separately. The ratio of the male to female CFRs were computed and meta-analytic methods were used to obtained pooled estimates of the male to female ratio of the CFRs over the seven countries, for all age-groups. Meta-regression and sensitivity analysis were conducted to evaluate the age and country contribution to differences. RESULTS The CFRs were consistently higher in males at all ages. The pooled M:F CFR ratios were 1.71, 1.88, 2.11, 2.11, 1.84, 1.78 and 1.49, for ages 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80+ respectively. In meta-regression, age group and country were associated with the heterogeneity in the CFR ratios. CONCLUSIONS The sex differences in the age-specific CFRs are intriguing. Sex differences in the incidence and mortality have been found in many infectious diseases. For COVID-19, factors such as sex differences in the prevalence of underlying diseases may play a part in the CFR differences. However, the consistently greater case-fatality rates in males at all ages suggests that sex-related factors impact on the natural history of the disease. This could provide important clues as to the mechanisms underlying the severity of COVID-19 in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorit Nitzan
- World Health Organization, European Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naama Schwartz
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Niv
- Israel Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Victoria Peer
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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104
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Bencze D, Fekete T, Pázmándi K. Type I Interferon Production of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells under Control. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084190. [PMID: 33919546 PMCID: PMC8072550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most powerful and multifaceted cytokines produced by immune cells are type I interferons (IFNs), the basal secretion of which contributes to the maintenance of immune homeostasis, while their activation-induced production is essential to effective immune responses. Although, each cell is capable of producing type I IFNs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) possess a unique ability to rapidly produce large amounts of them. Importantly, type I IFNs have a prominent role in the pathomechanism of various pDC-associated diseases. Deficiency in type I IFN production increases the risk of more severe viral infections and the development of certain allergic reactions, and supports tumor resistance; nevertheless, its overproduction promotes autoimmune reactions. Therefore, the tight regulation of type I IFN responses of pDCs is essential to maintain an adequate level of immune response without causing adverse effects. Here, our goal was to summarize those endogenous factors that can influence the type I IFN responses of pDCs, and thus might serve as possible therapeutic targets in pDC-associated diseases. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the current therapeutic approaches targeting the pDC-type I IFN axis in viral infections, cancer, autoimmunity, and allergy, together with their limitations defined by the Janus-faced nature of pDC-derived type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Bencze
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.B.); (T.F.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Fekete
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.B.); (T.F.)
| | - Kitti Pázmándi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem Square, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.B.); (T.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +36-52-417-159
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105
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Millas I, Duarte Barros M. Estrogen receptors and their roles in the immune and respiratory systems. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1185-1193. [PMID: 33856123 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen is an important hormone for health in both genders. It is indispensable to glucose homeostasis, immune robustness, bone health, cardiovascular health, and neural functions. The main way that estrogen acts in the cells is through estrogen receptors (ERs). The presence of specific estrogen receptors is required for estrogen to have its characteristic ubiquitous action in almost all tissues. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) are the major isoforms of estrogen that are highly specific in humans and enable selective hormonal actions in different tissues. This article reviews some of the observed estrogen actions and effects in different tissues and cells through these specific receptors. This ubiquitous, almost ordinary hormone may reveal itself as a significant factor that helped us to better understand the complexity of the human immune system response against respiratory infections, including the COVID-19, and especially in the current state of this painful pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieda Millas
- UNINOVE Curso de Medicina Ringgold Standard Institution-Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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106
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Adair T, Belz GT. When Eating Becomes a Pain in the Gut. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:273-275. [PMID: 33674226 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome often appears following gastrointestinal infection and is marked by diarrhea, dysbiosis, fever, and intestinal pain following eating. A recent study by Aguilera-Lizarraga et al. now demonstrates that a breakdown in intestinal immunotolerance sparks an inflammatory response to typically tolerated food antigens and causes visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Adair
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia.
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107
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Grabovskyi SS, Panchuk RR, Skorokhyd NR, Stoika RS. Male and female rats differ in homeostatic shifts during pre-slaughter fear stress. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj93.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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108
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Dziedzic A, Saluk-Bijak J, Miller E, Niemcewicz M, Bijak M. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Development of Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1804. [PMID: 33670394 PMCID: PMC7918534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a global challenge. Currently, there is some information on the consequences of COVID-19 infection in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, as it is a newly discovered coronavirus, but its far-reaching effects on participation in neurodegenerative diseases seem to be significant. Recent cases reports showed that SARS-CoV-2 may be responsible for initiating the demyelination process in people who previously had no symptoms associated with any nervous system disorders. It is presently known that infection of SARS-CoV-2 evokes cytokine storm syndrome, which may be one of the factors leading to the acute cerebrovascular disease. One of the substantial problems is the coexistence of cerebrovascular disease and MS in an individual's life span. Epidemiological studies showed an enhanced risk of death rate from vascular disabilities in MS patients of approximately 30%. It has been demonstrated that patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection usually show increased levels of D-dimer, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and overactivation of blood platelets, which are essential elements of prothrombotic events. In this review, the latest knowledge gathered during an ongoing pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the neurodegeneration processes in MS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Joanna Saluk-Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Elzbieta Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Michal Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.N.); (M.B.)
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109
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Goff SL, Danforth DN. The Role of Immune Cells in Breast Tissue and Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2021; 21:e63-e73. [PMID: 32893093 PMCID: PMC7775885 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells are present in normal breast tissue and in breast carcinoma. The nature and distribution of the immune cell subtypes in these tissues are reviewed to promote a better understanding of their important role in breast cancer prevention and treatment. We conducted a review of the literature to define the type, location, distribution, and role of immune cells in normal breast tissue and in in situ and invasive breast cancer. Immune cells in normal breast tissue are located predominantly within the epithelial component in breast ductal lobules. Immune cell subtypes representing innate immunity (NK, CD68+, and CD11c+ cells) and adaptive immunity (most commonly CD8+, but CD4+ and CD20+ as well) are present; CD8+ cells are the most common subtype and are primarily effector memory cells. Immune cells may recognize neoantigens and endogenous and exogenous ligands and may serve in chronic inflammation and immunosurveillance. Progression to breast cancer is characterized by increased immune cell infiltrates in tumor parenchyma and stroma, including CD4+ and CD8+ granzyme B+ cytotoxic T cells, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer may serve as prognostic indicators for response to chemotherapy and for survival. Experimental strategies of adoptive transfer of breast tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte may allow regression of metastatic breast cancer and encourage development of innovative T-cell strategies for the immunotherapy of breast cancer. In conclusion, immune cells in breast tissues play an important role throughout breast carcinogenesis. An understanding of these roles has important implications for the prevention and the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Goff
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
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110
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Muthusami S, Vidya B, Shankar EM, Vadivelu J, Ramachandran I, Stanley JA, Selvamurugan N. The Functional Significance of Endocrine-immune Interactions in Health and Disease. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:52-65. [PMID: 31702489 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666191106113435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hormones are known to influence various body systems that include skeletal, cardiac, digestive, excretory, and immune systems. Emerging investigations suggest the key role played by secretions of endocrine glands in immune cell differentiation, proliferation, activation, and memory attributes of the immune system. The link between steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and inflammation is widely known. However, the role of peptide hormones and amino acid derivatives such as growth and thyroid hormones, prolactin, dopamine, and thymopoietin in regulating the functioning of the immune system remains unclear. Here, we reviewed the findings pertinent to the functional role of hormone-immune interactions in health and disease and proposed perspective directions for translational research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Muthusami
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramanian Vidya
- Department of Biochemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Eachanari, Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Ilangovan Ramachandran
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jone A Stanley
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
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111
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Schweizer-Schubert S, Gordon JL, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Meltzer-Brody S, Schmalenberger KM, Slopien R, Zietlow AL, Ehlert U, Ditzen B. Steroid Hormone Sensitivity in Reproductive Mood Disorders: On the Role of the GABA A Receptor Complex and Stress During Hormonal Transitions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:479646. [PMID: 33585496 PMCID: PMC7873927 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.479646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Women worldwide are two to three times more likely to suffer from depression in their lifetime than are men. Female risk for depressive symptoms is particularly high during the reproductive years between menarche and menopause. The term “Reproductive Mood Disorders” refers to depressive disorders triggered by hormonal fluctuations during reproductive transitions including the perimenarchal phase, the pre-menstrual phase, pregnancy, the peripartum period and the perimenopausal transition. Here we focus on reproductive mood disorders manifesting in adult life. We propose a research agenda that draws together several reproductive mood disorders and investigates which genetic, endocrinological, neural, and psychosocial factors can explain depressive symptoms during phases of hormonal transitions in women. Based on current research it is assumed that some women experience an increased sensitivity to not only fluctuations in reproductive steroids (estrogen and progesterone), but also stress-related steroids. We integrate both dynamics into the concept of “steroid hormone sensitivity,” expanding on the concept of “reproductive hormone sensitivity.” We suggest that a differential response of the stress steroid system including corticosteroids, neurosteroids, like allopregnanolone and the GABA-A Receptor complex, as well as a differential (epi)genetic risk in serotonergic and GABAergic signaling, are moderators or mediators between changes in the reproductive steroid system and the physiological, affective, and cognitive outcomes manifesting in reproductive mood disorders. We point to the lack of research on the role of psychosocial factors in increasing a woman's stress level and at some point also the sensitivity of her stress steroid system within the etiology of Reproductive Mood Disorders. Drawing together the evidence on various reproductive mood disorders we seek to present a basis for the development of more effective pharmacological, social, and psychological treatment interventions and prevention strategies for women susceptible to these disorders. This could pave the way for new research as well as medical and psychological teaching and practice- such as a new type of Practice for Gynecological Psychoneuroendocrinology- with the aim of working on and ultimately offering more integrative forms of support not yet available to women suffering from depression during hormonal transitions. In medical history women have been left alone with this integrative challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schweizer-Schubert
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Practice for Psychoendocrinology and Psychotherapy, Heilbronn, Germany
| | | | - Tory A Eisenlohr-Moul
- Women's Mental Health Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Katja M Schmalenberger
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Slopien
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna-Lena Zietlow
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beate Ditzen
- Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Institute of Medical Psychology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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112
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Campbell JH, Dixon B, Whitehouse LM. The intersection of stress, sex and immunity in fishes. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:111-129. [PMID: 33426582 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While sexual dimorphism in immune responses has been documented in other vertebrates, evidence for a similar phenomenon in fish is lacking. Here, we review the relationship between immunity, stress, spawning, and sex hormones in fish to gain a better understanding of sex-based differences in fish immune responses and its consequences for aquaculture. It is well known that there is a strong link between the stress response and immune function in fish. In addition, research to date has demonstrated that sexual dimorphism in the stress response exists in many species; yet, the relationship between the sexual dimorphic stress responses and immune function has rarely been explored together. Aside from stress, spawning is also known to trigger changes in fish immune responses. Estrogens and androgens have been shown to modulate the immune system which could account for differences between the two sexes of fish when spawning; however, evidence regarding the sexual dimorphism of these changes varies between fishes and is likely related to the spawning strategy employed by a given species. Sex hormones are also used in aquaculture practices to produce monosex populations, and exposure to these hormones early in development has been shown to impact the development of immune organs in several fishes. While female fish are generally thought to be more robust than males, aquaculture practices should also consider the role that maternal stress has on the immune function of the offspring and what role this plays in compromising the immune response of farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, USA
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, USA.
| | - Lindy M Whitehouse
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, USA
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113
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Ratajczak-Wrona W, Garley M, Rusak M, Nowak K, Czerniecki J, Wolosewicz K, Dabrowska M, Wolczynski S, Radziwon P, Jablonska E. Sex-dependent dysregulation of human neutrophil responses by bisphenol A. Environ Health 2021; 20:5. [PMID: 33413436 PMCID: PMC7791670 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00686-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we aimed to investigate selected functions of human neutrophils exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) under in vitro conditions. As BPA is classified among xenoestrogens, we compared its action and effects with those of 17β-estradiol (E2). METHODS Chemotaxis of neutrophils was examined using the Boyden chamber. Their phagocytosis and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase activity were assessed via Park's method with latex beads and Park's test with nitroblue tetrazolium. To assess the total concentration of nitric oxide (NO), the Griess reaction was utilized. Flow cytometry was used to assess the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) was analyzed using a microscope (IN Cell Analyzer 2200 system). Expression of the investigated proteins was determined using Western blot. RESULTS The analysis of results obtained for both sexes demonstrated that after exposure to BPA, the chemotactic capacity of neutrophils was reduced. In the presence of BPA, the phagocytic activity was found to be elevated in the cells obtained from women and reduced in the cells from men. Following exposure to BPA, the percentage of neutrophils with CD14 and CD284 (TLR4) expression, as well as the percentage of cells forming NETs, was increased in the cells from both sexes. The stimulatory role of BPA and E2 in the activation of NADPH oxidase was observed only in female cells. On the other hand, no influence of E2 on the expression of CD14 and CD284, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and the amount of NET-positive neutrophils was found for both sexes. The study further showed that BPA intensified NO production and iNOS expression in the cells of both sexes. In addition, intensified expression of all tested PI3K-Akt pathway proteins was observed in male neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the influence of BPA on neutrophil functions associated with locomotion and pathogen elimination, which in turn may disturb the immune response of these cells in both women and men. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the effect of this xenoestrogen on the human neutrophils was more pronounced than E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Ratajczak-Wrona
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marzena Garley
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Rusak
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Czerniecki
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wolosewicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Milena Dabrowska
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Slawomir Wolczynski
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Human Reproduction, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Radziwon
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej - Curie 23, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Jablonska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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Gärtner R, Albrich W. [Menopausal hormone therapy: internal-endocrine point of view]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2021; 146:41-47. [PMID: 33395726 DOI: 10.1055/a-1180-3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The history of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) started in 1942 in the US and became very popular in the 1960s worldwide because of the beneficial effects on vasomotor-vegetative and vulvovaginal symptoms. These symptoms may begin already in the premenopausal period, and can last for more than 10 years with reduced quality of life. Many women with vasomotor-vegetative symptoms do not visit a gynaecologist first but primarily a general physician or cardiologist because of instable blood pressure and palpitations, leading to the focus on the heart. To avoid unnecessary examinations and treatment with ß-blockers or antidepressants, an interdisciplinary look is necessary. In most cases, appropriate and low dose hormone replacement will relieve the symptoms and restore quality of life. In addition, it is worthwhile to know about the long-term effect of hormone deficiency as well as replacement on the different organ systems and the possible influences of hormone replacement therapy including contra indications. This is especially necessary after the uncertainties raised after the first deleterious announcements of the currently corrected results of the WHI (women's health initiative) study.
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115
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Autoimmune Hepatitis with Elevated Serum IgG4 Levels Have a High Prevalence of Cirrhosis at Diagnosis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 2021:6692511. [PMID: 33489994 PMCID: PMC7801058 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6692511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) patients have elevated serum IgG4 levels, and the clinical characteristics of such patients are currently incompletely characterized. AIM To analyze the clinical features and possible pathogenesis of AIH with elevated serum IgG4 levels. METHODS According to their serum IgG4 value, patients were divided into elevated IgG4 (IgG4 > 1.35 g/l) and normal IgG4 (IgG4 ≤ 1.35 g/l) groups. RESULTS Among the 152 patients included in this study, those in the elevated IgG4 group had the following characteristics: older onset age (56 ± 11.43 years vs. 49.49 ± 13.04 years, P=0.005), higher proportion of males (34.15% vs. 12.61%, P=0.002), higher prevalence of cirrhosis (56.10% vs. 36.04%, P=0.026), lower prevalence of extrahepatic autoimmune diseases (9.76% vs. 27.3%, P=0.023), and higher levels of IL-17 and IL-22 (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that elevated serum IgG4 levels and male sex were risk factors for AIH cirrhosis (male: odds ratio (OR) = 4.293, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.592-11.575, P=0.004; and elevated serum IgG4: OR = 2.566, 95% CI: 1.065-6.187, P=0.036). No significant differences were found for the remission rate within 6 months between the two groups (69.70% vs. 76.14%, P=0.470). CONCLUSION The male proportion and cirrhosis prevalence were higher in AIH with elevated serum IgG4 levels at the time of diagnosis. Male sex and elevated serum IgG4 levels are independent risk factors for AIH cirrhosis, and TH17 cells are more likely involved in the pathogenesis of this type of AIH.
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Ciarambino T, Para O, Giordano M. Immune system and COVID-19 by sex differences and age. WOMEN'S HEALTH (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 17:17455065211022262. [PMID: 34096383 PMCID: PMC8188967 DOI: 10.1177/17455065211022262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In COVID-19 disease, are reported gender differences in relation to severity and death. The aim of this review is to highlight gender differences in the immune response to COVID-19. The included studies were identified using PubMed, until 30 October 2020. The search included the following keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, gender, age, sex, and immune system. Literature described that females compared to males have greater inflammatory, antiviral, and humoral immune responses. In female, estrogen is a potential ally to alleviate SARS-COV-2 disease. In male, testosterone reduces vaccination response and depresses the cytokine response. In the older patients, and in particular, in female older patients, it has been reported a progressive functional decline in the immune systems. Differences by gender were reported in infection diseases, including SARS-CoV-2. These data should be confirmed by the other epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Ciarambino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marcianise Hospital, ASL Caserta, Italy
| | - Ombretta Para
- Department of Internal Medicine, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mauro Giordano
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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Park EJ, Yoon C, Han JS, Lee GH, Kim DW, Park EJ, Lim HJ, Kang MS, Han HY, Seol HJ, Kim KP. Effect of PM10 on pulmonary immune response and fetus development. Toxicol Lett 2020; 339:1-11. [PMID: 33301788 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous reports that ambient particulate matter is a key determinant for human health, toxicity data produced based on physicochemical properties of particulate matters is very lack, suggesting lack of scientific evidence for regulation. In this study, we sampled inhalable particulate matters (PM10) in northern Seoul, Korea. PM10 showed atypical- and fiber-type particles with the average size and the surface charge of 1,598.1 ± 128.7 nm and -27.5 ± 2.8, respectively, and various toxic elements were detected in the water extract. On day 90 after the first pulmonary exposure, total cell number dose-dependently increased in the lungs of both sexes of mice. PM10 induced Th1-dominant immune response with pathological changes in both sexes of mice. Meanwhile, composition of total cells and expression of proteins which functions in cell-to-cell communication showed different trends between sexes. Following, male and female mice were mated to identify effects of PM10 to the next generation. PM10 remained in the lung of dams until day 21 after birth, and the levels of IgA and IgE increased in the blood of dams exposed to the maximum dose compared to control. In addition, the interval between births of fetuses, the number of offspring, the neonatal survival rate (day 4 after birth) and the sex ratio seemed to be affected at the maximum dose, and particularly, all offspring from one dam were stillborn. In addition, expression of HIF-1α protein increased in the lung tissue of dams exposed to PM10, and level of hypoxia-related proteins was notably enhanced in PM10-exposed bronchial epithelial cells compared to control. Taken together, we suggest that inhaled PM10 may induce Th1-shifting immune response in the lung, and that it may affect reproduction (fetus development) by causing lung hypoxia. Additionally, we propose that further study is needed to identify particle-size-dependent effects on development of the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Han
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jun Park
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Lim
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- General Toxicology & Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Yun Han
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joo Seol
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Science and technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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118
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Yun HY, Jeong Y. Sedum takesimense Protects PC12 Cells against Corticosterone-Induced Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting Neural Apoptosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123713. [PMID: 33266322 PMCID: PMC7759901 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death induced by chronic stress in the central nervous system is a cause of neurological dysfunction. We investigated the neuroprotective potential of a water extract of S. takesimense (WEST) against corticosterone-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. Cells were pretreated with 50 µg/mL of WEST to evaluate its neuroprotective effect based on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibition and mitochondrial function improvement. Pretreatment with WEST prevented corticosterone-induced injury in PC12 cells, resulting in increased cell survival, decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and potent apoptosis inhibition by a reduction in apoptotic nuclei demonstrated by Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI) double staining, and TUNEL staining. WEST strongly attenuated calcium (Ca2+) elevation, inducing the closure of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTPs), which were opened by corticosterone. It also stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and inhibited the corticosterone-induced decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels. Furthermore, the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by corticosterone was prevented in PC12 cells treated with WEST. WEST also downregulated the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), the pro-apoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), cytochrome c, cysteine-aspartic protease (caspase)-9, and caspase-3, and upregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Thus, WEST exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the apoptosis pathway in ER stress and the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by corticosterone. These results demonstrate that WEST reduces neuronal damage from the neurotoxicity caused by chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea-Yeon Yun
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Nutraceuticals, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Yoonhwa Jeong
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Nutraceuticals, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Yin H, Favreau-Lessard AJ, deKay JT, Herrmann YR, Robich MP, Koza RA, Prudovsky I, Sawyer DB, Ryzhov S. Protective role of ErbB3 signaling in myeloid cells during adaptation to cardiac pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 152:1-16. [PMID: 33259856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloid cells play an important role in a wide variety of cardiovascular disorders, including both ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)/ErbB signaling has recently emerged as an important factor contributing to the control of inflammatory activation of myeloid cells after an ischemic injury. However, the role of ErbB signaling in myeloid cells in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy is not fully understood. This study investigated the role of ErbB3 receptors in the regulation of early adaptive response using a mouse model of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS TAC surgery was performed in groups of age- and sex-matched myeloid cell-specific ErbB3-deficient mice (ErbB3MyeKO) and control animals (ErbB3MyeWT). The number of cardiac CD45 immune cells, CD11b myeloid cells, Ly6G neutrophils, and Ly6C monocytes was determined using flow cytometric analysis. Five days after TAC, survival was dramatically reduced in male but not female ErbB3MyeKO mice or control animals. The examination of lung weight to body weight ratio suggested that acute pulmonary edema was present in ErbB3MyeKO male mice after TAC. To determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the increased mortality in ErbB3MyeKO male mice, cardiac cell populations were examined at day 3 post-TAC using flow cytometry. Myeloid cells accumulated in control but not in ErbB3MyeKO male mouse hearts. This was accompanied by increased proliferation of Sca-1 positive non-immune cells (endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in control but not ErbB3MyeKO male mice. No significant differences in intramyocardial accumulation of myeloid cells or proliferation of Sca-1 cells were found between the groups of ErbB3MyeKO and ErbB3MyeWT female mice. An antibody-based protein array analysis revealed that IGF-1 expression was significantly downregulated only in ErbB3MyeKO mice hearts compared to control animals after TAC. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the crucial role of myeloid cell-specific ErbB3 signaling in the cardiac accumulation of myeloid cells, which contributes to the activation of cardiac endothelial cells and fibroblasts and development of an early adaptive response to cardiac pressure overload in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yin
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | | | - Joanne T deKay
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Yodit R Herrmann
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Michael P Robich
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America; Maine Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, ME, United States of America
| | - Robert A Koza
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Igor Prudovsky
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America
| | - Douglas B Sawyer
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America; Maine Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, ME, United States of America
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States of America.
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Campesi I, Montella A, Sotgiu G, Dore S, Carru C, Zinellu A, Palermo M, Franconi F. Combined oral contraceptives modify the effect of smoking on inflammatory cellular indexes and endothelial function in healthy subjects. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173762. [PMID: 33253680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little information is available on the influence of sex in combination with smoking habits and combined oral contraceptives (COC) use on cellular inflammatory indexes such as neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NRL (dNLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), mean platelet volume/platelet count (MPV/PLT), aggregate inflammation systemic index (AISI), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), which are cost-effective biomarkers to assessing inflammation. Therefore, the effect of COC was studied alone or in association with smoking and compared with results from healthy COC-free women and men. Furthermore, the association of cellular inflammatory indexes with endothelial function (arginine (Arg), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde MDA) biomarkers was evaluated. Blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis, which were used to calculate PLR, NLR, dNLR, MLR, MPV/PLT, AISI, and SIRI. Serum samples were assayed for Arg, ADMA, SDMA, and MDA. Monocytes, MLR, SIRI, and MPV/PLT were higher in men, while PLT count was higher in women. COC use increased lymphocytes and lowered PLR and MLR. Smoking reduced sexually divergent parameters, especially in COC users: smoking and non-smoking COC-free women displayed six divergent parameters, while COC users displayed only two (monocytes and MPV). In addition, COC affected endothelial function, reducing ADMA and Arg. Moreover, COC-free women had lower Arg levels than men. In conclusion, COC use strongly influence the effects of tobacco smoking, which are sex and parameter specific. Further, these data stress that COC use and smoking attitude select different cohorts indicating that sex and gender studies need intersectionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Campesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Laboratorio Nazionale di Farmacologia e Medicina di Genere, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture Biosistemi, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Andrea Montella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy; Unità Operativa di Genetica e Biologia Dello Sviluppo, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Simone Dore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Sperimentali, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Palermo
- Unità Operativa di Endocrinologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Flavia Franconi
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Farmacologia e Medicina di Genere, Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture Biosistemi, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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Pivonello R, Auriemma RS, Pivonello C, Isidori AM, Corona G, Colao A, Millar RP. Sex Disparities in COVID-19 Severity and Outcome: Are Men Weaker or Women Stronger? Neuroendocrinology 2020; 111:1066-1085. [PMID: 33242856 PMCID: PMC7900484 DOI: 10.1159/000513346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global public health issue which has profound effects on most aspects of societal well-being, including physical and mental health. A plethora of studies globally have suggested the existence of a sex disparity in the severity and outcome of COVID-19 patients, mainly due to mechanisms of virus infection, immune response to the virus, development of systemic inflammation, and consequent systemic complications, particularly thromboembolism. Epidemiological data report a sex difference in the severity of COVID-19, with a more favorable course of the disease in women compared to men regardless of age, although the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection seems to be similar in both sexes. Sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens, may not only impact virus entry and load, but also shape the clinical manifestations, complications, and ultimately the outcome of the disease. The current review comprehensively summarizes the current literature on sex disparities in susceptibility and outcome of COVID-19 as well as the literature underpinning the pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms, which may provide a rationale to a sex disparity. These mechanisms include sex hormone influence on factors that facilitate virus entry and priming, immune and inflammatory response, as well as coagulation and thrombosis diathesis. Based on present evidence, women appear to be relatively protected from COVID-19 because of a more effective immune response and a less pronounced systemic inflammation, with consequent moderate clinical manifestations of the disease, together with a lesser predisposition to thromboembolism. Conversely, men appear to be particularly susceptible to COVID-19 because of a less effective immune response with consequent severe clinical manifestations of the disease, together with a greater predisposition to thromboembolism. In the elderly, generally characterized by the phenomenon of inflammaging, sex disparities in overall mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection are even more palpable as elderly men appear to be more prone to severe COVID-19 because of a greater predisposition to infections, a weaker immune defense, and an enhanced thrombotic state compared to women. The information revealed from the review highlights potential novel therapeutic approaches employing the administration of hormonal or antihormonal therapy in combination with antiviral drugs in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unità di Andrologia e Medicina della Riproduzione e della Sessualità Maschile e Femminile (FERTISEXCARES), Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy,
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy,
| | - Renata S Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- UNESCO Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Neurosciences Institute and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Baer B, McCaig L, Yamashita C, Veldhuizen R. Exogenous Surfactant as a Pulmonary Delivery Vehicle for Budesonide In Vivo. Lung 2020; 198:909-916. [PMID: 33106891 PMCID: PMC7587541 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-020-00399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung inflammation is associated with many respiratory conditions. Consequently, anti-inflammatory medications, like glucocorticoids, have become mainstay intrapulmonary therapeutics. However, their effectiveness for treating inflammation occurring in the alveolar regions of the lung is limited by suboptimal delivery. To improve the pulmonary distribution of glucocorticoids, such as budesonide to distal regions of the lung, exogenous surfactant has been proposed as an ideal delivery vehicle for such therapies. It was therefore hypothesized that fortifying an exogenous surfactant (BLES) with budesonide would enhance efficacy for treating pulmonary inflammation in vivo. Methods An intratracheal instillation of heat-killed bacteria was used to elicit an inflammatory response in the lungs of male and female rats. Thirty minutes after this initial instillation, either budesonide or BLES combined with budesonide was administered intratracheally. To evaluate the efficacy of surfactant delivery, various markers of inflammation were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue. Results Although budesonide exhibited anti-inflammatory effects when administered alone, delivery with BLES enhanced those effects by lowering the lavage neutrophil counts and myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissue. Combining budesonide with BLES was also shown to reduce several other pro-inflammatory mediators. These results were shown across both sexes, with no observed sex differences. Conclusion Based on these findings, it was concluded that exogenous surfactant can enhance the delivery and efficacy of budesonide in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Baer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Lynda McCaig
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cory Yamashita
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ruud Veldhuizen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Agrawal H, Das N, Nathani S, Saha S, Saini S, Kakar SS, Roy P. An Assessment on Impact of COVID-19 Infection in a Gender Specific Manner. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:94-112. [PMID: 33029768 PMCID: PMC7541100 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by novel coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first time reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and thereafter quickly spread across the globe. Till September 19, 2020, COVID-19 has spread to 216 countries and territories. Severe infection of SARS-CoV-2 cause extreme increase in inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that may lead to multi-organ damage and respiratory failure. Currently, no specific treatment and authorized vaccines are available for its treatment. Renin angiotensin system holds a promising role in human physiological system specifically in regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte and fluid balance. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with Renin angiotensin system by utilizing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for its cellular entry. This interaction hampers the protective action of ACE2 in the cells and causes injuries to organs due to persistent angiotensin II (Ang-II) level. Patients with certain comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are under the high risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality. Moreover, evidence obtained from several reports also suggests higher susceptibility of male patients for COVID-19 mortality and other acute viral infections compared to females. Analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) epidemiological data also indicate a gender-based preference in disease consequences. The current review addresses the possible mechanisms responsible for higher COVID-19 mortality among male patients. The major underlying aspects that was looked into includes smoking, genetic factors, and the impact of reproductive hormones on immune systems and inflammatory responses. Detailed investigations of this gender disparity could provide insight into the development of patient tailored therapeutic approach which would be helpful in improving the poor outcomes of COVID-19. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Agrawal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Neeladrisingha Das
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sandip Nathani
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sarama Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
| | - Surendra Saini
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Sham S Kakar
- Department of Physiology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Grigoruta M, Chavez-Solano M, Varela-Ramirez A, Sierra-Fonseca JA, Orozco-Lucero E, Hamdan JN, Gosselink KL, Martinez-Martinez A. Maternal separation induces retinal and peripheral blood mononuclear cell alterations across the lifespan of female rats. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147117. [PMID: 32971085 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress alters the function and feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, and can contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by modifying peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) activity. The retina, as part of the nervous system, is sensitive to immune changes induced by stress. However, the consequences of stress experienced at an early age on retinal development have not yet been elucidated. Here we aimed to evaluate the impact of maternal separation (MatSep) across three stages of the lifespan (adolescent, adult, and aged) on the retina, as well as on progression through the cell cycle and mitochondrial activity in PBMCs from female Wistar rats. Newborn pups were separated from their mother from postnatal day (PND) 2 until PND 14 for 3 h/day. Retinal analysis from the MatSep groups showed architectural alterations such as a diminished thickness of retinal layers, as well as increased expression of proinflammatory markers DJ-1, Iba-1, and CD45 and the gliotic marker GFAP. Additionally, MatSep disrupted the cell cycle and caused long-term increases in mitochondrial activity in PBMCs from adolescent and adult rats. Changes in the cell cycle profile of the PBMCs from aged MatSep rats were undetected. However, these PBMCs exhibited increased sensitivity to H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro. Therefore, these results suggest that early life stress can have long-term effects on retinal structure and function, possibly elicited by neonatal immune preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Grigoruta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo S/N, Zona Pronaf, 32315 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico; Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Marbella Chavez-Solano
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo S/N, Zona Pronaf, 32315 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico; Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Armando Varela-Ramirez
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jorge A Sierra-Fonseca
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Ernesto Orozco-Lucero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo S/N, Zona Pronaf, 32315 Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jameel N Hamdan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Kristin L Gosselink
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, 79968 El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences. Biomedical Sciences Institute. Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Anillo envolvente Pronaf y Estocolmo S/N, Zona Pronaf, 32315 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico
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125
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Wilson HA, Creighton C, Scharfman H, Choleris E, MacLusky NJ. Endocrine Insights into the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:650-667. [PMID: 32912048 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420952046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders that affects males more frequently than females. Numerous genetic and environmental risk factors have been suggested to contribute to the development of ASD. However, no one factor can adequately explain either the frequency of the disorder or the male bias in its prevalence. Gonadal, thyroid, and glucocorticoid hormones all contribute to normal development of the brain, hence perturbations in either their patterns of secretion or their actions may constitute risk factors for ASD. Environmental factors may contribute to ASD etiology by influencing the development of neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems during early life. Emerging evidence suggests that the placenta may be particularly important as a mediator of the actions of environmental and endocrine risk factors on the developing brain, with the male being particularly sensitive to these effects. Understanding how various risk factors integrate to influence neural development may facilitate a clearer understanding of the etiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn Creighton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Scharfman
- Departments of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Physiology, and Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Elena Choleris
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil J MacLusky
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Y, Saelao P, Kern C, Jin S, Gallardo RA, Kelly T, Dekkers JM, Lamont SJ, Zhou H. Liver Transcriptome Responses to Heat Stress and Newcastle Disease Virus Infection in Genetically Distinct Chicken Inbred Lines. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1067. [PMID: 32932855 PMCID: PMC7563548 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress results in reduced productivity, anorexia, and mortality in chickens. The objective of the study was to identify genes and signal pathways associated with heat stress and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in the liver of chickens through RNA-seq analysis, using two highly inbred chicken lines (Leghorn and Fayoumi). All birds were held in the same environment until 14 days of age. On day 14, half the birds were exposed to 38 °C with 50% relative humidity for 4 h, then 35 °C until the end of the experiment. The remaining birds were kept at 25 °C throughout the experiment. The heat-treated birds were inoculated at 21 days of age with 107 EID50 (One EID50 unit is the amount of virus that will infect 50 percent of inoculated embryos) NDV La Sota strain to investigate the effects of both heat stress and NDV infection. Physiological parameters were recorded as blood phenotypes at three stages: acute heat (AH), chronic heat (CH1), and chronic heat combined with NDV infection (CH&NDV), at 4 h, 7 days, and 10 days post-initiation of heat treatment, respectively. Our previous work revealed that the heat-resilient Fayoumi line maintained a more stable acid-base balance in their blood compared to the Leghorn line. Liver samples were harvested on both AH and CH&NDV to characterize the transcriptome profiles of these two inbred lines. Both genetic lines and treatments had large impact on the liver transcriptome. Fayoumi birds had more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) than Leghorn birds for both treatments. Metabolic and immune-related genes were on the DEG list, with Fayoumi having more immune-related DEGs than Leghorns, which was confirmed by gene functional enrichment analysis. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that the driver genes such as Solute Carrier Family genes could be very important for stabilizing the acid-base balance in Fayoumi birds during heat stress. Therefore, candidate genes such solute carrier family genes could be potential genetic targets that are regulated by Fayoumis to maintain physical hemostasis under heat stress. Differential gene expression showed that Leghorns mainly performed metabolic regulation in response to heat stress and NDV infection, while Fayoumis regulated both immune and metabolic functions. This study provides novel insights and enhances our understandings of liver response to heat stress of heat resilient and susceptible inbred chicken lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (Y.W.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.J.)
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.A.G.); (T.K.); (J.M.D.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Perot Saelao
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (Y.W.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.J.)
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.A.G.); (T.K.); (J.M.D.); (S.J.L.)
| | - Colin Kern
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (Y.W.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Sihua Jin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (Y.W.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.J.)
| | - Rodrigo A. Gallardo
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.A.G.); (T.K.); (J.M.D.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Terra Kelly
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.A.G.); (T.K.); (J.M.D.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jack M. Dekkers
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.A.G.); (T.K.); (J.M.D.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Susan J. Lamont
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.A.G.); (T.K.); (J.M.D.); (S.J.L.)
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Huaijun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (Y.W.); (P.S.); (C.K.); (S.J.)
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Genomics to Improve Poultry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (R.A.G.); (T.K.); (J.M.D.); (S.J.L.)
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Vetrano M, Wegman A, Koes B, Mehta S, King CA. Serum IL-1RA levels increase from follicular to luteal phase of the ovarian cycle: A pilot study on human female immune responses. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238520. [PMID: 32881904 PMCID: PMC7470260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune responses exhibited by females are distinct from those of males. Females are known to generate, among others, higher levels of antibodies, greater interferon responses, and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in response to pathogens. Mounting evidence suggests that gonadal hormones play a key role in these differences. To better understand the effect of cycling hormones on the immune response, we sought to investigate the relationship between gonadal hormone fluctuations during the ovarian cycle and the levels of interleukin 1β and IL-1RA, both in circulation and in PBMCs in response to TLR4 stimulation, in healthy premenopausal females. To do this we measured the gonadal hormones 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone, and the cytokines IL-1β and IL-1RA in nine cycling females at several time points throughout one complete cycle. We evaluated 35 follicular, 17 ovulatory, and 44 luteal time points in our cohort and found a clear increase in serum levels of anti-inflammatory IL-1RA in the luteal phase, as compared to the follicular phase, and a positive correlation between both 17β-estradiol and progesterone and IL-RA. There was no difference in the serum levels of IL-1β and no difference in IL-1 β or IL-1RA produced in response to LPS by PBMCs isolated from different phases. Division of the cycle into sub-phases revealed an increase in the level of IL-1RA by ovulation that persisted through the luteal phase. These data suggest that significant changes in the immune response occur throughout the ovarian cycle in healthy females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Vetrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Adam Wegman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Bryan Koes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Christine A. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Papadopoulos V, Li L, Samplaski M. Why does COVID-19 kill more elderly men than women? Is there a role for testosterone? Andrology 2020; 9:65-72. [PMID: 32681716 PMCID: PMC7404939 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent epidemiological data indicate that there may be a gender predisposition to COVID‐19, with men predisposed to being most severely affected, and older men accounting for most deaths. Objectives Provide a review of the research literature, propose hypotheses, and therapies based on the potential link between testosterone (T) and COVID‐19 induced mortality in elderly men. Materials and Methods A search of publications in academic electronic databases, and government and public health organization web sites on T, aging, inflammation, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to coronavirus (CoV) 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, and COVID‐19 disease state and outcomes was performed. Results The link between T, the immune system, and male aging is well‐established, as is the progressive decline in T levels with aging. In women, T levels drop before menopause and variably increase with advanced age. Elevated IL‐6 is a characteristic biomarker of patients infected with COVID‐19 and has been linked to the development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Thus far, half of the admitted COVID‐19 patients developed ARDS, half of these patients died, and elderly male patients have been more likely to develop ARDS and die. Low T is associated with ARDS. These data suggest that low T levels may exacerbate the severity of COVID‐19 infection in elderly men. It may also stand to reason that normal T levels may offer some protection against COVID‐19. SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, present in high levels in the testis. Conclusion At present, it is not known whether low T levels in aging hypogonadal males create a permissive environment for severe responses to COVID‐19 infection or if the virus inhibits androgen formation. Given the preponderance of COVID‐19 related mortality in elderly males, additional testing for gonadal function and treatment with T may be merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Samplaski
- Keck School of Medicine, Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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129
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Wang S, Wang J, Wei H, Gu T, Wang J, Wu Z, Yang Q. Genistein Attenuates Acute Cerebral Ischemic Damage by Inhibiting the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Reproductively Senescent Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:153. [PMID: 32625078 PMCID: PMC7311792 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal women have a higher incidence of stroke compared to the age-matched males, and the estrogen was thought to be the main cause of such difference. However, estrogen replacement therapy for the prevention of postmenopausal stroke shows controversial results and is widely disputed because of its serious side effects after chronic administration. Genistein (Gen), a natural phytestrogen with fewer side effects, has a protective effect against cerebral ischemia damage. However, whether Gen could effectively prevent postmenopausal stroke has not been elucidated. In the current study, reproductively senescent mice were treated with Gen (10 mg/kg) for 2 weeks before having transient cerebral ischemia insults. Neurological scores, infarct volumes, and cell apoptosis were evaluated 24 h after reperfusion. The levels of inflammatory factors and nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related proteins were also examined. The results showed that Gen treatment reduced infarct volumes, improved neurological scores, attenuated apoptosis, and decreased inflammatory factor release. The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins in microglia was downregulated by Gen. However, the overexpression of NLRP3 in microglia abrogated the Gen-induced inhibition of inflammatory factor release and reversed the neuroprotective effect of Gen. Taken together, the results suggest that Gen treatment could attenuate the acute injury induced by cerebral ischemia in reproductively senescent mice via the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia, indicating that Gen could be a candidate drug for the treatment of stroke in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haidong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qianzi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Bartolo G, Gonzalez LO, Alameh S, Valencia CA, Martchenko Shilman M. Identification of glucocorticoid receptor in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:161. [PMID: 32539689 PMCID: PMC7296755 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an evolutionary-conserved cortisol-regulated nuclear receptor that controls key metabolic and developmental pathways. Upon binding to cortisol, GR acts as an immunosuppressive transcription factor. Drosophila melanogaster, a model organism to study innate immunity, can also be immunosuppressed by glucocorticoids. However, while the genome of fruit fly harbors 18 nuclear receptor genes, the functional homolog of vertebrate GR has not been identified. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that while D. melanogaster is susceptible to Saccharomyces cerevisiae oral infection, the oral exposure to cortisol analogs, cortisone acetate or estrogen, increases fly sensitivity to yeast challenge. To understand the mechanism of this steroid-induced immunosuppression, we identified the closest genetic GR homolog as D. melanogaster Estrogen Related Receptor (ERR) gene. We discovered that Drosophila ERR is necessary for cortisone acetate- and estrogen-mediated increase in sensitivity to fungal infection: while ERR mutant flies are as sensitive to the fungal challenge as the wildtype flies, the yeast-sensitivity of ERR mutants is not increased by these steroids. Interestingly, the fungal cortisone analog, ergosterol, did not increase the susceptibility of Drosophila to yeast infection. The immunosuppressive effect of steroids on the sensitivity of flies to fungi is evolutionary conserved in insects, as we show that estrogen significantly increases the yeast-sensitivity of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, whose genome contains a close ortholog of the fly ERR gene. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a D. melanogaster gene that structurally resembles vertebrate GR and is functionally necessary for the steroid-mediated immunosuppression to fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Bartolo
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Leandra O Gonzalez
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - Saleem Alameh
- Henry E. Riggs School of Applied Life Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | - C Alexander Valencia
- Aperiomics, Inc., Sterling, VA, 20166, USA
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 1858 W Grandview Blvd, Erie, PA, 16509, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Sex differences in leukocyte profile in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6851. [PMID: 32321989 PMCID: PMC7176674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whether sex differences exist in the inflammatory response after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains to be elucidated. We studied leukocyte profiles and their prognostic value in men and women presenting with STEMI. Methods: From a total of 552 consecutive STEMI patients, blood samples were collected at hospital admission. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between leukocyte profiles and enzymatic infarct size. Cox regression was used to assess the association between leukocyte profiles and one-year mortality. Results: Women presented with higher lymphocyte counts (2.3·109 cells/L (IQR 1.6–3.1) vs. 1.8·109 cells/L (IQR 1.4–2.5), p = 3.00 ∙ 10−4) and percentages (21.1% (IQR 14.4–28.1) vs. 17.1% (IQR 12.3–24.3), p = 0.004). Lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) was also higher in women (3.25 (IQR 2.56–4.5) vs. 2.68 (IQR 2.08–3.59), p = 7.28 ∙ 10−7). Higher LMR was associated with lower peak CK-MB (β = −0.27 (95% CI: −0.50, −0.03), p = 0.026), lower peak troponin T (β = −0.45 (95% CI: −0.77, −0.13), p = 0.006) and lower one-year mortality risk (HR 0.35 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.96), p = 0.042). Conclusion: At admission for STEMI, women present with higher lymphocyte count and LMR. Higher LMR is associated with smaller infarct size and decreased one-year mortality risk and could be used as a biomarker to predict outcome.
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Eid RS, Lieblich SE, Duarte-Guterman P, Chaiton JA, Mah AG, Wong SJ, Wen Y, Galea LAM. Selective activation of estrogen receptors α and β: Implications for depressive-like phenotypes in female mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress. Horm Behav 2020; 119:104651. [PMID: 31790664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) mechanisms by which 17β-estradiol influences depressive-like behaviour have primarily been investigated acutely and not within an animal model of depression. Therefore, the current study aimed to dissect the contribution of ERα and ERβ to the effects of 17β-estradiol under non-stress and chronic stress conditions. Ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated mice were treated chronically (47 days) with 17β-estradiol (E2), the ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN), the ERα agonist propylpyrazole-triol (PPT), or vehicle. On day 15 of treatment, mice from each group were assigned to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS; 28 days) or non-CUS conditions. Mice were assessed for anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. Cytokine and chemokine levels, and postsynaptic density protein 95 were measured in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, and adult hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed. Overall, the effects of CUS were more robust that those of estrogenic treatments, as seen by increased immobility in the tail suspension test (TST), reduced PSD-95 expression, reduced neurogenesis in the ventral hippocampus, and HPA axis negative feedback dysregulation. However, we also observe CUS-dependent and -independent effects of ovarian status and estrogenic treatments. The effects of CUS on PSD-95 expression, the cytokine milieu, and in TST were largely driven by PPT and DPN, indicating that these treatments were not protective. Independent of CUS, estradiol increased neurogenesis in the dorsal hippocampus, blunted the corticosterone response to an acute stressor, and increased anxiety-like behaviour. These findings provide insights into the complexities of estrogen signaling in modulating depressive-like phenotypes under non-stress and chronic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand S Eid
- Graduate program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephanie E Lieblich
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paula Duarte-Guterman
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jessica A Chaiton
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda G Mah
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah J Wong
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yanhua Wen
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Liisa A M Galea
- Graduate program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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133
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De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Di Silvestre D, Ginaldi L. Sex and Gender Aspects for Patient Stratification in Allergy Prevention and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1535. [PMID: 32102344 PMCID: PMC7073150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergies are rapidly worsening in recent decades, representing the most common immunological diseases. The mechanism of disorders such as asthma, rhinocongiuntivitis, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, food and drug allergies, and anaphylaxis still remain unclear and consequently treatments is mostly still symptomatic and aspecific while developments of new therapies are limited. A growing amount of data in the literature shows us how the prevalence of allergic diseases is different in both sexes and its changes over the course of life. Genes, hormones, environmental and immunological factors affect sex disparities associated with the development and control of allergic diseases, while they more rarely are considered and reported regarding their differences related to social, psychological, cultural, economic, and employment aspects. This review describes the available knowledge on the role of sex and gender in allergies in an attempt to improve the indispensable gender perspective whose potential is still underestimated while it represents a significant turning point in research and the clinic. It will offer insights to stimulate exploration of the many aspects still unknown in this relationship that could ameliorate the preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.D.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.D.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariano Suppa
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Daniela Di Silvestre
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.D.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (D.D.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
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134
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Sex hormones and sex hormone-targeting therapies in systemic sclerosis: A systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 50:140-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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135
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Estrogen disruptors and neuroimmune signaling in obesity: focus on bisphenol A. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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136
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Naselli A, Moretti D, Regalbuto C, Arpi ML, Lo Giudice F, Frasca F, Belfiore A, Le Moli R. Evidence That Baseline Levels of Low-Density Lipoproteins Cholesterol Affect the Clinical Response of Graves' Ophthalmopathy to Parenteral Corticosteroids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:609895. [PMID: 33414766 PMCID: PMC7784376 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.609895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dose intravenous glucocorticoid (ivGC) therapy is the first line treatment in moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and is associated with a clinical response rate ranging from 50% to 80%. Recently, a positive correlation between total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDLc) with GO presentation and activity has been described. OBJECTIVE We aimed at evaluating whether, in patients with moderate to severe active GO treated with ivGC therapy, cholesterol, and LDLc could represent valuable predictive factors of medium-term GO outcome. METHODS This single center retrospective study was conducted in a consecutive series of 87 patients undergone ivGC therapy because affected by moderate to severe active GO. Clinical outcome of GO was evaluated at week 6 (W6) and 12 (W12) in respect to baseline conditions (week 0) by the seven points CAS according to EUGOGO recommendations. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were performed for the outcome variable W12CAS. RESULTS In patients with active GO, an early positive clinical response to ivGC therapy (as evaluated by CAS at 6W) was a strong determinant (OR=13) of the clinical outcome at week 12. Moreover, high levels of LDLc at baseline were positively associated with a reduction in the likelihood of being classified as improved at 12W. Patients with LDLc >193.6 mg/dl were very likely to respond negatively to ivGC therapy independently from the response at 6W. Based on these results, we propose a predictive decision-making model to be tested in future prospective studies. DISCUSSION We found that, in patients with active GO, both an early clinical response to ivGC therapy and baseline LDLc levels are significant determinants of GO outcome (W12CAS). These data support the need of a cholesterol-lowering treatment before addressing these patients to ivGC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rosario Le Moli
- *Correspondence: Rosario Le Moli, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-9271
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137
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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138
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Voutilainen T, Kärkkäinen O. Changes in the Human Metabolome Associated With Alcohol Use: A Review. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 54:225-234. [PMID: 31087088 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agz030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The metabolome refers to the functional status of the cell, organ or the whole body. Metabolomic methods measure the metabolome (metabolite profile) which can be used to examine disease progression and treatment responses. Here, our aim was to review metabolomics studies examining effects of alcohol use in humans. METHODS We performed a literature search using PubMed and Web of Science for reports on changes in the human metabolite profile associated with alcohol use; we found a total of 23 articles published before end of 2018. RESULTS Most studies had investigated plasma, serum or urine samples; only four studies had examined other sample types (liver, faeces and broncho-alveolar lavage fluid). Levels of 51 metabolites were altered in two or more of the reviewed studies. Alcohol use was associated with changes in the levels of lipids and amino acids. In general, levels of fatty acids, phosphatidylcholine diacyls and steroid metabolites tended to increase, whereas those of phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyls and hydroxysphingomyelins declined. Common alterations in circulatory levels of amino acids included decreased levels of glutamine, and increased levels of tyrosine and alanine. CONCLUSIONS More studies, especially with a longitudinal study design, or using more varied sample materials (e.g. organs or saliva), are needed to clarify alcohol-induced diseases and alterations at a target organ level. Hopefully, this will lead to the discovery of new treatments, improved recognition of individuals at high risk and identification of those subjects who would benefit most from certain treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Voutilainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, Kuopio, Finland
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139
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Abdulkarim M, Zenouzi R, Sebode M, Schulz L, Quaas A, Lohse AW, Schramm C, Weiler-Normann C. Sex differences in clinical presentation and prognosis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:1391-1396. [PMID: 31692389 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1683226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the small intrahepatic bile ducts disproportionally affecting women. Timely diagnosis and treatment can often prevent progression to liver cirrhosis. We hypothesized PBC diagnosis in male patients is delayed and prognosis impaired. We, therefore, conducted a case-control study and compared clinical and prognostic features among male and female patients with PBC.Materials and methods: 49 male patients with PBC treated at a German tertiary care center between 2006 and 2017 were identified and compared to 98 age-matched female controls. Prospectively collected clinical/biochemical data were analyzed retrospectively. Liver biopsies were scored in a blinded fashion. Prognostic parameters were calculated using established prognostic scores (GLOBE, PBC-UKE). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test and Fisher´s exact test.Results: At PBC diagnosis, male patients reported significantly less PBC-associated symptoms as compared to female controls (34 versus 71%, p < .01). Compared to female patients, median time from onset of PBC-related symptoms and/or first reported elevated cholestatic biochemical parameters to PBC diagnosis was significantly increased in men (36 versus 12 months, p = .02). In addition, male patients underwent liver biopsy to establish PBC diagnosis more frequently, tended to show more advanced fibrosis and showed significantly poorer prognostic PBC score results. Hepatocellular carcinoma was only observed in male patients (n = 3).Conclusions: When compared to women, men with PBC suffer from less PBC-related symptoms, receive PBC diagnosis delayed and have a worse prognosis. Despite its rarity, the diagnosis of PBC should be considered in men with elevated cholestatic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaab Abdulkarim
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Al-Khadra Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Roman Zenouzi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcial Sebode
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Schulz
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schramm
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Weiler-Normann
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Hamburg, Germany.,Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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140
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Torabi M, Kesmati M, Galehdari H, Varzi HN, Pourreza N. MgO and ZnO nanoparticles anti-nociceptive effect modulated by glutamate level and NMDA receptor expression in the hippocampus of stressed and non-stressed rats. Physiol Behav 2019; 214:112727. [PMID: 31676262 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The anti-nociceptive mechanisms of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles have not been thoroughly investigated; in this study, we evaluated the effects of anti-nociceptive dose of MgO and ZnO NPs on glutamate level and NMDA receptor subunits expression (NR1, NR2 and NR2B) in the rat whole hippocampus with and without acute restraint stress. Adult rats were divided into control, MgO and ZnO NPs 5 mg/kg, the stress of 90 min alone and with MgO or ZnO NPs 5 mg/kg groups. All components injected intraperitoneally and the nociceptive response was measured with hot plate apparatus 90 min after injections or stress induction. Magnesium, zinc, glutamate levels and NMDA receptor subunits expression were measured in the animal hippocampus. MgO NPs, ZnO NPs and acute stress induced anti-nociceptive effect. MgO NPs observably decreased glutamate and increased magnesium levels and NR2B subunit expression. ZnO NPs decreased glutamate level. Stress elevated endogenous magnesium and zinc levels and also the NR2B expression, but did not change glutamate level. MgO and ZnO NPs in the presence of stress increased the glutamate level and ZnO NPs increased the zinc and the NR2A expression. Stress decreased endogenous magnesium in the hippocampus. MgO and ZnO NPs could affect pain perception by changing glutamate level in the whole hippocampus tissue, while ion level changes followed by injection could probably affect the gene expression in the presence and the absence of stress. It seems that stress indirectly could adverse nanoparticles effects on glutamate level and increase zinc ion releasing from ZnO NPs by activating the gene expression without affecting pain perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Torabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Kesmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; Biotechnology and Bioscience Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hossein Najafzadeh Varzi
- Cellular, and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nahid Pourreza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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141
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Peer V, Schwartz N, Green MS. Consistent, Excess Viral Meningitis Incidence Rates in Young Males: A Multi-country, Multi-year, Meta-analysis of National Data. The Importance of Sex as a Biological Variable. EClinicalMedicine 2019; 15:62-71. [PMID: 31709415 PMCID: PMC6833362 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex can be an important biological variable in the immune response to infections and the response to vaccines. The magnitude and consistency in age-specific sex differences in the incidence of viral infections remain unclear. METHODS We obtained data from national official agencies on cases of viral meningitis by sex and age group over a period of 6-16 years from five countries: Canada, Czech Republic, Germany, Israel, and Poland. Male to female incidence rate ratios (RR) were computed for each year, by country, and age group. For each age group, we used meta-analysis methodology to combine the incidence RRs. Meta-regression was conducted to the estimate the effects of age, country, and time period on the RR. FINDINGS In the age groups < 1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, there were consistently higher incidence rates in males, over countries and time. The pooled incidence RRs (with 95% CI) were 1.38 (1.30-1.47), 1.94 (1.85-2.03), 1.98 (1.88-2.07), and 1.58 (1.47-1.71) respectively. In young and middle-age adults there were no differences with pooled incidence RRs of 1.00 (0.97-1.03), and 0.97 (0.94-1.00), respectively. Sensitivity analysis confirms that the results are stable and robust. Meta-regression showed that almost all the variations in the incidence RRs were contributed by age group. INTERPRETATION The higher incidence rates from viral meningitis in males under the age of 15 are remarkably consistent across countries and time-periods. These findings emphasize the importance of sex as a biological variable in infectious diseases. This could provide keys to the mechanisms of infection and lead to more personalized treatment and vaccine doses and schedules. FUNDING There was no funding source for this article.
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142
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Beneficial and Deleterious Effects of Female Sex Hormones, Oral Contraceptives, and Phytoestrogens by Immunomodulation on the Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194694. [PMID: 31546715 PMCID: PMC6801544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is considered the laboratory of the human body because of its many metabolic processes. It accomplishes diverse activities as a mixed gland and is in continuous cross-talk with the endocrine system. Not only do hormones from the gastrointestinal tract that participate in digestion regulate the liver functions, but the sex hormones also exert a strong influence on this sexually dimorphic organ, via their receptors expressed in liver, in both health and disease. Besides, the liver modifies the actions of sex hormones through their metabolism and transport proteins. Given the anatomical position and physiological importance of liver, this organ is evidenced as an immune vigilante that mediates the systemic immune response, and, in turn, the immune system regulates the hepatic functions. Such feedback is performed by cytokines. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are strongly involved in hepatic homeostasis and in pathological states; indeed, female sex hormones, oral contraceptives, and phytoestrogens have immunomodulatory effects in the liver and the whole organism. To analyze the complex and interesting beneficial or deleterious effects of these drugs by their immunomodulatory actions in the liver can provide the basis for either their pharmacological use in therapeutic treatments or to avoid their intake in some diseases.
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143
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Matarrese P, Tieri P, Anticoli S, Ascione B, Conte M, Franceschi C, Malorni W, Salvioli S, Ruggieri A. X-chromosome-linked miR548am-5p is a key regulator of sex disparity in the susceptibility to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:673. [PMID: 31511496 PMCID: PMC6739406 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex dimorphism in cell response to stress has previously been investigated by different research groups. This dimorphism could be at least in part accounted for by sex-biased expression of regulatory elements such as microRNAs (miRs). In order to spot previously unknown miR expression differences we took advantage of prior knowledge on specialized databases to identify X chromosome-encoded miRs potentially escaping X chromosome inactivation (XCI). MiR-548am-5p emerged as potentially XCI escaper and was experimentally verified to be significantly up-regulated in human XX primary dermal fibroblasts (DFs) compared to XY ones. Accordingly, miR-548am-5p target mRNAs, e.g. the transcript for Bax, was differently modulated in XX and XY DFs. Functional analyses indicated that XY DFs were more prone to mitochondria-mediated apoptosis than XX ones. Experimentally induced overexpression of miR548am-5p in XY cells by lentivirus vector transduction decreased apoptosis susceptibility, whereas its down-regulation in XX cells enhanced apoptosis susceptibility. These data indicate that this approach could be used to identify previously unreported sex-biased differences in miR expression and that a miR identified with this approach, miR548am-5p, can account for sex-dependent differences observed in the susceptibility to mitochondrial apoptosis of human DFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Tieri
- CNR National Research Council, IAC Institute for Applied Computing, Via dei Taurini 19, Rome, Italy.,Data Science Program, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Anticoli
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 3, 40139, Bologna, Italy.,Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.,School of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. .,Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 12, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Center for Gender Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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144
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Takiguchi R, Komatsu R, Kitamura K, Watanabe Y, Takahashi A, Kobayashi R, Oshiki R, Saito T, Kabasawa K, Takachi R, Tsugane S, Iki M, Sasaki A, Yamazaki O, Nakamura K. Modifiable factors associated with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: The Murakami cohort study. Maturitas 2019; 128:53-59. [PMID: 31561824 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Modifiable risk factors for knee osteoarthritis (OA) have not been studied in detail. This study aimed to determine lifestyle-related modifiable factors of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in an East Asian population. STUDY DESIGN This 5-year cohort study involved 11,091 individuals (age range 40-72 years) living in the Murakami region of Niigata, Japan, who did not have a history of knee OA. At baseline, information on sociodemographic characteristics, body size, lifestyle, and living condition was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Incident symptomatic knee OA observed at hospitals and orthopaedic clinics in the five years to 2016. Clinical grades of knee OA were based on the Kellgren-Lawrence scale. P for trend was assessed to examine linear associations between predictors and the outcome in multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 58.1 (SD 9.3) years. The number of cases of grade 2 or more incident knee OA was 429. In men, older age (P for trend < 0.0001), higher BMI (P for trend < 0.0001), higher METs score (P for trend = 0.0150), less smoking (P for trend = 0.0249), and lower green tea consumption (P for trend = 0.0437) were associated with incident knee OA. In women, older age (P for trend < 0.0001), higher BMI (P for trend < 0.0001), and alcohol consumption (P = 0.0153) were associated with incident knee OA. CONCLUSIONS Several lifestyle-related factors were found to be associated with incident knee OA and exhibited sex-dependent differences. In particular, higher consumption of green tea was associated with a lower incidence of knee OA in men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kaori Kitamura
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yumi Watanabe
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akemi Takahashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Rehabilitation, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosaku Kobayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Rehabilitation, Niigata, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Rieko Oshiki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Rehabilitation, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiko Saito
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keiko Kabasawa
- Department of Health Promotion Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ribeka Takachi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Center for Public Health Sciences, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iki
- Department of Public Health, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Nakamura
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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145
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Comparative estimation of some immune parameters in three felid species. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.18.1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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146
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Hiroyasu S, Turner CT, Richardson KC, Granville DJ. Proteases in Pemphigoid Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1454. [PMID: 31297118 PMCID: PMC6607946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pemphigoid diseases are a subgroup of autoimmune skin diseases characterized by widespread tense blisters. Standard of care typically involves immunosuppressive treatments, which may be insufficient and are often associated with significant adverse events. As such, a deeper understanding of the pathomechanism(s) of pemphigoid diseases is necessary in order to identify improved therapeutic approaches. A major initiator of pemphigoid diseases is the accumulation of autoantibodies against proteins at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), followed by protease activation at the lesion. The contribution of proteases to pemphigoid disease pathogenesis has been investigated using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. These studies suggest proteolytic degradation of anchoring proteins proximal to the DEJ is crucial for dermal-epidermal separation and blister formation. In addition, proteases can also augment inflammation, expose autoantigenic cryptic epitopes, and/or provoke autoantigen spreading, which are all important in pemphigoid disease pathology. The present review summarizes and critically evaluates the current understanding with respect to the role of proteases in pemphigoid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Hiroyasu
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher T. Turner
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katlyn C. Richardson
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Granville
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Professional Firefighters' Burn and Wound Healing Group, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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147
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Ahmed A, Schmidt C, Brunner T. Extra-Adrenal Glucocorticoid Synthesis in the Intestinal Mucosa: Between Immune Homeostasis and Immune Escape. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1438. [PMID: 31316505 PMCID: PMC6611402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones predominantly produced in the adrenal glands in response to physiological cues and stress. Adrenal GCs mediate potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Accumulating evidence in the past two decades has demonstrated other extra-adrenal organs and tissues capable of synthesizing GCs. This review discusses the role and regulation of GC synthesis in the intestinal epithelium in the regulation of normal immune homeostasis, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal mucosa, and the development of intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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148
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Wheeler JC, Vanoni S, Zeng C, Waggoner L, Yang Y, Wu D, Uddin J, Karns R, Kottyan L, Mukkada V, Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP. 17β-Estradiol protects the esophageal epithelium from IL-13-induced barrier dysfunction and remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:2131-2146. [PMID: 30578870 PMCID: PMC6556402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is greater in male than female subjects, and the underlying molecular basis for this sex bias remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to delineate the contribution of the sex hormone estrogen to the EoE phenotype and esophageal epithelial barrier function and remodeling. METHODS We performed demographic and incidence analyses of EoE in male and female subjects from a single-center pediatric cohort. Estrogen-responsive gene expression analyses and estrogen receptor (ESR) immunofluorescence staining of esophageal biopsy specimens from patients with EoE and control subjects were performed. The effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) on IL-13-induced signaling pathways, gene expression, and esophageal epithelial architecture and barrier function in a primary human esophageal keratinocyte cell (EPC2) culture system (EPC2-air-liquid interface) was examined. RESULTS We observed a male predominance in patients with EoE. Analyses of RNA sequencing data sets revealed a significant dysregulation of the estrogen-responsive gene network and expression of ESR1 and ESR2 in esophageal biopsy specimens from patients with EoE compared with control subjects. IL-13 stimulation of EPC2-air-liquid interface cells led to altered cellular architecture with induced dilation of intercellular spaces and barrier dysfunction. Pretreatment of EPC2s with E2 prior to IL-13 exposure abrogated IL-13-induced architectural changes and esophageal barrier dysfunction. Mechanistically, E2-protective effects were dependent on ESR2 and associated with diminishing of IL-13-induced tyrosine kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 phosphorylation and EoE-dysregulated gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Estrogen-responsive genes are modified in patients with EoE compared with control subjects. E2 attenuated IL-13-induced architectural changes and esophageal epithelial barrier dysfunction through inhibition of the IL-13/tyrosine kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 pathway via ESR2-dependent process. Estrogen hormone signaling may protect against development of EoE in female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wheeler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Simone Vanoni
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chang Zeng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yanfen Yang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jazib Uddin
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah Kottyan
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vincent Mukkada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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149
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Johnson JD, Barnard DF, Kulp AC, Mehta DM. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Brain Cytokines After Psychological Stress. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1302-1320. [PMID: 31259292 PMCID: PMC6595533 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that stress-induced brain cytokines are important in the etiology of depression and anxiety. Here, we review how the neuroendocrine responses to psychological stressors affect the immediate and long-term regulation of inflammatory cytokines within the brain and highlight how the regulation changes across time with repeated stress exposure. In doing so, we report on the percentage of studies in the literature that observed increases in either IL-1β, TNF-α, or IL-6 within the hypothalamus, hippocampus, or prefrontal cortex after either acute or chronic stress exposure. The key takeaway is that catecholamines and glucocorticoids play critical roles in the regulation of brain cytokines after psychological stress exposure. Central catecholamines stimulate the release of IL-1β from microglia, which is a key factor in the further activation of microglia and recruitment of monocytes into the brain. Meanwhile, the acute elevation of glucocorticoids inhibits the production of brain cytokines via two mechanisms: the suppression of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons and inhibition of the NFκB signaling pathway. However, glucocorticoids and peripheral catecholamines facilitate inflammatory responses to future stimuli by stimulating monocytes to leave the bone marrow, downregulating inhibitory receptors on microglia, and priming inflammatory responses mediated by peripheral monocytes or macrophages. The activation of microglia and the elevation of peripheral glucocorticoid and catecholamine levels are both necessary during times of stress exposure for the development of psychopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Johnson
- Kent State University, Biological Sciences Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent, Ohio
| | - David F Barnard
- Kent State University, Biological Sciences Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent, Ohio
| | - Adam C Kulp
- Kent State University, Biological Sciences Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent, Ohio
| | - Devanshi M Mehta
- Kent State University, Biological Sciences Department, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent, Ohio
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150
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Jin W, Xu X, Chen X, Qi W, Lu J, Yan X, Zhao D, Cong D, Li X, Sun L. Protective effect of pig brain polypeptides against corticosterone-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108890. [PMID: 31022597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pig brain polypeptides (PBP), active polypeptides hydrolysate extracted from fresh porcine brain tissue, has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of PBP in corticosterone (CORT)-induced rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. METHODS Cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were measured in PC12 cells induced with 200 μM CORT in the presence or absence of various concentrations of PBP for 48 h. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (GSH) content were examined to analyze the effect of PBP on CORT-induced oxidative stress. The levels of pro-inflammatory factors, the percentage of apoptotic cells, and apoptosis-related protein expression in PC12 cells were determined. RESULTS PBP is mainly composed of protein subunits with molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 10,000 Da. PBP treatment increased cell viability and decreased the release of LDH in CORT-stimulated PC12 cells. Moreover, PBP reduced the level of CORT-induced oxidative stress by decreasing ROS levels and increasing SOD, GSH-Px activities and GSH content. PBP had an inhibitory effect on the CORT-induced inflammatory response through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. PBP also inhibited CORT-induced apoptosis by downregulating the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway. CONCLUSION These results suggest that PBP exerts a neuroprotective effect against CORT-induced cell injury by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. PBP could act as a neuroprotective agent against nerve injury induced by CORT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Jin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuci Yan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China
| | - Deyu Cong
- Department of Tuina, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin, China.
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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