151
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Beste C, Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, Grigoriadou S, Zhang R, Chmielewski W, Stock AK, Colzato L. Effects of Concomitant Stimulation of the GABAergic and Norepinephrine System on Inhibitory Control – A Study Using Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:811-818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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152
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Schevernels H, van Bochove ME, De Taeye L, Bombeke K, Vonck K, Van Roost D, De Herdt V, Santens P, Raedt R, Boehler CN. The effect of vagus nerve stimulation on response inhibition. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 64:171-179. [PMID: 27743550 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we explored whether vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in patients with epilepsy, which is believed to increase norepinephrine (NE) levels via activation of the locus coeruleus, would positively affect response inhibition. Moreover, we tried to identify the dynamics of the underlying neural processes by investigating event-related potentials (ERPs) and pupil size. Patients performed a stop-signal task once when stimulation was switched on and once when it was switched off. We found a correlational pattern suggesting that patients who clinically benefit more from VNS treatment also show a larger behavioral advantage, in terms of faster response inhibition, when the vagus nerve is being stimulated. Event-related potential (ERP) results suggested more pronounced reactive inhibition when stimulation was switched on, independent of the individual amount of seizure reduction. Transient go-locked pupil size was increased from go trials to successful stop trials to unsuccessful stop trials but without displaying a clear VNS effect, which however, might relate to limited sensitivity. We conclude that VNS likely has a positive effect on response inhibition, at least in patients with epilepsy that benefit clinically from the treatment, presumably relating to enhancements of response-inhibition mechanisms and, therefore, identify enhanced response inhibition as a possible cognitive benefit of VNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Schevernels
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marlies E van Bochove
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Leen De Taeye
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology (LCEN3), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Klaas Bombeke
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristl Vonck
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology (LCEN3), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Van Roost
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veerle De Herdt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology (LCEN3), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology (LCEN3), Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C Nico Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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153
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Elchlepp H, Verbruggen F. How to withhold or replace a prepotent response: An analysis of the underlying control processes and their temporal dynamics. Biol Psychol 2016; 123:250-268. [PMID: 27756580 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study isolated and compared ERP components associated with flexible behavior in two action-control tasks. The 'withhold' groups had to withhold all responses when a signal appeared. The 'change' groups had to replace a prepotent go response with a different response on signal trials. We proposed that the same chain of processes determined the effectiveness of action control in both tasks. Consistent with this idea, lateral (Experiment 1) and central (Experiment 2) signal presentation elicited the same perceptual and response-related components in both tasks with similar latencies. Thus, completely withholding a response and replacing a response required a similar chain of processes. Furthermore, latency analyses revealed intra-individual differences: When the signal occurred in the periphery, differences between fast and slow change trials arose at early perceptual stages; by contrast, differences arose at later processing stages when signal detection was easy but stimulus discrimination and response selection were harder.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Elchlepp
- University of Exeter, School of Psychology, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK.
| | - F Verbruggen
- University of Exeter, School of Psychology, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK; Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent, Belgium.
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154
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Meyer HC, Bucci DJ. Imbalanced Activity in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Nucleus Accumbens Impairs Behavioral Inhibition. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2834-2839. [PMID: 27693139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary models of behavioral regulation maintain that balanced activity between cognitive control areas (prefrontal cortex, PFC) and subcortical reward-related regions (nucleus accumbens, NAC) mediates the selection of appropriate behavioral responses, whereas imbalanced activity (PFC < NAC) results in maladaptive behavior [1-6]. Imbalance can arise from reduced engagement of PFC (via fatigue or stress [7]) or from excessive activity in NAC [8]. Additionally, a concept far less researched is that an imbalance can result from simultaneously low PFC activity and high NAC activity. This occurs during adolescence, when the maturation of PFC lags behind that of NAC and NAC is more functionally active compared to adulthood or pre-adolescence [2, 5, 9, 10]. Accordingly, activity is disproportionately higher in NAC than in PFC, which may contribute to impulsivity and risk-taking exhibited by adolescents [5, 6, 10-12]. Despite having explanatory value, support for this notion has been solely correlational. Here, we causally tested this using chemogenetics to simultaneously decrease neural activity in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and increase activity in NAC in adult rats, mimicking the imbalance during adolescence. We tested the effects on negative occasion setting, an important yet understudied form of inhibitory learning that may be particularly relevant during adolescence. Rats with combined manipulation of OFC and NAC were impaired in learning to use environmental cues to withhold a response, an effect that was greater than that of either manipulation alone. These findings provide direct evidence that simultaneous underactivity in OFC and overactivity in NAC can negatively impact behavioral control and provide insight into the neural systems that underlie inhibitory learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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155
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Meyer HC, Bucci DJ. Neural and behavioral mechanisms of proactive and reactive inhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:504-14. [PMID: 27634142 PMCID: PMC5026209 DOI: 10.1101/lm.040501.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Response inhibition is an important component of adaptive behavior. Substantial prior research has focused on reactive inhibition, which refers to the cessation of a motor response that is already in progress. More recently, a growing number of studies have begun to examine mechanisms underlying proactive inhibition, whereby preparatory processes result in a response being withheld before it is initiated. It has become apparent that proactive inhibition is an essential component of the overall ability to regulate behavior and has implications for the success of reactive inhibition. Moreover, successful inhibition relies on learning the meaning of specific environmental cues that signal when a behavioral response should be withheld. Proactive inhibitory control is mediated by stopping goals, which reflect the desired outcome of inhibition and include information about how and when inhibition should be implemented. However, little is known about the circuits and cellular processes that encode and represent features in the environment that indicate the necessity for proactive inhibition or how these representations are implemented in response inhibition. In this article, we will review the brain circuits and systems involved in implementing inhibitory control through both reactive and proactive mechanisms. We also comment on possible cellular mechanisms that may contribute to inhibitory control processes, noting that substantial further research is necessary in this regard. Furthermore, we will outline a number of ways in which the temporal dynamics underlying the generation of the proactive inhibitory signal may be particularly important for parsing out the neurobiological correlates that contribute to the learning processes underlying various aspects of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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156
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Skunde M, Walther S, Simon JJ, Wu M, Bendszus M, Herzog W, Friederich HC. Neural signature of behavioural inhibition in women with bulimia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:E69-78. [PMID: 27575858 PMCID: PMC5008924 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired inhibitory control is considered a behavioural phenotype in patients with bulimia nervosa. However, the underlying neural correlates of impaired general and food-specific behavioural inhibition are largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated brain activation during the performance of behavioural inhibition to general and food-related stimuli in adults with bulimia nervosa. METHODS Women with bulimia and healthy control women underwent event-related fMRI while performing a general and a food-specific no-go task. RESULTS We included 28 women with bulimia nervosa and 29 healthy control women in our study. On a neuronal level, we observed significant group differences in response to general no-go stimuli in women with bulimia nervosa with high symptom severity; compared with healthy controls, the patients showed reduced activation in the right sensorimotor area (postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus) and right dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen). LIMITATIONS The present results are limited to adult women with bulimia nervosa. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether impaired behavioural inhibition in patients with this disorder are a cause or consequence of chronic illness. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that diminished frontostriatal brain activation in patients with bulimia nervosa contribute to the severity of binge eating symptoms. Gaining further insight into the neural mechanisms of behavioural inhibition problems in individuals with this disorder may inform brain-directed treatment approaches and the development of response inhibition training approaches to improve inhibitory control in patients with bulimia nervosa. The present study does not support greater behavioural and neural impairments to food-specific behavioural inhibition in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Skunde
- Correspondence to: M. Skunde, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg;
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157
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Cathodal tDCS improves task performance in participants high in Coldheartedness. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3102-3109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.05.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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158
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Mühlberg C, Mathar D, Villringer A, Horstmann A, Neumann J. Stopping at the sight of food - How gender and obesity impact on response inhibition. Appetite 2016; 107:663-676. [PMID: 27592420 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that reduced inhibitory control is associated with higher body mass index (BMI), higher food craving and increased food intake. However, experimental evidence for the relationship between response inhibition and weight status is inconsistent and to date has been investigated predominantly in women. In the current study, 56 participants (26 obese, 30 lean; 27 female, 29 male) performed a Food Picture Rating Task followed by a Stop Signal Task where pictures of palatable high or low caloric food or non-food items were presented prior to the Go signal. We further assessed participants' self-reported eating behavior and trait impulsivity as potential factors influencing response inhibition, in particular within the food context. Independent of BMI, women showed significantly higher liking for low caloric food items than men. This was accompanied by shorter Stop Signal Reaction Times (SSRT) after high compared to low caloric food pictures for women, and shorter SSRT in women compared to men for high caloric food. No influence of gender on SSRT was observable outside of the food context. While SSRTs did not differ between obese and lean participants across the three picture categories, we found a moderating effect of trait impulsivity on the relationship between BMI and SSRT, specifically in the high caloric food context. Higher BMI was predictive of longer SSRT only for participants with low to normal trait impulsivity, pointing at a complex interplay between response inhibition, general impulsivity and weight status. Our results support the notion that individuals with obesity do not suffer from diminished response inhibition capacity per se. Rather, the ability to withhold a response depends on context and social norms, and strongly interacts with factors like gender and trait impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Mühlberg
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Mathar
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany; Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Mind & Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-University Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jane Neumann
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany.
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159
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Chmielewski WX, Mückschel M, Ziemssen T, Beste C. The norepinephrine system affects specific neurophysiological subprocesses in the modulation of inhibitory control by working memory demands. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:68-81. [PMID: 27519546 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control processes are known to be modulated by working memory demands. However, the neurobiological mechanisms behind these modulations are inconclusive. One important system to consider in this regard is the locus coeruleus (LC) norepinephrine (NE) system. In the current study the role of the LC-NE system by means of pupil diameter recordings that are integrated with neurophysiological (EEG) and source localization data were examined. A combined mental-rotation Go/Nogo task was used. The results show that increases in working memory load complicate response inhibition processes. On a neurophysiological level these effects were reflected by specific modulations in event-related potentials (ERPs) reflecting motor inhibition processes (i.e., Nogo-P3). Attentional selection processes (reflected by the P1 and N1) as well as pre-motor inhibition or conflict monitoring processes (reflected by the Nogo-N2) were not affected. Activity of the LC-NE systems, as indexed by the pupil diameter data, predicted neurophysiological processes selectively in the Nogo-P3 time range. Source localization analyses suggest that this modulation occurs in the right middle and inferior frontal gyrus. The study provides evidence that the LC-NE system is an important neurobiological system modulating the effects of working memory load on response inhibition processes. More specifically, it modulates a subset of dissociable cognitive processes that are related to prefrontal cortical regions. Hum Brain Mapp 38:68-81, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold X Chmielewski
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Mückschel
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany.,MS Centre Dresden, Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- MS Centre Dresden, Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany.,Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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160
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Rae CL, Nombela C, Rodríguez PV, Ye Z, Hughes LE, Jones PS, Ham T, Rittman T, Coyle-Gilchrist I, Regenthal R, Sahakian BJ, Barker RA, Robbins TW, Rowe JB. Atomoxetine restores the response inhibition network in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:2235-48. [PMID: 27343257 PMCID: PMC4958901 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease impairs the inhibition of responses, and whilst impulsivity is mild for some patients, severe impulse control disorders affect ∼10% of cases. Based on preclinical models we proposed that noradrenergic denervation contributes to the impairment of response inhibition, via changes in the prefrontal cortex and its subcortical connections. Previous work in Parkinson's disease found that the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine could improve response inhibition, gambling decisions and reflection impulsivity. Here we tested the hypotheses that atomoxetine can restore functional brain networks for response inhibition in Parkinson's disease, and that both structural and functional connectivity determine the behavioural effect. In a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, 19 patients with mild-to-moderate idiopathic Parkinson's disease underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a stop-signal task, while on their usual dopaminergic therapy. Patients received 40 mg atomoxetine or placebo, orally. This regimen anticipates that noradrenergic therapies for behavioural symptoms would be adjunctive to, not a replacement for, dopaminergic therapy. Twenty matched control participants provided normative data. Arterial spin labelling identified no significant changes in regional perfusion. We assessed functional interactions between key frontal and subcortical brain areas for response inhibition, by comparing 20 dynamic causal models of the response inhibition network, inverted to the functional magnetic resonance imaging data and compared using random effects model selection. We found that the normal interaction between pre-supplementary motor cortex and the inferior frontal gyrus was absent in Parkinson's disease patients on placebo (despite dopaminergic therapy), but this connection was restored by atomoxetine. The behavioural change in response inhibition (improvement indicated by reduced stop-signal reaction time) following atomoxetine correlated with structural connectivity as measured by the fractional anisotropy in the white matter underlying the inferior frontal gyrus. Using multiple regression models, we examined the factors that influenced the individual differences in the response to atomoxetine: the reduction in stop-signal reaction time correlated with structural connectivity and baseline performance, while disease severity and drug plasma level predicted the change in fronto-striatal effective connectivity following atomoxetine. These results suggest that (i) atomoxetine increases sensitivity of the inferior frontal gyrus to afferent inputs from the pre-supplementary motor cortex; (ii) atomoxetine can enhance downstream modulation of frontal-subcortical connections for response inhibition; and (iii) the behavioural consequences of treatment are dependent on fronto-striatal structural connections. The individual differences in behavioural responses to atomoxetine highlight the need for patient stratification in future clinical trials of noradrenergic therapies for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Rae
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK 2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Cristina Nombela
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | | | - Zheng Ye
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Laura E Hughes
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK 2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - P Simon Jones
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Timothy Ham
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Timothy Rittman
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ian Coyle-Gilchrist
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- 3 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- 4 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK 5 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- 4 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK 6 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, CB2 3EB, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK 2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK 4 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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161
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Simon NW, Moghaddam B. Methylphenidate has nonlinear dose effects on cued response inhibition in adults but not adolescents. Brain Res 2016; 1654:171-176. [PMID: 27431940 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing development of the dopamine system during adolescence may provide a partial mechanism for behavioral and psychiatric vulnerabilities. Despite early evidence for a hyperactive adolescent dopaminergic system, recent data suggest that adolescent dopamine may be functionally hypoactive compared to in adults. While this distinction has been established in response to dopaminergic drugs and natural rewards, little is known about age-related differences in cognitive efficacy of dopaminergic drugs. Using a recently established Cued Response Inhibition Task, we tested the effects of acute systemic methylphenidate, commonly known as Ritalin, on response inhibition and response initiation in adolescent and adults rats. First, we replicated previous data that adolescents are able to inhibit a response to a cue on par with adults, but are slower to produce a rewarded response after a stop cue. Next, we observed that methylphenidate modulated response inhibition in adult rats, with low dose (0.3mg/kg) improving inhibition, and high dose (3mg/kg) impairing performance. This dose-response pattern is commonly observed with psychostimulant cognitive modulation. In adolescents, however, methylphenidate had no effect on response inhibition at any dose. Latency of response initiation after the stop cue was not affected by methylphenidate in either adult or adolescent rats. These data establish that dose-response of a commonly prescribed psychostimulant medication is different in adolescents and adults. They further demonstrate that healthy adolescent response inhibition is not as sensitive to psychostimulants as in adults, supporting the idea that the dopamine system is hypoactive in adolescence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Simon
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Bita Moghaddam
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Neuroscience, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
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162
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Araki T, Kirihara K, Koshiyama D, Nagai T, Tada M, Fukuda M, Kasai K. Intact neural activity during a Go/No-go task is associated with high global functioning in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 70:278-85. [PMID: 26991316 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Go/No-go derived event-related potential (ERP) signals have been widely used in schizophrenia research to monitor self-control deficits in this disorder. However, no study to date has associated Go/No-go-related ERP with global functioning. METHODS Participants consisted of 21 patients with schizophrenia and 22 healthy controls. We used a visual Go/No-go paradigm to measure Go/No-go-related N2/P3 ERP components by means of a 64-electrode cap for electroencephalogram recording. We used the Global Assessment of Functioning to evaluate global functioning and analyzed the correlation between ERP indices and global functioning scores. RESULTS N2 amplitudes were reduced in patients with schizophrenia, but not influenced by either of the Go/No-go conditions. P3 amplitudes were influenced by the Go/No-go conditions, but not reduced in patients with schizophrenia. Global functioning was correlated with the No-go P3 amplitudes, but not N2 amplitudes, in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION These results indicate that global functioning is associated with intact neural activity rather than impaired neural activity during Go/No-go response inhibition tasks in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Araki
- Department of Youth Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kirihara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koshiyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Tada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Fukuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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163
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Griskova-Bulanova I, Griksiene R, Voicikas A, Ruksenas O. Go and NoGo: modulation of electrophysiological correlates by female sex steroid hormones. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2607-15. [PMID: 27137197 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The behavioral and electrophysiological responses in a Go/NoGo task are objective measures of executive functioning that may be impaired in clinical conditions. Prior to the wider application of Go/NoGo tasks in clinics, it is tempting to evaluate factors causing modulation of the responses. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of female sex steroids on Go/NoGo task-related ERPs in healthy females. METHODS Thirty-four young healthy females performed an equiprobable (50/50) auditory Go/NoGo task. Amplitudes and latencies of N2 and P3 peaks from Fz, Cz, and Pz electrodes were evaluated. 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels in saliva samples were measured. Electrophysiological measures were correlated to 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations. RESULTS The diverse pattern of modulation of P3 latencies was shown: higher levels of 17β-estradiol contributed to Go-P3 latency prolongation, and higher levels of progesterone contributed to NoGo-P3 latency shortening. Higher levels of 17β-estradiol were associated with more negative frontal N2 amplitude in both conditions. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between electrophysiological correlates of executive functioning to individual hormonal levels points to a broader range of variation sources in healthy subjects which might mask or pronounce between-group differences in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Griskova-Bulanova
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10222, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ramune Griksiene
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10222, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aleksandras Voicikas
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10222, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Osvaldas Ruksenas
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vilnius University, Sauletekio 7, LT-10222, Vilnius, Lithuania
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164
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Dopamine D3 Receptors Modulate the Ability of Win-Paired Cues to Increase Risky Choice in a Rat Gambling Task. J Neurosci 2016; 36:785-94. [PMID: 26791209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2225-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other addiction disorders, the cues inherent in many gambling procedures are thought to play an important role in mediating their addictive nature. Animal models of gambling-related behavior, while capturing dimensions of economic decision making, have yet to address the impact that these salient cues may have in promoting maladaptive choice. Here, we determined whether adding win-associated audiovisual cues to a rat gambling task (rGT) would influence decision making. Thirty-two male Long-Evans rats were tested on either the cued or uncued rGT. In these tasks, animals chose between four options associated with different magnitudes and frequencies of reward and punishing time-out periods. As in the Iowa Gambling Task, favoring options associated with smaller per-trial rewards but smaller losses and avoiding the tempting "high-risk, high-reward" decks maximized profits. Although the reinforcement contingencies were identical in both task versions, rats' choice of the disadvantageous risky options was significantly greater on the cued task. Furthermore, a D3 receptor agonist increased choice of the disadvantageous options, whereas a D3 antagonist had the opposite effects, only on the cued task. These findings are consistent with the reported role of D3 receptors in mediating the facilitatory effects of cues in addiction. Collectively, these results indicate that the cued rGT is a valuable model with which to study the mechanism by which salient cues can invigorate maladaptive decision making, an important and understudied component of both gambling and substance use disorders. Significance statement: We used a rodent analog of the Iowa Gambling Task to determine whether the addition of audiovisual cues would affect choice preferences. Adding reward-concurrent cues significantly increased risky choice. This is the first clear demonstration that reward-paired cues can bias cost/benefit decision making against a subject's best interests in a manner concordant with elevated addiction susceptibility. Choice on the cued task was uniquely sensitive to modulation by D3 receptor ligands, yet these drugs did not alter decision making on the uncued task. The relatively unprecedented sensitivity of choice on the cued task to D3-receptor-mediated neurotransmission data suggest that similar neurobiological processes underlie the ability of cues to both bias animals toward risky options and facilitate drug addiction.
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165
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Meyer HC, Bucci DJ. Negative occasion setting in juvenile rats. Behav Processes 2016; 137:33-39. [PMID: 27215319 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Prior findings indicate that adolescent rats exhibit difficulty using negative occasion setters to guide behavior compared to adult rats (Meyer and Bucci, 2014). Here, additional groups of juvenile rats were trained in the same negative occasion setting procedure to further define the development of negative occasion setting. Beginning on either postnatal day (PND) 30, 40, or 50, rats received daily training sessions in which a tone was paired with food reinforcement on some trials, while on other trials a light preceded the tone and no reinforcement was delivered. We found that rats that began training on PND 50 required 10 training sessions to discriminate between the two types of trials, consistent with prior findings with young adult rats. Interestingly, rats in the PND 30 group (pre-adolescents) also required just 10 training sessions, in stark contrast to adolescent rats that began training on PND 35 (adolescents) and required 18 sessions (Meyer and Bucci, 2014). Rats that began training on PND 40 (adolescents) also required more sessions than the PND 30 group. These data indicate that the development of negative occasion setting is non-linear and have direct bearing on understanding the behavioral and neural substrates that underlie suboptimal behavioral control in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
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166
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Aznar S, Hervig MES. The 5-HT2A serotonin receptor in executive function: Implications for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:63-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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167
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Cook PF, Spivak M, Berns G. Neurobehavioral evidence for individual differences in canine cognitive control: an awake fMRI study. Anim Cogn 2016; 19:867-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-016-0983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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168
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Dall'Acqua P, Johannes S, Mica L, Simmen HP, Glaab R, Fandino J, Schwendinger M, Meier C, Ulbrich EJ, Müller A, Jäncke L, Hänggi J. Connectomic and Surface-Based Morphometric Correlates of Acute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:127. [PMID: 27065831 PMCID: PMC4809899 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced integrity of white matter (WM) pathways and subtle anomalies in gray matter (GM) morphology have been hypothesized as mechanisms in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, findings on structural brain changes in early stages after mTBI are inconsistent and findings related to early symptoms severity are rare. Fifty-one patients were assessed with multimodal neuroimaging and clinical methods exclusively within 7 days following mTBI and compared to 53 controls. Whole-brain connectivity based on diffusion tensor imaging was subjected to network-based statistics, whereas cortical surface area, thickness, and volume based on T1-weighted MRI scans were investigated using surface-based morphometric analysis. Reduced connectivity strength within a subnetwork of 59 edges located predominantly in bilateral frontal lobes was significantly associated with higher levels of self-reported symptoms. In addition, cortical surface area decreases were associated with stronger complaints in five clusters located in bilateral frontal and postcentral cortices, and in the right inferior temporal region. Alterations in WM and GM were localized in similar brain regions and moderately-to-strongly related to each other. Furthermore, the reduction of cortical surface area in the frontal regions was correlated with poorer attentive-executive performance in the mTBI group. Finally, group differences were detected in both the WM and GM, especially when focusing on a subgroup of patients with greater complaints, indicating the importance of classifying mTBI patients according to severity of symptoms. This study provides evidence that mTBI affects not only the integrity of WM networks by means of axonal damage but also the morphology of the cortex during the initial post-injury period. These anomalies might be greater in the acute period than previously believed and the involvement of frontal brain regions was consistently pronounced in both findings. The dysconnected subnetwork suggests that mTBI can be conceptualized as a dysconnection syndrome. It remains unclear whether reduced WM integrity is the trigger for changes in cortical surface area or whether tissue deformations are the direct result of mechanical forces acting on the brain. The findings suggest that rapid identification of high-risk patients with the use of clinical scales should be assessed acutely as part of the mTBI protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Dall'Acqua
- Bellikon Rehabilitation ClinicBellikon, Switzerland; Division Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ladislav Mica
- Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Simmen
- Division of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Glaab
- Department of Traumatology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Javier Fandino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital Aarau Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Markus Schwendinger
- Interdisciplinary Emergency Centre, Baden Cantonal Hospital Baden, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Meier
- Department of Surgery, Waid Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika J Ulbrich
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lutz Jäncke
- Division Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program, Dynamic of Healthy Aging, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Hänggi
- Division Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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169
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Impulsivity, Stimulant Abuse, and Dopamine Receptor Signaling. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 76:67-84. [PMID: 27288074 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nonmedical use of amphetamine-type stimulants is a worldwide problem, with substantial medical and social consequences. Nonetheless, the identification of a pharmacological treatment for amphetamine use disorder remains elusive. Stimulant users exhibit neurochemical evidence of dopamine-system dysfunction as well as impulsive behaviors that may interfere with the success of treatments for their addiction. This review focuses on the potential role of dopaminergic neurotransmission in impulsivity, both in healthy individuals and chronic stimulant users who meet criteria for methamphetamine dependence. Presented are findings related to the potential contributions of signaling through dopamine D1- and D2-type receptors to self-control impulsivity in methamphetamine- dependent users. The information available points to signaling through striatal D2-type dopamine receptors as a potential therapeutic target for stimulant use disorders, but medications that target D2-type dopamine receptors have not been successful in treating stimulant-use disorders, possibly because D2-type receptors are downregulated. Other means to augment D2-type receptor signaling are therefore under consideration, and one promising approach is the addition of exercise training as an adjunct to behavioral treatment for addiction.
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170
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Nota JA, Schubert JR, Coles ME. Sleep disruption is related to poor response inhibition in individuals with obsessive-compulsive and repetitive negative thought symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50:23-32. [PMID: 25989071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and repetitive negative thinking (RNT) are associated with poor inhibitory control. Sleep disruptions may partially mediate these relations and/or act as a "second hit" to individuals with OC symptoms and RNT. Models including habitual (past month) hours slept and bedtimes were tested. METHODS We employed a go/no-go task that allowed us to examine the relation between sleep and inhibition with various task contingencies. Sixty-seven unselected individuals were recruited from the participant pool at a public university. RESULTS Bias-corrected bootstrap estimates did not show that sleep disruption mediated the relation between OC symptoms and response inhibition nor the relation between RNT and response inhibition. Multiple linear regression analyses found significant interactions between hours slept and OC symptom severity and between RNT and hours slept to predict poor response inhibition. Hours slept significantly negatively predicted commission errors when OC symptoms and RNT levels were relatively heightened but not when OC symptoms and RNT levels were relatively low. These effects were present in blocks where task contingencies were designed to shape a no-go bias. No significant relations were found with habitual bedtimes. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional study design precludes testing the temporal precedence of symptoms in the "second hit" model. The unselected sample also limits generalization to clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a "second hit" model of interaction between sleep disruption and perseverative thoughts and behaviors. Further research on the mechanisms of the relation between sleep disruption and perseverative thought symptoms (OC and RNT) is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Nota
- Binghamton University, Department of Psychology, USA.
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171
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Rasmussen J, Siev J, Abramovitch A, Wilhelm S. Scrupulosity and contamination OCD are not associated with deficits in response inhibition. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50:120-6. [PMID: 26183654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Prior research has indicated a number of neuropsychological deficits in patients with OCD consistent with the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical model of the disorder. Response inhibition (RI), defined as the inability to inhibit a prepotent response, has been identified as a possible candidate endophenotype for OCD. However, the results from previous studies of RI in OCD patients have been mixed, suggesting the possibility that some OCD dimensions may be associated with deficits in RI while others may not. The present study aimed to examine RI using a Go/No-Go (GNG) task in two OCD symptom dimensions, one of which, scrupulosity, has never been subject to neuropsychological investigation. METHODS A total of 63 individuals, consisting of scrupulous OCD (n = 26), contamination OCD (n = 18) and non-psychiatric controls (n = 19) completed study measures. Controlling for depression symptoms, no significant performance differences were found between the groups on the GNG test, indicating no deficits in RI among contamination or scrupulous OCD. RESULTS Results are consistent with several prior studies of RI in OCD that found no differences as compared to non-psychiatric controls, especially on GNG tests, and with more recent suggestions that RI may not constitute a clinical significant impaired domain in OCD. LIMITATIONS Limitations included a primarily highly educated and Caucasian sample. CONCLUSIONS Additional conclusions include careful consideration of the RI measures selected for future studies, as well as the need for further investigation into the neuropsychological and neurobiological nature of scrupulous OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amitai Abramovitch
- Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, USA; Texas State University, USA
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, USA
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172
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Furlong TM, Leavitt LS, Keefe KA, Son JH. Methamphetamine-, d-Amphetamine-, and p-Chloroamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity Differentially Effect Impulsive Responding on the Stop-Signal Task in Rats. Neurotox Res 2016; 29:569-82. [PMID: 26846719 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abused amphetamines, such as d-amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH), are highly addictive and destructive to health and productive lifestyles. The abuse of these drugs is associated with impulsive behavior, which is likely to contribute to addiction. The amphetamines also differentially damage dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) systems, which regulate impulsive behavior; therefore, exposure to these drugs may differentially alter impulsive behavior to effect the progression of addiction. We examined the impact of neurotoxicity induced by three amphetamines on impulsive action using a stop-signal task in rats. Animals were rewarded with a food pellet after lever pressing (i.e., a go trial), unless an auditory cue was presented and withholding lever press gained reward (i.e., a stop trial). Animals were trained on the task and then exposed to a neurotoxic regimen of either AMPH, p-chloroamphetamine (PCA), or METH. These regimens preferentially reduced DA transporter levels in striatum, 5-HT transporter levels in prefrontal cortex, or both, respectively. Assessment of performance on the stop-signal task beginning 1 week after the treatment revealed that AMPH produced a deficit in go-trial performance, whereas PCA did not alter performance on either trial type. In contrast, METH produced a deficit in stop-trial performance (i.e., impulsive action) but not go-trial performance. These findings suggest that the different neurotoxic consequences of substituted amphetamines are associated with different effects on inhibitory control over behavior. Thus, the course of addiction and maladaptive behavior resulting from exposure to these substances is likely to differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri M Furlong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Lee S Leavitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kristen A Keefe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jong-Hyun Son
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, 30 S. 2000 E., Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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173
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Ye Z, Rae CL, Nombela C, Ham T, Rittman T, Jones PS, Rodríguez PV, Coyle-Gilchrist I, Regenthal R, Altena E, Housden CR, Maxwell H, Sahakian BJ, Barker RA, Robbins TW, Rowe JB. Predicting beneficial effects of atomoxetine and citalopram on response inhibition in Parkinson's disease with clinical and neuroimaging measures. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1026-37. [PMID: 26757216 PMCID: PMC4819701 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that selective noradrenergic (atomoxetine) and serotonergic (citalopram) reuptake inhibitors may improve response inhibition in selected patients with Parkinson's disease, restoring behavioral performance and brain activity. We reassessed the behavioral efficacy of these drugs in a larger cohort and developed predictive models to identify patient responders. We used a double‐blind randomized three‐way crossover design to investigate stopping efficiency in 34 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease after 40 mg atomoxetine, 30 mg citalopram, or placebo. Diffusion‐weighted and functional imaging measured microstructural properties and regional brain activations, respectively. We confirmed that Parkinson's disease impairs response inhibition. Overall, drug effects on response inhibition varied substantially across patients at both behavioral and brain activity levels. We therefore built binary classifiers with leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (LOOCV) to predict patients’ responses in terms of improved stopping efficiency. We identified two optimal models: (1) a “clinical” model that predicted the response of an individual patient with 77–79% accuracy for atomoxetine and citalopram, using clinically available information including age, cognitive status, and levodopa equivalent dose, and a simple diffusion‐weighted imaging scan; and (2) a “mechanistic” model that explained the behavioral response with 85% accuracy for each drug, using drug‐induced changes of brain activations in the striatum and presupplementary motor area from functional imaging. These data support growing evidence for the role of noradrenaline and serotonin in inhibitory control. Although noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs have highly variable effects in patients with Parkinson's disease, the individual patient's response to each drug can be predicted using a pattern of clinical and neuroimaging features. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1026–1037, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ye
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Charlotte L Rae
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Nombela
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Ham
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Simon Jones
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Coyle-Gilchrist
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ellemarije Altena
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte R Housden
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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174
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Hamilton KR, Littlefield AK, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Fink LHL, Wing VC, Mathias CW, Lane SD, Schütz CG, Swann AC, Lejuez CW, Clark L, Moeller FG, Potenza MN. Rapid-response impulsivity: definitions, measurement issues, and clinical implications. Personal Disord 2016; 6:168-181. [PMID: 25867840 DOI: 10.1037/per0000100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multifaceted construct that is a core feature of multiple psychiatric conditions and personality disorders. However, progress in understanding and treating impulsivity is limited by a lack of precision and consistency in its definition and assessment. Rapid-response impulsivity (RRI) represents a tendency toward immediate action that occurs with diminished forethought and is out of context with the present demands of the environment. Experts from the International Society for Research on Impulsivity (InSRI) met to discuss and evaluate RRI measures in terms of reliability, sensitivity, and validity, with the goal of helping researchers and clinicians make informed decisions about the use and interpretation of findings from RRI measures. Their recommendations are described in this article. Commonly used clinical and preclinical RRI tasks are described, and considerations are provided to guide task selection. Tasks measuring two conceptually and neurobiologically distinct types of RRI, "refraining from action initiation" (RAI) and "stopping an ongoing action" (SOA) are described. RAI and SOA tasks capture distinct aspects of RRI that may relate to distinct clinical outcomes. The InSRI group recommends that (a) selection of RRI measures should be informed by careful consideration of the strengths, limitations, and practical considerations of the available measures; (b) researchers use both RAI and SOA tasks in RRI studies to allow for direct comparison of RRI types and examination of their associations with clinically relevant measures; and (c) similar considerations be made for human and nonhuman studies in an effort to harmonize and integrate preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland
| | | | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Latham H L Fink
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Victoria C Wing
- Schizophrenia Division, Complex Mental Illness, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
| | - Charles W Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurobehavioral Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Houston Medical School
| | | | - Alan C Swann
- Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - C W Lejuez
- Department of Psychology, Maryland Neuroimaging Center, Center for Addictions, Personality, and Emotion Research, University of Maryland
| | - Luke Clark
- Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - F Gerard Moeller
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine
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175
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Sofuoglu M, DeVito EE, Waters AJ, Carroll KM. Cognitive Function as a Transdiagnostic Treatment Target in Stimulant Use Disorders. J Dual Diagn 2016; 12:90-106. [PMID: 26828702 PMCID: PMC4837011 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2016.1146383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stimulant use disorder is an important public health problem, with an estimated 2.1 million current users in the United States alone. No pharmacological treatments are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for stimulant use disorder and behavioral treatments have variable efficacy and limited availability. Most individuals with stimulant use disorder have other comorbidities, most with overlapping symptoms and cognitive impairments. The goal of this article is to present a rationale for cognition as a treatment target in stimulant use disorder and to outline potential treatment approaches. Rates of lifetime comorbid psychiatric disorders among people with stimulant use disorders are estimated at 65% to 73%, with the most common being mood disorders (13% to 64%) and anxiety disorders (21% to 50%), as well as non-substance-induced psychotic disorders (<10%). There are several models of addictive behavior, but the dual process model particularly highlights the relevance of cognitive impairments and biases to the development and maintenance of addiction. This model explains addictive behavior as a balance between automatic processes and executive control, which in turn are related to individual (genetics, comorbid disorders, psychosocial factors) and other (craving, triggers, drug use) factors. Certain cognitive impairments, such as attentional bias and approach bias, are most relevant to automatic processes, while sustained attention, response inhibition, and working memory are primarily related to executive control. These cognitive impairments and biases are also common in disorders frequently comorbid with stimulant use disorder and predict poor treatment retention and clinical outcomes. As such, they may serve as feasible transdiagnostic treatment targets. There are promising pharmacological, cognitive, and behavioral approaches that aim to enhance cognitive function. Pharmacotherapies target cognitive impairments associated with executive control and include cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., galantamine, rivastigmine) and monoamine transporter inhibitors (e.g., modafinil, methylphenidate). Cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive rehabilitation also enhance executive control, while cognitive bias modification targets impairments associated with automatic processes. Cognitive enhancement to improve treatment outcomes is a novel and promising strategy, but its clinical value for the treatment of stimulant use disorder, with or without other psychiatric comorbidities, remains to be determined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sofuoglu
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , West Haven , Connecticut , USA.,b VA Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Elise E DeVito
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , West Haven , Connecticut , USA.,b VA Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut , USA
| | - Andrew J Waters
- c Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Uniformed Services University of the Health Science , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Kathleen M Carroll
- a Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine , West Haven , Connecticut , USA.,b VA Connecticut Healthcare System , West Haven , Connecticut , USA
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176
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Bickel WK, Quisenberry AJ, Snider SE. Does impulsivity change rate dependently following stimulant administration? A translational selective review and re-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1-18. [PMID: 26581504 PMCID: PMC4703435 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rate dependence refers to an orderly relationship between a baseline measure of behavior and the change in that behavior following an intervention. The most frequently observed rate-dependent effect is an inverse relationship between the baseline rate of behavior and response rates following an intervention. A previous report of rate dependence in delay discounting suggests that the discounting of delayed reinforcers, and perhaps, other impulsivity measures, may change rate dependently following acute and chronic administration of potentially therapeutic medications in both preclinical and clinical studies. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current paper was to review the effects of stimulants on delay discounting and other impulsivity tasks. METHODS All studies identified from the literature were required to include (1) an objective measure of impulsivity; (2) administration of amphetamine, methylphenidate, or modafinil; (3) presentation of a pre- and postdrug administration impulsivity measure; and (4) the report of individual drug effects or results in groups split by baseline or vehicle impulsivity. Twenty-five research reports were then reanalyzed for evidence consistent with rate dependence. RESULTS Of the total possible instances, 67 % produced results consistent with rate dependence. Specifically, 72, 45, and 80 % of the data sets were consistent with rate dependence following amphetamine, methylphenidate, and modafinil administration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that rate dependence is a more robust phenomenon than reported in the literature. Impulsivity studies should consider this quantitative signature as a process to determine the effects of variables and as a potential prognostic tool to evaluate the effectiveness of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
- Virginia Tech, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
| | - A J Quisenberry
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - S E Snider
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
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177
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Jang KI, Lee SH, Huh HJ, Chae JH. Influence of the 5-HT3A Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Childhood Sexual Trauma on Central Serotonin Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145269. [PMID: 26701104 PMCID: PMC4689356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene-environment interactions are important for understanding alterations in human brain function. The loudness dependence of auditory evoked potential (LDAEP) is known to reflect central serotonergic activity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5-HT3A serotonin receptor gene are associated with psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate the effect between 5-HT3A receptor gene polymorphisms and childhood sexual trauma on the LDAEP as an electrophysiological marker in healthy subjects. Methods A total of 206 healthy subjects were recruited and evaluated using the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Peak-to-peak N1/P2 was measured at five stimulus intensities, and the LDAEP was calculated as the linear-regression slope. In addition, the rs1062613 SNPs of 5-HT3A (CC, CT, and TT) were analyzed in healthy subjects. Results There was a significant interaction between scores on the CTQ-sexual abuse subscale and 5-HT3A genotype on the LDAEP. Subjects with the CC polymorphism had a significantly higher LDEAP than T carriers in the sexually abused group. In addition, CC genotype subjects in the sexually abused group showed a significantly higher LDAEP compared with CC genotype subjects in the non-sexually abused group. Conclusions Our findings suggest that people with the CC polymorphism of the 5-HT3A gene have a greater risk of developing mental health problems if they have experienced childhood sexual abuse, possibly due to low central serotonin activity. Conversely, the T polymorphism may be protective against any central serotonergic changes following childhood sexual trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk-In Jang
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyu Jung Huh
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Chae
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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178
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Ability to use the wait-and-see strategy in pathological gamblers. Psychiatry Res 2015; 230:472-8. [PMID: 26500070 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathological gamblers (PGs) perform differently on neurocognitive tests than do healthy controls (HC). The aim of this study was to assess "waiting ability" - a major components of inhibition control-using a modified Stop Signal Task (SST) in a population of male PGs (N=55), and HCs (N=53). Results indicated no differences between PGs and HCs in reaction times, intra-individual response variability, or number of false alarms and misses. In conclusion, PGs were not impaired in their ability to manipulate their on-line response strategy during the experimental task and were instead able to change their strategy to decrease the number of false alarms. However, much more empirical and theoretical work needs to be carried out in order to understand the key neural basis of impulsivity among PGs.
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179
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Morein-Zamir S, Robbins TW. Fronto-striatal circuits in response-inhibition: Relevance to addiction. Brain Res 2015; 1628:117-29. [PMID: 25218611 PMCID: PMC4686018 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruptions to inhibitory control are believed to contribute to multiple aspects of drug abuse, from preexisting vulnerability in at-risk individuals, through escalation to dependence, to promotion of relapse in chronic users. Paradigms investigating the suppression of actions have been investigated in animal and human research on drug addiction. Rodent research has focused largely on impulsive behaviors, often gauged by premature responding, as a viable model highlighting the relevant role of dopamine and other neurotransmitters primarily in the striatum. Human research on action inhibition in stimulant dependence has highlighted impaired performance and largely prefrontal cortical abnormalities as part of a broader pattern of cognitive abnormalities. Animal and human research implicate inhibitory difficulties mediated by fronto-striatal circuitry both preceding and as a result of excessive stimulus use. In this regard, response-inhibition has proven a useful cognitive function to gauge the integrity of fronto-striatal systems and their role in contributing to impulsive and compulsive features of drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Morein-Zamir
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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180
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van Kooten MJ, Veldhuizen MG, de Araujo IE, O'Malley SS, Small DM. Fatty acid amide supplementation decreases impulsivity in young adult heavy drinkers. Physiol Behav 2015; 155:131-40. [PMID: 26656766 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Compromised dopamine signaling in the striatum has been associated with the expression of impulsive behaviors in addiction, obesity and alcoholism. In rodents, intragastric infusion of the fatty acid amide oleoylethanolamide increases striatal extracellular dopamine levels via vagal afferent signaling. Here we tested whether supplementation with PhosphoLean™, a dietary supplement that contains the precursor of the fatty acid amide oleoylethanolamide (N-oleyl-phosphatidylethanolamine), would reduce impulsive responding and alcohol use in heavy drinking young adults. Twenty-two individuals were assigned to a three-week supplementation regimen with PhosphoLean™ or placebo. Impulsivity was assessed with self-report questionnaires and behavioral tasks pre- and post-supplementation. Although self-report measures of impulsivity did not change, supplementation with PhosphoLean™, but not placebo, significantly reduced false alarm rate on a Go/No-Go task. In addition, an association was found between improved sensitivity on the Go/No-Go task and reduced alcohol intake. These findings provide preliminary evidence that promoting fatty acid derived gut-brain dopamine communication may have therapeutic potential for reducing impulsivity in heavy drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J van Kooten
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; University of Groningen, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria G Veldhuizen
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ivan E de Araujo
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Dana M Small
- The John B Pierce Laboratory, 290 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; University of Cologne, Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 09235 Köln, Germany.
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181
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Jones A, Di Lemma LCG, Robinson E, Christiansen P, Nolan S, Tudur-Smith C, Field M. Inhibitory control training for appetitive behaviour change: A meta-analytic investigation of mechanisms of action and moderators of effectiveness. Appetite 2015; 97:16-28. [PMID: 26592707 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory control training (ICT) is a novel intervention in which participants learn to associate appetitive cues with inhibition of behaviour. We present a meta-analytic investigation of laboratory studies of ICT for appetitive behaviour change in which we investigate candidate mechanisms of action, individual differences that may moderate its effectiveness, and compare it to other psychological interventions. We conducted random-effects generic inverse variance meta-analysis on data from 14 articles (18 effect sizes in total). Participants who received ICT chose or consumed significantly less food or alcohol compared to control groups (SMD = 0.36, 95% CIs [0.24, 0.47]; Z = 6.18, p < .001; I(2) = 71%). Effect sizes were larger for motor (Go/No-Go and Stop Signal) compared to oculomotor (Antisaccade) ICT. The effects of ICT on behaviour were comparable to those produced by other psychological interventions, and effects of ICT on food intake were greater in participants who were attempting to restrict their food intake. The magnitude of the effect of ICT on behaviour was predicted by the proportion of successful inhibitions but was unrelated to the absolute number of trials in which appetitive cues were paired with the requirement to inhibit, or the contingency between appetitive cues and the requirement to inhibit. The effect of ICT on cue devaluation (primarily assessed with implicit association tests) was not statistically significant. Our analysis confirms the efficacy of ICT for short-term behaviour change in the laboratory, and we have demonstrated that its effectiveness may depend on pairings between appetitive cues and successful inhibition. We highlight the need for further research to translate these findings outside of the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jones
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Lisa C G Di Lemma
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Robinson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Christiansen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Nolan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catrin Tudur-Smith
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Field
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Hehar H, Yeates K, Kolb B, Esser MJ, Mychasiuk R. Impulsivity and Concussion in Juvenile Rats: Examining Molecular and Structural Aspects of the Frontostriatal Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139842. [PMID: 26448536 PMCID: PMC4598031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity and poor executive control have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Similarly, concussions/mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) have been associated with increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders and the development of impulsivity and inattention. Researchers and epidemiologists have therefore considered whether or not concussions induce symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or merely unmask impulsive tendencies that were already present. The purpose of this study was to determine if a single concussion in adolescence could induce ADHD-like impulsivity and impaired response inhibition, and subsequently determine if inherent impulsivity prior to a pediatric mTBI would exacerbate post-concussion symptomology with a specific emphasis on impulsive and inattentive behaviours. As these behaviours are believed to be associated with the frontostriatal circuit involving the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the expression patterns of 8 genes (Comt, Drd2, Drd3, Drd4, Maoa, Sert, Tph1, and Tph2) from these two regions were examined. In addition, Golgi-Cox staining of medium spiny neurons in the NAc provided a neuroanatomical examination of mTBI-induced structural changes. The study found that a single early brain injury could induce impulsivity and impairments in response inhibition that were more pronounced in males. Interestingly, when animals with inherent impulsivity experienced mTBI, injury-related deficits were exacerbated in female animals. The single concussion increased dendritic branching, but reduced synaptic density in the NAc, and these changes were likely associated with the increase in impulsivity. Finally, mTBI-induced impulsivity was associated with modifications to gene expression that differed dramatically from the gene expression pattern associated with inherent impulsivity, despite very similar behavioural phenotypes. Our findings suggest the need to tailor treatment strategies for mTBI in light of an individual's premorbid characteristics, given significant differences in molecular profiles of the frontostriatal circuits that depend upon sex and the etiology of the behavioural phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Hehar
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Keith Yeates
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, Canada
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Michael J. Esser
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail:
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183
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Towards a Better Understanding of Disordered Gambling: Efficacy of Animal Paradigms in Modelling Aspects of Gambling Behaviour. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-015-0065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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184
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From junior to senior Pinocchio: A cross-sectional lifespan investigation of deception. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 160:58-68. [PMID: 26182909 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first study to map deception across the entire lifespan. Specifically, we investigated age-related difference in lying proficiency and lying frequency. A large community sample (n = 1005) aged between 6 and 77 were surveyed on their lying frequency, and performed a reaction-time (RT) based deception task to assess their lying proficiency. Consistent with the inverted U-shaped pattern of age-related changes in inhibitory control that we observed in a stop signal task, we found that lying proficiency improved during childhood (in accuracy, not RTs), excelled in young adulthood (in accuracy and RTs), and worsened throughout adulthood (in accuracy and RTs). Likewise, lying frequency increased in childhood, peaked in adolescence, and decreased during adulthood. In sum, we observed important age-related difference in deception that generally fit with the U-shaped pattern of age-related changes observed in inhibitory control. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed from a cognitive view of deception.
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185
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Best M, Lawrence NS, Logan GD, McLaren IPL, Verbruggen F. Should I stop or should I go? The role of associations and expectancies. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2015; 42:115-37. [PMID: 26322688 PMCID: PMC4685931 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Following exposure to consistent stimulus-stop mappings, response inhibition can become automatized with practice. What is learned is less clear, even though this has important theoretical and practical implications. A recent analysis indicates that stimuli can become associated with a stop signal or with a stop goal. Furthermore, expectancy may play an important role. Previous studies that have used stop or no-go signals to manipulate stimulus-stop learning cannot distinguish between stimulus-signal and stimulus-goal associations, and expectancy has not been measured properly. In the present study, participants performed a task that combined features of the go/no-go task and the stop-signal task in which the stop-signal rule changed at the beginning of each block. The go and stop signals were superimposed over 40 task-irrelevant images. Our results show that participants can learn direct associations between images and the stop goal without mediation via the stop signal. Exposure to the image-stop associations influenced task performance during training, and expectancies measured following task completion or measured within the task. But, despite this, we found an effect of stimulus-stop learning on test performance only when the task increased the task-relevance of the images. This could indicate that the influence of stimulus-stop learning on go performance is strongly influenced by attention to both task-relevant and task-irrelevant stimulus features. More generally, our findings suggest a strong interplay between automatic and controlled processes.
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186
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Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conditions involving excessive eating (eg, obesity, binge/loss of control eating) are increasingly prevalent within pediatric populations, and correlational and some longitudinal studies have suggested inter-relationships between these disorders. In addition, a number of common neural correlates are emerging across conditions, eg, functional abnormalities within circuits subserving reward processing and executive functioning. To explore this potential cross-condition overlap in neurobehavioral underpinnings, we selectively review relevant functional neuroimaging literature, specifically focusing on studies probing (i) reward processing, (ii) response inhibition, and (iii) emotional processing and regulation, and we outline 3 specific shared neurobehavioral circuits. Based on our review, we also identify gaps within the literature that would benefit from further research.
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187
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Abramovitch A, Abramowitz JS, Mittelman A, Stark A, Ramsey K, Geller DA. Research Review: Neuropsychological test performance in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder--a meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56:837-47. [PMID: 25866081 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research into the neuropsychology of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) reveals inconsistent results, limiting the ability to draw conclusions about possible neurocognitive deficits in youth with OCD. The aim of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of the available literature. METHODS We identified 36 studies, of which 11 studies met inclusion criteria. Results were categorized into nine functional subdomains: planning, response inhibition/interference control, set shifting/cognitive flexibility, verbal memory, nonverbal memory, processing speed, working memory, visuospatial functions, and attention. For each domain, weighted pooled Hedges' g effect size was calculated using random model analyses. RESULTS Small effect sizes were found across all subdomains, none of which were found to be statistically significant. DISCUSSION Results indicate that youth with OCD do not exhibit noteworthy neuropsychological deficits. This is in line with recent suggestions that OCD may not be characterized by clinically meaningful neuropsychological impairments. However, the small number of available controlled studies highlights the urgent need for more neuropsychological research in this population, as well as for further exploration of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis in pediatric OCD. Finally, the relatively low persistence rates of OCD into adulthood should be taken under consideration, especially in the context of the putative neuropsychological performance differences between adult and pediatric OCD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitai Abramovitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan S Abramowitz
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Mittelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abigail Stark
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kesley Ramsey
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel A Geller
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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188
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Abramovitch A, Mittelman A, Tankersley AP, Abramowitz JS, Schweiger A. Neuropsychological investigations in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review of methodological challenges. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:112-20. [PMID: 25957648 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The inconsistent nature of the neuropsychology literature pertaining to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has long been recognized. However, individual studies, systematic reviews, and recent meta-analytic reviews were unsuccessful in establishing a consensus regarding a disorder-specific neuropsychological profile. In an attempt to identify methodological factors that may contribute to the inconsistency that is characteristic of this body of research, a systematic review of methodological factors in studies comparing OCD patients and non-psychiatric controls on neuropsychological tests was conducted. This review covered 115 studies that included nearly 3500 patients. Results revealed a range of methodological weaknesses. Some of these weaknesses have been previously noted in the broader neuropsychological literature, while some are more specific to psychiatric disorders, and to OCD. These methodological shortcomings have the potential to hinder the identification of a specific neuropsychological profile associated with OCD as well as to obscure the association between neurocognitive dysfunctions and contemporary neurobiological models. Rectifying these weaknesses may facilitate replicability, and promote our ability to extract cogent, meaningful, and more unified inferences regarding the neuropsychology of OCD. To that end, we present a set of methodological recommendations to facilitate future neuropsychology research in psychiatric disorders in general, and in OCD in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitai Abramovitch
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA.
| | - Andrew Mittelman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan S Abramowitz
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Avraham Schweiger
- Department of Psychology, The Academic College of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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189
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Darna M, Chow JJ, Yates JR, Charnigo RJ, Beckmann JS, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP. Role of serotonin transporter function in rat orbitofrontal cortex in impulsive choice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 293:134-42. [PMID: 26183652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity is a multi-faceted personality construct that plays a prominent role in drug abuse vulnerability. Dysregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) systems in subregions of the prefrontal cortex has been implicated in impulsivity. Extracellular 5-HT concentrations are regulated by 5-HT transporters (SERTs), indicating that these transporters may be important molecular targets underlying individual differences in impulsivity and drug abuse vulnerability. The present study evaluated the role of SERT in mediating individual differences in impulsivity. Rats were tested for both impulsive action using the cued go/no-go task and for impulsive choice using a delay discounting task in a counterbalanced design. Following behavioral evaluation, Km and Vmax were obtained from kinetic analysis of [(3)H]5-HT uptake by SERT using synaptosomes prepared from both orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) obtained from each individual rat. Vmax for SERT in OFC, but not mPFC, was negatively correlated with mean adjusted delay scores in the delay discounting task. In contrast, Vmax for SERT in OFC and mPFC was not correlated with performance in the cued go/no-go task. To further evaluate the relationship between SERT function and impulsive choice, a selective SERT inhibitor, fluoxetine (0, 15, 50 and 150pmol/side) was microinjected bilaterally into OFC and effects on the delay discounting task determined. Following stabilization of behavior, fluoxetine increased mean adjusted delay scores (decreased impulsivity) in high impulsive rats compared to saline microinjection, but had no effect in low impulsive rats. These ex vivo and in vivo results suggest that enhanced SERT function in OFC underlies high impulsive choice behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Darna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jonathan J Chow
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Justin R Yates
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
| | - Richard J Charnigo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joshua S Beckmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Dambacher F, Schuhmann T, Lobbestael J, Arntz A, Brugman S, Sack AT. No Effects of Bilateral tDCS over Inferior Frontal Gyrus on Response Inhibition and Aggression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132170. [PMID: 26161664 PMCID: PMC4498781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is defined as the capacity to adequately withdraw pre-planned responses. It has been shown that individuals with deficits in inhibiting pre-planned responses tend to display more aggressive behaviour. The prefrontal cortex is involved in both, response inhibition and aggression. While response inhibition is mostly associated with predominantly right prefrontal activity, the neural components underlying aggression seem to be left-lateralized. These differences in hemispheric dominance are conceptualized in cortical asymmetry theories on motivational direction, which assign avoidance motivation (relevant to inhibit responses) to the right and approach motivation (relevant for aggressive actions) to the left prefrontal cortex. The current study aimed to directly address the inverse relationship between response inhibition and aggression by assessing them within one experiment. Sixty-nine healthy participants underwent bilateral transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to the inferior frontal cortex. In one group we induced right-hemispheric fronto-cortical dominance by means of a combined right prefrontal anodal and left prefrontal cathodal tDCS montage. In a second group we induced left-hemispheric fronto-cortical dominance by means of a combined left prefrontal anodal and right prefrontal cathodal tDCS montage. A control group received sham stimulation. Response inhibition was assessed with a go/no-go task (GNGT) and aggression with the Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP). We revealed that participants with poorer performance in the GNGT displayed more aggression during the TAP. No effects of bilateral prefrontal tDCS on either response inhibition or aggression were observed. This is at odds with previous brain stimulation studies applying unilateral protocols. Our results failed to provide evidence in support of the prefrontal cortical asymmetry model in the domain of response inhibition and aggression. The absence of tDCS effects might also indicate that the methodological approach of shifting cortical asymmetry by means of bilateral tDCS protocols has failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Dambacher
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Teresa Schuhmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Lobbestael
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Brugman
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander T. Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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191
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Acheson A, Tagamets MA, Winkler A, Rowland LM, Mathias CW, Wright SN, Hong LE, Kochunov P, Dougherty DM. Striatal activity and reduced white matter increase frontal activity in youths with family histories of alcohol and other substance-use disorders performing a go/no-go task. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00352. [PMID: 26221573 PMCID: PMC4511289 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youths with a family history of alcohol and other drug use disorders (FH+) are at greater risk of developing substance-use disorders relative to those with no such family histories (FH-). We previously reported that FH+ youths have elevated activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) and dorsal striatum while performing go/no-go tasks and have reduced frontal white matter integrity. A better understanding of relationships between these variables would provide insight into how frontostriatal circuitry is altered in FH+ youths, which may be an important contributor to their elevated risk. METHODS In this study, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test interactions between activity in the SMA and dorsal striatum in 72 FH+ and 32 FH- youths during go/no-go task performance and to determine whether increased activity in these regions in FH+ youths can be at least partially explained by reduced frontal white matter integrity, as indexed by anterior corona radiata fractional anisotropy and N-acetylaspartate. RESULTS Increased dorsal striatum activity explained most (∽75%) of the elevated SMA activity in FH+ youths, and the combined contributions of increased dorsal striatal activity, and decreased white matter integrity fully explained the elevated SMA activity. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the elevated frontal cortical activity in FH+ youths is driven both by their increased striatal activity via downstream projections and reduced white matter integrity in frontal cortical projections, the latter likely increasing frontal cortical activity due to increased energy demands required for action potential propagation. As part of our ongoing longitudinal studies we will examine how these frontostriatal alterations relate to risk for developing substance-use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Acheson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Texas
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Texas
| | - Malle A Tagamets
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
| | - Anderson Winkler
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, Connecticut
| | - Laura M Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles W Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Texas
| | - Susan N Wright
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, Maryland
| | - Donald M Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, Texas
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192
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Striatal D1- and D2-type dopamine receptors are linked to motor response inhibition in human subjects. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5990-7. [PMID: 25878272 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4850-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor response inhibition is mediated by neural circuits involving dopaminergic transmission; however, the relative contributions of dopaminergic signaling via D1- and D2-type receptors are unclear. Although evidence supports dissociable contributions of D1- and D2-type receptors to response inhibition in rats and associations of D2-type receptors to response inhibition in humans, the relationship between D1-type receptors and response inhibition has not been evaluated in humans. Here, we tested whether individual differences in striatal D1- and D2-type receptors are related to response inhibition in human subjects, possibly in opposing ways. Thirty-one volunteers participated. Response inhibition was indexed by stop-signal reaction time on the stop-signal task and commission errors on the continuous performance task, and tested for association with striatal D1- and D2-type receptor availability [binding potential referred to nondisplaceable uptake (BPND)], measured using positron emission tomography with [(11)C]NNC-112 and [(18)F]fallypride, respectively. Stop-signal reaction time was negatively correlated with D1- and D2-type BPND in whole striatum, with significant relationships involving the dorsal striatum, but not the ventral striatum, and no significant correlations involving the continuous performance task. The results indicate that dopamine D1- and D2-type receptors are associated with response inhibition, and identify the dorsal striatum as an important locus of dopaminergic control in stopping. Moreover, the similar contribution of both receptor subtypes suggests the importance of a relative balance between phasic and tonic dopaminergic activity subserved by D1- and D2-type receptors, respectively, in support of response inhibition. The results also suggest that the stop-signal task and the continuous performance task use different neurochemical mechanisms subserving motor response inhibition.
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193
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Hughes LE, Rittman T, Regenthal R, Robbins TW, Rowe JB. Improving response inhibition systems in frontotemporal dementia with citalopram. Brain 2015; 138:1961-75. [PMID: 26001387 PMCID: PMC5412666 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Disinhibition is a cardinal feature of the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, presenting as impulsive and impetuous behaviours that are often difficult to manage. The options for symptomatic treatments are limited, but a potential target for therapy is the restoration of serotonergic function, which is both deficient in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and closely associated with inhibitory control. Based on preclinical studies and psychopharmacological interventions in other disorders, we predicted that inhibition would be associated with the right inferior frontal gyrus and dependent on serotonin. Using magnetoencephalography and electroencephalography of a Go-NoGo paradigm, we investigated the neural basis of behavioural disinhibition in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibition on the neural systems for response inhibition. In a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover design study, 12 patients received either a single 30 mg dose of citalopram or placebo. Twenty age-matched healthy controls underwent the same magnetoencephalography/electroencephalography protocol on one session without citalopram, providing normative data for this task. In the control group, successful NoGo trials evoked two established indices of successful response inhibition: the NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3. Both of these components were significantly attenuated by behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Cortical sources associated with successful inhibition in control subjects were identified in the right inferior frontal gyrus and anterior temporal lobe, which have been strongly associated with behavioural inhibition in imaging and lesion studies. These sources were impaired by behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. Critically, citalopram enhanced the NoGo-P3 signal in patients, relative to placebo treatment, and increased the evoked response in the right inferior frontal gyrus. Voxel-based morphometry confirmed significant atrophy of inferior frontal gyrus, alongside insular, orbitofrontal and temporal cortex in our patient cohort. Together, these data suggest that the dysfunctional prefrontal cortical systems underlying response inhibition deficits in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia can be partially restored by increasing serotonergic neurotransmission. The results support a translational neuroscience approach to impulsive neurological disorders and indicate the potential for symptomatic treatment of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia including serotonergic strategies to improve disinhibition.media-1vid110.1093/brain/awv133_video_abstractawv133_video_abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Hughes
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK 2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy Rittman
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- 3 Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- 4 Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK 5 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B Rowe
- 1 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK 2 Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK 5 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, UK
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194
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Ye Z, Altena E, Nombela C, Housden CR, Maxwell H, Rittman T, Huddleston C, Rae CL, Regenthal R, Sahakian BJ, Barker RA, Robbins TW, Rowe JB. Improving response inhibition in Parkinson's disease with atomoxetine. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:740-8. [PMID: 24655598 PMCID: PMC4384955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopaminergic drugs remain the mainstay of Parkinson's disease therapy but often fail to improve cognitive problems such as impulsivity. This may be due to the loss of other neurotransmitters, including noradrenaline, which is linked to impulsivity and response inhibition. We therefore examined the effect of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine on response inhibition in a stop-signal paradigm. METHODS This pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study used a double-blinded randomized crossover design with low-frequency inhibition trials distributed among frequent Go trials. Twenty-one patients received 40 mg atomoxetine or placebo. Control subjects were tested on no-drug. The effects of disease and drug on behavioral performance, regional brain activity, and functional connectivity were analyzed using general linear models. Anatomical connectivity was examined using diffusion-weighted imaging. RESULTS Patients with Parkinson's disease had longer stop-signal reaction times, less stop-related activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (RIFG), and weaker functional connectivity between the RIFG and striatum compared with control subjects. Atomoxetine enhanced stop-related RIFG activation in proportion to disease severity. Although there was no overall behavioral benefit from atomoxetine, analyses of individual differences revealed that enhanced response inhibition by atomoxetine was associated with increased RIFG activation and functional frontostriatal connectivity. Improved performance was more likely in patients with higher structural frontostriatal connectivity. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that enhanced prefrontal cortical activation and frontostriatal connectivity by atomoxetine may improve response inhibition in Parkinson's disease. These results point the way to new stratified clinical trials of atomoxetine to treat impulsivity in selected patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ye
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ellemarije Altena
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Nombela
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte R Housden
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridge Cognition Ltd, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute , University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Maxwell
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Rittman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chelan Huddleston
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L Rae
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Regenthal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara J Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James B Rowe
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Caswell AJ, Bond R, Duka T, Morgan MJ. Further evidence of the heterogeneous nature of impulsivity. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015; 76:68-74. [PMID: 25844002 PMCID: PMC4316178 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity is not a unitary construct and instead comprises dissociable subtypes. Reflection-impulsivity is a distinct and well-defined facet of impulsivity. Additional characterisations of motor-impulsivity are required. Several tasks purported to index impulsivity should be treated with caution. Researchers should employ multiple measures of types of impulsivity simultaneously.
‘Impulsivity’ refers to a range of behaviours including preference for immediate reward (temporal-impulsivity) and the tendency to make premature decisions (reflection-impulsivity) and responses (motor-impulsivity). The current study aimed to examine how different behavioural and self-report measurements of impulsivity can be categorised into distinct subtypes. Exploratory factor analysis using full information maximum likelihood was conducted on 10 behavioural and 1 self-report measure of impulsivity. Four factors of impulsivity were indicated, with Factor 1 having a high loading of the Stop Signal Task, which measures motor-impulsivity, factor 2 representing reflection-impulsivity with loadings of the Information Sampling Task and Matching Familiar Figures Task, factor 3 representing the Immediate Memory Task, and finally factor 4 which represents the Delay Discounting Questionnaire and The Monetary Choice Questionnaire, measurements of temporal-impulsivity. These findings indicated that impulsivity is not a unitary construct, and instead represents a series of independent subtypes. There was evidence of a distinct reflection-impulsivity factor, providing the first factor analysis support for this subtype. There was also support for additional factors of motor- and temporal-impulsivity. The present findings indicated that a number of currently accepted tasks cannot be considered as indexing motor- and temporal-impulsivity suggesting that additional characterisations of impulsivity may be required.
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Key Words
- BIS-11, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale
- DDT, Delay Discounting Task
- Factor analysis
- GNG, Go/NoGo Task
- Human
- IMT, Immediate Memory Task
- ISTfw, Information Sampling Task (fixed win condition)
- ISTrc, Information Sampling Task (reward conflict condition)
- Impulsivity
- Inhibitory control
- Laboratory measures
- MCQ, Monetary Choice Questionnaire
- MFF20, Matching Familiar Figures Task
- MI, motor-impulsivity
- Motor impulsivity
- RI, reflection-impulsivity
- Reflection impulsivity
- SKIP, Single Key Impulsivity Paradigm
- SST, Stop Signal Task
- TCIP, Two Choice Impulsivity Paradigm
- TI, temporal-impulsivity
- Temporal impulsivity
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Caswell
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, USA
- Corresponding author at: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Tel.: +1 (401) 863 6637.
| | - Rod Bond
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Theodora Duka
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Michael J. Morgan
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
- Norwegian Center for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Norway
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196
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Pattij T, Schoffelmeer AN. Serotonin and inhibitory response control: Focusing on the role of 5-HT1A receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 753:140-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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197
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Response inhibition and response monitoring in a saccadic double-step task in schizophrenia. Brain Cogn 2015; 95:90-8. [PMID: 25769133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive control impairments are linked to functional outcome in schizophrenia. The goal of the current study was to investigate precise abnormalities in two aspects of cognitive control: reactively changing a prepared response, and monitoring performance and adjusting behavior accordingly. We adapted an oculomotor task from neurophysiological studies of the cellular basis of cognitive control in nonhuman primates. METHODS 16 medicated outpatients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 18 demographically-matched healthy controls performed the modified double-step task. In this task, participants were required to make a saccade to a visual target. Infrequently, the target jumped to a new location and participants were instructed to rapidly inhibit and change their response. A race model provided an estimate of the time needed to cancel a planned movement. Response monitoring was assessed by measuring reaction time (RT) adjustments based on trial history. RESULTS SZ patients had normal visually-guided saccadic RTs but required more time to switch the response to the new target location. Additionally, the estimated latency of inhibition was longer in patients and related to employment. Finally, although both groups slowed down on trials that required inhibiting and changing a response, patients showed exaggerated performance-based adjustments in RTs, which was correlated with positive symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS SZ patients have impairments in rapidly inhibiting eye movements and show idiosyncratic response monitoring. These results are consistent with functional abnormalities in a network involving cortical oculomotor regions, the superior colliculus, and basal ganglia, as described in neurophysiological studies of non-human primates using an identical paradigm, and provide a translational bridge for understanding cognitive symptoms of SZ.
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198
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Fox H, Sofuoglu M, Sinha R. Guanfacine enhances inhibitory control and attentional shifting in early abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:312-23. [PMID: 25567555 PMCID: PMC4432477 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114562464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Attenuation of adrenergic drive and cognitive enhancement, via stimulation of alpha2 pre- and post-synaptic receptors, may selectively enhance executive performance in early abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals. As these cognitive processes underpin important treatment-related behaviors, the alpha2 agonist, guanfacine HCl, may represent an effective pharmaco-therapeutic intervention. METHODS Twenty-five early abstinent cocaine-dependent individuals were administered a battery of neurocognitive tasks on entry into treatment (baseline) and again following 3 weeks of either placebo or guanfacine treatment (up to 3 mg). Tasks included: Stop Signal, Stroop, 3-Dimentional Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional (IDED) task, Spatial Working Memory (SWM), Paired Associates Learning (PAL), Verbal Fluency and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). RESULTS Compared with placebo, the guanfacine group demonstrated attenuated anxiety and negative affect as well as improved performance on selective executive tests. This included fewer directional errors on the stop signal task, fewer errors on the extra-dimensional shift component of the IDED task and better attentional switching during verbal fluency. Guanfacine did not improve strategic working memory or peripheral memory. CONCLUSION Guanfacine improves selective cognitive processes which may underlie salient treatment-related regulatory behaviors. Alpha2 agonists may therefore represent important agents for cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Fox
- Department of Psychiatry, The Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mehmet Sofuoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rajita Sinha
- The Yale Stress Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
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Bari A, Dec A, Lee AW, Lee J, Song D, Dale E, Peterson J, Zorn S, Huang X, Campbell B, Robbins TW, West AR. Enhanced inhibitory control by neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor blockade in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:959-73. [PMID: 25194952 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system acts in synergy with the classic neurotransmitters to regulate a large variety of functions including autonomic, affective, and cognitive processes. Research on the effects of NPY in the central nervous system has focused on food intake control and affective processes, but growing evidence of NPY involvement in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other psychiatric conditions motivated the present study. OBJECTIVES We tested the effects of the novel and highly selective NPY Y5 receptor antagonist Lu AE00654 on impulsivity and the underlying cortico-striatal circuitry in rats to further explore the possible involvement of the NPY system in pathologies characterized by inattention and impulsive behavior. RESULTS A low dose of Lu AE00654 (0.03 mg/kg) selectively facilitated response inhibition as measured by the stop-signal task, whereas no effects were found at higher doses (0.3 and 3 mg/kg). Systemic administration of Lu AE00654 also enhanced the inhibitory influence of the dorsal frontal cortex on neurons in the caudate-putamen, this fronto-striatal circuitry being implicated in the executive control of behavior. Finally, by locally injecting a Y5 agonist, we observed reciprocal activation between dorsal frontal cortex and caudate-putamen neurons. Importantly, the effects of the Y5 agonist were attenuated by pretreatment with Lu AE00654, confirming the presence of Y5 binding sites modulating functional interactions within frontal-subcortical circuits. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the NPY system modulates inhibitory neurotransmission in brain areas important for impulse control, and may be relevant for the treatment of pathologies such as ADHD and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bari
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK,
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Cognitive control of gaze in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:254-62. [PMID: 25601802 PMCID: PMC4361560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare two components of executive functioning, response monitoring and inhibition, in bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SZ). The saccadic countermanding task is a translational paradigm optimized for detecting subtle abnormalities in response monitoring and response inhibition. We have previously reported countermanding performance abnormalities in SZ, but the degree to which these impairments are shared by other psychotic disorders is unknown. 18 BP, 17 SZ, and 16 demographically matched healthy controls (HC) participated in a saccadic countermanding task. Performance on the countermanding task is approximated as a race between movement generation and inhibition processes; this model provides an estimate of the time needed to cancel a planned movement. Response monitoring was assessed by the reaction time (RT) adjustments based on trial history. Like SZ patients, BP patients needed more time to cancel a planned movement. The two patient groups had equivalent inhibition efficiency. On trial history-based RT adjustments, however, we found a trend towards exaggerated trial history-based slowing in SZ compared to BP. Findings have implications for understanding the neurobiology of cognitive control, for defining the etiological overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and for developing pharmacological treatments of cognitive impairments.
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