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O'Rourke JG, Bogdanik L, Yáñez A, Lall D, Wolf AJ, Muhammad AKMG, Ho R, Carmona S, Vit JP, Zarrow J, Kim KJ, Bell S, Harms MB, Miller TM, Dangler CA, Underhill DM, Goodridge HS, Lutz CM, Baloh RH. C9orf72 is required for proper macrophage and microglial function in mice. Science 2016; 351:1324-9. [PMID: 26989253 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Expansions of a hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) in the noncoding region of the C9orf72 gene are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia. Decreased expression of C9orf72 is seen in expansion carriers, suggesting that loss of function may play a role in disease. We found that two independent mouse lines lacking the C9orf72 ortholog (3110043O21Rik) in all tissues developed normally and aged without motor neuron disease. Instead, C9orf72 null mice developed progressive splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy with accumulation of engorged macrophage-like cells. C9orf72 expression was highest in myeloid cells, and the loss of C9orf72 led to lysosomal accumulation and altered immune responses in macrophages and microglia, with age-related neuroinflammation similar to C9orf72 ALS but not sporadic ALS human patient tissue. Thus, C9orf72 is required for the normal function of myeloid cells, and altered microglial function may contribute to neurodegeneration in C9orf72 expansion carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G O'Rourke
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - L Bogdanik
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - A Yáñez
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - D Lall
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - A J Wolf
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - A K M G Muhammad
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - R Ho
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - S Carmona
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - J P Vit
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - J Zarrow
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - K J Kim
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - S Bell
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - M B Harms
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - T M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - D M Underhill
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - H S Goodridge
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - C M Lutz
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - R H Baloh
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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152
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Celarain N, Sánchez-Ruiz de Gordoa J, Zelaya MV, Roldán M, Larumbe R, Pulido L, Echavarri C, Mendioroz M. TREM2 upregulation correlates with 5-hydroxymethycytosine enrichment in Alzheimer's disease hippocampus. Clin Epigenetics 2016; 8:37. [PMID: 27051467 PMCID: PMC4820985 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-016-0202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent genome-wide association studies revealed TREM2 rs75932628-T variant to be associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role that TREM2 plays in sporadic AD is largely unknown. Our aim was to assess messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels and DNA methylation profiling of TREM2 in human hippocampus in AD brain. We measured TREM2 mRNA levels in the hippocampus in a cohort of neuropathologically confirmed controls and pure AD cases showing no other protein deposits than β-amyloid and phosphorylated tau. We also examined DNA methylation levels in the TREM2 transcription start site (TSS)-associated region by bisulfite cloning sequencing and further extended the study by measuring 5-hydroxymethycytosine (5hmC) enrichment at different regions of TREM2 by 5hmC DNA immunoprecipitation combined with real-time qPCR. Results A 3.4-fold increase in TREM2 mRNA levels was observed in the hippocampus of AD cases compared to controls (p = 1.1E-05). Interestingly, TREM2 methylation was higher in AD cases compared to controls (76.2 % ± 15.5 versus 57.9 % ± 17.1; p = 0.0016). Moreover, TREM2 mRNA levels in the AD hippocampus correlated with enrichment in 5hmC at the TREM2 gene body (r = 0.771; p = 0.005). Conclusions TREM2 mRNA levels are increased in the human hippocampus in AD cases compared to controls. DNA methylation, and particularly 5hmC, may be involved in regulating TREM2 mRNA expression in the AD brain. Further studies are guaranteed to investigate in depth the role of 5hmC in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0202-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Celarain
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Ruiz de Gordoa
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Present address: Clínica San Miguel, Pamplona, Navarra 31006 Spain
| | - María Victoria Zelaya
- Department of Pathology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
| | - Miren Roldán
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
| | - Rosa Larumbe
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
| | - Laura Pulido
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Present address: Clínica San Miguel, Pamplona, Navarra 31006 Spain
| | - Carmen Echavarri
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Hospital Psicogeriátrico Josefina Arregui, Alsasua, Navarra 31800 Spain
| | - Maite Mendioroz
- Neuroepigenetics Laboratory, Navarrabiomed-Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), c/ Irunlarrea, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain ; Department of Neurology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra 31008 Spain
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153
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Regulation of microglial survival and proliferation in health and diseases. Semin Immunol 2016; 27:410-5. [PMID: 27033414 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS) under homeostatic conditions as well as during neurodegenerative diseases. Recent observations in human genomics and advances in genetic mouse models have provided insights into signaling pathways that control development, survival, proliferation and function of microglia. Alteration of these pathways contributes to the pathogenesis of CNS diseases. Here we review the current literature regarding the roles of these microglial pathways in both the normal and diseased brain and discuss areas that require further investigation.
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154
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microRNA-34a-Mediated Down-Regulation of the Microglial-Enriched Triggering Receptor and Phagocytosis-Sensor TREM2 in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150211. [PMID: 26949937 PMCID: PMC4780721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of Aβ42-peptides and the formation of drusen in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are due in part to the inability of homeostatic phagocytic mechanisms to clear self-aggregating Aβ42-peptides from the extracellular space. The triggering receptor expressed in myeloid/microglial cells-2 (TREM2), a trans-membrane-spanning, sensor-receptor of the immune-globulin/lectin-like gene superfamily is a critical component of Aβ42-peptide clearance. Here we report a significant deficit in TREM2 in AMD retina and in cytokine- or oxidatively-stressed microglial (MG) cells. RT-PCR, miRNA-array, LED-Northern and Western blot studies indicated up-regulation of a microglial-enriched NF-кB-sensitive miRNA-34a coupled to a down-regulation of TREM2 in the same samples. Bioinformatics/transfection-luciferase reporter assays indicated that miRNA-34a targets the 299 nucleotide TREM2-mRNA-3'UTR, resulting in TREM2 down-regulation. C8B4-microglial cells challenged with Aβ42 were able to phagocytose these peptides, while miRNA-34a down-regulated both TREM2 and the ability of microglial-cells to phagocytose. Treatment of TNFα-stressed MG cells with phenyl-butyl nitrone (PBN), caffeic-acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), the NF-kB - [corrected] inhibitor/resveratrol analog CAY10512 or curcumin abrogated these responses. Incubation of anti-miRNA-34a (AM-34a) normalized miRNA-34a abundance and restored TREM2 back to homeostatic levels. These data support five novel observations: (i) that a ROS- and NF-kB - [corrected] sensitive, miRNA-34a-mediated modulation of TREM2 may in part regulate the phagocytic response; (ii) that gene products encoded on two different chromosomes (miRNA-34a at chr1q36.22 and TREM2 at chr6p21.1) orchestrate a phagocytic-Aβ42-peptide clearance-system; (iii) that this NF-kB-mediated-miRNA-34a-TREM2 mechanism is inducible from outside of the cell; (iv) that when operating normally, this pathway can clear Aβ42 peptide monomers from the extracellular medium; and (v) that anti-NF-kB and/or anti-miRNA (AM)-based therapeutic strategies may be useful against deficits in TREM-2 receptor-based-sensing and -phagocytic signaling that promote pathogenic amyloidogenesis.
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155
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El Oussini H, Bayer H, Scekic-Zahirovic J, Vercruysse P, Sinniger J, Dirrig-Grosch S, Dieterlé S, Echaniz-Laguna A, Larmet Y, Müller K, Weishaupt JH, Thal DR, van Rheenen W, van Eijk K, Lawson R, Monassier L, Maroteaux L, Roumier A, Wong PC, van den Berg LH, Ludolph AC, Veldink JH, Witting A, Dupuis L. Serotonin 2B receptor slows disease progression and prevents degeneration of spinal cord mononuclear phagocytes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:465-80. [PMID: 26744351 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1534-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident mononuclear phagocytes of the central nervous system and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). During neurodegeneration, microglial activation is accompanied by infiltration of circulating monocytes, leading to production of multiple inflammatory mediators in the spinal cord. Degenerative alterations in mononuclear phagocytes are commonly observed during neurodegenerative diseases, yet little is known concerning the mechanisms leading to their degeneration, or the consequences on disease progression. Here we observed that the serotonin 2B receptor (5-HT2B), a serotonin receptor expressed in microglia, is upregulated in the spinal cord of three different transgenic mouse models of ALS. In mutant SOD1 mice, this upregulation was restricted to cells positive for CD11b, a marker of mononuclear phagocytes. Ablation of 5-HT2B receptor in transgenic ALS mice expressing mutant SOD1 resulted in increased degeneration of mononuclear phagocytes, as evidenced by fragmentation of Iba1-positive cellular processes. This was accompanied by decreased expression of key neuroinflammatory genes but also loss of expression of homeostatic microglial genes. Importantly, the dramatic effect of 5-HT2B receptor ablation on mononuclear phagocytes was associated with acceleration of disease progression. To determine the translational relevance of these results, we studied polymorphisms in the human HTR2B gene, which encodes the 5-HT2B receptor, in a large cohort of ALS patients. In this cohort, the C allele of SNP rs10199752 in HTR2B was associated with longer survival. Moreover, patients carrying one copy of the C allele of SNP rs10199752 showed increased 5-HT2B mRNA in spinal cord and displayed less pronounced degeneration of Iba1 positive cells than patients carrying two copies of the more common A allele. Thus, the 5-HT2B receptor limits degeneration of spinal cord mononuclear phagocytes, most likely microglia, and slows disease progression in ALS. Targeting this receptor might be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer El Oussini
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hanna Bayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jelena Scekic-Zahirovic
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pauline Vercruysse
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jérôme Sinniger
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Dirrig-Grosch
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Dieterlé
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andoni Echaniz-Laguna
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- Neurology Department, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Larmet
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kathrin Müller
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar R Thal
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Neuroscience, KU-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Lawson
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- Neurology Department, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France
- Neurology Department, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Anne Roumier
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR-S839, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Philip C Wong
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke Witting
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Luc Dupuis
- INSERM UMR-S1118, Faculté de Médecine, bat 3, 8e etage, 11 rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
- Université de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France.
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156
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Colonna M, Wang Y. TREM2 variants: new keys to decipher Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:201-7. [PMID: 26911435 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified rare variants of the gene that encodes triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) - an immune receptor that is found in brain microglia - as risk factors for non-familial Alzheimer disease (AD). Furthermore, animal studies have indicated that microglia have an important role in the brain response to amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and that TREM2 variants may have an impact on such a function. We discuss how TREM2 may control the microglial response to Aβ and its impact on microglial senescence, as well as the interaction of TREM2 with other molecules that are encoded by gene variants associated with AD and the hypothetical consequences of the cleavage of TREM2 from the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Yaming Wang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
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157
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Heslegrave A, Heywood W, Paterson R, Magdalinou N, Svensson J, Johansson P, Öhrfelt A, Blennow K, Hardy J, Schott J, Mills K, Zetterberg H. Increased cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 concentration in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:3. [PMID: 26754172 PMCID: PMC4709982 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery that heterozygous missense mutations in the gene encoding triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), with only the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 gene allele conferring a higher risk, has led to increased interest in immune biology in the brain. TREM2 is expressed on microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain and has been linked to phagocytotic clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques. Soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) has previously been measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by ELISA but in our hands commercial kits have proved unreliable, suggesting that other methods may be required. We developed a mass spectrometry method using selected reaction monitoring for the presence of a TREM2 peptide, which can be used to quantify levels of sTREM2 in CSF. FINDINGS We examined CSF samples from memory clinics in Sweden and the UK. For all samples the following were available: clinical diagnosis, age, sex, and measurements of the CSF AD biomarkers Aβ42, T-tau and P-tau181. AD patients (n = 37) all met biomarker (IWG2) criteria for AD. Control individuals (n = 22) were cognitively normal without evidence for AD in CSF. We found significantly higher sTREM2 concentration in AD compared to control CSF. There were significant correlations between CSF sTREM2 and T-tau as well as P-tau181. CSF sTREM2 increase in AD was replicated in a second, independent cohort consisting of 24 AD patients and 16 healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION CSF concentrations of sTREM2 are higher in AD than in controls, and correlate with markers of neurodegeneration. CSF sTREM2 may be used to quantify glial activation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Wendy Heywood
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Ross Paterson
- Dementia Research Centre UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Nadia Magdalinou
- Dementia Research Centre UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, S-413 45, Sweden.
| | - Per Johansson
- Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, S-541 85, Sweden.
| | - Annika Öhrfelt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Jonathan Schott
- Dementia Research Centre UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Kevin Mills
- UCL Institute of Child Health, Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK. .,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
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158
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Öhrfelt A, Axelsson M, Malmeström C, Novakova L, Heslegrave A, Blennow K, Lycke J, Zetterberg H. Soluble TREM-2 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab or mitoxantrone. Mult Scler 2016; 22:1587-1595. [PMID: 26754805 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515624558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia-mediated proteolysis of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) produces soluble TREM-2 (sTREM-2) that can be measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Loss-of-function mutations in TREM2 or in the gene encoding its adaptor protein cause the rare Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD). Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that in common with NHD is characterized by demyelination and microglial activation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential utility of sTREM-2 as a biomarker for MS and to follow treatment effects. METHODS sTREM-2 was analyzed in CSF samples from subjects with MS (N = 59); relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) (N = 36), secondary progressive MS (SPMS) (N = 20) and primary progressive MS (PPMS) (N = 3), and controls (N = 27). CSF levels of sTREM-2 were also assessed before and after treatment of patients with natalizumab or mitoxantrone. RESULTS CSF levels of sTREM-2 were significantly increased in patients with RRMS, SPMS, and PPMS compared with controls. After natalizumab treatment, the levels of sTREM-2 were normalized to control levels. The levels of sTREM-2 were also reduced after mitoxantrone treatment. CONCLUSION Increased CSF levels of sTREM-2, a new marker of microglial activation, in MS and normalization upon treatment with either natalizumab or mitoxantrone support a role for microglial activation in active MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Öhrfelt
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Axelsson
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Clas Malmeström
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lenka Novakova
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lycke
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden/UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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159
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Abstract
For the first time in the history of human genetics research, it is now both technically feasible and economically affordable to screen individual genomes for novel disease-causing mutations at base-pair resolution using "next-generation sequencing" (NGS). One popular aim in many of today's NGS studies is genome resequencing (in part or whole) to identify DNA variants potentially accounting for the "missing heritability" problem observed in many genetically complex traits. Thus far, only relatively few projects have applied these powerful new technologies to search for novel Alzheimer's disease (AD) related sequence variants. In this review, I summarize the findings from the first NGS-based resequencing studies in AD and discuss their potential implications and limitations. Notable recent discoveries using NGS include the identification of rare susceptibility modifying alleles in APP, TREM2, and PLD3. Several other large-scale NGS projects are currently underway so that additional discoveries can be expected over the coming years.
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160
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Onos KD, Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Howell GR, Sasner M. Toward more predictive genetic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2015; 122:1-11. [PMID: 26708939 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mouse models for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been widely used to understand aspects of the biology of the disease, but have had limited success in translating these findings to the clinic. In this review, we discuss the benefits and limitations of existing genetic models and recent advances in technologies (including high throughput sequencing and genome editing) that promise more predictive models. We summarize widely used biomarkers and behavioral tests for mouse models of AD and highlight best practices that will maximize translatability of preclinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States; Graduate Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, United States.
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161
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Tan T, Song Z, Yuan L, Xiong W, Deng X, Ni B, Chen Y, Deng H. Genetic analysis of TREM2 variants in Chinese Han patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2015; 612:189-192. [PMID: 26704436 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Recently, rs75932628 (p.R47H) of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 gene (TREM2) was identified to be associated with PD in American, Spanish, Irish, and Polish population. To explore whether TREM2 variants are related to susceptibility of sporadic PD in Chinese Han population, we designed a case-control comparison study and studied two variants rs75932628 (p.R47H) and rs2234253 (p.T96K) of the TREM2 gene in 512 Chinese Han patients with sporadic PD and 512 age, gender and ethnicity matched normal controls from Mainland China. No variant for either rs75932628 or rs2234253 was found in both PD and control cohorts. Our data suggest that neither variant rs75932628 nor rs2234253 be a major susceptibility factor of sporadic PD in Chinese Han population from Mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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162
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Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive deterioration in cognition, function and behavior terminating in incapacity and death, is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disease with a substantial heritable component. During the past 5 years, the technological developments in next-generation high-throughput genome technologies have led to the identification of more than 20 novel susceptibility loci for AD, and have implicated specific pathways in the disease, in particular intracellular trafficking/endocytosis, inflammation and immune response and lipid metabolism. These observations have significantly advanced our understanding of underlying pathogenic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. This review article summarizes these recent advances in AD genomics and discusses the value of identified susceptibility loci for diagnosis and prognosis of AD.
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163
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Cavaleri F. Review of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases helps further define pathology of the novel paradigm for Alzheimer’s with heavy metals as primary disease cause. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:779-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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164
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Kokiko-Cochran O, Ransohoff L, Veenstra M, Lee S, Saber M, Sikora M, Teknipp R, Xu G, Bemiller S, Wilson G, Crish S, Bhaskar K, Lee YS, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT. Altered Neuroinflammation and Behavior after Traumatic Brain Injury in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:625-40. [PMID: 26414955 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has acute and chronic sequelae, including an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TBI-associated neuroinflammation is characterized by activation of brain-resident microglia and infiltration of monocytes; however, recent studies have implicated beta-amyloid as a major manipulator of the inflammatory response. To examine neuroinflammation after TBI and development of AD-like features, these studies examined the effects of TBI in the presence and absence of beta-amyloid. The R1.40 mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis was used, with a focus on time points well before robust AD pathologies. Unexpectedly, in R1.40 mice, the acute neuroinflammatory response to TBI was strikingly muted, with reduced numbers of CNS myeloid cells acquiring a macrophage phenotype and decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines. At chronic time points, macrophage activation substantially declined in non-Tg TBI mice; however, it was relatively unchanged in R1.40 TBI mice. The persistent inflammatory response coincided with significant tissue loss between 3 and 120 days post-injury in R1.40 TBI mice, which was not observed in non-Tg TBI mice. Surprisingly, inflammatory cytokine expression was enhanced in R1.40 mice compared with non-Tg mice, regardless of injury group. Although R1.40 TBI mice demonstrated task-specific deficits in cognition, overall functional recovery was similar to non-Tg TBI mice. These findings suggest that accumulating beta-amyloid leads to an altered post-injury macrophage response at acute and chronic time points. Together, these studies emphasize the role of post-injury neuroinflammation in regulating long-term sequelae after TBI and also support recent studies implicating beta-amyloid as an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Ransohoff
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mike Veenstra
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Sungho Lee
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Maha Saber
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matt Sikora
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ryan Teknipp
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Guixiang Xu
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shane Bemiller
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gina Wilson
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Northeast Ohio Medical University , Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Samuel Crish
- 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Northeast Ohio Medical University , Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- 3 Department of Molecular Genetics Microbiology and Neurology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque New Mexico
| | - Yu-Shang Lee
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Bruce T Lamb
- 1 Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic , Cleveland, Ohio.,5 Department of Genetics and Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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165
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Korvatska O, Leverenz JB, Jayadev S, McMillan P, Kurtz I, Guo X, Rumbaugh M, Matsushita M, Girirajan S, Dorschner MO, Kiianitsa K, Yu CE, Brkanac Z, Garden GA, Raskind WH, Bird TD. R47H Variant of TREM2 Associated With Alzheimer Disease in a Large Late-Onset Family: Clinical, Genetic, and Neuropathological Study. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:920-7. [PMID: 26076170 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The R47H variant in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 gene (TREM2), a modulator of the immune response of microglia, is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) and possibly other neurodegenerative disorders. OBJECTIVE To investigate a large family with late-onset AD (LOAD), in which R47H cosegregated with 75% of cases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study includes genetic and pathologic studies of families with LOAD from 1985 to 2014. A total of 131 families with LOAD (751 individuals) were included from the University of Washington Alzheimer Disease Research Center. To identify LOAD genes/risk factors in the LOAD123 family with 21 affected members and 12 autopsies, we sequenced 4 exomes. Candidate variants were tested for cosegregation with the disease. TREM2 R47H was genotyped in an additional 130 families with LOAD. We performed clinical and neuropathological assessments of patients with and without R47H and evaluated the variant's effect on brain pathology, cellular morphology, and expression of microglial markers. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES We assessed the effect of TREM2 genotype on age at onset and disease duration. We compared Braak and Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease scores, presence of α-synuclein and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 aggregates, and additional vascular or Parkinson pathology in TREM2 R47H carriers vs noncarriers. Microglial activation was assessed by quantitative immunohistochemistry and morphometry. RESULTS Twelve of 16 patients with AD in the LOAD123 family carried R47H. Eleven patients with dementia had apolipoprotein E 4 (ApoE4) and R47H genotypes. We also found a rare missense variant, D353N, in a nominated AD risk gene, unc-5 homolog C (UNC5C), in 5 affected individuals in the LOAD123 family. R47H carriers demonstrated a shortened disease duration (mean [SD], 6.7 [2.8] vs 11.1 [6.6] years; 2-tailed t test; P = .04) and more frequent α-synucleinopathy. The panmicroglial marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 was decreased in all AD cases and the decrease was most pronounced in R47H carriers (mean [SD], in the hilus: 0.114 [0.13] for R47H_AD vs 0.574 [0.26] for control individuals; 2-tailed t test; P = .005 and vs 0.465 [0.32] for AD; P = .02; in frontal cortex gray matter: 0.006 [0.004] for R47H_AD vs 0.016 [0.01] for AD; P = .04 and vs 0.033 [0.013] for control individuals; P < .001). Major histocompatibility complex class II, a marker of microglial activation, was increased in all patients with AD (AD: 2.5, R47H_AD: 2.7, and control: 1.0; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Our results demonstrate a complex genetic landscape of LOAD, even in a single pedigree with an apparent autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. ApoE4, TREM2 R47H, and rare variants in other genes, such as UNC5C D353N, are likely responsible for the notable occurrence of AD in this family. Our findings support the role of the TREM2 receptor in microglial clearance of aggregation-prone proteins that is compromised in R47H carriers and may accelerate the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Korvatska
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - James B Leverenz
- Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Pamela McMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle4Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veteran Affairs, Seattle, Washington
| | - Irina Kurtz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xindi Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Malia Rumbaugh
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mark Matsushita
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College7Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College
| | - Michael O Dorschner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle8Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kostantin Kiianitsa
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington10Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Zoran Brkanac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle8Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wendy H Raskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle4Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veteran Affairs, Seattle, Washington5Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washin
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle5Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle9Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
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166
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Abstract
Genes linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) susceptibility are being identified at an increasing rate owing to advances in molecular genetic technology. Genetic mechanisms in ALS pathogenesis seem to exert major effects in about 10% of patients, but genetic factors at some level may be important components of disease risk in most patients with ALS. Identification of gene variants associated with ALS has informed concepts of the pathogenesis of ALS, aided the identification of therapeutic targets, facilitated research to develop new ALS biomarkers, and supported the establishment of clinical diagnostic tests for ALS-linked genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Boylan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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167
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Radford RA, Morsch M, Rayner SL, Cole NJ, Pountney DL, Chung RS. The established and emerging roles of astrocytes and microglia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:414. [PMID: 26578880 PMCID: PMC4621294 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are two progressive, fatal neurodegenerative syndromes with considerable clinical, genetic and pathological overlap. Clinical symptoms of FTD can be seen in ALS patients and vice versa. Recent genetic discoveries conclusively link the two diseases, and several common molecular players have been identified (TDP-43, FUS, C9ORF72). The definitive etiologies of ALS and FTD are currently unknown and both disorders lack a cure. Glia, specifically astrocytes and microglia are heavily implicated in the onset and progression of neurodegeneration witnessed in ALS and FTD. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of microglia and astrocytes involved in ALS and FTD, highlighting their recent implications in neuroinflammation, alterations in waste clearance involving phagocytosis and the newly described glymphatic system, and vascular abnormalities. Elucidating the precise mechanisms of how astrocytes and microglia are involved in ALS and FTD will be crucial in characterizing these two disorders and may represent more effective interventions for disease progression and treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan A Radford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marco Morsch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie L Rayner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Cole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dean L Pountney
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Roger S Chung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, Australia
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168
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Atagi Y, Liu CC, Painter MM, Chen XF, Verbeeck C, Zheng H, Li X, Rademakers R, Kang SS, Xu H, Younkin S, Das P, Fryer JD, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E Is a Ligand for Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 (TREM2). J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26043-50. [PMID: 26374899 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several heterozygous missense mutations in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have recently been linked to risk for a number of neurological disorders including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease, and frontotemporal dementia. These discoveries have re-ignited interest in the role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. TREM2 is highly expressed in microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. Along with its adaptor protein, DAP12, TREM2 regulates inflammatory cytokine release and phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Here, we report apolipoprotein E (apoE) as a novel ligand for TREM2. Using a biochemical assay, we demonstrated high-affinity binding of apoE to human TREM2. The functional significance of this binding was highlighted by increased phagocytosis of apoE-bound apoptotic N2a cells by primary microglia in a manner that depends on TREM2 expression. Moreover, when the AD-associated TREM2-R47H mutant was used in biochemical assays, apoE binding was vastly reduced. Our data demonstrate that apoE-TREM2 interaction in microglia plays critical roles in modulating phagocytosis of apoE-bound apoptotic neurons and establish a critical link between two proteins whose genes are strongly linked to the risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- From the Department of Neuroscience and the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | | | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | | | - Honghua Zheng
- the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Xia Li
- From the Department of Neuroscience and
| | | | | | - Huaxi Xu
- the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | | | | | - John D Fryer
- From the Department of Neuroscience and the Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
| | - Guojun Bu
- From the Department of Neuroscience and the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China the Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224 and
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169
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Bailey CC, DeVaux LB, Farzan M. The Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 Binds Apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:26033-42. [PMID: 26374897 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.677286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an Ig-like V-type receptor expressed by populations of myeloid cells in the central nervous system and periphery. Loss-of-function mutations in TREM2 cause a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder called Nasu-Hakola disease. In addition, a TREM2 R47H coding variant was recently identified as a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease. TREM2 binds various polyanionic molecules but no specific protein ligands have been identified. Here we show that TREM2 specifically binds apolipoprotein E, a well established participant in Alzheimer disease. TREM2-Ig fusions efficiently precipitate ApoE from cerebrospinal fluid and serum. TREM2 also binds recombinant ApoE in solution and immobilized ApoE as detected by ELISA. Furthermore, the Alzheimer disease-associated R47H mutation, and other artificial mutations introduced in the same location, markedly reduced the affinity of TREM2 for ApoE. These findings reveal a link between two Alzheimer disease risk factors and may provide important clues to the pathogenesis of Nasu-Hakola disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Bailey
- From the Department of Immunobiology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Lindsey B DeVaux
- From the Department of Immunobiology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Michael Farzan
- From the Department of Immunobiology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
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170
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Liu G, Liu Y, Jiang Q, Jiang Y, Feng R, Zhang L, Chen Z, Li K, Liu J. Convergent Genetic and Expression Datasets Highlight TREM2 in Parkinson’s Disease Susceptibility. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4931-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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171
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Painter MM, Atagi Y, Liu CC, Rademakers R, Xu H, Fryer JD, Bu G. TREM2 in CNS homeostasis and neurodegenerative disease. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:43. [PMID: 26337043 PMCID: PMC4560063 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-lineage cells accomplish a myriad of homeostatic tasks including the recognition of pathogens, regulation of the inflammatory milieu, and mediation of tissue repair and regeneration. The innate immune receptor and its adaptor protein—triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12)—possess the ability to modulate critical cellular functions via crosstalk with diverse signaling pathways. As such, mutations in TREM2 and DAP12 have been found to be associated with a range of disease phenotypes. In particular, mutations in TREM2 increase the risk for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. The leading hypothesis is that microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, are the major myeloid cells affected by dysregulated TREM2-DAP12 function. Here, we review how impaired signaling by the TREM2-DAP12 pathway leads to altered immune responses in phagocytosis, cytokine production, and microglial proliferation and survival, thus contributing to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Painter
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Yuka Atagi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China. .,Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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172
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TREM2 mRNA Expression in Leukocytes Is Increased in Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136835. [PMID: 26332043 PMCID: PMC4557831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TREM2 and TYROBP are causal genes for Nasu–Hakola disease (NHD), a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by bone lesions and early-onset progressive dementia. TREM2 forms a receptor signaling complex with TYROBP, which triggers the activation of immune responses in macrophages and dendritic cells, and the functional polymorphism of TREM2 is reported to be associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The objective of this study was to reveal the involvement of TYROBP and TREM2 in the pathophysiology of AD and schizophrenia. Methods: We investigated the mRNA expression level of the 2 genes in leukocytes of 26 patients with AD and 24 with schizophrenia in comparison with age-matched controls. Moreover, we performed gene association analysis between these 2 genes and schizophrenia. Results: No differences were found in TYROBP mRNA expression in patients with AD and schizophrenia; however, TREM2 mRNA expression was increased in patients with AD and schizophrenia compared with controls (P < 0.001). There were no genetic associations of either gene with schizophrenia in Japanese patients. Conclusion: TREM2 expression in leukocytes is elevated not only in AD but also in schizophrenia. Inflammatory processes involving TREM2 may occur in schizophrenia, as observed in neurocognitive disorders such as AD. TREM2 expression in leukocytes may be a novel biomarker for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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173
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Varnum MM, Kiyota T, Ingraham KL, Ikezu S, Ikezu T. The anti-inflammatory glycoprotein, CD200, restores neurogenesis and enhances amyloid phagocytosis in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2995-3007. [PMID: 26315370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cluster of Differentiation-200 (CD200) is an anti-inflammatory glycoprotein expressed in neurons, T cells, and B cells, and its receptor is expressed on glia. Both Alzheimer's disease patients and mouse models display age-related or amyloid-β peptide (Aβ)-induced reductions in CD200. The goal of this study was to determine if neuronal CD200 expression restores hippocampal neurogenesis and reduces Aβ in the amyloid precursor protein mouse model. Amyloid precursor protein and wild-type mice were injected at 6 months of age with an adeno-associated virus expressing CD200 into the hippocampus and sacrificed at 12 months. CD200 expression restored neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the subgranular and granular cell layers of the dentate gyrus and reduced diffuse but not thioflavin-S(+) plaques in the hippocampus. In vitro studies demonstrated that CD200-stimulated microglia increased neural differentiation of neural stem cells and enhanced axon elongation and dendrite number. CD200 also enhanced Aβ uptake by microglia. These data indicate that CD200 is capable of enhancing microglia-mediated Aβ clearance and neural differentiation and has potential as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Varnum
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomomi Kiyota
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kaitlin L Ingraham
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seiko Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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174
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Rosenthal SL, Bamne MN, Wang X, Berman S, Snitz BE, Klunk WE, Sweet RA, Demirci FY, Lopez OL, Kamboh MI. More evidence for association of a rare TREM2 mutation (R47H) with Alzheimer's disease risk. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2443.e21-6. [PMID: 26058841 PMCID: PMC4465085 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over 20 risk loci have been identified for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), most of which display relatively small effect sizes. Recently, a rare missense (R47H) variant, rs75932628 in TREM2, has been shown to mediate LOAD risk substantially in Icelandic and Caucasian populations. Here, we present more evidence for the association of the R47H with LOAD risk in a Caucasian population comprising 4567 LOAD cases and controls. Our results show that carriers of the R47H variant have a significantly increased risk for LOAD (odds ratio = 7.40, p = 3.66E-06). In addition to Alzheimer's disease risk, we also examined the association of R47H with Alzheimer's disease-related phenotypes, including age-at-onset, psychosis, and amyloid deposition but found no significant association. Our results corroborate those of other studies implicating TREM2 as an LOAD risk locus and indicate the need to determine its biological role in the context of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Rosenthal
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mikhil N Bamne
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Berman
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth E Snitz
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Sweet
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - F Yesim Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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175
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Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Microbiome-generated amyloid and potential impact on amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD). JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2015; 1:e138. [PMID: 26097896 PMCID: PMC4469284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
According to the 'amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease' first proposed about 16 years ago, the accumulation of Aβ peptides in the human central nervous system (CNS) is the primary influence driving Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, and Aβ peptide accretion is the result of an imbalance between Aβ peptide production and clearance. In the last 18 months multiple laboratories have reported two particularly important observations: (i) that because the microbes of the human microbiome naturally secrete large amounts of amyloid, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and other related pro-inflammatory pathogenic signals, these may contribute to both the systemic and CNS amyloid burden in aging humans; and (ii) that the clearance of Aβ peptides appears to be intrinsically impaired by deficits in the microglial plasma-membrane enriched triggering receptor expressed in microglial/myeloid-2 cells (TREM2). This brief general commentary-perspective paper: (i) will highlight some of these very recent findings on microbiome-secreted amyloids and LPS and the potential contribution of these microbial-derived pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic exudates to age-related inflammatory and AD-type neurodegeneration in the host; and (ii) will discuss the contribution of a defective microglial-based TREM2 transmembrane sensor-receptor system to amyloidogenesis in AD that is in contrast to the normal, homeostatic clearance of Aβ peptides from the human CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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176
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Assessment of TREM2 rs75932628 association with Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy in a Chinese population. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1903-6. [PMID: 26058955 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although rs75932628 in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) was shown to increase the risk for Alzheimer's disease, there is no agreement on the association between this variant and the risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). Considering the overlapping of clinical manifestation and pathologic characteristics of PD and multiple system atrophy (MSA), we conducted a large-sample study to investigate the associations between this variant and these two neurodegenerative diseases in a Chinese population. A total of 1216 PD, 406 MSA patients, and 869 healthy controls were included. All cases were genotyped for the Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) using Sequenom iPLEX Assay technology. The rs75932628-T variant of the TREM2 gene was not identified in PD patients and controls. The genotype frequency of rs75932628-T SNP in MSA patients was 0.25% (1/406). However, no significant correlation was identified between this variant and the risk for MSA. TREM2 rs75932628 is unlikely to play a major role in the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative diseases. Our findings argue against a generalized immune dysfunction triggered by the variant in the TREM2 gene.
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177
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Lu Y, Liu W, Wang X. TREM2 variants and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1881-8. [PMID: 26037549 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that heterozygous variant of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but with inconclusive results. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize and clarify the association between TREM2 variants and AD, and examined the relationship between TREM2 genetic variant and the etiology of AD. Relevant case-control studies were retrieved and collected according to established inclusion criteria. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to estimate the associations between three TREM2 variants (rs75932628, rs104894002, and rs143332484) and AD. In overall meta-analysis, the summary ORs for rs75932628, rs104894002, and rs143332484 were 2.70 [95% CI: 2.24, 3.24; P < 0.001], 7.21 (95% CI: 1.28, 40.78; P = 0.025), and 1.65 (95% CI: 1.24, 2.21; P = 0.001), respectively, indicating that the TREM2 rs75932628, rs104894002, and rs143332484 may contribute to AD risk. However, sensitivity analysis showed that the results of rs104894002 and rs143332484 should be interpreted with caution, and larger sample size, particularly in different ethnicities, are needed to validate the two variants. The current meta-analysis demonstrates that TREM2 is a candidate gene for AD susceptibility, and TREM2 variant rs75932628 may be a risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Public Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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178
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Musiek ES, Holtzman DM. Three dimensions of the amyloid hypothesis: time, space and 'wingmen'. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:800-6. [PMID: 26007213 PMCID: PMC4445458 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis, which has been the predominant framework for research in Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been the source of considerable controversy. The amyloid hypothesis postulates that amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is the causative agent in AD. It is strongly supported by data from rare autosomal dominant forms of AD. However, the evidence that Aβ causes or contributes to age-associated sporadic AD is more complex and less clear, prompting criticism of the hypothesis. We provide an overview of the major arguments for and against the amyloid hypothesis. We conclude that Aβ likely is the key initiator of a complex pathogenic cascade that causes AD. However, we argue that Aβ acts primarily as a trigger of other downstream processes, particularly tau aggregation, which mediate neurodegeneration. Aβ appears to be necessary, but not sufficient, to cause AD. Its major pathogenic effects may occur very early in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Musiek
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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179
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Chen X, Chen Y, Wei Q, Guo X, Cao B, Ou R, Zhao B, Shang HF. Assessment of TREM2 rs75932628 association with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a Chinese population. J Neurol Sci 2015; 355:193-5. [PMID: 26026943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although, rs75932628 in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) was shown to increase the risk for Alzheimer's disease, there is no agreement on the association between this variant and the risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We conducted a large-sample study to investigate if this variant is associated with ALS in a Chinese population. A total of 868 sporadic ALS (SALS) and 869 healthy controls were included. All cases were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) using Sequenom iPLEX Assay technology. The rs75932628-T variant of the TREM2 gene was not identified in SALS patients and controls. It is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of ALS in Chinese patients with SALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianqian Wei
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guo
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bei Cao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruwei Ou
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui-Fang Shang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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180
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Marangi G, Traynor BJ. Genetic causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new genetic analysis methodologies entailing new opportunities and challenges. Brain Res 2015; 1607:75-93. [PMID: 25316630 PMCID: PMC5916786 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genetic architecture of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is being increasingly understood. In this far-reaching review, we examine what is currently known about ALS genetics and how these genes were initially identified. We also discuss the various types of mutations that might underlie this fatal neurodegenerative condition and outline some of the strategies that might be useful in untangling them. These include expansions of short repeat sequences, common and low-frequency genetic variations, de novo mutations, epigenetic changes, somatic mutations, epistasis, oligogenic and polygenic hypotheses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ALS complex pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marangi
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA; Institute of Medical Genetics, Catholic University, Roma, Italy.
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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181
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Zhong L, Chen XF, Zhang ZL, Wang Z, Shi XZ, Xu K, Zhang YW, Xu H, Bu G. DAP12 Stabilizes the C-terminal Fragment of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-2 (TREM2) and Protects against LPS-induced Pro-inflammatory Response. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15866-15877. [PMID: 25957402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.645986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a DAP12-associated receptor expressed in microglia, macrophages, and other myeloid-derived cells. Previous studies have suggested that TREM2/DAP12 signaling pathway reduces inflammatory responses and promotes phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Recently, TREM2 has been identified as a risk gene for Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we show that DAP12 stabilizes the C-terminal fragment of TREM2 (TREM2-CTF), a substrate for γ-secretase. Co-expression of DAP12 with TREM2 selectively increased the level of TREM2-CTF with little effects on that of full-length TREM2. The interaction between DAP12 and TREM2 is essential for TREM2-CTF stabilization as a mutant form of DAP12 with disrupted interaction with TREM2 failed to exhibit such an effect. Silencing of either Trem2 or Dap12 gene significantly exacerbated pro-inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Importantly, overexpression of either full-length TREM2 or TREM2-CTF reduced LPS-induced inflammatory responses. Taken together, our results support a role of DAP12 in stabilizing TREM2-CTF, thereby protecting against excessive pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Zhen-Lian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Xin-Zhen Shi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Kai Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Degenerative Disease Research Program, Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224.
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182
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Lill CM, Rengmark A, Pihlstrøm L, Fogh I, Shatunov A, Sleiman PM, Wang LS, Liu T, Lassen CF, Meissner E, Alexopoulos P, Calvo A, Chio A, Dizdar N, Faltraco F, Forsgren L, Kirchheiner J, Kurz A, Larsen JP, Liebsch M, Linder J, Morrison KE, Nissbrandt H, Otto M, Pahnke J, Partch A, Restagno G, Rujescu D, Schnack C, Shaw CE, Shaw PJ, Tumani H, Tysnes OB, Valladares O, Silani V, van den Berg LH, van Rheenen W, Veldink JH, Lindenberger U, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Teipel S, Perneczky R, Hakonarson H, Hampel H, von Arnim CAF, Olsen JH, Van Deerlin VM, Al-Chalabi A, Toft M, Ritz B, Bertram L. The role of TREM2 R47H as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1407-1416. [PMID: 25936935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A rare variant in TREM2 (p.R47H, rs75932628) was recently reported to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, subsequently, other neurodegenerative diseases, i.e. frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Here we comprehensively assessed TREM2 rs75932628 for association with these diseases in a total of 19,940 previously untyped subjects of European descent. These data were combined with those from 28 published data sets by meta-analysis. Furthermore, we tested whether rs75932628 shows association with amyloid beta (Aβ42) and total-tau protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 828 individuals with AD or mild cognitive impairment. Our data show that rs75932628 is highly significantly associated with the risk of AD across 24,086 AD cases and 148,993 controls of European descent (odds ratio or OR = 2.71, P = 4.67 × 10(-25)). No consistent evidence for association was found between this marker and the risk of FTLD (OR = 2.24, P = .0113 across 2673 cases/9283 controls), PD (OR = 1.36, P = .0767 across 8311 cases/79,938 controls) and ALS (OR = 1.41, P = .198 across 5544 cases/7072 controls). Furthermore, carriers of the rs75932628 risk allele showed significantly increased levels of CSF-total-tau (P = .0110) but not Aβ42 suggesting that TREM2's role in AD may involve tau dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Lill
- Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aina Rengmark
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Isabella Fogh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick M Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tian Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina F Lassen
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esther Meissner
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Panos Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Calvo
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, ALS Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Adriano Chio
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, ALS Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nil Dizdar
- Department of Neurology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Frank Faltraco
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan P Larsen
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Maria Liebsch
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Linder
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karen E Morrison
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Neurosciences Division, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hans Nissbrandt
- Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Amanda Partch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabriella Restagno
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Christopher E Shaw
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Otto Valladares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Tranplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Netherlands ALS Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Netherlands ALS Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Netherlands ALS Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stefan Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Rostock, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK; West London Cognitive Disorders Treatment and Research Unit, West London Mental Health Trust, London, UK
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Jørgen H Olsen
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mathias Toft
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lars Bertram
- Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics & Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK
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183
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Poliani PL, Wang Y, Fontana E, Robinette ML, Yamanishi Y, Gilfillan S, Colonna M. TREM2 sustains microglial expansion during aging and response to demyelination. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2161-70. [PMID: 25893602 DOI: 10.1172/jci77983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia contribute to development, homeostasis, and immunity of the CNS. Like other tissue-resident macrophage populations, microglia express the surface receptor triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which binds polyanions, such as dextran sulphate and bacterial LPS, and activates downstream signaling cascades through the adapter DAP12. Individuals homozygous for inactivating mutations in TREM2 exhibit demyelination of subcortical white matter and a lethal early onset dementia known as Nasu-Hakola disease. How TREM2 deficiency mediates demyelination and disease is unknown. Here, we addressed the basis for this genetic association using Trem2(-/-) mice. In WT mice, microglia expanded in the corpus callosum with age, whereas aged Trem2(-/-) mice had fewer microglia with an abnormal morphology. In the cuprizone model of oligodendrocyte degeneration and demyelination, Trem2(-/-) microglia failed to amplify transcripts indicative of activation, phagocytosis, and lipid catabolism in response to myelin damage. As a result, Trem2(-/-) mice exhibited impaired myelin debris clearance, axonal dystrophy, oligodendrocyte reduction, and persistent demyelination after prolonged cuprizone treatment. Moreover, myelin-associated lipids robustly triggered TREM2 signaling in vitro, suggesting that TREM2 may directly sense lipid components exposed during myelin damage. We conclude that TREM2 is required for promoting microglial expansion during aging and microglial response to insults of the white matter.
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184
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Pearce MM, Spartz EJ, Hong W, Luo L, Kopito RR. Prion-like transmission of neuronal huntingtin aggregates to phagocytic glia in the Drosophila brain. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6768. [PMID: 25866135 PMCID: PMC4515032 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain has a limited capacity to self-protect against protein aggregate-associated pathology, and mounting evidence supports a role for phagocytic glia in this process. We have established a Drosophila model to investigate the role of phagocytic glia in clearance of neuronal mutant huntingtin (Htt) aggregates associated with Huntington disease. We find that glia regulate steady-state numbers of Htt aggregates expressed in neurons through a clearance mechanism that requires the glial scavenger receptor Draper and downstream phagocytic engulfment machinery. Remarkably, some of these engulfed neuronal Htt aggregates effect prion-like conversion of soluble, wild-type Htt in the glial cytoplasm. We provide genetic evidence that this conversion depends strictly on the Draper signalling pathway, unveiling a previously unanticipated role for phagocytosis in transfer of pathogenic protein aggregates in an intact brain. These results suggest a potential mechanism by which phagocytic glia contribute to both protein aggregate-related neuroprotection and pathogenesis in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen J. Spartz
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Weizhe Hong
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ron R. Kopito
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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185
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Jin SC, Carrasquillo MM, Benitez BA, Skorupa T, Carrell D, Patel D, Lincoln S, Krishnan S, Kachadoorian M, Reitz C, Mayeux R, Wingo TS, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Murrell J, Hendrie H, Foroud T, Graff-Radford NR, Goate AM, Cruchaga C, Ertekin-Taner N. TREM2 is associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease in African Americans. Mol Neurodegener 2015; 10:19. [PMID: 25886450 PMCID: PMC4426167 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-015-0016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TREM2 encodes for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 and has rare, coding variants that associate with risk for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) in Caucasians of European and North-American origin. This study evaluated the role of TREM2 in LOAD risk in African-American (AA) subjects. We performed exonic sequencing and validation in two independent cohorts of >800 subjects. We selected six coding variants (p.R47H, p.R62H, p.D87N, p.E151K, p.W191X, and p.L211P) for case–control analyses in a total of 906 LOAD cases vs. 2,487 controls. Results We identified significant LOAD risk association with p.L211P (p = 0.01, OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.05-1.54) and suggestive association with p.W191X (p = 0.08, OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 0.97-1.87). Conditional analysis suggests that p.L211P, which is in linkage disequilibrium with p.W191X, may be the stronger variant of the two, but does not rule out independent contribution of the latter. TREM2 p.L211P resides within the cytoplasmic domain and p.W191X is a stop-gain mutation within the shorter TREM-2V transcript. The coding variants within the extracellular domain of TREM2 previously shown to confer LOAD risk in Caucasians were extremely rare in our AA cohort and did not associate with LOAD risk. Conclusions Our findings suggest that TREM2 coding variants also confer LOAD risk in AA, but implicate variants within different regions of the gene than those identified for Caucasian subjects. These results underscore the importance of investigating different ethnic populations for disease risk variant discovery, which may uncover allelic heterogeneity with potentially diverse mechanisms of action. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13024-015-0016-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Minerva M Carrasquillo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Tara Skorupa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - David Carrell
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Dwani Patel
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Sarah Lincoln
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Siddharth Krishnan
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Michaela Kachadoorian
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA. .,Division of Neurology, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30033, USA.
| | - Jill Murrell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Hugh Hendrie
- Indiana University Center for Aging Research, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Regenstrief Institute, Inc, 410 West 10th Street, Suite 2000, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Neill R Graff-Radford
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 4488 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue B8134, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Hope Center Program on Protein Aggregation and Neurodegeneration, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue B8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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186
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Jay TR, Miller CM, Cheng PJ, Graham LC, Bemiller S, Broihier ML, Xu G, Margevicius D, Karlo JC, Sousa GL, Cotleur AC, Butovsky O, Bekris L, Staugaitis SM, Leverenz JB, Pimplikar SW, Landreth GE, Howell GR, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT. TREM2 deficiency eliminates TREM2+ inflammatory macrophages and ameliorates pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:287-95. [PMID: 25732305 PMCID: PMC4354365 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Jay and colleagues show that TREM2 deficiency reduces the number of macrophages infiltrating the brain and is protective against disease pathogenesis in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Variants in triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) confer high risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, the cell types and mechanisms underlying TREM2’s involvement in neurodegeneration remain to be established. Here, we report that TREM2 is up-regulated on myeloid cells surrounding amyloid deposits in AD mouse models and human AD tissue. TREM2 was detected on CD45hiLy6C+ myeloid cells, but not on P2RY12+ parenchymal microglia. In AD mice deficient for TREM2, the CD45hiLy6C+ macrophages are virtually eliminated, resulting in reduced inflammation and ameliorated amyloid and tau pathologies. These data suggest a functionally important role for TREM2+ macrophages in AD pathogenesis and an unexpected, detrimental role of TREM2 in AD pathology. These findings have direct implications for future development of TREM2-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Jay
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Crystal M Miller
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Paul J Cheng
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | - Shane Bemiller
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Kent State University, Kent, OH 44340
| | | | - Guixiang Xu
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Daniel Margevicius
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | | | | | - Anne C Cotleur
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | | | - Lynn Bekris
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Susan M Staugaitis
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - James B Leverenz
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Sanjay W Pimplikar
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | | | - Richard M Ransohoff
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 The Lerner Research Institute and Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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187
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Cantoni C, Bollman B, Licastro D, Xie M, Mikesell R, Schmidt R, Yuede CM, Galimberti D, Olivecrona G, Klein RS, Cross AH, Otero K, Piccio L. TREM2 regulates microglial cell activation in response to demyelination in vivo. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 129:429-47. [PMID: 25631124 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are phagocytic cells that survey the brain and perform neuroprotective functions in response to tissue damage, but their activating receptors are largely unknown. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a microglial immunoreceptor whose loss-of-function mutations in humans cause presenile dementia, while genetic variants are associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. In myeloid cells, TREM2 has been involved in the regulation of phagocytosis, cell proliferation and inflammatory responses in vitro. However, it is unknown how TREM2 contributes to microglia function in vivo. Here, we identify a critical role for TREM2 in the activation and function of microglia during cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination. TREM2-deficient (TREM2(-/-)) mice had defective clearance of myelin debris and more axonal pathology, resulting in impaired clinical performances compared to wild-type (WT) mice. TREM2(-/-) microglia proliferated less in areas of demyelination and were less activated, displaying a more resting morphology and decreased expression of the activation markers MHC II and inducible nitric oxide synthase as compared to WT. Mechanistically, gene expression and ultrastructural analysis of microglia suggested a defect in myelin degradation and phagosome processing during CPZ intoxication in TREM2(-/-) microglia. These findings place TREM2 as a key regulator of microglia activation in vivo in response to tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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188
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Zhu C, Herrmann US, Li B, Abakumova I, Moos R, Schwarz P, Rushing EJ, Colonna M, Aguzzi A. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 is involved in prion-induced microglial activation but does not contribute to prion pathogenesis in mouse brains. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1994-2003. [PMID: 25816748 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional variants of the innate immune cell surface receptor TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2) were identified as major genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Here we assessed a possible involvement of TREM2 in prion disease. We report that TREM2 expression by microglia is significantly up-regulated upon prion infection. However, depletion of TREM2 did not affect disease incubation time and survival after intracerebral prion infection. Interestingly, markers of microglial activation were attenuated in prion-infected TREM2(-/-) mice, suggesting an involvement of TREM2 in prion-induced microglial activation. Further phenotype profiling of microglia revealed that TREM2 deficiency did not change microglial phenotypes. We conclude that TREM2 is involved in prion-induced microglial activation but does not noticeably modulate the pathogenesis of experimental prion infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Zhu
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Uli S Herrmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bei Li
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irina Abakumova
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Moos
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Schwarz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth J Rushing
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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189
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Park JS, Ji IJ, An HJ, Kang MJ, Kang SW, Kim DH, Yoon SY. Disease-Associated Mutations of TREM2 Alter the Processing of N-Linked Oligosaccharides in the Golgi Apparatus. Traffic 2015; 16:510-8. [PMID: 25615530 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is an immune-modulatory receptor involved in phagocytosis and inflammation. Mutations of Q33X, Y38C and T66M cause Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD) which is characterized by early onset of dementia and bone cysts. A recent, genome-wide association study also revealed that single nucleotide polymorphism of TREM2, such as R47H, increased the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) similar to ApoE4. However, how these mutations affect the trafficking of TREM2, which may affect the normal functions of TREM2, was not known. In this study, we show that TREM2 with NHD mutations are impaired in the glycosylation with complex oligosaccharides in the Golgi apparatus, in the trafficking to plasma membrane and further processing by γ-secretase. Although R47H mutation in AD affected the glycosylation and normal trafficking of TREM2 less, the detailed pattern of glycosylated TREM2 differs from that of the wild type, thus suggesting that precise regulation of TREM2 glycosylation is impaired when arginine at 47 is mutated to histidine. Our results suggest that the impaired glycosylation and trafficking of TREM2 from endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi to plasma membrane by mutations may inhibit its normal functions in the plasma membrane, which may contribute to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seon Park
- Alzheimer's Disease Experts Lab (ADEL), Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain Science, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Bio-Medical Institute of Technology (BMIT), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center (CDRC), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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190
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Kleinberger G, Yamanishi Y, Suárez-Calvet M, Czirr E, Lohmann E, Cuyvers E, Struyfs H, Pettkus N, Wenninger-Weinzierl A, Mazaheri F, Tahirovic S, Lleó A, Alcolea D, Fortea J, Willem M, Lammich S, Molinuevo JL, Sánchez-Valle R, Antonell A, Ramirez A, Heneka MT, Sleegers K, van der Zee J, Martin JJ, Engelborghs S, Demirtas-Tatlidede A, Zetterberg H, Van Broeckhoven C, Gurvit H, Wyss-Coray T, Hardy J, Colonna M, Haass C. TREM2 mutations implicated in neurodegeneration impair cell surface transport and phagocytosis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:243ra86. [PMID: 24990881 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variants in the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) have been linked to Nasu-Hakola disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and FTD-like syndrome without bone involvement. TREM2 is an innate immune receptor preferentially expressed by microglia and is involved in inflammation and phagocytosis. Whether and how TREM2 missense mutations affect TREM2 function is unclear. We report that missense mutations associated with FTD and FTD-like syndrome reduce TREM2 maturation, abolish shedding by ADAM proteases, and impair the phagocytic activity of TREM2-expressing cells. As a consequence of reduced shedding, TREM2 is virtually absent in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of a patient with FTD-like syndrome. A decrease in soluble TREM2 was also observed in the CSF of patients with AD and FTD, further suggesting that reduced TREM2 function may contribute to increased risk for two neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Kleinberger
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany. Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Yoshinori Yamanishi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany. Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain. Center for Networked Biomedical Research for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBERNED, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Czirr
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey. Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elise Cuyvers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Struyfs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nadine Pettkus
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Fargol Mazaheri
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain. Center for Networked Biomedical Research for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBERNED, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain. Center for Networked Biomedical Research for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBERNED, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain. Center for Networked Biomedical Research for Neurodegenerative Diseases, CIBERNED, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Willem
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Lammich
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - José L Molinuevo
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic i Universitari, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic i Universitari, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, ICN Hospital Clinic i Universitari, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany. Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Neurology, 53127 Bonn, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristel Sleegers
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Martin
- Antwerp Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia, Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA), Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Asli Demirtas-Tatlidede
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden. Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hakan Gurvit
- Behavioral Neurology and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Administration Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. Neuroscience IDP Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Laboratories and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christian Haass
- Adolf-Butenandt Institute, Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany. Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by a robust microglial-mediated inflammatory response within the brain. Indeed, microglial accumulation around plaques in AD is one of the classical hallmarks of the disease pathology. Although microglia have the capacity to remove β-amyloid deposits and alleviate disease pathology, they fail to do so. Instead, they become chronically activated and promote inflammation-mediated impairment of cognition and cytotoxicity. However, if microglial function could be altered to engage their phagocytic response, promote their tissue maintenance functions, and prevent release of factors that promote tissue damage, this could provide therapeutic benefit. This review is focused on the current knowledge of microglial homeostatic mechanisms in AD, and mechanisms involved in the regulation of microglial phenotype in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja M Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland,
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Karch CM, Goate AM. Alzheimer's disease risk genes and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:43-51. [PMID: 24951455 PMCID: PMC4234692 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 853] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We review the genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their role in AD pathogenesis. More recent advances in understanding of the human genome-technologic advances in methods to analyze millions of polymorphisms in thousands of subjects-have revealed new genes associated with AD risk, including ABCA7, BIN1, CASS4, CD33, CD2AP, CELF1, CLU, CR1, DSG2, EPHA1, FERMT2, HLA-DRB5-DBR1, INPP5D, MS4A, MEF2C, NME8, PICALM, PTK2B, SLC24H4-RIN3, SORL1, and ZCWPW1. Emerging technologies to analyze the entire genome in large data sets have also revealed coding variants that increase AD risk: PLD3 and TREM2. We review the relationship between these AD risk genes and the cellular and neuropathologic features of AD. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the association of these genes with risk for disease will provide the most meaningful targets for therapeutic development to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Corresponding author Contact information: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St. Louis, MO 63110, phone: 314-362-8691, fax: 314-747-2983,
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194
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Ortega-Cubero S, Lorenzo-Betancor O, Lorenzo E, Agúndez JAG, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Ross OA, Wurster I, Mielke C, Lin JJ, Coria F, Clarimon J, Ezquerra M, Brighina L, Annesi G, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martin E, Gironell A, Marti MJ, Yueh KC, Wszolek ZK, Sharma M, Berg D, Krüger R, Pastor MA, Pastor P. TREM2 R47H variant and risk of essential tremor: a cross-sectional international multicenter study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 21:306-9. [PMID: 25585992 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Essential tremor (ET) is the most frequent movement disorder in adults. Its pathophysiology is not clearly understood, however there is growing evidence showing common etiologic factors with other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD, PD). Recently, a rare p.R47H substitution (rs75932628) in the TREM2 protein (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; OMIM: *605086) has been proposed as a risk factor for AD, PD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The objective of the study was to determine whether TREM2 p.R47H allele is also a risk factor for developing ET. METHODS This was a cross-sectional multicenter international study. An initial case-control cohort from Spain (n = 456 ET, n = 2715 controls) was genotyped. In a replication phase, a case-control series (n = 897 ET, n = 1449 controls) from different populations (Italy, Germany, North-America and Taiwan) was studied. Owed to the rarity of the variant, published results on p.R47H allele frequency from 14777 healthy controls from European, North American or Chinese descent were additionally considered. The main outcome measure was p.R47H (rs75932628) allelic frequency. RESULTS There was a significant association between TREM2 p.R47H variant and ET in the Spanish cohort (odds ratio [OR], 5.97; 95% CI, 1.203-29.626; p = 0.042), but it was not replicated in other populations. CONCLUSIONS These results argue in favor of population-specific differences in the allelic distribution and suggest that p.R47H (rs75932628) variant may contribute to the susceptibility of ET in Spanish population. However, taking into account the very low frequency of p.R47H, further confirmatory analyses of larger ET series are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Lorenzo
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Isabel Wurster
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carina Mielke
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juei-Jueng Lin
- Department of Neurology, Chushang Show-Chwan Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Francisco Coria
- Department of Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Ezquerra
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clinic de Neurociencies, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Brighina
- Department of Neurology, San Gerardo Hospital, Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Grazia Annesi
- Section of Neuroimaging, Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Elena García-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry of Molecular Biology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alex Gironell
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Marti
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Institut Clinic de Neurociencies, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kuo-Chu Yueh
- Department of Neurology, Chushang Show-Chwan Hospital, Nantou, Taiwan
| | | | - Manu Sharma
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg and Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Maria A Pastor
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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195
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Lue LF, Schmitz CT, Serrano G, Sue LI, Beach TG, Walker DG. TREM2 Protein Expression Changes Correlate with Alzheimer's Disease Neurodegenerative Pathologies in Post-Mortem Temporal Cortices. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:469-80. [PMID: 25186950 PMCID: PMC4427527 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has anti-inflammatory phagocytic function in myeloid cells. Several studies have shown that TREM2 gene variant rs75932628-T increased the risks for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It has been suggested that the risks could be resulted from the loss of TREM2 function caused by the mutation. Indeed, new evidence showed that several mutations in the immunoglobulin-like V-region led to low cell surface expression of TREM2 and reduced phagocytic function. Because of the emerging importance in understanding TREM2 expression and functions in human neurodegenerative diseases, we conducted biochemical and morphological studies of TREM2 expression in human post-mortem temporal cortical samples from AD and normal cases. Increased expression of TREM2 protein was found to significantly correlate with increases of phosphorylated-tau and active caspase 3, a marker of apoptosis, and also loss of the presynaptic protein SNAP25. Strong intensities of TREM2 immunoreactivity were observed in the microglia associated with amyloid plaques and in neuritic pathology-enriched areas. Based on the findings that TREM2 expression correlated with neurodegenerative markers, further investigation on whether there is abnormality of TREM2 functions in AD brains with nonmutated TREM2 is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Fen Lue
- Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | | | - Geidy Serrano
- W. H. Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | - Lucia I Sue
- W. H. Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | - Thomas G Beach
- W. H. Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | - Douglas G Walker
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
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196
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Yaghmoor F, Noorsaeed A, Alsaggaf S, Aljohani W, Scholtzova H, Boutajangout A, Wisniewski T. The Role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE & PARKINSONISM 2014; 4:160. [PMID: 25664220 PMCID: PMC4317331 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0460.1000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Late-onset AD (LOAD), is the most common form of Alzheimer's disease, representing about >95% of cases and early-onset AD represents <5% of cases. Several risk factors have been discovered that are associated with AD, with advancing age being the most prominent. Other environmental risk factors include diabetes mellitus, level of physical activity, educational status, hypertension and head injury. The most well known genetic risk factor for LOAD is inheritance of the apolipoprotein (apo) E4 allele. Recently, rare variants of TREM2 have been reported as a significant risk factor for LOAD, comparable to inheritance of apoE4. In this review we will focus on the role(s) of TREM2 in AD as well as in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Yaghmoor
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ahmed Noorsaeed
- Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Samar Alsaggaf
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Waleed Aljohani
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Henrieta Scholtzova
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Allal Boutajangout
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY10016, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, School of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria ERSP, 450 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Malaspina A, Puentes F, Amor S. Disease origin and progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an immunology perspective. Int Immunol 2014; 27:117-29. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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198
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What happens to microglial TREM2 in Alzheimer's disease: Immunoregulatory turned into immunopathogenic? Neuroscience 2014; 302:138-50. [PMID: 25281879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play major roles in initiation, coordination and execution of innate immunity in the brain. In the adult brain, these include maintenance of homeostasis, neuron and tissue repair, and eliminating infectious agents, apoptotic cells, and misfolded proteins. Some of these activities are accompanied by inflammatory reactions; and others are performed with no inflammatory effects. Under normal conditions, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) belongs to the second category. It pairs with the adaptor protein DNAX-activating protein of 12kDa (DAP12) to induce phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons without inflammatory responses, and to regulate Toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses, and microglial activation. Although ligands for TREM2 are largely unknown, the mitochondrial heat shock protein 60, expressed on cell surface of apoptotic neurons, is a specific ligand that activates TREM2-mediated phagocytosis by microglia. TREM2 also phagocytoses amyloid beta peptide in cultured cells. Several TREM2 mutations have been identified recently that increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease, Frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Some of these mutations cause impaired proteolysis of full-length TREM2 at the plasma membrane to different degrees. The defects in the intramembrane cleavage result in dysfunction of phagocytosis signaling. The association of TREM2 mutations with neurodegenerative disease also calls for the understanding of the biology and pathological role of non-mutated TREM2 on human brains and microglia. This review provides a summary of current literature in TREM2 and DAP12 from several aspects, and proposes a theory that loss of TREM2 functions might contribute to the immunopathogenic role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease.
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199
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Ghani M, Lang AE, Zinman L, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Bessi V, Tedde A, Tartaglia MC, Surace EI, Sato C, Moreno D, Xi Z, Hung R, Nalls MA, Singleton A, St George-Hyslop P, Rogaeva E. Mutation analysis of patients with neurodegenerative disorders using NeuroX array. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:545.e9-14. [PMID: 25174650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analyses of patients with neurodegenerative disorders have identified multiple genes that need to be investigated for the presence of damaging variants. However, mutation analysis by Sanger sequencing is costly and time consuming. We tested the utility of a recently designed semi-custom genome-wide array (NeuroX; Illumina, Inc) tailored to study neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., mutation screening). We investigated 192 patients with 4 different neurodegenerative disorders for the presence of rare damaging variations in 77 genes implicated in these diseases. Several causative mutations were identified and confirmed by Sanger sequencing, including PSEN1 p.M233T responsible for Alzheimer's disease in a large Italian family, as well as SOD1 p.A4V and p.I113T in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In total, we identified 78 potentially damaging rare variants (frequency <1%), including ABCA7 p.L400V in a family with Alzheimer's disease and LRRK2 p.R1514Q in 6 of 98 patients with Parkinson's disease (6.1%). In conclusion, NeuroX appears to be helpful for rapid and accurate mutation screening, although further development may be still required to improve some current caveats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghani
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Bessi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Tedde
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ezequiel I Surace
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Dr. Raúl Carrea (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christine Sato
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle Moreno
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhengrui Xi
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel Hung
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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200
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Frontobasal gray matter loss is associated with the TREM2 p.R47H variant. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2681-2690. [PMID: 25027412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A rare heterozygous TREM2 variant p.R47H (rs75932628) has been associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aimed to investigate the clinical presentation, neuropsychological profile, and regional pattern of gray matter and white matter loss associated with the TREM2 variant p.R47H, and to establish which regions best differentiate p.R47H carriers from noncarriers in 2 sample sets (Spanish and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, ADNI1). This was a cross-sectional study including a total number of 16 TREM2 p.R47H carriers diagnosed with AD or mild cognitive impairment, 75 AD p.R47H noncarriers and 75 cognitively intact TREM2 p.R47H noncarriers. Spanish AD TREM2 p.R47H carriers showed apraxia (9 of 9) and psychiatric symptoms such as personality changes, anxiety, paranoia, or fears more frequently than in AD noncarriers (corrected p = 0.039). For gray matter and white matter volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging voxelwise analyses, we used statistical parametric mapping (SPM8) based on the General Linear Model. We used 3 different design matrices with a full factorial design. Voxel-based morphometry analyses were performed separately in the 2 sample sets. The absence of interset statistical differences allowed us to perform joint and conjunction analyses. Independent voxel-based morphometry analysis of the Spanish set as well as conjunction and joint analyses revealed substantial gray matter loss in orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex with relative preservation of parietal lobes in AD and/or mild cognitive impairment TREM2 p.R47H carriers, suggesting that TREM2 p.R47H variant is associated with certain clinical and neuroimaging AD features in addition to the increased TREM2 p.R47H atrophy in temporal lobes as described previously. The high frequency of pathologic behavioral symptoms, combined with a preferential frontobasal gray matter cortical loss, suggests that frontobasal and temporal regions could be more susceptible to the deleterious biological effects of the TREM2 variant p.R47H.
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