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Anuncibay-Soto B, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Santos-Galdiano M, Font E, Regueiro-Purriños M, Fernández-López A. Post-ischemic salubrinal treatment results in a neuroprotective role in global cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2016; 138:295-306. [PMID: 27123756 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the neuroprotective effect of treatment with salubrinal 1 and 24 h following 15 min of ischemia in a two-vessel occlusion model of global cerebral ischemia. The purpose of this study was to determine if salubrinal, an enhancer of the unfolded protein response, reduces the neural damage modulating the inflammatory response. The study was performed in CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas as well as in the cerebral cortex whose different vulnerability to ischemic damage is widely described. Characterization of proteins was made by western blot, immunofluorescence, and ELISA, whereas mRNA levels were measured by Quantitative PCR. The salubrinal treatment decreased the cell demise in CA1 at 7 days as well as the levels of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9) in CA1 and cerebral cortex at 48 h and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 cell adhesion molecules. However, increases in tumor necrosis factor α and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) inflammatory markers were observed at 24 h. Glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were not modified by salubrinal treatment in CA1 and cerebral cortex. We describe a neuroprotective effect of the post-ischemic treatment with salubrinal, measured as a decrease both in CA1 cell demise and in the blood-brain barrier impairment. We hypothesize that the ability of salubrinal to counteract the CA1 cell demise is because of a reduced ability of this structure to elicit unfolded protein response which would account for its greater ischemic vulnerability. Data of both treated and non-treated animals suggest that the neurovascular unit present a structure-dependent response to ischemia and a different course time for CA1/cerebral cortex compared with CA3. Finally, our study reveals a high responsiveness of endothelial cells to salubrinal in contrast to the limited responsiveness of astrocytes. The alleviation of ER stress by enhancing UPR with salubrinal treatment reduces the ischemic damage. This effect varies across the different neurovascular unit cell types. The salubrinal neuroprotective effect on CA1 supports differences in neurovascular unit for different brain regions and involves the inflammatory response and its time course. Thus, UPR modulation could be a therapeutic target in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enrique Font
- Área Biología Celular, Instituto Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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García de la Cadena S, Massieu L. Caspases and their role in inflammation and ischemic neuronal death. Focus on caspase-12. Apoptosis 2016; 21:763-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1247-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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153
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Injury to the nervous system: A look into the ER. Brain Res 2016; 1648:617-625. [PMID: 27117870 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injury to the central or peripheral nervous systems leads to the loss of cognitive and/or sensorimotor capabilities that still lack an effective treatment. Although injury to the nervous system involves multiple and complex molecular factors, alteration to protein homeostasis is emerging as a relevant pathological mechanism. In particular, chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is proposed as a possible driver of neuronal dysfunction in conditions such as spinal cord injury, stroke and damage to peripheral nerves. Importantly, manipulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a homeostatic pathway engaged by ER stress, has proved effective in improving cognitive and motor recovery after nervous system injury. Here we provide an overview on recent findings depicting a functional role of the UPR to the functional recovery after injury in the peripheral and central nervous systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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154
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YiQiFuMai Powder Injection Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Neuronal Apoptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5493279. [PMID: 27087890 PMCID: PMC4818822 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5493279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
YiQiFuMai (YQFM) powder injection as a modern preparation derived from Sheng Mai San, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, its neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanism in cerebral ischemia remain to be explored. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of YQFM on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis in the permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion- (MCAO-) injured mice and the oxygen-glucose deprivation- (OGD-) induced pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The results showed that single administration of YQFM (1.342 g/kg, i.p.) could reduce the brain infarction and improve the neurological deficits and the cerebral blood flow (CBF) after MCAO for 24 h in mice. Moreover, incubation with YQFM (100, 200, and 400 μg/mL) could increase the cell viability, decrease the caspase-3 activity, and inhibit the cell apoptosis in OGD-induced PC12 cells for 12 h. In addition, YQFM treatment could significantly modulate cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expressions and inhibit the expressions of ER stress-related marker proteins and signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our findings provide the first evidence that YQFM ameliorates cerebral ischemic injury linked with modulating ER stress-related signaling pathways, which provided some new insights for its prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia diseases.
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Abstract
Postcardiac arrest syndrome yields poor neurological outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying this condition remain poorly understood. This study investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis is induced in injured brain after resuscitation. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 6 min of cardiac arrest (CA) and then resuscitated successfully. In the first experiment, animals were sacrificed 1, 3, 6, 12, or 24 h (n = 3 per group) after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Brain tissues were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. In the second experiment, either dimethyl sulfoxide or salubrinal (Sal; 1 mg/kg), an ER stress inhibitor, was injected 30 min before the induction of CA (n = 10 per group). Neurological deficits were evaluated 24 h after CA. Brain specimens were analyzed using electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays and immunohistochemistry. We found that the messenger RNA and protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, X-box binding protein 1, C/EBP homologous protein, and caspase 12 were significantly elevated after resuscitation. We also observed that rats treated with Sal exhibited an improved neurological deficit score (32.3 ± 15.5 in the Sal group vs. 49.8 ± 20.9 in controls, P < 0.05). In addition, morphological improvements in the hippocampal ER were observed in the Sal group compared with the dimethyl sulfoxide group 24 h after reperfusion. Furthermore, in situ immunostaining revealed that markers of ER stress were significantly inhibited by Sal pretreatment. Our findings suggested that ER stress and the associated apoptotic pathways were activated in the hippocampus after resuscitation. Administration of Sal 30 min before cardiopulmonary resuscitation ameliorated neurological dysfunction 24 h after CA, possibly through the inhibition of ER stress after postresuscitation brain injury.
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156
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Romero-Ramírez L, Nieto-Sampedro M, Barreda-Manso MA. All roads go to Salubrinal: endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuroprotection and glial scar formation. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1926-7. [PMID: 26889171 PMCID: PMC4730807 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.169619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Finca la Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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157
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Yan F, Cao S, Li J, Dixon B, Yu X, Chen J, Gu C, Lin W, Chen G. Pharmacological Inhibition of PERK Attenuates Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats Through the Activation of Akt. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1808-1817. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Guan S, Qu D, Wang L, Wang X, Li X, Zhou S, Zhou Y, Wang N, Meng J, Ma X. An Orally Active Allosteric GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Is Neuroprotective in Cellular and Rodent Models of Stroke. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148827. [PMID: 26863436 PMCID: PMC4749391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of stroke. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have been in clinical use for the treatment of diabetes and also been reported to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke. The quinoxaline 6,7-dichloro-2-methylsulfonyl-3-N-tert- butylaminoquinoxaline (DMB) is an agonist and allosteric modulator of the GLP-1R with the potential to increase the affinity of GLP-1 for its receptor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of DMB on transient focal cerebral ischemia. In cultured cortical neurons, DMB activated the GLP-1R, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels with an EC50 value about 100 fold that of exendin-4. Pretreatment of neurons with DMB protected against necrotic and apoptotic cell death was induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The neuroprotective effects of DMB were blocked by GLP-1R knockdown with shRNA but not by GLP-1R antagonism. In C57BL/6 mice, DMB was orally administered 30 min prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery. DMB markedly reduced the cerebral infarct size and neurological deficits caused by MCAO and reperfusion. The neuroprotective effects were mediated by activation of the GLP-1R through the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway. DMB exhibited anti-apoptotic effects by modulating Bcl-2 family members. These results provide evidence that DMB, a small molecular GLP-1R agonist, attenuates transient focal cerebral ischemia injury and inhibits neuronal apoptosis induced by MCAO. Taken together, these data suggest that DMB is a potential neuroprotective agent against cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yunhan Liu
- School of Nurse, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaoyu Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Di Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Preventative Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinshang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xubo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shimeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingru Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: . (XM); (JM)
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: . (XM); (JM)
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159
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Hsieh JT, Kuo KL, Liu SH, Shi CS, Chang HC, Lin WC, Chou CT, Hsu CH, Liao SM, Wang ZH, Li CC, Huang KH. Epigallocatechin Gallate Attenuates Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction-induced Bladder Injury via Suppression of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-related Apoptosis-In Vivo Study. Urology 2016; 91:242.e1-9. [PMID: 26820120 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea extract, on partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO)-induced bladder injury in a rat model. METHODS The female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham or BOO procedures, and were divided into several groups (sham with saline injection, sham with EGCG treatment, BOO with saline injection, and BOO with EGCG treatment). The rats in each group were randomized into 2 groups (48 hours and 30 days after the BOO procedure) for when their bladders were harvested. EGCG (4.5 mg/kg/day) and saline were administered via intraperitoneal injection after the BOO procedure during the study period. Bladder tissue was examined for inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptotic markers by Western blot, and histological staining. RESULTS BOO induced acute bladder injury (hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration) after 48 hours. In addition, cystometry showed a decrease in micturition pressure and intercontractile interval. We also observed increased expressions of cyclooxygenase-2, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase at 48 hours, as well as ER stress markers such as caspase-12 and CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). Treatment with EGCG significantly improved pBOO-induced histologic changes, bladder dysfunction, and the overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2, CHOP, and caspase-12 at 48 hours. Similarly, EGCG treatment for 30 days effectively recovered compliance and intercontractile interval, submucosal ER stress-related apoptosis (CHOP and caspase-12) at 30 days after pBOO. CONCLUSIONS EGCG alleviate pBOO-induced bladder injury and dysfunction via suppression of inflammation and ER stress-related apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Ton Hsieh
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Kuo
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Shi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tso Chou
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsun Hsu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Liao
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zuo-He Wang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Li
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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160
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Nakka VP, Prakash-Babu P, Vemuganti R. Crosstalk Between Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Oxidative Stress, and Autophagy: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Acute CNS Injuries. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:532-544. [PMID: 25482050 PMCID: PMC4461562 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces a variety of neuronal cell death pathways that play a critical role in the pathophysiology of stroke. ER stress occurs when unfolded/misfolded proteins accumulate and the folding capacity of ER chaperones exceeds the capacity of ER lumen to facilitate their disposal. As a consequence, a complex set of signaling pathways will be induced that transmit from ER to cytosol and nucleus to compensate damage and to restore the normal cellular homeostasis, collectively known as unfolded protein response (UPR). However, failure of UPR due to severe or prolonged stress leads to cell death. Following acute CNS injuries, chronic disturbances in protein folding and oxidative stress prolong ER stress leading to sustained ER dysfunction and neuronal cell death. While ER stress responses have been well studied after stroke, there is an emerging need to study the association of ER stress with other cell pathways that exacerbate neuronal death after an injury. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role for ER stress in acute brain injuries, highlighting the diverse molecular mechanisms associated with ER stress and its relation to oxidative stress and autophagy. We also discussed the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed to reduce ER stress to protect the CNS after acute injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Prasuja Nakka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash-Babu
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, School of Life sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA.
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161
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Anuncibay-Soto B, Santos-Galdiano M, Fernández-López A. Neuroprotection by salubrinal treatment in global cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:1744-1745. [PMID: 28123406 PMCID: PMC5204218 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.194711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Berta Anuncibay-Soto
- Area de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - María Santos-Galdiano
- Area de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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162
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Bickler P, Clark J, Gabatto P, Brosnan H. Hypoxic preconditioning and cell death from oxygen/glucose deprivation co-opt a subset of the unfolded protein response in hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 310:306-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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163
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Therapeutic window of globular adiponectin against cerebral ischemia in diabetic mice: the role of dynamic alteration of adiponectin/adiponectin receptor expression. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17310. [PMID: 26611106 PMCID: PMC4661424 DOI: 10.1038/srep17310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that adiponectin (APN) attenuates cerebral ischemic/reperfusion via globular adiponectin (gAD). However, the therapeutic role of gAD in cerebral ischemic injury in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains unclear. Our results showed that gAD improved neurological scores and reduced the infarct volumes in the 8-week T1DM (T1DM-8W) mice, but not in the 2-week T1DM (T1DM-2W) mice. Moreover, the ischemic penumbra APN levels increased and peaked in T1DM-2W mice, and reduced to normal in T1DM-8W mice, while the APN receptor 1 (AdipoR1) expression change was the opposite. Administration of rosiglitazone in T1DM-2W mice up-regulated the expression of AdipoR1 and restored the neuroprotection of gAD, while intracerebroventricular injection of AdipoR1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in T1DM-8W mice reversed it. Furthermore, the expression of p-PERK, p-IRE1 and GRP78 were increased whereas the expressions of CHOP and cleaved caspase-12 as well as the number of apoptotic neurons were decreased after gAD treatment in T1DM-8W mice. These beneficial effects of gAD were reversed by pretreatment with AdipoR1 siRNA. These results demonstrated a dynamic dysfunction of APN/AdipoR1 accompanying T1DM progression. Interventions bolstering AdipoR1 expression during early stages and gAD supplementation during advanced stages may potentially reduce the cerebral ischemic injury in diabetic patients.
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164
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Goswami P, Gupta S, Biswas J, Sharma S, Singh S. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Instigates the Rotenone Induced Oxidative Apoptotic Neuronal Death: a Study in Rat Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5384-400. [PMID: 26446018 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9463-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in rotenone-induced oxidative neuronal death in rat brain. Rotenone (6 μg/3 μl) was administered intranigrally, unilaterally (right side) in SD rat brain. Neuronal morphology, expression level of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers like glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α/eIF2α) and cleaved caspase-12 were estimated in the rat brain. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH) and enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd) were estimated to assess the rotenone induced oxidative stress. Apoptotic death of neurons was assessed by estimating the mRNA level of caspase-3. Rotenone administration caused altered neuronal morphology, decreased expression of TH, augmented ROS level, decreased level of GSH and decreased activities of GPx and GRd enzymes which were significantly attenuated with the pretreatment of ER stress inhibitor, salubrinal (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Significantly increased levels of GRP78, GADD, dephosphorylated eIF2α and cleaved caspase-12 was also observed after rotenone administration, which was inhibited with the pretreatment of salubrinal. Rotenone-induced increased mRNA level of caspase-3 was also attenuated by pretreatment of salubrinal. Findings suggested that salubrinal treatment significantly inhibited the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity implicating that ER stress initiates the rotenone-induced oxidative stress and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Goswami
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonam Gupta
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Joyshree Biswas
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Sharma
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Kwon SK, Ahn M, Song HJ, Kang SK, Jung SB, Harsha N, Jee S, Moon JY, Suh KS, Lee SD, Jeon BH, Kim DW, Kim CS. Nafamostat mesilate attenuates transient focal ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury via the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Brain Res 2015; 1627:12-20. [PMID: 26390938 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nafamostat mesilate (NM), a serine protease inhibitor, has a broad range of clinical applications that include use as an anticoagulant during hemodialysis in cerebral hemorrhage patients, as a hemoperfusion anticoagulant for patients with intravascular coagulation, hemorrhagic lesions, and hemorrhagic tendencies, and for the improvement of acute pancreatitis. However, the effects of NM on acute cerebral ischemia have yet to be investigated. Thus, the present study utilized a rat model in which transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was used to induce ischemic injury to investigate the effects of NM on infarct volume and histological and biological changes. NM (1mg/kg) was intravenously administered prior to and after the MCAO procedure. Compared to control rats, the administration of NM significantly decreased infarct size and the extent of brain edema after the induction of focal ischemia via MCAO. Additionally, NM treatment attenuated MCAO-induced neuronal degeneration and activation of microglia and astrocytes. NM treatment also inhibited the MCAO-induced expression levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), CATT/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), which are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, in the cerebral cortex. The present findings demonstrate that NM exerts neuroprotective effects in the brain following focal ischemia via, at least in part, the inhibition of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kwan Kwon
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsang Ahn
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Song
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Kwang Kang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Saet-Byel Jung
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Nagar Harsha
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungju Jee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 301-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sun Suh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Do Lee
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cuk-Seong Kim
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-747, Republic of Korea.
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Wang P, Zhang N, Liang J, Li J, Han S, Li J. Micro-RNA-30a regulates ischemia-induced cell death by targeting heat shock protein HSPA5 in primary cultured cortical neurons and mouse brain after stroke. J Neurosci Res 2015; 93:1756-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Liaoning Medical University; Jinzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy; Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liang
- Central Laboratory, Liaoning Medical University; Jinzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefei Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University; Beijing People's Republic of China
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167
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Abstract
The selective degradation of damaged or excessive mitochondria by autophagy is termed mitophagy. Mitophagy is crucial for mitochondrial quality control and has been implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders as well as in ischemic brain injury. Emerging evidence suggested that the role of mitophagy in cerebral ischemia may depend on different pathological processes. In particular, a neuroprotective role of mitophagy has been proposed, and the regulation of mitophagy seems to be important in cell survival. For these reasons, extensive investigations aimed to profile the mitophagy process and its underlying molecular mechanisms have been executed in recent years. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the mitophagy process and its role in cerebral ischemia, and focus on the pathological events and molecules that regulate mitophagy in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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168
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Activation of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels inhibits glutamate-induced oxidative stress through attenuating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:28-35. [PMID: 26163046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BK channels) are widely expressed throughout the vertebrate nervous system, and are involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability. Here, the neuroprotective effects of NS11021, a selective and chemically unrelated BK channel activator, and potential molecular mechanism involved have been studied in rat cortical neurons exposed to glutamate in vitro. Pretreatment with NS11021 significantly inhibited the loss of neuronal viability, LDH release and neuronal apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. All these protective effects were fully antagonized by the BK-channel inhibitor paxilline. NS11021-induced neuroprotection was associated with reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation and preserved activity of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, NS11021 significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium release and activation of ER stress markers, including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and caspase-12. Pretreatment with NS11021 also mitigated the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, cytochrome c release, and preserved mitochondrial Ca(2+) buffering capacity and ATP synthesis after glutamate exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of BK channels via NS11021 protects cortical neurons against glutamate-induced excitatory damage, which may be dependent on the inhibition of ER stress and preservation of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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169
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Wu R, Zhang QH, Lu YJ, Ren K, Yi GH. Involvement of the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway and XBP1s-dependent transcriptional reprogramming in metabolic diseases. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:6-18. [PMID: 25216212 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is not only an important component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), but also an important nuclear transcription factor. Upon endoplasmic reticulum stress, XBP1 is spliced by inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), thereby generating functional spliced XBP1 (XBP1s). XBP1s functions by translocating into the nucleus to initiate transcriptional programs that regulate a subset of UPR- and non-UPR-associated genes involved in the pathophysiological processes of various diseases. Recent reports have implicated XBP1 in metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the effects of XBP1-mediated regulation on lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, for the first time, we present XBP1s-dependent transcriptional reprogramming in metabolic diseases under different conditions, including pathology and physiology. Understanding the function of XBP1 in metabolic diseases may provide a basic knowledge for the development of novel therapeutic targets for ameliorating these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wu
- 1 Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, University of South China , Hengyang, China
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170
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Liu Q. Blocking IRES-mediated translation pathway as a new method to treat Alzheimer’s disease. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HYPOTHESES AND IDEAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmhi.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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171
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Tiwari HS, Tripathi AK, Mishra DP, Kalita J, Misra UK. A study of ER stress in rat model of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Neurosci Lett 2015; 589:121-5. [PMID: 25597289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare form of stroke. The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers is well documented in arterial stroke but has not been evaluated in venous stroke. The present study has been undertaken to investigate the role of ER stress in rodent model of CVST. For inducing CVST, a cranial window was made to expose superior sagittal sinus (SSS). A strip of filter paper soaked with 40% ferric chloride was applied on exposed cranial window while in sham operated control 0.9% saline was used. Clinical evaluations were done on day 1, 2, and 7 for neurological deficit. Rota rod test and brain infarction volume were also measured. Brain tissue was collected from infarcted portion for further analysis using real time polymerase chain reaction and western blot technique for ER stress markers. Augmented expression of ER stress markers and up regulation of apoptotic genes were found in infarcted tissue. These markers improved on day 7. It is concluded that ER markers are up regulated at an early stage of CVST and may be important in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Tiwari
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Amit Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- Department of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Jayantee Kalita
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India
| | - Usha Kant Misra
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareily Road, Lucknow, U.P. 226014, India.
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172
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Rubovitch V, Barak S, Rachmany L, Goldstein RB, Zilberstein Y, Pick CG. The Neuroprotective Effect of Salubrinal in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2015; 17:58-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-015-8340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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173
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Han Y, Yi W, Qin J, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Chang X. Carbon monoxide offers neuroprotection from hippocampal cell damage induced by recurrent febrile seizures through the PERK-activated ER stress pathway. Neurosci Lett 2015; 585:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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174
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Plays a Key Role in Rotenone-Induced Apoptotic Death of Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:285-298. [PMID: 25428620 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone, a pesticide, causes neurotoxicity via the mitochondrial complex-I inhibition. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in rotenone-induced neuronal death. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitrite level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and DNA damage were assessed in rotenone-treated neuro-2A cells. Protein levels of ER stress markers glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), and phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α (eIF2-α) were estimated to assess the ER stress. To confirm the apoptotic death of neurons, mRNA levels of caspase-9, caspase-12 and caspase-3 were estimated. Further, to confirm the involvement of ER stress, neuro-2A cells were pretreated with ER stress inhibitor salubrinal. Co-treatment of antioxidant melatonin was also given to assess the role of oxidative stress in rotenone-induced apoptosis. Rotenone (0.1, 0.5, and 1 μM) treatment to neurons caused significantly decreased cell viability, increased cytotoxicity, increased ROS generation, increased expression of GRP78 and GADD, DNA damage and activation of caspase-12 and caspase-3 which were significantly attenuated by pretreatment of salubrinal (25 μM). Rotenone-induced dephosphorylation of eIF2α was also inhibited with salubrinal treatment. However, pretreatment of salubrinal did not affect the rotenone-induced increased nitrite levels, decreased MMP and caspase-9 activation. Co-treatment of antioxidant melatonin (1 mM) did not offer attenuation against rotenone-induced increased expression of caspase-9, caspase-12 and caspase-3. In conclusion, results indicated that ER stress plays a key role in rotenone-induced neuronal death, rather than oxidative stress. Graphical Abstract Pictorial presentation showed the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitrite level, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase activation and DNA damage in neuronal cells after rotenone treatment. ER stress inhibitor-salubrinal showed significant attenuation against most of the rotenone-induced adverse effects reflecting its key involvement in rotenone-induced neuronal death.
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175
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular compartment that has a key function in protein translation and folding. Maintaining its integrity is of fundamental importance for organism's physiology and viability. The dynamic regulation of intraluminal ER Ca(2+) concentration directly influences the activity of ER-resident chaperones and stress response pathways that balance protein load and folding capacity. We review the emerging evidence that microRNAs play important roles in adjusting these processes to frequently changing intracellular and environmental conditions to modify ER Ca(2+) handling and storage and maintain ER homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Finger
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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176
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Lu TH, Su CC, Tang FC, Chen CH, Yen CC, Fang KM, Lee KI, Hung DZ, Chen YW. Chloroacetic acid triggers apoptosis in neuronal cells via a reactive oxygen species-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 225:1-12. [PMID: 25451595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chloroacetic acid (CA), a chlorinated analog of acetic acid and an environmental toxin that is more toxic than acetic, dichloroacetic, or trichloroacetic acids, is widely used in chemical industries. Furthermore, CA has been found to be the major disinfection by-products (DBPs) of drinking water. CA has been reported to be highly corrosive and to induce severe tissue injuries (including nervous system) that lead to death in mammals. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of CA-induced neurotoxicity remain unknown. In the present study, we found that CA (0.5-2.0 mM) significantly increased LDH release, decreased the number of viable cells (cytotoxicity) and induced apoptotic events (including: increases in the numbers of apoptotic cells, the membrane externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS), and caspase-3/-7 activity) in Neuro-2a cells. CA (1.5 mM; the approximate to LD50) also triggered ER stress, which was identified by monitoring several key molecules that are involved in the unfolded protein responses (including the increase in the expressions of p-PERK, p-IRE-1, p-eIF2α, ATF-4, ATF-6, CHOP, XBP-1, GRP 78, GRP 94, and caspase-12) and calpain activity. Transfection of GRP 78- and GRP 94-specific si-RNA effectively abrogated CA-induced cytotoxicity, caspase-3/-7 and caspase-12 activity, and GRP 78 and GRP 94 expression in Neuro-2a cells. Additionally, pretreatment with 2.5 mM N-acetylcysteine (NAC; a glutathione (GSH) precursor) dramatically suppressed the increase in lipid peroxidation, cytotoxicity, apoptotic events, calpain and caspase-12 activity, and ER stress-related molecules in CA-exposed cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the higher concentration of CA exerts its cytotoxic effects in neuronal cells by triggering apoptosis via a ROS-induced ER stress signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Hui Lu
- Department of Physiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Chuan Su
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao St., Changhua City, 500 Changhua County, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Cheng Tang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, No. 135 Nanxiao St., Changhua City, 500 Changhua County, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Chen
- Department of Emergency, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh-Der Rd., 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chieh Yen
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110 Section 1, Jian-Guo N. Rd., 402 Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No. 110 Section 1, Jian-Guo N. Rd., 402 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Min Fang
- Department of Physiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., 404 Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Sec. 2, Nanya S. Rd., Banciao Dist., New Taipei City 220, Taiwan.
| | - kuan-I Lee
- Department of Emergency, Taichung Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, No. 66 Section 1, Fongsing Rd., Tanzih Township, Taichung 427, Taiwan.
| | - Dong-Zong Hung
- Division of Toxicology, Trauma & Emergency Center, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2 Yuh-Der Rd., 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- Department of Physiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
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177
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Wang F, Zhang Y, He C, Wang T, Piao Q, Liu Q. Silencing the gene encoding C/EBP homologous protein lessens acute brain injury following ischemia/reperfusion. Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2432-8. [PMID: 25337093 PMCID: PMC4200717 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.31.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
C/EBP homologous protein, an important transcription factor during endoplasmic reticulum stress, participates in cell apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Previous studies have shown that C/EBP homologous protein mediates nerve injury during Alzheimer’s disease, subarachnoid hemorrhage and spinal cord trauma. In this study, we introduced C/EBP homologous protein short hairpin RNA into the brains of ischemia/reperfusion rat models via injection of lentiviral vector through the left lateral ventricle. Silencing C/EBP homologous protein gene expression significantly reduced cerebral infarction volume, decreased water content and tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β mRNA expression in brain tissues following infarction, diminished the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the infarct region, decreased caspase-3 protein content and increased Bcl-2 protein content. These results suggest that silencing C/EBP homologous protein lessens cell apoptosis and inflammatory reactions, thereby protecting nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengzhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunke He
- Department of Orthopedics, Jilin Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zibo First Hospital, Zibo 255200, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qiyan Piao
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of China National Petroleum Corporation in Jilin, Jilin 132021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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178
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Effects of PP1-12, a Novel Protein Phosphatase-1 Inhibitor, on Ventricular Function and Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction in Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 64:360-7. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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179
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Zhang X, Yuan Y, Jiang L, Zhang J, Gao J, Shen Z, Zheng Y, Deng T, Yan H, Li W, Hou WW, Lu J, Shen Y, Dai H, Hu WW, Zhang Z, Chen Z. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by tunicamycin and thapsigargin protects against transient ischemic brain injury: Involvement of PARK2-dependent mitophagy. Autophagy 2014; 10:1801-13. [PMID: 25126734 PMCID: PMC4198364 DOI: 10.4161/auto.32136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient cerebral ischemia leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the contributions of ER stress to cerebral ischemia are not clear. To address this issue, the ER stress activators tunicamycin (TM) and thapsigargin (TG) were administered to transient middle cerebral artery occluded (tMCAO) mice and oxygen-glucose deprivation-reperfusion (OGD-Rep.)-treated neurons. Both TM and TG showed significant protection against ischemia-induced brain injury, as revealed by reduced brain infarct volume and increased glucose uptake rate in ischemic tissue. In OGD-Rep.-treated neurons, 4-PBA, the ER stress releasing mechanism, counteracted the neuronal protection of TM and TG, which also supports a protective role of ER stress in transient brain ischemia. Knocking down the ER stress sensor Eif2s1, which is further activated by TM and TG, reduced the OGD-Rep.-induced neuronal cell death. In addition, both TM and TG prevented PARK2 loss, promoted its recruitment to mitochondria, and activated mitophagy during reperfusion after ischemia. The neuroprotection of TM and TG was reversed by autophagy inhibition (3-methyladenine and Atg7 knockdown) as well as Park2 silencing. The neuroprotection was also diminished in Park2(+/-) mice. Moreover, Eif2s1 and downstream Atf4 silencing reduced PARK2 expression, impaired mitophagy induction, and counteracted the neuroprotection. Taken together, the present investigation demonstrates that the ER stress induced by TM and TG protects against the transient ischemic brain injury. The PARK2-mediated mitophagy may be underlying the protection of ER stress. These findings may provide a new strategy to rescue ischemic brains by inducing mitophagy through ER stress activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Jieqiong Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanrong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Deng
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijing Yan
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenlu Li
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy; the Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hou
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxin Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; School of Life Sciences; Wenzhou Medical College; Wenzhou, China
| | - Haibing Dai
- Department of Pharmacy; the Second Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics; Central South University; Changsha, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, China
- Correspondence to: Zhong Chen,
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180
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de la Cadena SG, Hernández-Fonseca K, Camacho-Arroyo I, Massieu L. Glucose deprivation induces reticulum stress by the PERK pathway and caspase-7- and calpain-mediated caspase-12 activation. Apoptosis 2014; 19:414-27. [PMID: 24185830 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0930-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is the main energy source in brain and it is critical for correct brain functioning. Type 1 diabetic patients might suffer from severe hypoglycemia if exceeding insulin administration, which can lead to acute brain injury if not opportunely corrected. The mechanisms leading to hypoglycemic brain damage are not completely understood and the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has not been studied. ER stress resulting from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER is counteracted by the unfolded protein response (UPR). When the UPR is sustained, apoptotic death might take place. We have examined UPR activation during glucose deprivation (GD) in hippocampal cultured neurons and its role in the induction of apoptosis. Activation of the PERK pathway of the UPR was observed, as increased phosphorylation of eIF2α and elevated levels of the transcription factor ATF4, occurred 30 min after GD and the levels of the chaperone protein, GRP78 and the transcription factor CHOP, increased after 2 h of GD. In addition, we observed an early activation of caspase-7 and 12 during GD, while caspase-3 activity increased only transiently during glucose reintroduction. Inhibition of caspase-3/7 and the calcium-dependent protease, calpain, significantly decreased caspase-12 activity. The ER stress inhibitor, salubrinal prevented neuronal death and caspase-12 activity. Results suggest that the PERK pathway of the UPR is involved in GD-induced apoptotic neuronal death through the activation of caspase-12, rather than the mitochondrial-dependent caspase pathway. In addition, we show that calpain and caspase-7 are soon activated after GD and mediate caspase-12 activation and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene García de la Cadena
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70-253, Mexico, DF, 04510, Mexico
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181
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Zhu QL, Li YX, Zhou R, Ma NT, Chang RY, Wang TF, Zhang Y, Chen XP, Hao YJ, Jin SJ, Ma L, Du J, Sun T, Yu JQ. Neuroprotective effects of oxysophocarpine on neonatal rat primary cultured hippocampal neurons injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1052-1059. [PMID: 24601951 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.877039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Oxysophocarpine (OSC), a quinolizidine alkaloid extracted from leguminous plants of the genus Robinia, is traditionally used for various diseases including neuronal disorders. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the protective effects of OSC on neonatal rat primary-cultured hippocampal neurons were injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/RP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultured hippocampal neurons were exposed to OGD for 2 h followed by a 24 h RP. OSC (1, 2, and 5 μmol/L) and nimodipine (Nim) (12 μmol/L) were added to the culture after OGD but before RP. The cultures of the control group were not exposed to OGD/RP. MTT and LDH assay were used to evaluate the protective effects of OSC. The concentration of intracellular-free calcium [Ca(2+)]i and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were determined to evaluate the degree of neuronal damage. Morphologic changes of neurons following OGD/RP were observed with a microscope. The expression of caspase-3 and caspase-12 mRNA was examined by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS The IC50 of OSC was found to be 100 μmol/L. Treatment with OSC (1, 2, and 5 μmol/L) attenuated neuronal damage (p < 0.001), with evidence of increased cell viability (p < 0.001) and decreased cell morphologic impairment. Furthermore, OSC increased MMP (p < 0.001), but it inhibited [Ca(2+)]i (p < 0.001) elevation in a dose-dependent manner at OGD/RP. OSC (5 μmol/L) also decreased the expression of caspase-3 (p < 0.05) and caspase-12 (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The results suggested that OSC has significant neuroprotective effects that can be attributed to inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Luan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , China
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182
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Chaudhari N, Talwar P, Parimisetty A, Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C, Ravanan P. A molecular web: endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:213. [PMID: 25120434 PMCID: PMC4114208 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Execution of fundamental cellular functions demands regulated protein folding homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an active organelle existing to implement this function by folding and modifying secretory and membrane proteins. Loss of protein folding homeostasis is central to various diseases and budding evidences suggest ER stress as being a major contributor in the development or pathology of a diseased state besides other cellular stresses. The trigger for diseases may be diverse but, inflammation and/or ER stress may be basic mechanisms increasing the severity or complicating the condition of the disease. Chronic ER stress and activation of the unfolded-protein response (UPR) through endogenous or exogenous insults may result in impaired calcium and redox homeostasis, oxidative stress via protein overload thereby also influencing vital mitochondrial functions. Calcium released from the ER augments the production of mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Toxic accumulation of ROS within ER and mitochondria disturbs fundamental organelle functions. Sustained ER stress is known to potentially elicit inflammatory responses via UPR pathways. Additionally, ROS generated through inflammation or mitochondrial dysfunction could accelerate ER malfunction. Dysfunctional UPR pathways have been associated with a wide range of diseases including several neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, metabolic disorders, cancer, inflammatory disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and others. In this review, we have discussed the UPR signaling pathways, and networking between ER stress-induced inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial signaling events, which further induce or exacerbate ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Chaudhari
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University , Vellore , India
| | - Priti Talwar
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University , Vellore , India
| | - Avinash Parimisetty
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité, EA 41516, Plateforme CYROI, Université de La Réunion , Saint Denis de La Réunion , France
| | - Christian Lefebvre d'Hellencourt
- Groupe d'Etude sur l'Inflammation Chronique et l'Obésité, EA 41516, Plateforme CYROI, Université de La Réunion , Saint Denis de La Réunion , France
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Apoptosis and Cell Death Research Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University , Vellore , India
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183
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Remote ischemic postconditioning alleviates cerebral ischemic injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 5:692-700. [PMID: 25043802 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-014-0359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) has been proved to protect the brain from stroke, but the precise mechanism remains not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether RIPostC attenuates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by abating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. CHOP, a multifunctional transcription factor in ER stress, regulates the expression of genes related to apoptosis, such as Bim and Bcl-2. Male SD rats were subjected to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h followed by reperfusion, and RIPostC was induced by three cycles of 10 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion on bilateral femoral arteries immediately after ischemia. CHOP siRNA (CHOPi) and control siRNA (Coni) were injected into the right lateral ventricle 30 min before the beginning of ischemia. RIPostC, CHOPi, or RIPostC + CHOPi application reduced infarct volume, improved the neurological function, and decreased cell apoptosis. RIPostC increased the protein level of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and decreased the protein level of phosphorylated-EIF2α, caspase-12, and CHOP. Furthermore, the expression of CHOP, Bim and cleaved-caspase-3 was decreased, while Bcl-2 expression was increased in response to application of RIPostC, CHOPi, or RIPostC + CHOPi. In sum, RIPostC protects against ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in rats by attenuating ER stress response-induced apoptosis.
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184
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Wang L, Tang W, Jiang T, Lu P, Li Y, Sun A, Shen Y, Chen Y, Wang H, Zong Z, Wang Y, Chen L, Shen Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the neuroprotective effect of propofol. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1741-52. [PMID: 24962313 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is a common clinically used intravenous anaesthetic agent with antioxidative property. It has been thought to have neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in regulating the signaling pathways concerning cell death and survival. Therefore, we wondered whether the neuroprotective effects of propofol are associated with its regulation on ER stress. In this study, we found that propofol up-regulated BiP and attenuated tunicamycin-induced neural cell death. Propofol pretreatment also inhibited tunicamycin-induced up-regulation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). We also found that propofol or tunicamycin alone increased the levels of spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) and cleaved activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), an active form of ATF6. However, pretreatment with propofol attenuated the levels of phosphorylated protein kinase receptor-like ER kinase, phosphorylated elF2α, ATF4, and caspase-3, but failed to affect the increase of cleaved ATF6 and XBP1s, induced by tunicamycin. Knockdown endogenous BiP with siRNA abolished the suppression of propofol on tunicamycin-mediated activation of CHOP and caspase-3. Meanwhile, knockdown BiP attenuated the protective effects of propofol on the neural cells exposed to tunicamycin. These data suggest that ER stress is involved in the neuroprotection of propofol via differentially regulating the unfolded protein response pathway, in which BiP plays an important role in initiating the adaptive ER stress and inhibiting the apoptotic ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
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Otellin VA, Khozhai LI, Shishko TT. Reactions of neural elements of neocortex to action of hypoxia at the early neonatal period in rats. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093014020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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186
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Ma XD, Song JN, Zhang M, An JY, Zhao YL, Zhang BF. Advances in research of the neuroprotective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic postconditioning. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:161-9. [PMID: 24754439 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.917413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning refers to controlling reperfusion blood flow during reperfusion after ischemia, which can induce an endogenous neuroprotective effect and reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury. Activation of endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms plays a key role in protecting against brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanisms of cerebral ischemic postconditioning are not completely clear, and the following aspects may be involved: downregulation of oxidative stress, attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction, attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress, accelerating the elimination of glutamate, increasing rCBF, inhibiting apoptosis, inhibiting autophagy, and regulating signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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187
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Logsdon AF, Lucke-Wold BP, Rosen CL, Huber JD. Disparity among neural injury models and the unfolded protein response. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS & STROKE 2014; 2. [PMID: 27284579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress is activated following both stroke and traumatic brain injury producing reactive oxgygen species, increasing intracellular calcium levels, and inducing inflammation; however, the timing and duration of activation varies between injuries. Preventing the immediate effects of ischemic/reperfusion injury or traumatic brain injury is challenging due to short onset of injury, but mitigating the secondary effects is a therapeutically targetable option. Preventative therapies using pharmacological agents have been utilized in pre-clinical models of neural injury to ameliorate secondary effects such as apoptosis and neurodegeneration. The connection between ER stress activation, apoptosis, and subsequent neurodegeneration has been proposed, but not yet causally linked. Researchers are now pursuing effective treatment strategies to suppress the secondary effects of neural injury in order to mitigate the development of chronic deficits. Secondary effects such as endoplasimic reticulum stress and neuroinflammation can be prevented in pre-clinical models, but the results have yet to translate to meaningful treatment options for patients. Evidence suggests that targeting the right transcription factors, at the right time, will aid in the prevention of apoptosis and neurodegenerative disease development following neural injury. In this review, we examine therapeutic approaches that target secondary injury and how these may correlate to better treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric Flint Logsdon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, USA
| | | | | | - Jason Delwyn Huber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, USA
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188
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress in cerebral ischemia. Neurochem Int 2014; 68:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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189
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Wu X, Zhao H, Min L, Zhang C, Liu P, Luo Y. Effects of 2-Deoxyglucose on ischemic brain injuries in rats. Int J Neurosci 2014; 124:666-72. [PMID: 24274326 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.868807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) administration enhances tolerance and exerts neuroprotection against ischemic injury or oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-DG on ischemic brain injuries in rats and determined whether the effects are related to sublethal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. METHODS 2-DG was administered systemically 7 d before the rats were subjected to focal cerebral ischemia (2 h) followed by reperfusion. Neurological score and infarct volume were evaluated, and protein expression of ER molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and X-box protein-1 (XBP-1) was determined at different time points after reperfusion. RESULTS 2-DG pretreatment significantly decreased neurological scores after reperfusion for 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h, reduced infarct volume at 24 h after reperfusion compared to the corresponding control groups. ER molecular chaperone GRP78 and XBP-1 increased in 2-DG pretreatment group as compared to the control. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with 2-DG improves the neurological function after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Increased expression of ER chaperone GRP78 and activation of XBP-1 may contribute to the protective effect of 2-DG against brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Wu
- 1Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou , China
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190
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Restraint stress aggravates rat kidney injury caused by a crush injury through endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 75:798-806. [PMID: 24158197 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3182a685ff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to determine whether restraint stress aggravates kidney injury caused by a crush injury through endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). METHODS In this study, Sprague-Dawley rat restraint stress, crush injury, and stressful injury models consisting of restraint stress and crush injury were established. An ERS inhibitor, Salubrinal (Sal), was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes before induction of daily injury in the stressful injury group. At the end of the experimental procedures, plasma levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline, creatine phosphokinase, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were measured. Kidneys were harvested, and paraffin-embedded sections of kidney tissues were processed for hematoxylin-eosin staining and TUNEL assay to verify pathologic changes. Western blot was used to determine the protein levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein, caspase 12, caspase 3, and MCP-1 in kidney specimens. RESULTS Compared with crush injury, the most significant changes in kidney injury occurred in the stressful injury group, which was inhibited by Sal. The results suggested that restraint stress aggravates kidney injury caused by a crush injury, and the mechanism might involve ERS. Further study showed that double attacks induced a significant increase in the levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein, caspase 12, and caspase 3, which was inhibited by Sal. The same changes were observed using the TUNEL assay. Double attacks also induced an increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine, MCP-1, which was inhibited by Sal. CONCLUSION Apoptosis and inflammation induced by ERS are important mechanisms by which restraint stress aggravates kidney injury caused by a crush injury.
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191
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Logsdon AF, Turner RC, Lucke-Wold BP, Robson MJ, Naser ZJ, Smith KE, Matsumoto RR, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Altering endoplasmic reticulum stress in a model of blast-induced traumatic brain injury controls cellular fate and ameliorates neuropsychiatric symptoms. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:421. [PMID: 25540611 PMCID: PMC4261829 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal injury following blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) increases the risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, yet the pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis have all been implicated in bTBI. Microvessel compromise is a primary effect of bTBI and is postulated to cause subcellular secondary effects such as ER stress. What remains unclear is how these secondary effects progress to personality disorders in humans exposed to head trauma. To investigate this we exposed male rats to a clinically relevant bTBI model we have recently developed. The study examined initial BBB disruption using Evan's blue (EB), ER stress mechanisms, apoptosis and impulsive-like behavior measured with elevated plus maze (EPM). Large BBB openings were observed immediately following bTBI, and persisted for at least 6 h. Data showed increased mRNA abundance of stress response genes at 3 h, with subsequent increases in the ER stress markers C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 34 (GADD34) at 24 h. Caspase-12 and Caspase-3 were both cleaved at 24 h following bTBI. The ER stress inhibitor, salubrinal (SAL), was administered (1 mg/kg i.p.) to investigate its effects on neuronal injury and impulsive-like behavior associated with bTBI. SAL reduced CHOP protein expression, and diminished Caspase-3 cleavage, suggesting apoptosis attenuation. Interestingly, SAL also ameliorated impulsive-like behavior indicative of head trauma. These results suggest SAL plays a role in apoptosis regulation and the pathology of chronic disease. These observations provide evidence that bTBI involves ER stress and that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is a promising molecular target for the attenuation of neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aric Flint Logsdon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
| | - Ryan Coddington Turner
- Center for Neuroscience, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
| | - Brandon Peter Lucke-Wold
- Center for Neuroscience, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
| | - Matthew James Robson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Zachary James Naser
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
| | - Kelly Elizabeth Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
| | - Rae Reiko Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
- Dean’s Office, College of Pharmacy, Touro University CaliforniaVallejo, CA, USA
| | - Jason Delwyn Huber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia UniversityMorgantown, WV, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
| | - Charles Lee Rosen
- Center for Neuroscience, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, MorgantownWV, USA
- *Correspondence: Charles Lee Rosen, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, One Medical Center Drive, Suite 4300, Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506-9183, USA e-mail:
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Li S, Yang L, Selzer ME, Hu Y. Neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress in axon injury and neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol 2013; 74:768-77. [PMID: 23955583 PMCID: PMC3963272 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to central nervous system axons result not only in Wallerian degeneration of the axon distal to the injury, but also in death or atrophy of the axotomized neurons, depending on injury location and neuron type. No method of permanently avoiding these changes has been found, despite extensive knowledge concerning mechanisms of secondary neuronal injury. The autonomous endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in neurons has recently been implicated in retrograde neuronal degeneration. In addition to the emerging role of ER morphology in axon maintenance, we propose that ER stress is a common neuronal response to disturbances in axon integrity and a general mechanism for neurodegeneration. Thus, manipulation of the ER stress pathway could have important therapeutic implications for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Li
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Liu Y, Wang J, Qi SY, Ru LS, Ding C, Wang HJ, Zhao JS, Li JJ, Li AY, Wang DM. Reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress might alter the course of heart failure via caspase-12 and JNK pathways. Can J Cardiol 2013; 30:368-75. [PMID: 24565258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in mediating ischemic heart cell death. The aim of this study was to investigate whether manipulation of a key factor of the ER stress pathway, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit α (eIF2α), can change the natural history of heart failure (HF). METHODS HF was induced using coronary artery ligation in adult rats and a selective eIF2α dephosphorylation inhibitor, salubrinal (Sal), was used. Thirty minutes after ligation, rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: myocardial infarction (MI) plus placebo injections (dimethyl sulfoxide; n = 12), MI plus Sal injection (Sal; n = 12), and MI (HF; n = 12). Hemodynamic parameters were examined. Hearts were harvested for apoptosis assessment after 8 weeks of Sal treatment by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling and flow cytometric analysis. Hearts were harvested to determine ER chaperones by Western analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Cardiac function was significantly improved in Sal-treated rats. Apoptosis was reduced by Sal treatment. Glucose-regulated protein-78 and -94 were increased in HF but normalized by Sal treatment. HF caused a significant increase in eIF2α phosphorylation, which was further increased by Sal treatment, and caspase-12 and phospho-c-JUN NH2-terminal kinase were markedly increased in rats with HF alone but significantly reduced by Sal treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that reduction of ER stress and myocardial apoptosis through inhibition of eIF2α dephosphorylation might alter the natural history of HF, which might provide a new approach for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Hebei Traditional Chinese Medical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shu-Ying Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lei-Sheng Ru
- Department of Cardiology, Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chao Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing-Shan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Hebei Traditional Chinese Medical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ai-Ying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology of Hebei Province, Hebei Traditional Chinese Medical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peace Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Caldeira MV, Salazar IL, Curcio M, Canzoniero LMT, Duarte CB. Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in brain ischemia: friend or foe? Prog Neurobiol 2013; 112:50-69. [PMID: 24157661 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a catalytic machinery that targets numerous cellular proteins for degradation, thus being essential to control a wide range of basic cellular processes and cell survival. Degradation of intracellular proteins via the UPS is a tightly regulated process initiated by tagging a target protein with a specific ubiquitin chain. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to any change in protein composition, and therefore the UPS is a key regulator of neuronal physiology. Alterations in UPS activity may induce pathological responses, ultimately leading to neuronal cell death. Brain ischemia triggers a complex series of biochemical and molecular mechanisms, such as an inflammatory response, an exacerbated production of misfolded and oxidized proteins, due to oxidative stress, and the breakdown of cellular integrity mainly mediated by excitotoxic glutamatergic signaling. Brain ischemia also damages protein degradation pathways which, together with the overproduction of damaged proteins and consequent upregulation of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins, contribute to the accumulation of ubiquitin-containing proteinaceous deposits. Despite recent advances, the factors leading to deposition of such aggregates after cerebral ischemic injury remain poorly understood. This review discusses the current knowledge on the role of the UPS in brain function and the molecular mechanisms contributing to UPS dysfunction in brain ischemia with consequent accumulation of ubiquitin-containing proteins. Chemical inhibitors of the proteasome and small molecule inhibitors of deubiquitinating enzymes, which promote the degradation of proteins by the proteasome, were both shown to provide neuroprotection in brain ischemia, and this apparent contradiction is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida V Caldeira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivan L Salazar
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), Portugal
| | - Michele Curcio
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Carlos B Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Miura A, Kambe Y, Inoue K, Tatsukawa H, Kurihara T, Griffin M, Kojima S, Miyata A. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 receptor (PAC1) gene is suppressed by transglutaminase 2 activation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32720-32730. [PMID: 24045949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.452706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) functions as a neuroprotective factor through the PACAP type 1 receptor, PAC1. In a previous work, we demonstrated that nerve growth factor augmented PAC1 gene expression through the activation of Sp1 via the Ras/MAPK pathway. We also observed that PAC1 expression in Neuro2a cells was transiently suppressed during in vitro ischemic conditions, oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Because endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is induced by ischemia, we attempted to clarify how ER stress affects the expression of PAC1. Tunicamycin, which induces ER stress, significantly suppressed PAC1 gene expression, and salubrinal, a selective inhibitor of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase signaling pathway of ER stress, blocked the suppression. In luciferase reporter assay, we found that two Sp1 sites were involved in suppression of PAC1 gene expression due to tunicamycin or OGD. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated that OGD-induced transglutaminase 2 (TG2) expression was suppressed by salubrinal or cystamine, a TG activity inhibitor. Further, the OGD-induced accumulation of cross-linked Sp1 in nuclei was suppressed by cystamine or salubrinal. Together with cystamine, R283, TG2-specific inhibitor, and siRNA specific for TG2 also ameliorated OGD-induced attenuation of PAC1 gene expression. These results suggest that Sp1 cross-linking might be crucial in negative regulation of PAC1 gene expression due to TG2 in OGD-induced ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Miura
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yuki Kambe
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Inoue
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hideki Tatsukawa
- the Molecular Ligand Biology Research Team, Chemical Genomics Research Group, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Martin Griffin
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Soichi Kojima
- the Molecular Ligand Biology Research Team, Chemical Genomics Research Group, Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan,.
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196
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Hindle AG, Martin SL. Cytoskeletal regulation dominates temperature-sensitive proteomic changes of hibernation in forebrain of 13-lined ground squirrels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71627. [PMID: 23951209 PMCID: PMC3739743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
13-lined ground squirrels, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus, are obligate hibernators that transition annually between summer homeothermy and winter heterothermy – wherein they exploit episodic torpor bouts. Despite cerebral ischemia during torpor and rapid reperfusion during arousal, hibernator brains resist damage and the animals emerge neurologically intact each spring. We hypothesized that protein changes in the brain underlie winter neuroprotection. To identify candidate proteins, we applied a sensitive 2D gel electrophoresis method to quantify protein differences among forebrain extracts prepared from ground squirrels in two summer, four winter and fall transition states. Proteins that differed among groups were identified using LC-MS/MS. Only 84 protein spots varied significantly among the defined states of hibernation. Protein changes in the forebrain proteome fell largely into two reciprocal patterns with a strong body temperature dependence. The importance of body temperature was tested in animals from the fall; these fall animals use torpor sporadically with body temperatures mirroring ambient temperatures between 4 and 21°C as they navigate the transition between summer homeothermy and winter heterothermy. Unlike cold-torpid fall ground squirrels, warm-torpid individuals strongly resembled the homeotherms, indicating that the changes observed in torpid hibernators are defined by body temperature, not torpor per se. Metabolic enzymes were largely unchanged despite varied metabolic activity across annual and torpor-arousal cycles. Instead, the majority of the observed changes were cytoskeletal proteins and their regulators. While cytoskeletal structural proteins tended to differ seasonally, i.e., between summer homeothermy and winter heterothermy, their regulatory proteins were more strongly affected by body temperature. Changes in the abundance of various isoforms of the microtubule assembly and disassembly regulatory proteins dihydropyrimidinase-related protein and stathmin suggested mechanisms for rapid cytoskeletal reorganization on return to euthermy during torpor-arousal cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson G Hindle
- Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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197
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Srinivasan K, Sharma SS. Augmentation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with comorbid type 2 diabetes. Neurol Res 2013; 33:858-65. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132811y.0000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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198
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Llorente IL, Burgin TC, Pérez-Rodríguez D, Martínez-Villayandre B, Pérez-García CC, Fernández-López A. Unfolded protein response to global ischemia following 48 h of reperfusion in the rat brain: the effect of age and meloxicam. J Neurochem 2013; 127:701-10. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene L. Llorente
- Área de Biología Celular; Instituto de Biomedicina; Universidad de León; León Spain
| | - Taiana C. Burgin
- Área de Biología Celular; Instituto de Biomedicina; Universidad de León; León Spain
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199
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Liu W, Ding Y, Zhang X, Wang L. Bone marrow stromal cells inhibit caspase-12 expression in rats with spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:671-674. [PMID: 24137244 PMCID: PMC3786846 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the potentially beneficial effect of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) on spinal cord injury (SCI) are unknown. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the protective effect of BMSCs in rats with SCI. A total of 45 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups; the SCI group (n=15), the BMSC group (n=15) and the sham-operation group (n=15). In the SCI and BMSC treatment groups, a modified Allen’s weight-drop technique was used to induce SCI. The BMSC treatment group received an injection of BMSCs using a microneedle into the epicenter of the spinal cord 24 h after injury. Rats in the sham-operation group were not subjected to SCI; however, the corresponding vertebral laminae were removed. Seven days after transplantation, a rapid recovery was observed in the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores of the BMSC treatment group, whereas the BBB scores in the SCI group remained low (P<0.05). Caspase-12 expression in the SCI group was increased compared with that in the sham-operation group, whereas caspase-12 expression was attenuated 24 h after transplantation in the BMSC treatment group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the transplantation of BMSCs may improve locomotor function and attenuate caspase-12 expression following SCI. Therefore, it is likely to be an effective strategy for preventing severe injury of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, College of Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
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200
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Wang W, Kang J, Li H, Su J, Wu J, Xu Y, Yu H, Xiang X, Yi H, Lu Y, Sun L. Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in rat cortex by p62/ZIP through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signalling pathway after transient focal cerebral ischaemia. Brain Inj 2013; 27:924-33. [PMID: 23782269 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.793397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE p62/ZIP as the autophagy receptor can transport the misfolded proteins to a macroautophagy-lysosome system for degradation and also create a positive feedback loop between p62/ZIP and Nrf2. However, the role of p62/ZIP on cerebral ischaemia is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of p62/ZIP in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress induced by cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion. RESEARCH DESIGN Different ischemic periods were designed by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) using the suture method. METHODS AND PROCEDURES At 24 hours after reperfusion, the ischaemic brain tissue was studied histologically and biochemically for autophagic, ER stress and Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signalling pathway markers. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Prolongation of ischaemia significantly increased the cortical injury observed in rats and was associated with a gradual increase in the protein expression of ubiquitin-aggregates, Grp78, GADD153/CHOP and p62/ZIP. Autophagy marker Atg12-Atg5 and LC3-PE increased and then decreased. Moreover, p62/ZIP mRNA expression increased and then decreased and was consistent with Nrf2 activation. CONCLUSIONS p62/ZIP not only plays a key role in scavenging protein aggregates during autophagy, but it may also be involved in preventing oxidative injury and alleviating ER stress through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signalling pathway during cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin, China
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