151
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An H, Kim Y, Li M, Kim TW. Highly Self-Healable Write-Once-Read-Many-Times Devices Based on Polyvinylalcohol-Imidazole Modified Graphene Nanocomposites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102772. [PMID: 34622562 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Repetitious mechanical stress or external mechanical impact can damage wearable electronic devices, leading to serious degradations in their electrical performances, which limits their applications. Because self-healing would be an excellent solution to the above-mentioned issue, this paper presents a self-healable memory device based on a novel nanocomposite layer consisting of a polyvinyl alcohol matrix and imidazole-modified graphene quantum dots. The device exhibits reliable electrical performance over 600 cycles, and the electrical properties of the device are maintained without any failure under this bending stress. Further, it is confirmed that the damaged device can recover its original electric characteristics after the self-healing process. It is believed that such outstanding results will lead the way to the realization of future wearable electronic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqun An
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingjun Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Whan Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
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152
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Zacouteguy AMB, Limberger GM, de Oliveira PSC, da Fonseca DB, Bruch GE, Barros DM. The adverse effects of injected functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) on in vivo neurosecretory brain cells of Jamaican field cricket, Gryllus assimilis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:66968-66977. [PMID: 34244942 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been increasingly more prevalent due to their use in product technology owing to their exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity and tensile strength because of their nanostructure and strength of the bonds among carbon atoms. The potential increase of CNTs in the environment is a concern, and studies to assess the toxic effects of these nanomaterials (NMs) are needed. However, so far, most of the studies are focused on aquatic species and much less is understood about the effects of NM in terrestrial organisms. This investigation used a functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) and the Jamaican cricket Gryllus assimilis to assess the effects of this NM. Cricket nymphs were injected with f-MWCNT suspension-at three different concentrations. The insecticide Fipronil was used as a positive control. Survival was monitored, and histological analysis was made in the brains. Pyknotic cells were quantified in two brain regions, a neurosecretory called Pars intercerebralis (PI), and an associative region called mushroom body (MB). No mortality was observed in any f-MWCNT concentration tested. A significant increase in pyknotic cells was observed as sub-lethal effect for the intermediate concentration of f-MWCNT, at PI, while any significant change was observed at the Kenyon cells of the MB. These results are discussed in the context of agglomeration and dispersion of the f-MWCNT at different concentrations, and availability of the f-MWCNT on the circulatory system, as well as the natural decay of pyknotic cells with time and different patterns of adult cricket neurogenesis. Our results showed that f-MWCNT had negative effects in the neurosecretory region of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Maciel Bueno Zacouteguy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Martins Limberger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gisele Eva Bruch
- Departamento de Física/ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela Martí Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Av. Itália, km 8, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-001, Brazil.
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153
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Soft fibers with magnetoelasticity for wearable electronics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6755. [PMID: 34799591 PMCID: PMC8604991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetoelastic effect characterizes the change of materials’ magnetic properties under mechanical deformation, which is conventionally observed in some rigid metals or metal alloys. Here we show magnetoelastic effect can also exist in 1D soft fibers with stronger magnetomechanical coupling than that in traditional rigid counterparts. This effect is explained by a wavy chain model based on the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction and demagnetizing factor. To facilitate practical applications, we further invented a textile magnetoelastic generator (MEG), weaving the 1D soft fibers with conductive yarns to couple the observed magnetoelastic effect with magnetic induction, which paves a new way for biomechanical-to-electrical energy conversion with short-circuit current density of 0.63 mA cm−2, internal impedance of 180 Ω, and intrinsic waterproofness. Textile MEG was demonstrated to convert the arterial pulse into electrical signals with a low detection limit of 0.05 kPa, even with heavy perspiration or in underwater situations without encapsulations. The authors invented a textile magnetoelastic generator, weaving 1D soft fibers with conductive yarns to couple the observed magnetoelastic effect with magnetic induction, which paves a new way for biomechanical-to-electrical energy conversion.
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154
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Zhang H, Moon SK. Reviews on Machine Learning Approaches for Process Optimization in Noncontact Direct Ink Writing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53323-53345. [PMID: 34042439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, machine learning has gained considerable attention in noncontact direct ink writing because of its novel process modeling and optimization techniques. Unlike conventional fabrication approaches, noncontact direct ink writing is an emerging 3D printing technology for directly fabricating low-cost and customized device applications. Despite possessing many advantages, the achieved electrical performance of produced microelectronics is still limited by the printing quality of the noncontact ink writing process. Therefore, there has been increasing interest in the machine learning for process optimization in the noncontact direct ink writing. Compared with traditional approaches, despite machine learning-based strategies having great potential for efficient process optimization, they are still limited to optimize a specific aspect of the printing process in the noncontact direct ink writing. Therefore, a systematic process optimization approach that integrates the advantages of state-of-the-art machine learning techniques is in demand to fully optimize the overall printing quality. In this paper, we systematically discuss the printing principles, key influencing factors, and main limitations of the noncontact direct ink writing technologies based on inkjet printing (IJP) and aerosol jet printing (AJP). The requirements for process optimization of the noncontact direct ink writing are classified into four main aspects. Then, traditional methods and the state-of-the-art machine learning-based strategies adopted in IJP and AJP for process optimization are reviewed and compared with pros and cons. Finally, to further develop a systematic machine learning approach for the process optimization, we highlight the major limitations, challenges, and future directions of the current machine learning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Seung Ki Moon
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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155
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Xiang S, You H, Miao X, Niu L, Yao C, Jiang Y, Zhou G. An Ultra-Sensitive Multi-Functional Optical Micro/Nanofiber Based on Stretchable Encapsulation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7437. [PMID: 34833512 PMCID: PMC8618424 DOI: 10.3390/s21227437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable optical fiber sensors (SOFSs), which are promising and ultra-sensitive next-generation sensors, have achieved prominent success in applications including health monitoring, robotics, and biological-electronic interfaces. Here, we report an ultra-sensitive multi-functional optical micro/nanofiber embedded with a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane, which is compatible with wearable optical sensors. Based on the effect of a strong evanescent field, the as-fabricated SOFS is highly sensitive to strain, achieving high sensitivity with a peak gauge factor of 450. In addition, considering the large negative thermo-optic coefficient of PDMS, temperature measurements in the range of 30 to 60 °C were realized, resulting in a 0.02 dBm/°C response. In addition, wide-range detection of humidity was demonstrated by a peak sensitivity of 0.5 dB/% RH, with less than 10% variation at each humidity stage. The robust sensing performance, together with the flexibility, enables the real-time monitoring of pulse, body temperature, and respiration. This as-fabricated SOFS provides significant potential for the practical application of wearable healthcare sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guorui Zhou
- Department of Engineering Optics, Research Center of Laser Fusion CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China; (S.X.); (H.Y.); (X.M.); (L.N.); (C.Y.); (Y.J.)
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156
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Li Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Gu JD, Ke K, Yin B, Yang MB. Aligned wave-like elastomer fibers with robust conductive layers via electroless deposition for stretchable electrode applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8801-8808. [PMID: 34633022 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible wearable electronics play an important role in the healthcare industry due to their unique skin affinity, portability and breathability. Despite great progress, it still remains a big challenge to facilely fabricate stretchable electrodes with low resistance, excellent stability and a wide tensile range. Here, we propose a handy and time-saving strategy for the fabrication of elastomeric films consisting of wave-like fibers with a robust conductive layer of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) immobilized using polydopamine (PDA) and silicone rubber (SR). To realize better stretchability, electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) mats with oriented nanofibers were treated via ethanol to achieve a wavy structure, which also allowed for the decoration of AgNP precursors on the TPU surface via PDA assisted electroless deposition (ELD). Therefore, the electrodes achieved a stretchability of 120% with high electrical conductivity (486 S cm-1). The films with a reduction time of 30 min showed superior electrical conductivity indicated by a resistance increase of only 100% within 50% strain. The TPU/PDA/AgNP/SR composites with a shorter reduction time of silver precursors could monitor human motions as wearable strain sensors with a wide work strain range (0-98%) and a high sensitivity (with a gauge factor (GF) of up to 81.76) for a strain of 80-98%. Therefore, they are an excellent candidate for potential application in prospective stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Di Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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157
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Cheng S, Gu Z, Zhou L, Hao M, An H, Song K, Wu X, Zhang K, Zhao Z, Dong Y, Wen Y. Recent Progress in Intelligent Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring and Wound Healing Based on Biofluids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765987. [PMID: 34790653 PMCID: PMC8591136 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intelligent wearable sensors promote the transformation of the health care from a traditional hospital-centered model to a personal portable device-centered model. There is an urgent need of real-time, multi-functional, and personalized monitoring of various biochemical target substances and signals based on the intelligent wearable sensors for health monitoring, especially wound healing. Under this background, this review article first reviews the outstanding progress in the development of intelligent, wearable sensors designed for continuous, real-time analysis, and monitoring of sweat, blood, interstitial fluid, tears, wound fluid, etc. Second, this paper reports the advanced status of intelligent wound monitoring sensors designed for wound diagnosis and treatment. The paper highlights some smart sensors to monitor target analytes in various wounds. Finally, this paper makes conservative recommendations regarding future development of intelligent wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Mingda Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Heng An
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochao Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Zeya Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yongqiang Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Daxing Research Institute, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
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158
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Yu S, Shen X, Kim JK. Beyond homogeneous dispersion: oriented conductive fillers for high κ nanocomposites. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3009-3042. [PMID: 34623368 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00907a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of structures for regulating the thermal conductivities (κ) of materials is critical to many components and products employed in electrical, electronic, energy, construction, aerospace, and medical applications. As such, considerable efforts have been devoted to developing polymer composites with tailored conducting filler architectures and thermal conduits for highly improved κ. This paper is dedicated to overviewing recent advances in this area to offer perspectives for the next level of future development. The limitations of conventional particulate-filled composites and the issue of percolation are discussed. In view of different directions of heat dissipation in polymer composites for different end applications, various approaches for designing the micro- and macroscopic structures of thermally conductive networks in the polymer matrix are highlighted. Methodological approaches devised to significantly ameliorate thermal conduction are categorized with respect to the pathways of heat dissipation. Future prospects for the development of thermally conductive polymer composites with modulated thermal conduction pathways are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Korea.
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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159
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Chang J, Huang Q, Gao Y, Zheng Z. Pathways of Developing High-Energy-Density Flexible Lithium Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004419. [PMID: 33598991 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible lithium-based batteries (FLBs) enable the seamless implementation of power supply to flexible and wearable electronics. They not only enhance the energy capacity by fully utilizing the available space but also revolutionize the form factors of future device design. To date, how to simultaneously acquire high energy density and excellent mechanical flexibility is the major challenge of FLBs. Here, a critical discussion for guiding the future development of FLBs toward high energy density and high flexibility is presented. First, the industrial criteria of FLBs for several desirable applications of flexible and wearable electronics are summarized. Then, strategies to achieve flexibility of FLBs are discussed, with highlights of representative examples. The performance of FLBs is benchmarked with a flexible battery plot. New materials and cell design principles are analyzed to realize high-energy-density and high-flexibility FLBs. Other important aspects of FLBs including materials to improve the cycling stability and safety are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Laboratory for Advanced Interfacial Materials and Devices, Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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160
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Chen M, Yang F, Chen X, Qin R, Pi H, Zhou G, Yang P. Crack Suppression in Conductive Film by Amyloid-Like Protein Aggregation toward Flexible Device. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104187. [PMID: 34510560 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A fatal weakness in flexible electronics is the mechanical fracture that occurs during repetitive fatigue deformation; thus, controlling the crack development of the conductive layer is of prime importance and has remained a great challenge until now. Herein, this issue is tackled by utilizing an amyloid/polysaccharide molecular composite as an interfacial binder. Sodium alginate (SA) can take part in amyloid-like aggregation of the lysozyme, leading to the facile synthesis of a 2D protein/saccharide hybrid nanofilm over an ultralarge area (e.g., >400 cm2 ). The introduction of SA into amyloid-like aggregates significantly enhances the mechanical strength of the hybrid nanofilm, which, with the help of amyloid-mediated interfacial adhesion, effectively diminishes the microcracks in the hybrid nanofilm coating after repetitive bending or stretching. The microcrack-free hybrid nanofilm then shows high interfacial activity to induce electroless deposition of metal in a Kelvin model on a substrate, which noticeably suppresses the formation of microcracks and consequent conductivity loss during the bending and stretching of the metal-coated flexible substrates. This work underlines the significance of amyloid/polysaccharide nanocomposites in the design of interfacial binders for reliable flexible electronic devices and represents an important contribution to mimicking amyloid and polysaccharide-based adhesive cements created by organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Facui Yang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Rongrong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hemu Pi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Guijiang Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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161
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Lin HI, Tan HY, Liao YM, Shen KC, Shalaginov MY, Kataria M, Chen CT, Chang JW, Chen YF. A Transferrable, Adaptable, Free-Standing, and Water-Resistant Hyperbolic Metamaterial. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49224-49231. [PMID: 34609827 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) have attracted significant attention due to the profound manipulation of the photonic density of states, resulting in the efficient optoelectronic devices with the enhanced light-matter interaction. HMMs are conventionally built on rigid large-size substrates with poor conformability and the absence of flexibility. Here, we demonstrate a grating collageable HMM (GCHMM), which is composed of eight alternating layers of Au and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and PMMA grating nanostructure containing quantum dots (QDs). The QDs serve as a scattering gain medium performing a random laser action, and the grating nanostructure enhances the extraction of light from QDs. The GCHMM enhances laser action by 13 times, reduces lasing threshold by 46%, and increases differential quantum efficiency by 1.8 times as compared to a planar collageable HMM. In addition, the GCHMM can be retransferred multiple times to other substrates as well as provide sufficient protection in water and still retain an excellent performance. It also shows stable functionality even when transferred to a dental floss. The GCHMM, therefore, promises to become a versatile platform for foldable, adaptable, free-standing, and water-resistant optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-I Lin
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yao Tan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Liao
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ching Shen
- Advanced Remanufacturing and Technology Centre, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 637143 Singapore
| | - Mikhail Y Shalaginov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Monika Kataria
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ting Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Wei Chang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Centre for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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162
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Liu H, Guo ZH, Xu F, Jia L, Pan C, Wang ZL, Pu X. Triboelectric-optical responsive cholesteric liquid crystals for self-powered smart window, E-paper display and optical switch. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1986-1993. [PMID: 36654168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent responsive devices are crucial for a variety of applications ranging from smart electronics to robotics. Electro-responsive cholesteric liquid crystals (CLC) have been widely applied in display panels, smart windows, and so on. In this work, we realize the mechanical stimuli-triggered optical responses of the CLC by integrating it with a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which converts the mechanical motion into alternating current electricity and then tunes the different optical responses of the CLC. When the voltage applied on the CLC is relatively low (15-40 V), the TENG drives the switching between the bistable planar state and focal conic state of the CLC, which shows potential applications in self-powered smart windows or E-paper displays. When the voltage supplied by the TENG is larger than 60 V, a self-powered optical switch is demonstrated by utilizing the transformation between focal conic state and instantons homeotropic state of the CLC. This triboelectric-optical responsive device consumes no extra electric power and suggests a great potential for future smart electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi Hao Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luyao Jia
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chongxiang Pan
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332-0245, USA.
| | - Xiong Pu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China; School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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163
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Yan ZY, Liu JY, Niu JR. Research of a Novel Ag Temperature Sensor Based on Fabric Substrate Fabricated by Magnetron Sputtering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6014. [PMID: 34683606 PMCID: PMC8540354 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TPU-coated polyester fabric was used as the substrate of a flexible temperature sensor and Ag nanoparticles were deposited on its surface as the temperature sensing layer by the magnetron sputtering method. The effects of sputtering powers and heat treatment on properties of the sensing layers, such as the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), linearity, hysteresis, drift, reliability, and bending resistance, were mainly studied. The results showed that the TCR (0.00234 °C-1) was the highest when sputtering power was 90 W and sputtering pressure was 0.8 Pa. The crystallinity of Ag particles would improve, as the TCR was improved to 0.00262 °C-1 under heat treatment condition at 160°. The Ag layer obtained excellent linearity, lower hysteresis and drift value, as well as good reliability and bending resistance when the sputtering power was 90 W. The flexible temperature sensor based on the coated polyester fabric improved the softness and comfortableness of sensor, which can be further applied in intelligent wearable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Yao Yan
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jian-Yong Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jia-Rong Niu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China;
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites Ministry of Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
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164
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Zhang L, Chen Q, Huang X, Jia X, Cheng B, Wang L, Qin Y. Fiber-Based Electret Nanogenerator with a Semisupported Structure for Wearable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46840-46847. [PMID: 34546028 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based nanogenerators have great potential applications in wearable electronics such as portable nanodevices, e-skin, and artificial intelligence system. Here, we report a kind of fiber-based electret nanogenerator (FENG) with a semisupported core-shell structure. Owing to its unique structure, the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the FENG reach 40 V and 0.6 μA, respectively, under a short working distance (∼25 μm). No obvious degradation of the output performance under a long-time continuous work (>16 h) and different humidity environments (20-95%) is observed, which demonstrates the FENG's good reliability and stability. Many universal materials, such as cotton rope, conductive sewing thread, and polyvinyl chloride tube, have been successfully used to fabricate FENG. Meanwhile, the FENG-based wearable fabric has been successfully developed to effectively harvest mechanical energy of human motion. The FENG is highly effective, reliable, and stable, promoting the development of fiber-based nanogenerators and their applications in self-powered wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li'ang Zhang
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bolang Cheng
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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165
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Ju B, Kim I, Li BM, Knowles CG, Mills A, Grace L, Jur JS. Inkjet Printed Textile Force Sensitive Resistors for Wearable and Healthcare Devices. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100893. [PMID: 34212513 PMCID: PMC8542615 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pressure sensors for wearable healthcare devices, particularly force sensitive resistors (FSRs) are widely used to monitor physiological signals and human motions. However, current FSRs are not suitable for integration into wearable platforms. This work presents a novel technique for developing textile FSRs (TFSRs) using a combination of inkjet printing of metal-organic decomposition silver inks and heat pressing for facile integration into textiles. The insulating void by a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) membrane between the top and bottom textile electrodes creates an architectured piezoresistive structure. The structure functions as a simple logic switch where under a threshold pressure the electrodes make contact to create conductive paths (on-state) and without pressure return to the prior insulated condition (off-state). The TFSR can be controlled by arranging the number of layers and hole diameters of the TPU spacer to specify a wide range of activation pressures from 4.9 kPa to 7.1 MPa. For a use-case scenario in wearable healthcare technologies, the TFSR connected with a readout circuit and a mobile app shows highly stable signal acquisition from finger movement. According to the on/off state of the TFSR with LED bulbs by different weights, it can be utilized as a textile switch showing tactile feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomjun Ju
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Inhwan Kim
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Braden M Li
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Caitlin G Knowles
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Amanda Mills
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Landon Grace
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jesse S Jur
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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166
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Tang R, Lu F, Liu L, Yan Y, Du Q, Zhang B, Zhou T, Fu H. Flexible pressure sensors with microstructures. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruitao Tang
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Fangyuan Lu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Lanlan Liu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Yu Yan
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Qifeng Du
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Bocheng Zhang
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
| | - Haoran Fu
- Frontier Research Center Institute of flexible electronics technology of THU Zhejiang Jiaxing 314006 China
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167
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He S, Jiang B, Wang C, Chen C, Duan H, Jin S, Ye H, Lu L, Du K. High Reversible Strain in Nanotwinned Metals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46088-46096. [PMID: 34541843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Development of bulk metals exhibiting large reversible strain is of great interest, owing to their potential applications in flexible electronic devices. Bulk metals with nanometer-scale twins have demonstrated high strength, good ductility, and promising electrical conductivity. Here, ultrahigh reversible strain as high as ∼7.8% was observed in bent twin lamellae with 1-2 nm thickness in nanotwinned metals, where the maximum reversible strain increases with the reduction in twin lamella thickness. This high reversible strain is attributed to the suppression of dislocation nucleation, including both hard mode dislocations in the bent twin lamellae, while soft mode dislocations along twin boundaries have insignificant contribution. In situ transmission electron microscopy experiments show that higher recoverability was achieved in twinned Au nanorods compared with twin-free ones with similar aspect ratios and diameters during bending deformation, which demonstrates that the introduction of thin twin lamellae also significantly improves the shape recoverability of Au nanorods. This result introduces a novel pathway for developing bulk metals with the capability for large reversible strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyun He
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Jiang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjin Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Huichao Duan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Jin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengqiang Ye
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528251, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Du
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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168
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Post AD, Buchan S, John M, Safavi-Naeini P, Cosgriff-Hernández E, Razavi M. Reconstituting electrical conduction in soft tissue: the path to replace the ablationist. Europace 2021; 23:1892-1902. [PMID: 34477862 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. A common mechanism underlying many of these arrhythmias is re-entry, which may occur when native conduction pathways are disrupted, often by myocardial infarction. Presently, re-entrant arrhythmias are most commonly treated with antiarrhythmic drugs and myocardial ablation, although both treatment methods are associated with adverse side effects and limited efficacy. In recent years, significant advancements in the field of biomaterials science have spurred increased interest in the development of novel therapies that enable restoration of native conduction in damaged or diseased myocardium. In this review, we assess the current landscape of materials-based approaches to eliminating re-entrant arrhythmias. These approaches potentially pave the way for the eventual replacement of myocardial ablation as a preferred therapy for such pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison D Post
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Skylar Buchan
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mathews John
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Payam Safavi-Naeini
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Mehdi Razavi
- Electrophysiology Clinical Research and Innovations, Texas Heart Institute, 6770 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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169
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Dong S, Zhang Y, Li B, Ren J, Ling S, Cao L. Self-adhesive and contractile silk fibroin/graphene nano-ionotronic skin for strain sensing of irregular surfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:475505. [PMID: 34252892 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac137e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanofiber-based artificial skin has shown promise for application in flexible wearable electronics due to its favorable breathability and comfortable wearability. However, the electrospinning method commonly used for nanofiber preparation suffers from poor spinning performance when used for ionotronic solutions. Moreover, the resulting membrane usually lacks self-adhesive and self-adapting properties when it is attached to an irregular subject, which greatly hinders its practical usage. Herein, a self-adhesive and contractile silk fibroin/graphene nano-ionotronic skin was successfully prepared using a high-yield electro-blowing technique. The electro-blowing technique was able to effectively overcome the instability of the spinning jet and raise the feed rate to at least 5 ml h-1. The high Ca2+content provided the fabricated nano-ionotronic skin with humidity-induced stretchability and robusticity. More importantly, the ionotronic skin also possessed a self-adhesive property and was able to contract to adapt to irregular surfaces. Additionally, an analytical piezoresistive model was successfully built to predict the response of the sensors to stress. Furthermore, due to its stable conductivity, sensitivity, and self-adapting property, the obtained nano-ionotronic skin can be used for body monitoring, for example, for bending of the arm and hand gestures. The design and manufacture concept proposed in this work might inspire the development of high-yield ionotronic nanofibers and the design of self-adapting artificial skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Dong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjie Ling
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Leitao Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
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170
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Liu Y, Feig VR, Bao Z. Conjugated Polymer for Implantable Electronics toward Clinical Application. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001916. [PMID: 33899347 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their excellent mechanical flexibility, mixed-conducting electrical property, and extraordinary chemical turnability, conjugated polymers have been demonstrated to be an ideal bioelectronic interface to deliver therapeutic effect in many different chronic diseases. This review article summarizes the latest advances in implantable electronics using conjugated polymers as electroactive materials and identifies remaining challenges and opportunities for developing electronic medicine. Examples of conjugated polymer-based bioelectronic devices are selectively reviewed in human clinical studies or animal studies with the potential for clinical adoption. The unique properties of conjugated polymers are highlighted and exemplified as potential solutions to address the specific challenges in electronic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Vivian Rachel Feig
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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171
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Chen S, Qi J, Fan S, Qiao Z, Yeo JC, Lim CT. Flexible Wearable Sensors for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100116. [PMID: 33960133 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for the highest mortality globally, but recent advances in wearable technologies may potentially change how these illnesses are diagnosed and managed. In particular, continuous monitoring of cardiovascular vital signs for early intervention is highly desired. To this end, flexible wearable sensors that can be comfortably worn over long durations are gaining significant attention. In this review, advanced flexible wearable sensors for monitoring cardiovascular vital signals are outlined and discussed. Specifically, the functional materials, configurations, mechanisms, and recent advances of these flexible sensors for heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, and blood glucose monitoring are highlighted. Different mechanisms in bioelectric, mechano-electric, optoelectric, and ultrasonic wearable sensors are presented to monitor cardiovascular vital signs from different body locations. Present challenges, possible strategies, and future directions of these wearable sensors are also discussed. With rapid development, these flexible wearable sensors will potentially be applicable for both medical diagnosis and daily healthcare use in tackling cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Chen
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
| | - Jiaming Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Shicheng Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Zheng Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Joo Chuan Yeo
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore 117411 Singapore
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172
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Yang Y, Wei X, Zhang N, Zheng J, Chen X, Wen Q, Luo X, Lee CY, Liu X, Zhang X, Chen J, Tao C, Zhang W, Fan X. A non-printed integrated-circuit textile for wireless theranostics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4876. [PMID: 34385436 PMCID: PMC8361012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While the printed circuit board (PCB) has been widely considered as the building block of integrated electronics, the world is switching to pursue new ways of merging integrated electronic circuits with textiles to create flexible and wearable devices. Herein, as an alternative for PCB, we described a non-printed integrated-circuit textile (NIT) for biomedical and theranostic application via a weaving method. All the devices are built as fibers or interlaced nodes and woven into a deformable textile integrated circuit. Built on an electrochemical gating principle, the fiber-woven-type transistors exhibit superior bending or stretching robustness, and were woven as a textile logical computing module to distinguish different emergencies. A fiber-type sweat sensor was woven with strain and light sensors fibers for simultaneously monitoring body health and the environment. With a photo-rechargeable energy textile based on a detailed power consumption analysis, the woven circuit textile is completely self-powered and capable of both wireless biomedical monitoring and early warning. The NIT could be used as a 24/7 private AI "nurse" for routine healthcare, diabetes monitoring, or emergencies such as hypoglycemia, metabolic alkalosis, and even COVID-19 patient care, a potential future on-body AI hardware and possibly a forerunner to fabric-like computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofei Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Juanjuan Zheng
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xing Chen
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qian Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinxin Luo
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chong-Yew Lee
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Changyuan Tao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xing Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
- Industrial Technology Research Institute of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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173
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Kim H, Choi J, Kim KK, Won P, Hong S, Ko SH. Biomimetic chameleon soft robot with artificial crypsis and disruptive coloration skin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4658. [PMID: 34376680 PMCID: PMC8355336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an artificial camouflage at a complete device level remains a vastly challenging task, especially under the aim of achieving more advanced and natural camouflage characteristics via high-resolution camouflage patterns. Our strategy is to integrate a thermochromic liquid crystal layer with the vertically stacked, patterned silver nanowire heaters in a multilayer structure to overcome the limitations of the conventional lateral pixelated scheme through the superposition of the heater-induced temperature profiles. At the same time, the weaknesses of thermochromic camouflage schemes are resolved in this study by utilizing the temperature-dependent resistance of the silver nanowire network as the process variable of the active control system. Combined with the active control system and sensing units, the complete device chameleon model successfully retrieves the local background color and matches its surface color instantaneously with natural transition characteristics to be a competent option for a next-generation artificial camouflage. Realizing an artificial camouflage device with a high spatial resolution by adapting to the surrounding environment in real-time is a challenging task, mainly associated with device fabrication and integration with sensor and control circuits. To overcome these limitations, the authors utilize thermochromic liquid crystal ink that reacts to the feedback control system of the vertically stacked silver nanowire heater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseok Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonhwa Choi
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Phillip Won
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sukjoon Hong
- Optical Nanoprocessing Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. .,Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD)/Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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174
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Rational design of ZIF-8 assimilated hierarchical porous carbon nanofibers as binder-free electrodes for supercapacitors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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175
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Wang N, Daniels R, Connelly L, Sotzing M, Wu C, Gerhard R, Sotzing GA, Cao Y. All-Organic Flexible Ferroelectret Nanogenerator with Fabric-Based Electrodes for Self-Powered Body Area Networks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103161. [PMID: 34270880 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to their electrically polarized air-filled internal pores, optimized ferroelectrets exhibit a remarkable piezoelectric response, making them suitable for energy harvesting. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) ferroelectret films are laminated with two fluorinated-ethylene-propylene (FEP) copolymer films and internally polarized by corona discharge. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-coated spandex fabric is employed for the electrodes to assemble an all-organic ferroelectret nanogenerator (FENG). The outer electret-plus-electrode double layers form active device layers with deformable electric dipoles that strongly contribute to the overall piezoelectric response in the proposed concept of wearable nanogenerators. Thus, the FENG with spandex electrodes generates a short-circuit current which is twice as high as that with aluminum electrodes. The stacking sequence spandex/FEP/ePTFE/FEP/ePTFE/FEP/spandex with an average pore size of 3 µm in the ePTFE films yields the best overall performance, which is also demonstrated by the displacement-versus-electric-field loop results. The all-organic FENGs are stable up to 90 °C and still perform well 9 months after being polarized. An optimized FENG makes three light emitting diodes (LEDs) blink twice with the energy generated during a single footstep. The new all-organic FENG can thus continuously power wearable electronic devices and is easily integrated, for example, with clothing, other textiles, or shoe insoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningzhen Wang
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Robert Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Liam Connelly
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Michael Sotzing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chao Wu
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Reimund Gerhard
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Gregory A Sotzing
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Polymer Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Yang Cao
- Electrical Insulation Research Center, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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176
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Zhang L, Song T, Shi L, Wen N, Wu Z, Sun C, Jiang D, Guo Z. Recent progress for silver nanowires conducting film for flexible electronics. JOURNAL OF NANOSTRUCTURE IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 11:323-341. [PMID: 34367531 PMCID: PMC8325546 DOI: 10.1007/s40097-021-00436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (AgNWs), as one-dimensional nanometallic materials, have attracted wide attention due to the excellent electrical conductivity, transparency and flexibility, especially in flexible and stretchable electronics. However, the microscopic discontinuities require AgNWs be attached to some carrier for practical applications. Relative to the preparation method, how to integrate AgNWs into the flexible matrix is particularly important. In recent years, plenty of papers have been published on the preparation of conductors based on AgNWs, including printing techniques, coating techniques, vacuum filtration techniques, template-assisted assembly techniques, electrospinning techniques and gelating techniques. The aim of this review is to discuss different assembly method of AgNW-based conducting film and their advantages. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT Conducting films based on silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been reviewed with a focus on their assembly and their advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianxu Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Nan Wen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040 China
- Dept Chem Engn, Integrated Composites Lab ICL, University of Tennessee System University of Tennessee Knoxville Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Zijian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040 China
| | - Caiying Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Dept Chem Engn, Integrated Composites Lab ICL, University of Tennessee System University of Tennessee Knoxville Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
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177
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Zhang S, Sun Y, Xu J. (3-Mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane-Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide-Modified Polyurethane Yarn Enhanced by Epoxy/Thiol Reactions for Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34865-34876. [PMID: 34279893 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, a method was proposed to fabricate strain-sensing yarns via epoxy/thiol reactions by a dip-coating method. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was modified with (3-mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane, and polyurethane yarn was cross-linked with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The existence of thiol in modified rGO and epoxy in the cross-linked polyurethane yarn contributed to the formation of the covalent bond between the elastic substrate and the conductive layer, resulting in good adhesion between the substrate and the conductive layer, as well as excellent electromechanical performance. The outstanding strain-sensing performance make the prepared yarn show excellent potential in practical applications when monitoring human motions, which makes it a promising candidate for wearable sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Zhang
- School of Innovation Design, Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Fashion Design & Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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178
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Fiber-Based Thermoelectric Materials and Devices for Wearable Electronics. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080869. [PMID: 34442491 PMCID: PMC8399896 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fiber-based thermoelectric materials and devices have the characteristics of light-weight, stability, and flexibility, which can be used in wearable electronics, attracting the wide attention of researchers. In this work, we present a review of state-of-the-art fiber-based thermoelectric material fabrication, device assembling, and its potential applications in temperature sensing, thermoelectric generation, and temperature management. In this mini review, we also shine some light on the potential application in the next generation of wearable electronics, and discuss the challenges and opportunities.
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179
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Hong K, Choe M, Kim S, Lee HM, Kim BJ, Park S. An Ultrastretchable Electrical Switch Fiber with a Magnetic Liquid Metal Core for Remote Magnetic Actuation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2407. [PMID: 34372010 PMCID: PMC8348917 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we describe a soft and ultrastretchable fiber with a magnetic liquid metal (MLM) core for electrical switches used in remote magnetic actuation. MLM was prepared by removing the oxide layer on the liquid metal and subsequent mixing with magnetic iron particles. We used SEBS (poly[styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene]) and silicone to prepare stretchable elastic fibers. Once hollow elastic fibers form, MLM was injected into the core of the fiber at ambient pressure. The fibers are soft (Young's modulus of 1.6~4.4 MPa) and ultrastretchable (elongation at break of 600~5000%) while maintaining electrical conductivity and magnetic property due to the fluidic nature of the core. Magnetic strength of the fibers was characterized by measuring the maximum effective distance between the magnet and the fiber as a function of iron particle concentration in the MLM core and the polymeric shell. The MLM core facilitates the use of the fiber in electrical switches for remote magnetic actuation. This ultrastretchable and elastic fiber with MLM core can be used in soft robotics, and wearable and conformal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongmin Hong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Minjae Choe
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Hye-Min Lee
- R&D Division, Korea Institute of Carbon Convergence Technology, Jeonju 54853, Korea;
| | - Byung-Joo Kim
- Department of Carbon-Nanomaterials Engineering, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam-ro, Jeonju 55069, Korea;
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea; (K.H.); (M.C.); (S.K.)
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180
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Qi L, Jia YJ, An YC, Zhi XX, Zhang Y, Liu JG, Li JS. Photo-Patternable, High-Speed Electrospun Ultrafine Fibers Fabricated by Intrinsically Negative Photosensitive Polyimide. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18458-18464. [PMID: 34308077 PMCID: PMC8296557 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This work describes polyimide (PI) ultrafine fibrous membranes (UFMs) with aligned fibrous structures, fabricated via the high-speed electrospinning procedure. Organo-soluble intrinsically photosensitive PI is utilized as the fiber-forming agent. The effects of different rotating speeds on the fiber morphology and properties are studied. The aligned UFMs possess hydrophobicity, favorable optical properties, and improved deformation durability. The extension strength of the UFMs reinforces obviously with the increased rotating speed and reaches the maximum of 9.18 MPa at 2500 rpm. In addition, due to the photo-cross-link nature of the PI resin, the UFMs present lithography capability, which can obtain micro-sized patterns on aluminum substrates, and even part of the fibrous structure was retained after development. This work shows promise in manufacturing fiber-based photolithographic hierarchical structures on flexible substrates, which exhibit potential in achieving multiple functions on fiber-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Qi
- Beijing Key
Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid
Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials
Science and Technology, China University
of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan-jiang Jia
- Beijing Key
Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid
Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials
Science and Technology, China University
of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan-cheng An
- Beijing Key
Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid
Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials
Science and Technology, China University
of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin-xin Zhi
- Beijing Key
Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid
Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials
Science and Technology, China University
of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key
Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid
Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials
Science and Technology, China University
of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-gang Liu
- Beijing Key
Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid
Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials
Science and Technology, China University
of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-shen Li
- Lecturer
of Nano-functional Fibres, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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181
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Novel Approach to Introduce Alkyl Chains into PEDOT:PSS and Its Effect on the Performance as a Flexible Electrode. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We here report a synthetic route to introduce alky chains into poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) by the reaction with epoxyalkanes. The reaction was analyzed by FT-IR, TGA, and XPS studies, and the conductivities of derivatives were discussed as a function of the length of alkyl chains. PEDOT:PSS-C6, which is the product from a reaction with epoxyhexane, was well dispersed in methanol and transparent films from this dispersion were successfully prepared. PEDOT:PSS-C6 film showed an increase in hydrophobicity, resulting in enhanced water resistance compared to pristine PEDOT:PSS film, and a morphological study of the film exhibited clear phase separation similar to PEDOT:PSS doped by DMSO. We also observed an improvement in the conductivity and flexibility of PEDOT:PSS-C6 film compared to those of pristine PEDOT:PSS film. This study proposes a promising method to introduce alky chains into PEDOT:PSS and to develop a flexible electrode applicable to an environment where contact with water is unavoidable.
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182
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Zheng Y, Huang X, Chen J, Wu K, Wang J, Zhang X. A Review of Conductive Carbon Materials for 3D Printing: Materials, Technologies, Properties, and Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14143911. [PMID: 34300829 PMCID: PMC8307564 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon material is widely used and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. It is often used as a filler to endow insulating polymer with electrical and thermal conductivity. Three-dimensional printing technology is an advance in modeling and manufacturing technology. From the forming principle, it offers a new production principle of layered manufacturing and layer by layer stacking formation, which fundamentally simplifies the production process and makes large-scale personalized production possible. Conductive carbon materials combined with 3D printing technology have a variety of potential applications, such as multi-shape sensors, wearable devices, supercapacitors, and so on. In this review, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber, graphene, and other common conductive carbon materials are briefly introduced. The working principle, advantages and disadvantages of common 3D printing technology are reviewed. The research situation of 3D printable conductive carbon materials in recent years is further summarized, and the performance characteristics and application prospects of these conductive carbon materials are also discussed. Finally, the potential applications of 3D printable conductive carbon materials are concluded, and the future development direction of 3D printable conductive carbon materials has also been prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zheng
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China;
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Modern Facility Agriculture, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, China
| | - Xu Huang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118, China;
| | - Jialiang Chen
- National Garment and Accessories Quality Supervision Testing Center (Fujian), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Textiles Inspection Technology, Fujian Fiber Inspection Center, Fuzhou 350026, China;
| | - Kechen Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Jianlei Wang
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Universities and Colleges Engineering Research Center of Modern Facility Agriculture, Fujian Polytechnic Normal University, Fuzhou 350300, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Functional Marine Sensing Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xu Zhang
- Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.Z.)
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183
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Wang F, Tao X. Carbon/Silicone Nanocomposite-Enabled Soft Pressure Sensors with a Liquid-Filled Cell Structure Design for Low Pressure Measurement. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4732. [PMID: 34300471 PMCID: PMC8309609 DOI: 10.3390/s21144732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the fields of humanoid robots, soft robotics, and wearable electronics, the development of artificial skins entails pressure sensors that are low in modulus, high in sensitivity, and minimal in hysteresis. However, few sensors in the literature can meet all the three requirements, especially in the low pressure range (<10 kPa). This article presents a design for such pressure sensors. The bioinspired liquid-filled cell-type structural design endows the sensor with appropriate softness (Young's modulus < 230 kPa) and high sensitivity (highest at 0.7 kPa-1) to compression forces below 0.65 N (6.8 kPa). The low-end detection limit is ~0.0012 N (13 Pa), only triple the mass of a bee. Minimal resistance hysteresis of the pressure sensor is 7.7%. The low hysteresis is attributed to the study on the carbon/silicone nanocomposite, which reveals the effect of heat treatment on its mechanical and electromechanical hysteresis. Pressure measurement range and sensitivity of the sensor can be tuned by changing the structure and strain gauge parameters. This concept of sensor design, when combined with microfluidics technology, is expected to enable soft, stretchable, and highly precise touch-sensitive artificial skins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoming Tao
- Research Institute of Intelligent Wearable Systems, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong 999077, China;
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184
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Ye L, Zhou Z, Shen Y, Jiang L. Silica Nanoparticle Deposition on Natural Fibrous Substrates: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Long Ye
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Center for Bionanoengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Ministry of Education; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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185
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Zhang D, Yang W, Gong W, Ma W, Hou C, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H. Abrasion Resistant/Waterproof Stretchable Triboelectric Yarns Based on Fermat Spirals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100782. [PMID: 34028894 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging energy harvesting yarns, via triboelectric effects, have wide application prospects in new-generation wearable electronics. However, few studies have been carried out regarding simultaneously achieving high electrical performance, mechanical robustness, and comfortability in industrial-scalable yarn. Here, an electronic yarn twisted into Fermat spiral, which has outstanding dynamic structure stability, is reported. The Fermat-spiral-based energy yarns (FSBEY) can simultaneously realize ultrahigh abrasion resistance (over 5000 Martindale standard abrasion cycles), stable reversible strain (100%), and excellent electrical output. Considerably high output (105 V, ≈1.2 µA under 2 Hz) can be attained upon contacting a single yarn (30 cm) with latex material, which is superior to most state-of-the-art stretchable triboelectric yarns. The application of these FSBEY in wireless gesture recognition, smart screen information protection, and harvesting of energy from water dropletsis demonstrated. Moreover, textiles knitted from the FSBEY have distinguished waterproof nature and are breathable. This work shows a feasible proposal for building future "energy garments".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Wanwan Ma
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Yaogang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
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186
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Zhang R, Chen C, Yu H, Cai S, Xu Y, Yang Y, Chang H. All-solid-state wire-shaped asymmetric supercapacitor based on binder-free CuO nanowires on copper wire and PPy on carbon fiber electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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187
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Recent Advances in Fiber-Shaped Electronic Devices for Wearable Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fiber electronics is a key research area for realizing wearable microelectronic devices. Significant progress has been made in recent years in developing the geometry and composition of electronic fibers. In this review, we present that recent progress in the architecture and electrical properties of electronic fibers, including their fabrication methods. We intensively investigate the structural designs of fiber-shaped devices: coaxial, twisted, three-dimensional layer-by-layer, and woven structures. In addition, we introduce remarkable applications of fiber-shaped devices for energy harvesting/storage, sensing, and light-emitting devices. Electronic fibers offer high potential for use in next-generation electronics, such as electronic textiles and smart integrated textile systems, which require excellent deformability and high operational reliability.
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188
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Kim SJ, Jeong JS, Jang HW, Yi H, Yang H, Ju H, Lim JA. Dendritic Network Implementable Organic Neurofiber Transistors with Enhanced Memory Cyclic Endurance for Spatiotemporal Iterative Learning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100475. [PMID: 34028897 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic network implementable organic neurofiber transistors with enhanced memory cyclic endurance for spatiotemporal iterative learning are proposed. The architecture of the fibrous organic electrochemical transistors consisting of a double-stranded assembly of electrode microfibers and an iongel gate insulator enables the highly sensitive multiple implementation of synaptic junctions via simple physical contact of gate-electrode microfibers, similar to the dendritic connections of a biological neuron fiber. In particular, carboxylic-acid-functionalized polythiophene as a semiconductor channel material provides stable gate-field-dependent multilevel memory characteristics with long-term stability and cyclic endurance, unlike the conventional poly(alkylthiophene)-based neuromorphic electrochemical transistors, which exhibit short retention and unstable endurance. The dissociation of the carboxylic acid of the polythiophene enables reversible doping and dedoping of the polythiophene channel by effectively stabilizing the ions that penetrate the channel during potentiation and depression cycles, leading to the reliable cyclic endurance of the device. The synaptic weight of the neurofiber transistors with a dendritic network maintains the state levels stably and is independently updated with each synapse connected with the presynaptic neuron to a specific state level. Finally, the neurofiber transistor demonstrates successful speech recognition based on iterative spiking neural network learning in the time domain, showing a substantial recognition accuracy of 88.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Kim
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seung Jeong
- Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Yi
- Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, YU-KIST Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoichang Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Ju
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Lim
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, University of Science and Technology of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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189
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Hasan MM, Hossain MM. Nanomaterials-patterned flexible electrodes for wearable health monitoring: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:14900-14942. [PMID: 34219807 PMCID: PMC8237560 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Electrodes fabricated on a flexible substrate are a revolutionary development in wearable health monitoring due to their lightweight, breathability, comfort, and flexibility to conform to the curvilinear body shape. Different metallic thin-film and plastic-based substrates lack comfort for long-term monitoring applications. However, the insulating nature of different polymer, fiber, and textile substrates requires the deposition of conductive materials to render interactive functionality to substrates. Besides, the high porosity and flexibility of fiber and textile substrates pose a great challenge for the homogenous deposition of active materials. Printing is an excellent process to produce a flexible conductive textile electrode for wearable health monitoring applications due to its low cost and scalability. This article critically reviews the current state of the art of different textile architectures as a substrate for the deposition of conductive nanomaterials. Furthermore, recent progress in various printing processes of nanomaterials, challenges of printing nanomaterials on textiles, and their health monitoring applications are described systematically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mehdi Hasan
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203 Bangladesh
- UNAM – National Nanotechnology Research Center and, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey
| | - Md Milon Hossain
- Department of Textile Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, 9203 Bangladesh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606 USA
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190
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Electrospun PEO/PEDOT:PSS Nanofibers for Wearable Physiological Flex Sensors. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124110. [PMID: 34203743 PMCID: PMC8232244 DOI: 10.3390/s21124110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flexible sensors are fundamental devices for human body monitoring. The mechanical strain and physiological parameters coupled sensing have attracted increasing interest in this field. However, integration of different sensors in one platform usually involves complex fabrication process-flows. Simplification, even if essential, remains a challenge. Here, we investigate a piezoresistive and electrochemical active electrospun nanofibers (NFs) mat as the sensitive element of the wearable physiological flex sensing platform. The use of one material sensitive to the two kinds of stimuli reduces the process-flow to two steps. We demonstrate that the final NFs pH-Flex Sensor can be used to monitor the deformation of a human body joint as well as the pH of the skin. A unique approach has been selected for pH sensing, based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). A linear dependence of the both the double layer capacitance and charge transfer re-sistance with the pH value was obtained by EIS, as well as a linear trend of the electrical resistance with the bending deformation. Gauge factors values calculated after the bending test were 45.84 in traction and 208.55 in compression mode, reflecting the extraordinary piezoresistive behavior of our nanostructured NFs.
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191
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Abed A, Samouh Z, Cochrane C, Boussu F, Cherkaoui O, El Moznine R, Vieillard J. Piezo-Resistive Properties of Bio-Based Sensor Yarn Made with Sisal Fibre. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21124083. [PMID: 34198484 PMCID: PMC8232028 DOI: 10.3390/s21124083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a sensor yarn based on a natural sisal yarn containing a non-electro-conductive core impregnated with PVA polymer and coated by PEDOT:PSS polymer as an electro-conductive sheath was investigated. The main objectives include the development of this new sensor yarn as a first step. Then, we look towards the insertion of this sensor yarn into different woven structures followed by the monitoring of the mechanical behaviour of composite materials made with these fibrous reinforcements. The combined effect of the structural geometry and the number of PEDOT:PSS coating layers on the properties of the sensor yarns was investigated. It was found that the number of PEDOT:PSS coating layers could strongly influence the electromechanical behaviours of the sensor yarns. Different methods of characterization were employed on strain-sensor yarns with two and four coating layers of PEDOT:PSS. The piezo-resistive strain-sensor properties of these selected coating layers were evaluated. Cyclic stretching-releasing tests were also performed to investigate the dynamic strain-sensing behavior. The obtained results indicated that gauge factor values can be extracted in three strain regions for two and four coating layers, respectively. Moreover, these strain-sensor yarns showed accurate and stable sensor responses under cyclic conditions. Furthers works are in progress to investigate the mechanism behind these first results of these sisal fibre-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abed
- GEMTEX–Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, University of Lille, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France; (Z.S.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
- Centrale Lille Institut, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory REMTEX, ESITH, Route d’El Jadida, km 8, BP 7731 Oulfa, Casablanca, Morocco;
- Laboratory Physics of Condensed Matter (LPMC), Faculty of Science El Jadida, Chouaib Doukkali University, El 24000 Jadida, Morocco;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-755-309-836
| | - Zineb Samouh
- GEMTEX–Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, University of Lille, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France; (Z.S.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
- Centrale Lille Institut, F-59000 Lille, France
- Laboratory REMTEX, ESITH, Route d’El Jadida, km 8, BP 7731 Oulfa, Casablanca, Morocco;
- Laboratory Physics of Condensed Matter (LPMC), Faculty of Science El Jadida, Chouaib Doukkali University, El 24000 Jadida, Morocco;
| | - Cédric Cochrane
- GEMTEX–Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, University of Lille, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France; (Z.S.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Francois Boussu
- GEMTEX–Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, University of Lille, ENSAIT, F-59000 Lille, France; (Z.S.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Omar Cherkaoui
- Laboratory REMTEX, ESITH, Route d’El Jadida, km 8, BP 7731 Oulfa, Casablanca, Morocco;
| | - Reddad El Moznine
- Laboratory Physics of Condensed Matter (LPMC), Faculty of Science El Jadida, Chouaib Doukkali University, El 24000 Jadida, Morocco;
| | - Julien Vieillard
- COBRA (UMR 6014), UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, Normandie Université, CNRS, 55 rue Saint Germain, F-27000 Evreux, France;
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192
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Abstract
Wearable electronics are receiving increasing attention with the advances of human society and technologies. Among various types of wearable electronics, electronic fibers/textiles, which integrate the comfort and appearance of conventional fibers/textiles with the functions of electronic devices, are expected to play important roles in remote health monitoring, disease diagnosis/treatment, and human-machine interface. This article aims to review the recent advances in electronic fibers/textiles, thus providing a comprehensive guiding reference for future work. First, we review the selection of functional materials and fabrication strategies of fiber-shaped electronic devices with emphasis on the newly developed functional materials and technologies. Their applications in sensing, light emitting, energy harvest, and energy storage are discussed. Then, the fabrication strategies and applications of electronic textiles are summarized. Furthermore, the integration of multifunctional electronic textiles and their applications are summarized. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and propose the future development of electronic fibers/textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Corresponding author
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193
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Li X, Cao J, Li H, Yu P, Fan Y, Xiao Y, Yin Y, Zhao X, Wang ZL, Zhu G. Differentiation of Multiple Mechanical Stimuli by a Flexible Sensor Using a Dual-Interdigital-Electrode Layout for Bodily Kinesthetic Identification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26394-26403. [PMID: 34032400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human bodily kinesthetic sensing is generally complicated and ever-changing due to the diversity of body deformation as well as the complexity of mechanical stimulus, which is different from the unidirectional mechanical motion. So, there exists a huge challenge for current flexible sensors to accurately differentiate and identify what kind of external mechanical stimulus is exerted via analyzing digital signals. Here, we report a flexible dual-interdigital-electrode sensor (FDES) that consists of two interdigital electrodes and a highly pressure-sensitive porous conductive sponge. The FDES can precisely identify multiple mechanical stimuli, e.g., pressing, positive bending, negative bending, X-direction stretching, and Y-direction stretching, and convert them into corresponding current variation signals. Moreover, the FDES exhibits other exceptional properties, such as high sensitivity, stretchability, large measurement range, and outstanding stability, accompanied by simple structural design and low-cost processing simultaneously. Additionally, our FDES successfully identifies various complex activities of the human body, which lays a foundation for the further development of multimode flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinwei Cao
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Huayang Li
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Pengtao Yu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Youjun Fan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuchuan Xiao
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No.11 Zhongguancun Beiyitiao, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yiming Yin
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Guang Zhu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- New Materials Institute, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
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194
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Yang L, Ma Z, Tian Y, Meng B, Peng Z. Progress on Self-Powered Wearable and Implantable Systems Driven by Nanogenerators. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:666. [PMID: 34200150 PMCID: PMC8227325 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT), sustainable self-powered wireless sensory systems and diverse wearable and implantable electronic devices have surged recently. Under such an opportunity, nanogenerators, which can convert continuous mechanical energy into usable electricity, have been regarded as one of the critical technologies for self-powered systems, based on the high sensitivity, flexibility, and biocompatibility of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). In this review, we have thoroughly analyzed the materials and structures of wearable and implantable PENGs and TENGs, aiming to make clear how to tailor a self-power system into specific applications. The advantages in TENG and PENG are taken to effectuate wearable and implantable human-oriented applications, such as self-charging power packages, physiological and kinematic monitoring, in vivo and in vitro healing, and electrical stimulation. This review comprehensively elucidates the recent advances and future outlook regarding the human body's self-powered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bo Meng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (L.Y.); (Z.M.); (Y.T.); (Z.P.)
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195
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Chandrasekaran S, Castaing R, Cruz-Izquierdo A, Scott LJ. Influence of Calcium Silicate and Hydrophobic Agent Coatings on Thermal, Water Barrier, Mechanical and Biodegradation Properties of Cellulose. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061488. [PMID: 34199769 PMCID: PMC8226986 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thin films of cellulose and cellulose–CaSiO3 composites were prepared using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) as the dissolution medium and the composites were regenerated from an anti-solvent. The surface hydrophilicity of the resultant cellulose composites was lowered by coating them with three different hydrophobizing agents, specifically, trichloro(octadecyl)silane (TOS), ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (E2CA) and octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA), using a simple dip-coating technique. The prepared materials were subjected to flame retardancy, water barrier, thermal, mechanical and biodegradation properties analyses. The addition of CaSiO3 into the cellulose increased the degradation temperature and flame retardant properties of the cellulose. The water barrier property of cellulose–CaSiO3 composites under long term water exposure completely depends on the nature of the hydrophobic agents used for the surface modification process. All of the cellulose composites behaved mechanically as a pure elastic material with a glassy state from room temperature to 250 °C, and from 20% to 70% relative humidity (RH). The presence of the CaSiO3 filler had no effect on the elastic modulus, but it seemed to increase after the TOS surface treatment. Biodegradability of the cellulose was evaluated by enzyme treatments and the influence of CaSiO3 and hydrophobic agents was also derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering, Presidency University, Rajanukunte, Itgalpura, Bangalore 560064, India
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Remi Castaing
- Material and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - Alvaro Cruz-Izquierdo
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
| | - L. Janet Scott
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (J.L.S.)
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196
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Mooney M, Wang Y, Nyayachavadi A, Zhang S, Gu X, Rondeau-Gagné S. Enhancing the Solubility of Semiconducting Polymers in Eco-Friendly Solvents with Carbohydrate-Containing Side Chains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:25175-25185. [PMID: 34006092 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymers are at the forefront of next-generation organic electronics due to their robust mechanical and optoelectronic properties. However, their extended π-conjugation often leads to materials with low solubilities in common organic solvents, thus requiring processing in high-boiling-point and toxic halogenated solvents to generate thin-film devices. To address this environmental concern, a natural product-inspired side-chain engineering approach was used to incorporate galactose-containing moieties into semiconducting polymers toward improved processability in greener solvents. Novel isoindigo-based polymers with different ratios of galactose-containing side chains were synthesized to improve the solubilities of the organic semiconductors in alcohol-based solvents. The addition of carbohydrate-containing side chains to π-conjugated polymers was found to considerably impact the intermolecular aggregation of the materials and their microstructures in the solid state as confirmed by atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. The charge transport characteristics of the new semiconductors were evaluated by the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors prepared from both toxic halogenated and greener alcohol-based solvents. Importantly, the incorporation of carbohydrate-containing side chains was shown to have very little detrimental impact on the electronic properties of the polymer when processed from green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Mooney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Yunfei Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Audithya Nyayachavadi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
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197
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Microwave-assisted decoration of cotton fabrics with Nickel-Cobalt sulfide as a wearable glucose sensing platform. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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198
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Liu Y, Li Z, Feng Y, Yao J. Scale production of conductive cotton yarns by sizing process and its conductive mechanism. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractConductive yarn is an important component and connector of electronic and intelligent textiles, and with the development of high-performance and low-cost conductive yarns, it has attracted more attention. Herein, a simple, scalable sizing process was introduced to prepare the graphene-coated conductive cotton yarns. The electron conductive mechanism of fibers and yarns were studied by the percolation and binomial distribution theory, respectively. The conductive paths are formed due to the conductive fibers' contact with each other, and the results revealed that the connection probability of the fibers in the yarn (p) is proportional to the square of the fibers filling coefficient (φ) as p ∝ φ2. The calculation formula of the staple spun yarn resistance can be derived from this conclusion and verified by experiments, which further proves the feasibility of produce conductive cotton yarns by sizing process.
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199
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Al Naim AF, Ibrahim SS, El-Shamy AG. New high mechanically flexible and bendable nanocomposite Ag@NCDots/PEDOT:PSS/PVA films with high thermoelectric power performance and generator. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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200
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Cheng B, Wu P. Scalable Fabrication of Kevlar/Ti 3C 2T x MXene Intelligent Wearable Fabrics with Multiple Sensory Capabilities. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8676-8685. [PMID: 33978397 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based wearable electronics are highly desirable for wearable devices that are expected to be lightweight, easily prepared, durable, flexible, washable, and conformable. However, developing fiber-based fabric electronics to simulate human perceptual systems or even transcend the sensory capabilities of natural creatures is still a pivotal challenge. Herein, we present a Kevlar/MXene (KM) intelligent wearable fabric with multiple sensory capabilities using an ingenious strategy of continuous wet-spinning. The KM fibers can be washed, knitted, sewed, and fabricated into smart KM fabric sensory systems. An intelligent KM sensory mask is prepared to monitor human breathing in time to detect respiratory problems with high accuracy and portability. It provides an important reference for judging diseases and achieving remote diagnosis. Additionally, a smart temperature-responsive sensory glove is developed to help people make proper behavioral prejudgments and prevent potential injuries by sensing surrounding hazards beforehand. Moreover, this sensory system allows soft robotics to make a rough identification about the basic properties of unknown liquid molecules. Overall, by the virtue of the ultrafast responsiveness (90 ms), resilience (110 ms), and ultrasensitive capability in pressure responding, this KM sensory system offers a gentle approach for wireless detection in information encryption, transmission, and preservation by touching the sensory system with variable pressing time on the basis of the International Morse code principles, establishing a competitive and promising candidate for next generation wearable flexible fabric electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Peiyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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