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Evans NH, Field-Fote EC. A Pilot Study of Intensive Locomotor-Related Skill Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurol Phys Ther 2022; 46:281-292. [PMID: 35544283 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Improved walking function is a priority among persons with motor-incomplete spinal cord injury (PwMISCI). Accessibility and cost limit long-term participation in locomotor training offered in specialized centers. Intensive motor training that facilitates neuroplastic mechanisms that support skill learning and can be implemented in the home/community may be advantageous for promoting long-term restoration of walking function. Additionally, increasing corticospinal drive via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may enhance training effects. In this pilot study, we investigated whether a moderate-intensity motor skill training (MST) circuit improved walking function in PwMISCI and whether augmenting training with tDCS influenced outcomes. METHODS Twenty-five adults (chronic, motor-incomplete spinal cord injury) were randomized to a 3-day intervention of a locomotor-related MST circuit and concurrent application of sham tDCS (MST+tDCS sham ) or active tDCS (MST+tDCS). The primary outcome was overground walking speed. Secondary outcomes included walking distance, cadence, stride length, and step symmetry index (SI). RESULTS Analyses revealed significant effects of the MST circuit on walking speed, walking distance, cadence, and bilateral stride length but no effect on interlimb SI. No significant between-groups differences were observed. Post hoc analyses revealed within-groups change in walking speed (ΔM = 0.13 m/s, SD = 0.13) that app-roached the minimally clinically important difference of 0.15 m/s. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Brief, intensive MST involving locomotor-related activities significantly increased walking speed, walking distance, and spatiotemporal measures in PwMISCI. Significant additive effects of tDCS were not observed; however, participation in only 3 days of MST was associated with changes in walking speed that were comparable to longer locomotor training studies.Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A386 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Evans
- Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, Georgia (N.H.E., E.F.F.); Program in Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta (N.H.E., E.F.F.); and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (E.F.F.)
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Barello S, Paleologo M, Palamenghi L, Acampora M, Graffigna G. Public Perceptions of Harms and Benefit of COVID-19 Immunity Certificate: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Italian Setting. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1501. [PMID: 36146580 PMCID: PMC9505085 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey between 29 January 2022 and 3 February 2022 was conducted to understand the public rationale for accepting or rejecting the use of COVID-19 immunity certificates and to identify the psychosocial factors that mostly predict the positive/negative individuals' perceptions of this measure. One thousand twenty-two Italian adults were recruited by a professional panel provider by employing a stratified sampling strategy controlled for gender, age, geographical area of residence, size of the urban centre of residence, employment, and wage. Eight Welch's ANOVAs were then carried out to compare the perception of benefits and the perception of harms among different population groups. Multiple linear regression was carried out to measure the explained variance of benefits perception and harms perception by age, trust in institutions, and concern for health emergencies. The results shows that age, trust in institution, and concern for the COVID-19 emergency explain more variance of perceived benefits than of perceived harms of COVID-19 immunity certificates but the opposite regarding political orientation which explains perceived harms better than perceived benefits. The need for policy improvements is pressing because a large share of the world's population remains unvaccinated. Moreover, our results can serve as vital information for similar health crises that may occur in the future. In addition, our results are expected to offer useful insights into public feelings around the use of digital health information tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Barello
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
- EngageMinds HUB—Consumer, Food & Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Paleologo
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
- EngageMinds HUB—Consumer, Food & Health Engagement Research Center, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Palamenghi
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
- EngageMinds HUB—Consumer, Food & Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Bissolati, 74, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Marta Acampora
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
- EngageMinds HUB—Consumer, Food & Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Guendalina Graffigna
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, L.go Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
- EngageMinds HUB—Consumer, Food & Health Engagement Research Center, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Bissolati, 74, 26100 Cremona, Italy
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Scheffer H, Coate JE, Ho EKH, Schaack S. Thermal stress and mutation accumulation increase heat shock protein expression in Daphnia. Evol Ecol 2022; 36:829-844. [PMID: 36193163 PMCID: PMC9522699 DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the short- and long-term consequences of climate change is a major challenge in biology. For aquatic organisms, temperature changes and drought can lead to thermal stress and habitat loss, both of which can ultimately lead to higher mutation rates. Here, we examine the effect of high temperature and mutation accumulation on gene expression at two loci from the heat shock protein (HSP) gene family, HSP60 and HSP90. HSPs have been posited to serve as 'mutational capacitors' given their role as molecular chaperones involved in protein folding and degradation, thus buffering against a wide range of cellular stress and destabilization. We assayed changes in HSP expression across 5 genotypes of Daphnia magna, a sentinel species in ecology and environmental biology, with and without acute exposure to thermal stress and accumulated mutations. Across genotypes, HSP expression increased ~ 6× in response to heat and ~ 4× with mutation accumulation, individually. Both factors simultaneously (lineages with high mutation loads exposed to high heat) increased gene expression ~ 23×-much more than that predicted by an additive model. Our results corroborate suggestions that HSPs can buffer against not only the effects of heat, but also mutations-a combination of factors both likely to increase in a warming world. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10682-022-10209-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Scheffer
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
| | - Jeremy E. Coate
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
| | - Eddie K. H. Ho
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
| | - Sarah Schaack
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
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Sierro J, de Kort SR, Riebel K, Hartley IR. Female blue tits sing frequently: a sex comparison of occurrence, context, and structure of song. Behav Ecol 2022; 33:912-925. [PMID: 36382229 PMCID: PMC9639586 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In species with mutual mate choice, we should expect adaptive signaling in both sexes. However, the role of female sexual signals is generally understudied. A case in point is female birdsong that has received considerably less attention than male song. This holds even for well-studied species such as the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), an important model in evolutionary ecology. Although there have been anecdotal reports of female song from three populations, there are no quantitative studies on female song in this species. Here, we report systematic sampling from a population of individually marked blue tits over 3 years, revealing that females sang frequently throughout the sampling period. Notably, daytime singing of females occurred in functionally similar contexts as in males (agonistic, solo song, and alarm contexts) but females had lower song output than males and were not observed singing dawn song, while males showed long singing displays at dawn before copulations take place. Female and male song overlapped substantially in acoustic structure (i.e., same song types or peak frequency) but females had smaller individual song-type repertoires, shorter trills, and lower vocal consistency. Differential selection pressures related to functional differences in male and female song might explain the observed variation in acoustic structure. With the first quantitative study of female song in such a well-studied species, we hope to stimulate further investigations into the functions of female singing, especially in the Northern temperate zones where female song may have been overlooked, not only in this but perhaps in other monomorphic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sierro
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LEC Building, Lancaster, UK
| | - Selvino R de Kort
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, E437 John Dalton Building, Manchester Campus, Manchester, UK
| | - Katharina Riebel
- Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Room number 7.4.17, Sylvius Building, Sylviusweg 72, Leiden 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Ian R Hartley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LEC Building, Lancaster, UK
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105
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Mehanna M, McDonough CW, Smith SM, Gong Y, Gums JG, Chapman AB, Johnson JA, Cooper-DeHoff RM. Influence of Genetic West African Ancestry on Metabolomics among Hypertensive Patients. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090783. [PMID: 36144188 PMCID: PMC9506508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with higher genetic West African ancestry (GWAA) have hypertension (HTN) that is more difficult to treat and have higher rates of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and differential responses to antihypertensive drugs than those with lower GWAA. The mechanisms underlying these disparities are poorly understood. Using data from 84 ancestry-informative markers in US participants from the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) and PEAR-2 trials, the GWAA proportion was estimated. Using multivariable linear regression, the baseline levels of 886 metabolites were compared between PEAR participants with GWAA < 45% and those with GWAA ≥ 45% to identify differential metabolites and metabolic clusters. Metabolites with a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.2 were used to create metabolic clusters, and a cluster analysis was conducted. Differential clusters were then tested for replication in PEAR-2 participants. We identified 353 differential metabolites (FDR < 0.2) between PEAR participants with GWAA < 45% (n = 383) and those with GWAA ≥ 45% (n = 250), which were used to create 24 metabolic clusters. Of those, 13 were significantly different between groups (Bonferroni p < 0.002). Four clusters, plasmalogen and lysoplasmalogen, sphingolipid metabolism and ceramide, cofactors and vitamins, and the urea cycle, were replicated in PEAR-2 (Bonferroni p < 0.0038) and have been previously linked to HTN and CVD. Our findings may give insights into the mechanisms underlying HTN racial disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mehanna
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Caitrin W. McDonough
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Steven M. Smith
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes & Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - John G. Gums
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Arlene B. Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Julie A. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rhonda M. Cooper-DeHoff
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(352)-273-6184
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Fernández-Eslava B, Cantarero A, Alonso D, Alonso-Alvarez C. Wild common crossbills produce redder body feathers when their wings are clipped. BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:47. [PMID: 37170309 PMCID: PMC10127331 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-022-00150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The animal signaling theory posits that conspicuous colorations exhibited by many animals have evolved as reliable signals of individual quality. Red carotenoid-based ornaments may depend on enzymatic transformations (oxidation) of dietary yellow carotenoids, which could occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Thus, carotenoid ketolation and cell respiration could share the same biochemical pathways. Accordingly, the level of trait expression (redness) would directly reveal the efficiency of individuals’ metabolism and, hence, the bearer quality in an unfalsifiable way. Different avian studies have described that the flying effort may induce oxidative stress. A redox metabolism modified during the flight could thus influence the carotenoid conversion rate and, ultimately, animal coloration. Here, we aimed to infer the link between red carotenoid-based ornament expression and flight metabolism by increasing flying effort in wild male common crossbills Loxia curvirostra (Linnaeus). In this order, 295 adult males were captured with mist nets in an Iberian population during winter. Approximately half of the birds were experimentally handicapped through wing feather clipping to increase their flying effort, the other half being used as a control group. To stimulate the plumage regrown of a small surface during a short time-lapse, we also plucked the rump feathers from all the birds.
Results
A fraction of the birds with fully grown rump feathers (34 individuals) could be recaptured during the subsequent weeks. We did not detect any significant bias in recovery rates and morphological variables in this reduced subsample. However, among recaptured birds, individuals with experimentally impaired flying capacity showed body mass loss, whereas controls showed a trend to increase their weight. Moreover, clipped males showed redder feathers in the newly regrown rump area compared to controls.
Conclusions
The results suggest that wing-clipped individuals could have endured higher energy expenditure as they lost body mass. Despite the small sample size, the difference in plumage redness between the two experimental groups would support the hypothesis that the flying metabolism may influence the redox enzymatic reactions required for converting yellow dietary carotenoids to red ketocarotenoids.
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Narrative thinking lingers in spontaneous thought. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4585. [PMID: 35933422 PMCID: PMC9357042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Some experiences linger in mind, spontaneously returning to our thoughts for minutes after their conclusion. Other experiences fall out of mind immediately. It remains unclear why. We hypothesize that an input is more likely to persist in our thoughts when it has been deeply processed: when we have extracted its situational meaning rather than its physical properties or low-level semantics. Here, participants read sequences of words with different levels of coherence (word-, sentence-, or narrative-level). We probe participants’ spontaneous thoughts via free word association, before and after reading. By measuring lingering subjectively (via self-report) and objectively (via changes in free association content), we find that information lingers when it is coherent at the narrative level. Furthermore, and an individual’s feeling of transportation into reading material predicts lingering better than the material’s objective coherence. Thus, our thoughts in the present moment echo prior experiences that have been incorporated into deeper, narrative forms of thinking. Some experiences linger in our minds, while others quickly fade. Here, the authors show that the extent to which our recent experiences linger into subsequent thought increases as a function of processing depth.
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108
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The Evaluation of Technology Startup Role on Indonesian SMEs Industry 4.0 Adoption Using CLD-ABM Integrated Model. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as the regional socioeconomic stabilizer is inseparable from endogenous multisector collaboration. Indonesian SMEs struggled with Industry 4.0 adoption due to the lower digital infrastructure (DI) and digital literacy (DL) index. This study aims to develop a provisional model to explore the role of technology startups (TS) in covering the DI and DL of SMEs. The evaluation was through a simulation model of Indonesian SMEs’ collaboration with the government and TS. The developed model is a concurrent real-time integration of an agent-based model (ABM) with a causal loop diagram (CLD). The simulation results imply that SMEs’ collaboration with TS leads to the early adoption of Industry 4.0 that balances the business competition environment. The model also shows that exponentially rising government aid can help the SMEs into late adoption of Industry 4.0. However, SMEs are still unable to sustain the business competition. Thus, the integrative simulation model is a state-action planning model with each state result bounded to the previous state result. The initial input parameters determine the model behavior. Thus, the model is a good resiliency planner for SMEs’ Industry 4.0 adoption.
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Krumpholz C, Quigley C, Ameen K, Reuter C, Fusani L, Leder H. The Effects of Pitch Manipulation on Male Ratings of Female Speakers and Their Voices. Front Psychol 2022; 13:911854. [PMID: 35874336 PMCID: PMC9302589 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal and facial cues typically co-occur in natural settings, and multisensory processing of voice and face relies on their synchronous presentation. Psychological research has examined various facial and vocal cues to attractiveness as well as to judgements of sexual dimorphism, health, and age. However, few studies have investigated the interaction of vocal and facial cues in attractiveness judgments under naturalistic conditions using dynamic, ecologically valid stimuli. Here, we used short videos or audio tracks of females speaking full sentences and used a manipulation of voice pitch to investigate cross-modal interactions of voice pitch on facial attractiveness and related ratings. Male participants had to rate attractiveness, femininity, age, and health of synchronized audio-video recordings or voices only, with either original or modified voice pitch. We expected audio stimuli with increased voice pitch to be rated as more attractive, more feminine, healthier, and younger. If auditory judgements cross-modally influence judgements of facial attributes, we additionally expected the voice pitch manipulation to affect ratings of audiovisual stimulus material. We tested 106 male participants in a within-subject design in two sessions. Analyses revealed that voice recordings with increased voice pitch were perceived to be more feminine and younger, but not more attractive or healthier. When coupled with video recordings, increased pitch lowered perceived age of faces, but did not significantly influence perceived attractiveness, femininity, or health. Our results suggest that our manipulation of voice pitch has a measurable impact on judgements of femininity and age, but does not measurably influence vocal and facial attractiveness in naturalistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Krumpholz
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cliodhna Quigley
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karsan Ameen
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Reuter
- Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Musicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Leder
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Cognitive Science Hub, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Two Years of COVID-19 in Austria-Exploratory Longitudinal Study of Mental Health Outcomes and Coping Behaviors in the General Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138223. [PMID: 35805882 PMCID: PMC9266410 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the long-term mental health impact of COVID-19 is not yet fully understood, the present study explored changes in mental health outcomes and pandemic-related coping behaviors across four pandemic stages. The main objective was to gain insights into the dynamics of mental health and coping, considering different pandemic features at different assessment waves. The final sample consisted of N = 243 adults from the Austrian general population. Data were collected at four timepoints (between June 2020 and December 2021) via LimeSurvey, an open-source online survey tool. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), adjustment disorder (AD), anxiety, and depression were assessed using validated instruments: Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5), AD-New Module 8 (ADNM-8), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ4). We also administered the Pandemic Coping Scale (PCS) to address pandemic-related coping behaviors. Cochran’s Q test and repeated measures ANOVAs were applied to assess changes over time. The results indicated that prevalence rates of AD (χ2(2) = 16.88, p = 0.001), depression (χ2(3) = 18.69, p < 0.001), and anxiety (χ2(3) = 19.10, p < 0.001) significantly changed across four assessment waves. Changes in mean scores of the assessed mental health outcomes were also observed. For pandemic-related coping, we found differences in the subscales: healthy lifestyle: F(3, 651) = 5.11, prevention adherence: F(2.73, 592.35) = 21.88, and joyful activities: F(3, 651) = 5.03. Taken together, our study showed a higher mental health burden in wintertime than in summertime, indicating an increased need for psychosocial support in times of stricter measures, higher incidences, and higher death rates. Furthermore, the observed decrease in adaptive coping behaviors suggests that easy-to-implement coping strategies should be actively promoted in order to maintain mental health during and in the aftermath of pandemics.
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111
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Huang Q, Wei L. Explaining education-based difference in systematic processing of COVID-19 information: Insights into global recovery from infodemic. Inf Process Manag 2022; 59:102989. [PMID: 35673633 PMCID: PMC9156961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systematic processing helps individuals identify misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic and serves as an individual-level measure to fight the infodemic. Highly educated people tend to engage in systematic processing more than their less educated counterparts. We follow a major part of the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model to explicate this gap. An online survey (N = 1,568) conducted during the early stage of the pandemic in China showed that current knowledge and perceived information gathering capacity both positively mediated the association between education level and systematic processing. Although informational subjective norms were positively associated with systematic processing, we did not observe a significant difference in these norms between highly and less educated individuals. The results clarify the psychological mechanism underlying the education-based difference in systematic processing of the COVID-19 information and corroborate a relevant part of the RISP model. Moreover, our findings offer practical implications for facilitating individuals with less educational attainment to engage in systematic processing, thereby alleviating the negative impact of exposure to misinformation on them. These insights not only apply to managing the infodemic in China, but also inform the global recovery from the infodemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wei
- College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Schoor C, Rouet JF, Britt MA. Effects of context and discrepancy when reading multiple documents. READING AND WRITING 2022; 36:1111-1143. [PMID: 35789786 PMCID: PMC9244203 DOI: 10.1007/s11145-022-10321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED On a daily basis, most people read about issues of interest from a diversity of sources. Moreover, the information they encounter frequently encompass discrepancies, ranging from minor inconsistencies to straight contradictions. Readers may construct coherent representations from discrepant contents by linking contents to their respective sources and connecting the sources with agree-disagree or other types of connectives. Across research studies, however, college-level readers' attention to sources has been found to vary according to individual, text and task dimensions. The present study tested the assumption that readers' strategies depend both on the discrepancy of the information and on the context in which the task is framed. Moreover, beliefs about science were included as potential moderator of context effects. One hundred and sixty university students were tasked to read about a series of social-scientific issues. The task was framed in either a university context or a personal context scenario. For each topic, the participants read two short texts which provided either consistent or discrepant information, and then they wrote a short overview essay. The university context had a significant impact on indicators related to a documents model representation (e.g., text switches, number of adversative connectors in the essay) and standards for presentation (e.g., time on the essay/task page, formal features of the essay). The data support a context-dependent view of reading comprehension, whereby both reading behavior and outcomes are primarily a function of the standards and goals set by the reader. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11145-022-10321-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Schoor
- University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, Wilhelmsplatz 3, 96047 Bamberg, Germany
| | - Jean-François Rouet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Poli A, Gemignani A, Miccoli M. Randomized Trial on the Effects of a Group EMDR Intervention on Narrative Complexity and Specificity of Autobiographical Memories: A Path Analytic and Supervised Machine-Learning Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7684. [PMID: 35805348 PMCID: PMC9265795 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Narratives of autobiographical memories may be impaired by adverse childhood experiences, generating narrative fragmentation and increased levels of perceived distress. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) proved to be an effective treatment to overcome traumatic experiences and to promote coherent autobiographical narratives. However, the specific mechanisms by which EMDR promotes narrative coherence remains largely unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled pilot trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05319002) in a non-clinical sample of 27 children recruited in a primary school. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent a three-week group EMDR intervention. Subjective unit of distress (SUD), validity of cognition (VoC), classification of autobiographical memories, narrative complexity and specificity were assessed before and after the group EMDR intervention. The group EMDR intervention was able to improve SUD and VoC scales, narrative complexity and specificity, and promoted the classification of autobiographical memories as relational. The path analysis showed that SUD was able to predict VoC and narrative specificity, which, in turn, was able to predict both narrative complexity and the classification of autobiographical memories as relational. Machine-learning analysis showed that random tree classifier outperformed all other models by achieving a 93.33% accuracy. Clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Mario Miccoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
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Carnelius F, Dennhag I. The association between gender, sexual harassment, and self-compassion on depressive symptoms in adolescents. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 77:256-265. [PMID: 35736792 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2089231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study aims to identify the prevalence of bullying and sexual harassment as well as possible risk and protective factors for depression among adolescents. We focus on the association of different types of sexual harassment, gender, bullying, and self-compassion to depression criteria according to DSM 4. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 318 adolescents aged 15-20 years, from Sweden. Participants answered the self-assessment scales Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, Second Edition, and Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales for Youth, as well as questions about sexual harassment and bullying. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between bullying, sexual harassment, self-compassion, and gender with depressive symptoms. RESULTS Few students had been subjected to bullying, whereas sexual harassment was more common. About 32.7% of students had been subjected to verbal harassment and girls were more frequently exposed. Both bullying and sexual harassment were associated with depressive symptoms, and gender patterns were observed. For boys, verbal harassment and bullying correlated with negative self-evaluation and somatic complaints. For girls, bullying correlated with all depressive symptoms. Higher levels of self-compassion were associated with less depression, and the correlation was especially strong among boys. CONCLUSION Boys and girls express different types of depressive symptoms when subjected to bullying and sexual harassment. Not asking boys about negative self-evaluation or somatic complaints could lead to missing depression. However, for girls, all four symptoms are equally important to inquire about. Self-compassion is a possible protective factor against depression and future studies will show if teaching this to adolescents could lead to less depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippa Carnelius
- Department of Clinical Science, Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Inga Dennhag
- Department of Clinical Science, Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Gonzalez C, Jiang X, Gonzalez-Martinez J, Halgren E. Human Spindle Variability. J Neurosci 2022; 42:4517-4537. [PMID: 35477906 PMCID: PMC9172080 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1786-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, sleep spindles are 10- to 16-Hz oscillations lasting approximately 0.5-2 s. Spindles, along with cortical slow oscillations, may facilitate memory consolidation by enabling synaptic plasticity. Early recordings of spindles at the scalp found anterior channels had overall slower frequency than central-posterior channels. This robust, topographical finding led to dichotomizing spindles as "slow" versus "fast," modeled as two distinct spindle generators in frontal versus posterior cortex. Using a large dataset of intracranial stereoelectroencephalographic (sEEG) recordings from 20 patients (13 female, 7 male) and 365 bipolar recordings, we show that the difference in spindle frequency between frontal and parietal channels is comparable to the variability in spindle frequency within the course of individual spindles, across different spindles recorded by a given site, and across sites within a given region. Thus, fast and slow spindles only capture average differences that obscure a much larger underlying overlap in frequency. Furthermore, differences in mean frequency are only one of several ways that spindles differ. For example, compared with parietal, frontal spindles are smaller, tend to occur after parietal when both are engaged, and show a larger decrease in frequency within-spindles. However, frontal and parietal spindles are similar in being longer, less variable, and more widespread than occipital, temporal, and Rolandic spindles. These characteristics are accentuated in spindles which are highly phase-locked to posterior hippocampal spindles. We propose that rather than a strict parietal-fast/frontal-slow dichotomy, spindles differ continuously and quasi-independently in multiple dimensions, with variability due about equally to within-spindle, within-region, and between-region factors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sleep spindles are 10- to 16-Hz neural oscillations generated by cortico-thalamic circuits that promote memory consolidation. Spindles are often dichotomized into slow-anterior and fast-posterior categories for cognitive and clinical studies. Here, we show that the anterior-posterior difference in spindle frequency is comparable to that observed between different cycles of individual spindles, between spindles from a given site, or from different sites within a region. Further, we show that spindles vary on other dimensions such as duration, amplitude, spread, primacy and consistency, and that these multiple dimensions vary continuously and largely independently across cortical regions. These findings suggest that multiple continuous variables rather than a strict frequency dichotomy may be more useful biomarkers for memory consolidation or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gonzalez
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System/University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92161
| | - Xi Jiang
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Canadian Center for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez
- Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
- Epilepsy and Movement Disorders Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Eric Halgren
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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Almeida F, Pires L, Bettencourt C, Almeida R, Ruivo Marques D, Leitão J, Gomes AA. Momentary emotional states in primary school children: combined effects of chronotype X time-of-day. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2022.2081400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Almeida
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pires
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Psychology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, UK
| | - Catarina Bettencourt
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Almeida
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Ruivo Marques
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Leitão
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Allen Gomes
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Memory, Language and Executive Functions Lab, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Bowers SJ, Summa KC, Thompson RS, González A, Vargas F, Olker C, Jiang P, Lowry CA, Dorrestein PC, Knight R, Wright KP, Fleshner M, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH. A Prebiotic Diet Alters the Fecal Microbiome and Improves Sleep in Response to Sleep Disruption in Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:889211. [PMID: 35685770 PMCID: PMC9172596 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.889211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disruption is a challenging and exceedingly common physiological state that contributes to a wide range of biochemical and molecular perturbations and has been linked to numerous adverse health outcomes. Modern society exerts significant pressure on the sleep/wake cycle via myriad factors, including exposure to electric light, psychological stressors, technological interconnection, jet travel, shift work, and widespread use of sleep-affecting compounds. Interestingly, recent research has identified a link between the microbiome and the regulation of sleep, suggesting that interventions targeting the microbiome may offer unique therapeutic approaches to challenges posed by sleep disruption. In this study, we test the hypothesis that administration of a prebiotic diet containing galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and polydextrose (PDX) in adult male rats improves sleep in response to repeated sleep disruption and during recovery sleep. We found that animals fed the GOS/PDX prebiotic diet for 4 weeks exhibit increased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during 5 days of sleep disruption and increased total sleep time during 24 h of recovery from sleep disruption compared to animals fed a control diet, despite similar baseline sleep characteristics. Further, the GOS/PDX prebiotic diet led to significant changes in the fecal microbiome. Consistent with previous reports, the prebiotic diet increased the relative abundance of the species Parabacteroides distasonis, which positively correlated with sleep parameters during recovery sleep. Taken together, these findings suggest that the GOS/PDX prebiotic diet may offer an approach to improve resilience to the physiologic challenge of sleep disruption, in part through impacts on the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Bowers
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Keith C. Summa
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert S. Thompson
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Antonio González
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fernando Vargas
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Olker
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Christopher A. Lowry
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Evanston, IL, United States
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Martha H. Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Evanston, IL, United States
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Westerband AC, Wright IJ, Eller ASD, Cernusak LA, Reich PB, Perez-Priego O, Chhajed SS, Hutley LB, Lehmann CER. Nitrogen concentration and physical properties are key drivers of woody tissue respiration. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:633-646. [PMID: 35245930 PMCID: PMC9113292 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite the critical role of woody tissues in determining net carbon exchange of terrestrial ecosystems, relatively little is known regarding the drivers of sapwood and bark respiration. METHODS Using one of the most comprehensive wood respiration datasets to date (82 species from Australian rainforest, savanna and temperate forest), we quantified relationships between tissue respiration rates (Rd) measured in vitro (i.e. 'respiration potential') and physical properties of bark and sapwood, and nitrogen concentration (Nmass) of leaves, sapwood and bark. KEY RESULTS Across all sites, tissue density and thickness explained similar, and in some cases more, variation in bark and sapwood Rd than did Nmass. Higher density bark and sapwood tissues had lower Rd for a given Nmass than lower density tissues. Rd-Nmass slopes were less steep in thicker compared with thinner-barked species and less steep in sapwood than in bark. Including the interactive effects of Nmass, density and thickness significantly increased the explanatory power for bark and sapwood respiration in branches. Among these models, Nmass contributed more to explanatory power in trunks than in branches, and in sapwood than in bark. Our findings were largely consistent across sites, which varied in their climate, soils and dominant vegetation type, suggesting generality in the observed trait relationships. Compared with a global compilation of leaf, stem and root data, Australian species showed generally lower Rd and Nmass, and less steep Rd-Nmass relationships. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report control of respiration-nitrogen relationships by physical properties of tissues, and one of few to report respiration-nitrogen relationships in bark and sapwood. Together, our findings indicate a potential path towards improving current estimates of autotrophic respiration by integrating variation across distinct plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Westerband
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Allyson S D Eller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Peter B Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Oscar Perez-Priego
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Shubham S Chhajed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Caroline E R Lehmann
- Tropical Diversity, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
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Wen MJ, Wen CC, Wang WM. Single-stage sampling procedure for heteroscedasticity in multiple comparisons with a control. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03610918.2022.2053863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miin-Jye Wen
- Department of Statistics and Institute of Data Science, College of Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of International Management, College of Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Wen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Department of Statistics and Institute of Data Science, College of Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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120
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Pernot P. The long road to calibrated prediction uncertainty in computational chemistry. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:114109. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0084302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty quantification (UQ) in computational chemistry (CC) is still in its infancy. Very few CC methods are designed to provide a confidence level on their predictions, and most users still rely improperly on the mean absolute error as an accuracy metric. The development of reliable UQ methods is essential, notably for CC to be used confidently in industrial processes. A review of the CC-UQ literature shows that there is no common standard procedure to report or validate prediction uncertainty. I consider here analysis tools using concepts (calibration and sharpness) developed in meteorology and machine learning for the validation of probabilistic forecasters. These tools are adapted to CC-UQ and applied to datasets of prediction uncertainties provided by composite methods, Bayesian ensembles methods, and machine learning and a posteriori statistical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Pernot
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000 CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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121
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Shin Y, Kim S, Kim DH, Lee S, Cho M, Ihm J. The effect of deliberative process on the self-sacrificial decisions of utilitarian healthcare students. BMC Med Ethics 2022; 23:28. [PMID: 35305638 PMCID: PMC8933755 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-022-00769-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted prosocial behavior as a professional healthcare core competency. Although medical students are expected to work in the best interests of their patients, in the pandemic context, there is a greater need for ethical attention to be paid to the way medical students deal with moral dilemmas that may conflict with their obligations. METHODS This study was conducted in the spring semester of 2019 on 271 students majoring in health professions: medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. All participants provided informed consent and completed measures that assessed utilitarian moral views, cognitive reflections, cognitive reappraisal, and moral judgment. RESULTS The healthcare-affiliated students who scored higher on the instrumental harm subscale in the measurement of utilitarian moral views were more likely to endorse not only other-sacrificial actions but also self-sacrificial ones for the greater good in moral dilemma scenarios. In particular, those engaged in deliberative processes tended to make more self-sacrificial judgments. The mediation analysis also revealed that the effect of deliberative processes on self-sacrificial judgments was mediated by cognitive reappraisal. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that cognitive reappraisal through deliberative processes is involved when the students with utilitarian inclination make prosocial decisions, that it is necessary to consider both moral views and emotional regulation when admitting candidates, and that moral education programs are needed in the healthcare field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Shin
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungmin Kim
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Hwan Kim
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minhae Cho
- School of Social Work, University of Memphis, Memphis, USA
| | - Jungjoon Ihm
- Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cognitive Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Fine-Spatial Boreal–Alpine Single-Tree Albedo Measured by UAV: Experiences and Challenges. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The boreal–alpine treeline is a fine-spatial heterogeneous ecotone with small single trees, tree clusters and open snow surfaces during wintertime. Due to climate change and decreased grazing of domestic animals, the treelines expand both upwards into the mountains and northwards into the tundra. To quantify and understand the biophysical radiative climatic feedback effect due to this expansion, it is necessary to establish measurement strategies of fine-spatial albedo by which relationships with the tree structure and snow-masking effect can be quantified. In this study, we measured single-tree Norway spruce albedo for small trees using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The platform allows the measurement of proximal remotely sensed albedo, enabling the provision of fine-spatial reflectance distributed over larger geographical areas. The albedo measurements varied from 0.39 to 0.99. The interaction between the diurnal course of the sun and sloping terrain constituted the most important driving factor on the albedo. Surprisingly, all tree structural variables revealed smaller correlations with the albedo than typically found for boreal and boreal–alpine summertime albedo. The snow-masking effect of the trees on the albedo was statistically significant and was found to be stronger than the effects of tree structural variables. Only the canopy density had a statistically significant effect on the albedo among the tree structural variables. This was likely explained by the imprecise heading of the hoovering positions of the UAV and insufficient spatial resolution of the reflected radiation measurements. For further development of fine-spatial UAV-measured albedo, we recommend the use of UAVs with high-precision navigation systems and field-stop devices to limit the spatial size of the measured reflected radiation.
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Responses to a 5-Day Sport-Specific Heat Acclimatization Camp in Elite Female Rugby Sevens Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:969-978. [PMID: 35303714 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the physiological (resting core temperature, exercising heart rate, and sweat rate) and psychophysical (rating of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and thermal comfort) responses to a short-term heat acclimatization (HA) training camp in elite female rugby sevens athletes. METHODS Nineteen professional female rugby sevens athletes participated in a 5-day HA camp in Darwin, Australia (training average: 32.2°C and 58% relative humidity). Training involved normal team practice prescribed by appropriate staff. Markers of physiological and psychophysical adaptations to HA were collected at various stages during the camp. Partial eta-squared effect sizes (from linear mixed-effects models), rank-biserial correlations (from Freidman tests), and P values were used to assess changes across the protocol. RESULTS Resting core temperature did not significantly change. Exercising heart rate showed a large and significant reduction from day 1 to day 5 (175 [13] vs 171 [12] beats·min-1), as did sweat rate (1.1 [0.3] vs 1.0 [0.2] L·h-1). Thermal sensation showed a large and significant reduction between day 1 and day 5 (median [interquartile range] = 5 [5-5.5] vs 4.5 [4-5]). Changes in rating of perceived exertion and thermal comfort were unclear. CONCLUSIONS Beneficial cardiovascular adaptations were observed simultaneously across a full squad of elite female rugby sevens players (without expensive facilities/equipment or modifying training content). However, beneficial changes in resting core temperature, sweat rate, and thermal/effort perceptions likely require a greater thermal impulse. These data contribute to the development of evidence-informed practice for minimal effective HA doses in female team-sport athletes, who are underrepresented in the current research.
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Negussie E, González-Recio O, Battagin M, Bayat AR, Boland T, de Haas Y, Garcia-Rodriguez A, Garnsworthy PC, Gengler N, Kreuzer M, Kuhla B, Lassen J, Peiren N, Pszczola M, Schwarm A, Soyeurt H, Vanlierde A, Yan T, Biscarini F. Integrating heterogeneous across-country data for proxy-based random forest prediction of enteric methane in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:5124-5140. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Monroe JG, Srikant T, Carbonell-Bejerano P, Becker C, Lensink M, Exposito-Alonso M, Klein M, Hildebrandt J, Neumann M, Kliebenstein D, Weng ML, Imbert E, Ågren J, Rutter MT, Fenster CB, Weigel D. Mutation bias reflects natural selection in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 2022; 602:101-105. [PMID: 35022609 PMCID: PMC8810380 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the first half of the twentieth century, evolutionary theory has been dominated by the idea that mutations occur randomly with respect to their consequences1. Here we test this assumption with large surveys of de novo mutations in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast to expectations, we find that mutations occur less often in functionally constrained regions of the genome-mutation frequency is reduced by half inside gene bodies and by two-thirds in essential genes. With independent genomic mutation datasets, including from the largest Arabidopsis mutation accumulation experiment conducted to date, we demonstrate that epigenomic and physical features explain over 90% of variance in the genome-wide pattern of mutation bias surrounding genes. Observed mutation frequencies around genes in turn accurately predict patterns of genetic polymorphisms in natural Arabidopsis accessions (r = 0.96). That mutation bias is the primary force behind patterns of sequence evolution around genes in natural accessions is supported by analyses of allele frequencies. Finally, we find that genes subject to stronger purifying selection have a lower mutation rate. We conclude that epigenome-associated mutation bias2 reduces the occurrence of deleterious mutations in Arabidopsis, challenging the prevailing paradigm that mutation is a directionless force in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grey Monroe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Thanvi Srikant
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Claude Becker
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mariele Lensink
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Moises Exposito-Alonso
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marie Klein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julia Hildebrandt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Neumann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mao-Lun Weng
- Department of Biology, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA, USA
| | - Eric Imbert
- ISEM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jon Ågren
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthew T Rutter
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Charles B Fenster
- Oak Lake Field Station, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Alteration of the expression of sirtuins and var genes by heat shock in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 248:111458. [PMID: 35031386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Plasmodium falciparum the monoallelic expression of var virulence genes is regulated through epigenetic mechanisms. A study in the Gambia showed that an increase in var gene expression is associated with fever, high blood lactate with commonly-expressed var genes expressed in patients with severe malaria. A strong association was demonstrated between the upregulation of PfSir2A and group B var genes. A subsequent study in Kenya extended this association to show a link between elevated expression of PfSir2A and overall var transcript levels. We investigate here the link between heat shock and/or lactate levels on sirtuin and var gene expression levels in vitro. METHODS In vitro experiments were conducted using laboratory and recently-laboratory-adapted Kenyan isolates of P. falciparum. To investigate a potential cause-and-effect relationship between host stress factors and parasite gene expression, qPCR was used to measure the expression of sirtuins and var genes after highly synchronous cultured parasites had been exposed to 2 h or 6 h of heat shock at 40 °C or elevated lactate. RESULTS Heat shock was shown to increase the expression ofPfSir2B in the trophozoites, whereas exposure to lactate was not. After the ring stages were exposed to heat shock and lactate, there was no alteration in the expression of sirtuins and severe-disease-associated upsA and upsB var genes. The association between high blood lactate and sirtuin/var gene expression that was previously observed in vivo appears to be coincidental rather than causative. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that heat stress in a laboratory and recently-laboratory-adapted isolates of P. falciparum results in a small increase in PfSir2B transcripts in the trophozoite stages only. This finding adds to our understanding of how patient factors can influence the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infections.
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Neville V, Mounty J, Benato L, Hunter K, Mendl M, Paul ES. Thinking outside the lab: Can studies of pet rats inform pet and laboratory rat welfare? Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Masharipov R, Knyazeva I, Nikolaev Y, Korotkov A, Didur M, Cherednichenko D, Kireev M. Providing Evidence for the Null Hypothesis in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Group-Level Bayesian Inference. Front Neuroinform 2021; 15:738342. [PMID: 34924989 PMCID: PMC8674455 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2021.738342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical null hypothesis significance testing is limited to the rejection of the point-null hypothesis; it does not allow the interpretation of non-significant results. This leads to a bias against the null hypothesis. Herein, we discuss statistical approaches to ‘null effect’ assessment focusing on the Bayesian parameter inference (BPI). Although Bayesian methods have been theoretically elaborated and implemented in common neuroimaging software packages, they are not widely used for ‘null effect’ assessment. BPI considers the posterior probability of finding the effect within or outside the region of practical equivalence to the null value. It can be used to find both ‘activated/deactivated’ and ‘not activated’ voxels or to indicate that the obtained data are not sufficient using a single decision rule. It also allows to evaluate the data as the sample size increases and decide to stop the experiment if the obtained data are sufficient to make a confident inference. To demonstrate the advantages of using BPI for fMRI data group analysis, we compare it with classical null hypothesis significance testing on empirical data. We also use simulated data to show how BPI performs under different effect sizes, noise levels, noise distributions and sample sizes. Finally, we consider the problem of defining the region of practical equivalence for BPI and discuss possible applications of BPI in fMRI studies. To facilitate ‘null effect’ assessment for fMRI practitioners, we provide Statistical Parametric Mapping 12 based toolbox for Bayesian inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Masharipov
- N. P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Knyazeva
- N. P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Nikolaev
- N. P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Korotkov
- N. P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Didur
- N. P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis Cherednichenko
- N. P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim Kireev
- N. P. Bechtereva Institute of the Human Brain, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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López-Vicente M, Agcaoglu O, Pérez-Crespo L, Estévez-López F, Heredia-Genestar JM, Mulder RH, Flournoy JC, van Duijvenvoorde ACK, Güroğlu B, White T, Calhoun V, Tiemeier H, Muetzel RL. Developmental Changes in Dynamic Functional Connectivity From Childhood Into Adolescence. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:724805. [PMID: 34880732 PMCID: PMC8645798 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.724805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The longitudinal study of typical neurodevelopment is key for understanding deviations due to specific factors, such as psychopathology. However, research utilizing repeated measurements remains scarce. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have traditionally examined connectivity as 'static' during the measurement period. In contrast, dynamic approaches offer a more comprehensive representation of functional connectivity by allowing for different connectivity configurations (time varying connectivity) throughout the scanning session. Our objective was to characterize the longitudinal developmental changes in dynamic functional connectivity in a population-based pediatric sample. Resting-state MRI data were acquired at the ages of 10 (range 8-to-12, n = 3,327) and 14 (range 13-to-15, n = 2,404) years old using a single, study-dedicated 3 Tesla scanner. A fully-automated spatially constrained group-independent component analysis (ICA) was applied to decompose multi-subject resting-state data into functionally homogeneous regions. Dynamic functional network connectivity (FNC) between all ICA time courses were computed using a tapered sliding window approach. We used a k-means algorithm to cluster the resulting dynamic FNC windows from each scan session into five dynamic states. We examined age and sex associations using linear mixed-effects models. First, independent from the dynamic states, we found a general increase in the temporal variability of the connections between intrinsic connectivity networks with increasing age. Second, when examining the clusters of dynamic FNC windows, we observed that the time spent in less modularized states, with low intra- and inter-network connectivity, decreased with age. Third, the number of transitions between states also decreased with age. Finally, compared to boys, girls showed a more mature pattern of dynamic brain connectivity, indicated by more time spent in a highly modularized state, less time spent in specific states that are frequently observed at a younger age, and a lower number of transitions between states. This longitudinal population-based study demonstrates age-related maturation in dynamic intrinsic neural activity from childhood into adolescence and offers a meaningful baseline for comparison with deviations from typical development. Given that several behavioral and cognitive processes also show marked changes through childhood and adolescence, dynamic functional connectivity should also be explored as a potential neurobiological determinant of such changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica López-Vicente
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oktay Agcaoglu
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Fernando Estévez-López
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Rosa H. Mulder
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John C. Flournoy
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Anna C. K. van Duijvenvoorde
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Berna Güroğlu
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vince Calhoun
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ryan L. Muetzel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Wang L. Single-cell normalization and association testing unifying CRISPR screen and gene co-expression analyses with Normalisr. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6395. [PMID: 34737291 PMCID: PMC8568964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) provides unprecedented technical and statistical potential to study gene regulation but is subject to technical variations and sparsity. Furthermore, statistical association testing remains difficult for scRNA-seq. Here we present Normalisr, a normalization and statistical association testing framework that unifies single-cell differential expression, co-expression, and CRISPR screen analyses with linear models. By systematically detecting and removing nonlinear confounders arising from library size at mean and variance levels, Normalisr achieves high sensitivity, specificity, speed, and generalizability across multiple scRNA-seq protocols and experimental conditions with unbiased p-value estimation. The superior scalability allows us to reconstruct robust gene regulatory networks from trans-effects of guide RNAs in large-scale single cell CRISPRi screens. On conventional scRNA-seq, Normalisr recovers gene-level co-expression networks that recapitulated known gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Molecular Pathology Unit and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Wang H, Xu M, Xie X, Dong Y, Wang W. Relationships Between Achievement Goal Orientations, Learning Engagement, and Academic Adjustment in Freshmen: Variable-Centered and Person-Centered Approaches. Front Psychol 2021; 12:767886. [PMID: 34803850 PMCID: PMC8596568 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.767886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Academic adjustment is a principal determining factor of undergraduate students' academic achievement and success. However, studies pay little attention to freshmen's antecedent variables of academic adjustment. This study aimed to examine the mechanisms underlying the relationship between achievement goal orientations and academic adjustment in freshmen using variable- and person-centered approaches. A sample of 578 freshmen (aged 18.29±1.04years, 58.5% female) completed questionnaires on achievement goal orientations, learning engagement, and academic adjustment. Latent profile analysis of achievement goal orientations revealed four groups: low-motivation (11.1%), approach-oriented (9.5%), average (52.8%), and multiple (26.6%). In the mediating analysis, results of the variable-centered approach showed that learning engagement mediated the effects of the mastery-approach and performance-avoidance goals on academic adjustment. For the person-centered approach, we selected the average type as the reference profile, and the analysis revealed that compared with the reference profile, learning engagement partially mediated the link between the approach-oriented profile and academic adjustment. The current study highlights the important role that achievement goal orientations and learning engagement play in academic adjustment. We discuss the implications and limitations of the findings.
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Briggs R, McDowell CP, De Looze C, Kenny RA, Ward M. Depressive Symptoms Among Older Adults Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2021; 22:2251-2257. [PMID: 34597531 PMCID: PMC8436876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is a concern that public health measures to prevent older people contracting COVID-19 could lead to a rise in mental health problems such as depression. The aim of this study therefore is to examine trends of depressive symptoms before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a large cohort of older people. DESIGN Observational study with 6-year follow-up. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS More than 3000 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years participating in The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). METHODS Mixed effects multilevel models were used to describe trends in depressive symptoms across 3 waves of TILDA: wave 4 (2016), wave 5 (2018), and a final wave conducted July-November 2020. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), with a score ≥9 indicating clinically significant symptoms. RESULTS The prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms at waves 4 and 5 was 7.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5, 7.9] and 7.2% (95% CI 6.5, 8.0), respectively. This more than doubled to 19.8% (95% CI 18.5, 21.2) during the COVID-19 pandemic. There was no change in CES-D scores between waves 4 and 5 (β = 0.09, 95% CI -0.04, 0.23), but a large increase in symptoms was observed during the pandemic (β = 2.20, 95% CI 2.07, 2.33). Age ≥70 years was independently associated with depressive symptoms (β = 0.45, 95% CI 0.18, 0.72) during the pandemic but not from wave 4 to 5 (β = 0.09, 95% CI -0.18, 0.36). Living with others was associated with a lower burden of symptoms during the pandemic (β = -0.40, 95% CI -0.71, -0.09) but not between waves 4 and 5 (β = -0.40, 95% CI -0.71, -0.09). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrates significant increases in the burden of depressive symptoms among older people during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly those aged ≥70 years and/or living alone. Even a small increase in the incidence of late life depression can have major implications for health care systems and societies in general. Improving access to age-attuned mental health care should therefore be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Briggs
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Address correspondence to Robert Briggs, PhD, The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), Mercer’s Institute for Successful Ageing, St James’s Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Cillian P. McDowell
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Céline De Looze
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland,Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Ward
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Osuagwu UL, Timothy CG, Langsi R, Abu EK, Goson PC, Mashige KP, Ekpenyong B, Ovenseri-Ogbomo GO, Miner CA, Oloruntoba R, Ishaya T, Charwe DD, Envuladu EA, Nwaeze O, Agho KE. Differences in Perceived Risk of Contracting SARS-CoV-2 during and after the Lockdown in Sub-Saharan African Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111091. [PMID: 34769611 PMCID: PMC8583602 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated risk perception of contracting and dying of SARS-CoV-2 in sub-Sahara Africa during and after the lockdown periods. Two online surveys were conducted one year apart, with participants 18 years and above living in sub-Sahara Africa or the diaspora. Each survey took four weeks. The first survey was taken from 18 April to 16 May 2020, i.e., during the lockdown. The second survey was taken from 14 April to 14 May 2021, i.e., after the lockdown. A cross-sectional study using adopted and modified questionnaires for both surveys were distributed through online platforms. Question about risks perception of contracting and dying of SARS-CoV-2 were asked. The Helsinki declaration was applied, and ethical approvals were obtained. Total responses for both surveys, i.e., both during and after the lockdown, was 4605. The mean age was similar in both surveys (18–28 years). The mean risk perception scores were higher after lockdown by 3.59%. Factors associated with risk perception of COVID-19 were survey period, age group, region of residence, and occupation. Non-health care workers had a lower risk perception of COVID-19. This first comparative study on the level of risk perception of Africans during and after the lockdown shows that one in every three and every four persons in sub-Sahara Africa felt at high risk of contracting COVID-19 and thought they could die from contracting the same, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
- Translational Health Research Unit (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
- Westville Campus, African Vision Research Institute, Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa; (K.P.M.); (B.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-46344570
| | - Chikasirimobi G Timothy
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Public Health, Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega 190-50100, Kenya;
| | - Raymond Langsi
- Health Division, University of Bamenda, Bambili P.O. Box 39, Bamenda 00237, Cameroon;
| | - Emmanuel K Abu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast 00233, Ghana;
| | - Piwuna Christopher Goson
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos 930003, Nigeria;
| | - Khathutshelo P Mashige
- Westville Campus, African Vision Research Institute, Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa; (K.P.M.); (B.E.)
| | - Bernadine Ekpenyong
- Westville Campus, African Vision Research Institute, Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa; (K.P.M.); (B.E.)
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar 540271, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Godwin O Ovenseri-Ogbomo
- Department of Optometry, Centre for Health Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK;
| | - Chundung Asabe Miner
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos 930003, Nigeria;
| | - Richard Oloruntoba
- School of Management and Marketing, Curtin Business School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6151, Australia;
| | - Tanko Ishaya
- Department of Computer Science, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos 930003, Nigeria;
| | | | - Esther Awazzi Envuladu
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos 930003, Nigeria;
| | - Obinna Nwaeze
- County Durham and Darlington, National Health Service (NHS) Foundation, Darlington DL3 0PD, UK;
| | - Kingsley Emwinyore Agho
- Translational Health Research Unit (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
- Westville Campus, African Vision Research Institute, Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 3629, South Africa; (K.P.M.); (B.E.)
- School of Health Science, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
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Muñoz Soro JF, Serrano-Cinca C. A model for predicting court decisions on child custody. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258993. [PMID: 34673827 PMCID: PMC8530287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Awarding joint or sole custody is of crucial importance for the lives of both the child and the parents. This paper first models the factors explaining a court's decision to grant child custody and later tests the predictive capacity of the proposed model. We conducted an empirical study using data from 1,884 court rulings, identifying and labeling factual elements, legal principles, and other relevant information. We developed a neural network model that includes eight factual findings, such as the relationship between the parents and their economic resources, the child's opinion, and the psychological report on the type of custody. We performed a temporal validation using cases later in time than those in the training sample for prediction. Our system predicted the court's decisions with an accuracy exceeding 85%. We obtained easy-to-apply decision rules with the decision tree technique. The paper contributes by identifying the factors that best predict joint custody, which is useful for parents, lawyers, and prosecutors. Parents would do well to know these findings before venturing into a courtroom.
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Vira EG, Skoog T. Swedish middle school students' psychosocial well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study. SSM Popul Health 2021; 16:100942. [PMID: 34664029 PMCID: PMC8516135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Child well-being concerns amidst the COVID-19 pandemic have been reported from countries with strict lockdowns and school closures. Sweden's middle school students attended school as normal during the pandemic, but it is still unknown how their well-being has changed during the pandemic. This study aimed to assess differences in Swedish students' psychosocial well-being from before to during the pandemic. Longitudinal data (N = 849) were collected via self-report surveys across two time-points separated by approximately one year. The second data collection took place 8-9 months after the start of the pandemic in Sweden. We measured psychological adjustment, relationships to significant others and school adjustment. Findings revealed significant mean-level decreases in students' school adjustment during the pandemic. There were no meaningful mean-level decreases in students' relationships to significant others. Students' psychological adjustment showed significant but mostly negligible mean-level decreases, and no differences in emotional problems during the pandemic. The findings are explained based on students' developmental stage and the handling of the pandemic in the Swedish school context. Based on this first longitudinal study on students' wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic, we conclude that Swedish middle school students who continued formal schooling show mainly positive adaptations, and thus appear to be resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Vira
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Therése Skoog
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Foster Y, Dutoit L, Grosser S, Dussex N, Foster BJ, Dodds KG, Brauning R, Van Stijn T, Robertson F, McEwan JC, Jacobs JME, Robertson BC. Genomic signatures of inbreeding in a critically endangered parrot, the kākāpō. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab307. [PMID: 34542587 PMCID: PMC8527487 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Events of inbreeding are inevitable in critically endangered species. Reduced population sizes and unique life-history traits can increase the severity of inbreeding, leading to declines in fitness and increased risk of extinction. Here, we investigate levels of inbreeding in a critically endangered flightless parrot, the kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus), wherein a highly inbred island population and one individual from the mainland of New Zealand founded the entire extant population. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), and a genotype calling approach using a chromosome-level genome assembly, identified a filtered set of 12,241 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among 161 kākāpō, which together encompass the total genetic potential of the extant population. Multiple molecular-based estimates of inbreeding were compared, including genome-wide estimates of heterozygosity (FH), the diagonal elements of a genomic-relatedness matrix (FGRM), and runs of homozygosity (RoH, FRoH). In addition, we compared levels of inbreeding in chicks from a recent breeding season to examine if inbreeding is associated with offspring survival. The density of SNPs generated with GBS was sufficient to identify chromosomes that were largely homozygous with RoH distributed in similar patterns to other inbred species. Measures of inbreeding were largely correlated and differed significantly between descendants of the two founding populations. However, neither inbreeding nor ancestry was found to be associated with reduced survivorship in chicks, owing to unexpected mortality in chicks exhibiting low levels of inbreeding. Our study highlights important considerations for estimating inbreeding in critically endangered species, such as the impacts of small population sizes and admixture between diverse lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ludovic Dutoit
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Stefanie Grosser
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Dussex
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brodie J Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Dodds
- AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - Rudiger Brauning
- AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - Tracey Van Stijn
- AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Robertson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - John C McEwan
- AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel 9053, New Zealand
| | | | - Bruce C Robertson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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139
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Internet Use Impact on Physical Health during COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010728. [PMID: 34682502 PMCID: PMC8535707 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on internet use frequency were focused on mental health impact, with little known about the impact on physical health during the COVID-19 lockdown. This study examined the impact of internet use frequency on self-reported physical health during the COVID-19 lockdown in Bangladesh. A web-based cross-sectional study on 3242 individuals was conducted from 2 August–1 October 2020. The survey covered demographics, internet use frequency and self-reported physical health questions. Linear regression analyses were used to examine the impact of internet use frequency on physical health. 72.5%, 69.9%, 65.1% and 55.3% respondents reported headache, back pain, numbness of the fingers and neck pain, respectively. The analyses showed increased physical health impact among regular (coefficient β = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18–0.85, p = 0.003), frequent (β = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.88–1.54, p < 0.001) and intense (β = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.91–2.57, p < 0.001) internet users. Other important predictors were gender, income, occupation, regions, and working status. Frequent and extensive uses of the internet were strong predictors of physical health problems, and our findings suggest the need for increased awareness about the physical health problems that can be triggered by excessive internet usage.
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140
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Koller M, Müller K, Nolte S, Schmidt H, Harvey C, Mölle U, Boehm A, Engeler D, Metzger J, Sztankay M, Holzner B, Groenvold M, Kuliś D, Bottomley A. Investigating the response scale of the EORTC QLQ-C30 in German cancer patients and a population survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2021; 19:235. [PMID: 34625074 PMCID: PMC8501673 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-021-01866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Organization for research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30) scales are scored on a 4-point response scale, ranging from not at all to very much. Previous studies have shown that the German translation of the response option quite a bit as mäßig violates interval scale assumptions, and that ziemlich is a more appropriate translation. The present studies investigated differences between the two questionnaire versions. METHODS The first study employed a balanced cross-over design and included 450 patients with different types of cancer from three German-speaking countries. The second study was a representative survey in Germany including 2033 respondents. The main analyses included compared the ziemlich and mäßig version of the questionnaire using analyses of covariance adjusted for sex, age, and health burden. RESULTS In accordance with our hypothesis, the adjusted summary score was lower in the mäßig than in the ziemlich version; Study 1: - 4.5 (95% CI - 7.8 to - 1.3), p = 0.006, Study 2: - 3.1 (95% CI - 4.6 to - 1.5), p < 0.001. In both studies, this effect was pronounced in respondents with a higher health burden; Study 1: - 6.8 (95% CI - 12.2 to - 1.4), p = 0.013; Study 2: - 4.5 (95% CI - 7.3 to - 1.7), p = 0.002. CONCLUSIONS We found subtle but consistent differences between the two questionnaire versions. We recommend to use the optimized response option for the EORTC QLQ-C30 as well as for all other German modules. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered on the German Registry for Clinical Studies (reference number DRKS00012759, 04th August 2017, https://www.drks.de/DRKS00012759 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Koller
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Karolina Müller
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Nolte
- Division of Psychosomatic Medicine Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Schmidt
- Institute of Health and Nursing Science, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department for Radiation Medicine University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Radiotherapy, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Mölle
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Boehm
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, St. Georg Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Engeler
- Department of Urology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Metzger
- Department of General Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Lucerne, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Sztankay
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, and University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Holzner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, and University Hospital of Psychiatry II, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mogens Groenvold
- Palliative Care Research Unit, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dagmara Kuliś
- Quality of Life Department, EORTC Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew Bottomley
- Quality of Life Department, EORTC Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
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141
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Segami JC, Lind MI, Qvarnström A. Should females prefer old males? Evol Lett 2021; 5:507-520. [PMID: 34621537 PMCID: PMC8484724 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether females should prefer to mate with old males is controversial. Old males may sire offspring of low quality because of an aging germline, but their proven ability to reach an old age can also be an excellent indicator of superior genetic quality, especially in natural populations. These genetic effects are, however, hard to study in nature, because they are often confounded with direct benefits offered by old males to the female, such as experience and high territory quality. We, therefore, used naturally occurring extra‐pair young to disentangle different aspects of male age on female fitness in a natural population of collared flycatchers because any difference between within‐ and extra‐pair young within a nest should be caused by paternal genetic effects only. Based on 18 years of long‐term data, we found that females paired with older males as social partners experienced an overall reproductive advantage. However, offspring sired by old males were of lower quality as compared to their extra‐pair half‐siblings, whereas the opposite was found in nests attended by young males. These results imply a negative genetic effect of old paternal age, given that extra‐pair males are competitive middle‐age males. Thus, offspring may benefit from being sired by young males but raised by old males, to maximize both genetic and direct effects. Our results show that direct and genetic benefits from pairing with old males may act in opposing directions and that the quality of the germline may deteriorate before other signs of senescence become obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carolina Segami
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala SE-75236 Sweden
| | - Martin I Lind
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala SE-75236 Sweden
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology Uppsala University Uppsala SE-75236 Sweden
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142
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Sládeček M, Brynychová K, Elhassan E, Šálek ME, Janatová V, Vozabulová E, Chajma P, Firlová V, Pešková L, Almuhery A, Bulla M. Diel timing of nest predation changes across breeding season in a subtropical shorebird. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13101-13117. [PMID: 34646455 PMCID: PMC8495801 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation is the most common cause of nest failure in birds. While nest predation is relatively well studied in general, our knowledge is unevenly distributed across the globe and taxa, with, for example, limited information on shorebirds breeding in subtropics. Importantly, we know fairly little about the timing of predation within a day. Here, we followed 444 nests of the red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus), a ground-nesting shorebird, for a sum of 7,828 days to estimate a nest predation rate, and continuously monitored 230 of these nests for a sum of 2,779 days to reveal how the timing of predation changes over the day and season in a subtropical desert. We found that 312 nests (70%) hatched, 76 nests (17%) were predated, 23 (5%) failed for other reasons, and 33 (7%) had an unknown fate. Daily predation rate was 0.95% (95%CrI: 0.76% - 1.19%), which for a 30-day long incubation period translates into ~25% (20% - 30%) chance of nest being predated. Such a predation rate is low compared to most other avian species. Predation events (N = 25) were evenly distributed across day and night, with a tendency for increased predation around sunrise, and evenly distributed also across the season, although night predation was more common later in the season, perhaps because predators reduce their activity during daylight to avoid extreme heat. Indeed, nests were never predated when midday ground temperatures exceeded 45℃. Whether the diel activity pattern of resident predators undeniably changes across the breeding season and whether the described predation patterns hold for other populations, species, and geographical regions await future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sládeček
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Kateřina Brynychová
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Esmat Elhassan
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
- Natural Resources Conservation SectionEnvironment DepartmentDubai MunicipalityAbu Hail, DubaiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Miroslav E. Šálek
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Veronika Janatová
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Eva Vozabulová
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Chajma
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Veronika Firlová
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Lucie Pešková
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
| | - Aisha Almuhery
- Natural Resources Conservation SectionEnvironment DepartmentDubai MunicipalityAbu Hail, DubaiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Martin Bulla
- Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePragueCzech Republic
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Planck Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
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143
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Harp NR, Brown CC, Neta M. Spring Break or Heart Break? Extending Valence Bias to Emotional Words. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021; 12:1392-1401. [PMID: 34721784 DOI: 10.1177/1948550620972296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ambiguous stimuli are useful for assessing emotional bias. For example, surprised faces could convey a positive or negative meaning, and the degree to which an individual interprets these expressions as positive or negative represents their "valence bias." Currently, the most well-validated ambiguous stimuli for assessing valence bias include nonverbal signals (faces and scenes), overlooking an inherent ambiguity in verbal signals. This study identified 32 words with dual-valence ambiguity (i.e., relatively high intersubject variability in valence ratings and relatively slow response times) and length-matched clearly valenced words (16 positive, 16 negative). Preregistered analyses demonstrated that the words-based valence bias correlated with the bias for faces, r s (213) = .27, p < .001, and scenes, r s (204) = .46, p < .001. That is, the same people who interpret ambiguous faces/scenes as positive also interpret ambiguous words as positive. These findings provide a novel tool for measuring valence bias and greater generalizability, resulting in a more robust measure of this bias.
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144
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Knief U, Forstmeier W, Kempenaers B, Wolf JBW. A sex chromosome inversion is associated with copy number variation of mitochondrial DNA in zebra finch sperm. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211025. [PMID: 34540261 PMCID: PMC8437020 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The propulsion of sperm cells via movement of the flagellum is of vital importance for successful fertilization. While the exact mechanism of energy production for this movement varies between species, in avian species energy is thought to come predominantly from the mitochondria located in the sperm midpiece. Larger midpieces may contain more mitochondria, which should enhance the energetic capacity and possibly promote mobility. Due to an inversion polymorphism on their sex chromosome TguZ, zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis) exhibit large within-species variation in sperm midpiece length, and those sperm with the longest midpieces swim the fastest. Here, we test through quantitative real-time PCR in zebra finch ejaculates whether the inversion genotype has an effect on the copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We find that zebra finches carrying the derived allele (correlated with longer sperm midpieces) have more copies of the mtDNA in their ejaculates than those homozygous for the ancestral allele (shorter midpieces). We suggest downstream effects of mtDNA copy number variation on the rate of adenosine triphosphate production, which in turn may influence sperm swimming speed and fertilization success. Central components of gamete energy metabolism may thus be the proximate cause for a fitness-relevant genetic polymorphism, stabilizing a megabase-scale inversion at an intermediate allele frequency in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Knief
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Forstmeier
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen 82319, Germany
| | - Jochen B. W. Wolf
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
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145
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Racial Discrimination and Stress Across the Life Course: Associations With Prenatal Inflammation, Perceived Stress, and Depressive Symptoms. Nurs Res 2021; 70:S21-S30. [PMID: 34173372 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among Black Americans, interpersonal racial discrimination is common. Stress, including following discrimination, contributes to pregnancy complications. In this secondary analysis, we provide data on associations among discrimination, stress, and their interaction across the life course and inflammation, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. METHODS During the early third trimester, Black American women (n = 93) completed the Experiences of Discrimination Scale, the Stress and Adversity Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Inventory. Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-β levels were quantified. Associations were examined by linear regression, controlling for demographic, behavioral, and clinical covariates. RESULTS Associations among racial discrimination and plasma IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-β levels depended upon average ratings of life course stress. When stress was low, discrimination in the mid tertile was associated with the highest levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-β. Subscale analyses suggested that findings related to IL-8 were driven by chronic stress whereas findings related to TNF-α and IL-β were driven by acute stress. When examined together, greater discrimination but not greater life course stress was associated with higher prenatal perceived stress. In subscale analyses, the association between discrimination and prenatal perceived stress depended upon average ratings of life course acute stress. When acute stress was low, discrimination in the midtertile was associated with the highest levels of prenatal perceived stress. When acute stress was high, discrimination in the high tertile was associated with the highest levels of prenatal perceived stress. There were also direct associations among greater life course chronic stress, prenatal perceived stress, and prenatal depressive symptoms. Associations were attenuated when discrimination was included as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS The current analyses suggest that, among Black Americans, prenatal inflammation, perceived stress, and depressive symptoms may be shaped by racial discrimination and stress across the life course. In many cases, associations among discrimination and prenatal parameters depended upon how stressful exposures to life course stressors had been rated. The data suggest the potential for adaptive plasticity under some stress and highlight the deleterious nature of compounding stress.
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146
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Weissensteiner MH, Bunikis I, Catalán A, Francoijs KJ, Knief U, Heim W, Peona V, Pophaly SD, Sedlazeck FJ, Suh A, Warmuth VM, Wolf JBW. Discovery and population genomics of structural variation in a songbird genus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3403. [PMID: 32636372 PMCID: PMC7341801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural variation (SV) constitutes an important type of genetic mutations providing the raw material for evolution. Here, we uncover the genome-wide spectrum of intra- and interspecific SV segregating in natural populations of seven songbird species in the genus Corvus. Combining short-read (N = 127) and long-read re-sequencing (N = 31), as well as optical mapping (N = 16), we apply both assembly- and read mapping approaches to detect SV and characterize a total of 220,452 insertions, deletions and inversions. We exploit sampling across wide phylogenetic timescales to validate SV genotypes and assess the contribution of SV to evolutionary processes in an avian model of incipient speciation. We reveal an evolutionary young (~530,000 years) cis-acting 2.25-kb LTR retrotransposon insertion reducing expression of the NDP gene with consequences for premating isolation. Our results attest to the wealth and evolutionary significance of SV segregating in natural populations and highlight the need for reliable SV genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias H Weissensteiner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 310 Wartik Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Uppsala Genome Center, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 815, 752 37, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ana Catalán
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Knief
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wieland Heim
- Institute of Landscsape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Valentina Peona
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Saurabh D Pophaly
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fritz J Sedlazeck
- Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexander Suh
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology - Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TU, UK
| | - Vera M Warmuth
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen B W Wolf
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Grosshaderner Str. 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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