151
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Extinction memory is facilitated by methylphenidate and regulated by dopamine and noradrenaline receptors. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:303-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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152
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Navarra RL, Clark BD, Gargiulo AT, Waterhouse BD. Methylphenidate Enhances Early-Stage Sensory Processing and Rodent Performance of a Visual Signal Detection Task. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1326-1337. [PMID: 27910862 PMCID: PMC5437885 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is used clinically to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and off-label as a performance-enhancing agent in healthy individuals. MPH enhances catecholamine transmission via blockade of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) reuptake transporters. However, it is not clear how this action affects neural circuits performing cognitive and sensorimotor functions driving performance enhancement. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) is the primary thalamic relay for visual information from the retina to the cortex and is densely innervated by NE-containing fibers from the locus coeruleus (LC), a pathway known to modulate state-dependent sensory processing. Here, MPH was evaluated for its potential to alter stimulus-driven sensory responses and behavioral outcomes during performance of a visual signal detection task. MPH enhanced activity within individual neurons, ensembles of neurons, and visually-evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to task light cues, while increasing coherence within theta and beta oscillatory frequency bands. MPH also improved reaction times to make correct responses, indicating more efficient behavioral performance. Improvements in reaction speed were highly correlated with faster VEP latencies. Finally, immunostaining revealed that catecholamine innervation of the dLGN is solely noradrenergic. This work suggests that MPH, acting via noradrenergic mechanisms, can substantially affect early-stage sensory signal processing and subsequent behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Navarra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian D Clark
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew T Gargiulo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barry D Waterhouse
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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153
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Devilbiss DM, Spencer RC, Berridge CW. Stress Degrades Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Coding of Goal-Directed Behavior. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2970-2983. [PMID: 27226444 PMCID: PMC6059199 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress, pervasive in modern society, impairs prefrontal cortex (PFC)-dependent cognitive processes, an action implicated in multiple psychopathologies and estimated to contribute to nearly half of all work place accidents. However, the neurophysiological bases for stress-related impairment of PFC-dependent function remain poorly understood. The current studies examined the effects of stress on PFC neural coding during a working memory task in rats. Stress suppressed responses of medial PFC (mPFC) neurons strongly tuned to a diversity of task events, including delay and outcome (reward, error). Stress-related impairment of task-related neuronal activity included multidimensional coding by PFC neurons, an action that significantly predicted cognitive impairment. Importantly, the effects of stress on PFC neuronal signaling were highly conditional on tuning strength: stress increased task-related activity in the larger population of PFC neurons weakly tuned to task events. Combined, stress elicits a profound collapse of task representations across the broader population of PFC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Devilbiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert C. Spencer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Craig W. Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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154
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Treatment effect of methylphenidate on intrinsic functional brain network in medication-naïve ADHD children: A multivariate analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2017; 12:518-531. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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155
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Rosenberg MD, Finn ES, Scheinost D, Constable RT, Chun MM. Characterizing Attention with Predictive Network Models. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:290-302. [PMID: 28238605 PMCID: PMC5366090 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent work shows that models based on functional connectivity in large-scale brain networks can predict individuals' attentional abilities. While being some of the first generalizable neuromarkers of cognitive function, these models also inform our basic understanding of attention, providing empirical evidence that: (i) attention is a network property of brain computation; (ii) the functional architecture that underlies attention can be measured while people are not engaged in any explicit task; and (iii) this architecture supports a general attentional ability that is common to several laboratory-based tasks and is impaired in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Looking ahead, connectivity-based predictive models of attention and other cognitive abilities and behaviors may potentially improve the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of clinical dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Rosenberg
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - E S Finn
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R T Constable
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M M Chun
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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156
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Venkataraman SS, Claussen C, Joseph M, Dafny N. Concomitant behavioral and PFC neuronal activity recorded following dose-response protocol of MPD in adult male rats. Brain Res Bull 2017; 130:125-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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157
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Robison LS, Michaelos M, Gandhi J, Fricke D, Miao E, Lam CY, Mauceri A, Vitale M, Lee J, Paeng S, Komatsu DE, Hadjiargyrou M, Thanos PK. Sex Differences in the Physiological and Behavioral Effects of Chronic Oral Methylphenidate Treatment in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:53. [PMID: 28400722 PMCID: PMC5368228 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MP) is a psychostimulant prescribed for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Previously, we developed a dual bottle 8-h-limited-access-drinking-paradigm for oral MP treatment of rats that mimics the pharmacokinetic profile of treated patients. This study assessed sex differences in response to this treatment. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to one of three treatment groups at 4 weeks of age (n = 12/group): Control (water), low dose (LD) MP, and high dose (HD) MP. Rats drank 4 mg/kg MP (LD) or 30 mg/kg MP (HD) during the first hour, and 10 mg/kg (LD) or 60 mg/kg MP (HD) for the remaining 7 h each day. Throughout 3 months of treatment, rats were monitored for body weight, food intake, and fluid intake; as well as tested for open field behavior, circadian activity, novel object recognition, and social interaction. Chronic MP treated rats exhibited reduced fluid intake during distinct treatment weeks to a greater extent in males, and reduced total fluid intake in males only. HD MP treatment decreased body weight in both sexes, while HD MP increased total food intake in females only, likely to offset energy deficits resulting from MP-induced hyperactivity. LD and HD MP increased locomotor activity in the open field, particularly in females and during later treatment weeks. MP dose-dependently increased activity during the dark cycle of circadian testing in females, while in males hyperactivity was only exhibited by HD rats. HD MP increased center activity to a greater extent in males, while MP increased rearing behavior in females only. MP had no effect on social behavior or novel object recognition in either sex. This study concludes that chronic oral MP treatment at clinically-relevant dosages has significant effects on food intake, body weight, open field behavior, and wake cycle activity. Particularly marked sex differences were apparent for locomotor activity, with females being significantly more sensitive to the hyperactivating effects of the drug. These findings suggest that chronic MP exposure beginning in adolescence can have significant behavioral effects that are both dose- and sex-dependent, and raise concerns regarding the reversibility of these effects post-discontinuation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Robison
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Jason Gandhi
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Dennis Fricke
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Erick Miao
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chiu-Yim Lam
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Mauceri
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Melissa Vitale
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Junho Lee
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Soyeh Paeng
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - David E Komatsu
- Department of Orthopedics, Stony Brook University Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael Hadjiargyrou
- Department of Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY, USA
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158
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Quansah E, Ruiz-Rodado V, Grootveld M, Probert F, Zetterström TSC. 1H NMR-based metabolomics reveals neurochemical alterations in the brain of adolescent rats following acute methylphenidate administration. Neurochem Int 2017; 108:109-120. [PMID: 28268188 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH) is increasingly used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While there is little evidence for common brain pathology in ADHD, some studies suggest a right hemisphere dysfunction among people diagnosed with the condition. However, in spite of the high usage of MPH in children and adolescents, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Given that MPH blocks the neuronal transporters for dopamine and noradrenaline, most research into the effects of MPH on the brain has largely focused on these two monoamine neurotransmitter systems. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated metabolic changes in the brain of ADHD patients, but the impact of MPH on endogenous brain metabolites remains unclear. In this study, a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR)-based metabolomics approach was employed to investigate the effects of MPH on brain biomolecules. Adolescent male Sprague Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with MPH (5.0 mg/kg) or saline (1.0 ml/kg), and cerebral extracts from the left and right hemispheres were analysed. A total of 22 variables (representing 13 distinct metabolites) were significantly increased in the MPH-treated samples relative to the saline-treated controls. The upregulated metabolites included: amino acid neurotransmitters such as GABA, glutamate and aspartate; large neutral amino acids (LNAA), including the aromatic amino acids (AAA) tyrosine and phenylalanine, both of which are involved in the metabolism of dopamine and noradrenaline; and metabolites associated with energy and cell membrane dynamics, such as creatine and myo-inositol. No significant differences in metabolite concentrations were found between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of the anti-ADHD drug MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Quansah
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Victor Ruiz-Rodado
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Martin Grootveld
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Fay Probert
- Department of Pharmacology, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Tyra S C Zetterström
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK.
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159
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Amodeo LR, Jacobs-Brichford E, McMurray MS, Roitman JD. Acute and long-term effects of adolescent methylphenidate on decision-making and dopamine receptor mRNA expression in the orbitofrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2017; 324:100-108. [PMID: 28212944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Though commonly used as a treatment for ADHD, the psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH) is also misused and abused in adolescence in both clinical and general populations. Although MPH acts via pathways activated by other drugs of abuse, the short- and long-term effects of MPH on reward processing in learning and decision-making are not clearly understood. We examined the effect of adolescent MPH treatment on a battery of reward-directed behaviors both in adolescence during its administration and in adulthood after its discontinuation. We further measured whether MPH had lasting effects on dopamine receptor mRNA expression in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) that may correspond with behavior. Long-Evans rats were injected with MPH (0, 1, 2.5, or 5mg/kg IP) twice daily from middle to late adolescence (PD38-57). During adolescence, the high dose of MPH reduced preference for large rewards in a Reward Magnitude Discrimination task, but did not affect preference for smaller-sooner rewards in a Delay Discounting task. In adulthood, after discontinuation of MPH, animals previously treated with the moderate dose of MPH showed improved acquisition, but not reversal, in a Reversal Learning task. MPH exposure did not increase preference for large-risky rewards in a Risk task in adulthood. We then quantified mRNA expression of D1, D2, and D3 receptors in the OFC using qPCR. MPH increased mRNA expression of dopamine D3 receptor subtype, but not D1 or D2. Overall, these results indicate that MPH has both immediate and lasting effects on reward-dependent learning and decisions, as well as dopaminergic function in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Amodeo
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Eliza Jacobs-Brichford
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Matthew S McMurray
- Department of Psychology, Miami University, 90 N Patterson Ave, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jamie D Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA; Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago,1007 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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160
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Zhu J, Fan F, McCarthy DM, Zhang L, Cannon EN, Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Bhide PG. A prenatal nicotine exposure mouse model of methylphenidate responsive ADHD‐associated cognitive phenotypes. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 58:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmin Zhu
- Center for Brain Repair and The Department of Biomedical SciencesFlorida State University College of MedicineTallahasseeFL32306United States
| | - Fangfang Fan
- Center for Brain Repair and The Department of Biomedical SciencesFlorida State University College of MedicineTallahasseeFL32306United States
| | - Deirdre M. McCarthy
- Center for Brain Repair and The Department of Biomedical SciencesFlorida State University College of MedicineTallahasseeFL32306United States
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center for Brain Repair and The Department of Biomedical SciencesFlorida State University College of MedicineTallahasseeFL32306United States
| | - Elisa N. Cannon
- Center for Brain Repair and The Department of Biomedical SciencesFlorida State University College of MedicineTallahasseeFL32306United States
| | - Thomas J. Spencer
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114United States
| | - Joseph Biederman
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of PsychiatryMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02114United States
| | - Pradeep G. Bhide
- Center for Brain Repair and The Department of Biomedical SciencesFlorida State University College of MedicineTallahasseeFL32306United States
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161
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Oral Administration of Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Affects Dopamine Release Differentially Between the Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum: A Microdialysis Study in the Monkey. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2387-2394. [PMID: 28154152 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2155-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH; trade name Ritalin) is a widely used drug for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is often used as a cognitive enhancer. Because MPH increases dopamine (DA) release by blocking the DA transporter in the human striatum, MPH is supposed to work on attention and cognition through a DA increase in the striatum. However, ADHD patients show impaired prefrontal cortex (PFC) function and MPH administration is associated with increased neural activity in the PFC. Although MPH is indicated to increase DA release in the rat PFC, there has been no study to examine MPH-induced DA changes in the human PFC because of technical difficulties associated with the low level of PFC DA receptors. Using the microdialysis technique, we examined the effects of oral administration of MPH on DA release in both the PFC and striatum in the monkey. We also tested the effect of MPH on cognitive task performance. As in human studies, in the striatum, both high and low doses of MPH induced consistent increases in DA release ∼30 min after their administrations. In the PFC, a consistent increase in DA release was observed 1 h after a high dose, but not low doses, of MPH. Low doses of MPH improved cognitive task performance, but a high dose of MPH made the monkey drowsy. Therefore, low-dose MPH-induced cognitive enhancement is supported by striatum DA increase.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Methylphenidate (MPH) is a widely used drug for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and is often used as a cognitive enhancer. Although human positron emission tomography studies suggest that MPH works on attention and cognition through dopamine (DA) changes in the striatum, there has been no study to examine MPH-induced DA changes in the human prefrontal cortex (PFC). Using the microdialysis technique in monkeys, we found, for the first time, that low doses of MPH consistently increased DA release in the striatum but did not in the PFC. Cognitive enhancement effects of low doses of MPH are supposed to be supported by the striatum DA increase.
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162
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Short- and Long-Term Effects of Methylphenidate on Cost-Benefit Decision Making in Adult Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-017-9629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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163
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Muñoz-Villegas P, Rodríguez VM, Giordano M, Juárez J. Risk-taking, locomotor activity and dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex in male rats treated prenatally with alcohol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 153:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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164
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Caballero-Puntiverio M, Fitzpatrick CM, Woldbye DP, Andreasen JT. Effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate on attentional performance and impulsivity in the mouse 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:272-283. [PMID: 28093027 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116684339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the effects of conventional attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication in the mouse 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), and rat studies have yielded inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the effects of acute methylphenidate (MPH) and amphetamine (AMPH) treatment in the mouse 5-CSRTT. METHODS Trained male C57Bl/6J mice were tested in a variable stimulus duration schedule. Effects of AMPH (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) and MPH (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) on discriminative accuracy, omissions, and premature responses were assessed. Saline treatment data determined high- and low-attentive (LA), and high- and low-impulsive (LI) subgroups according to the upper and lower 30th percentiles, respectively. RESULTS In the LA subgroup accuracy was improved by 0.5 mg/kg AMPH and 2 mg/kg MPH, while no effect was found in the high-attentive (HA) subgroup. Premature responses were increased by 1 mg/kg AMPH and 0.5 mg/kg MPH for all animals, and by 1 mg/kg AMPH for the LI subgroup. CONCLUSIONS The use of variable stimulus duration, along with the division into high- and LA, and high-and LI subgroups, may improve the sensitivity of the 5-CSRTT when investigating drug effects on attention and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Pd Woldbye
- 2 Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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165
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Urban KR, Li YC, Xing B, Gao WJ. A Clinically-Relevant Dose of Methylphenidate Enhances Synaptic Inhibition in the Juvenile Rat Prefrontal Cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:69-77. [PMID: 30221243 PMCID: PMC6136665 DOI: 10.17756/jrdsas.2016-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is perhaps the most commonly prescribed psychoactive substance for young children and adolescents; however, its effects on the immature brain are not well understood. MPH is increasingly abused by adolescents and prescriptions are being issued to increasingly younger children without rigorous psychological testing, raising the potential for misdiagnosis; it is therefore crucial to understand how this drug might impact a healthy, developing brain. Recently, we have shown that a clinically-relevant dose of MPH depresses the activity of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex of normal juvenile rats, but its effects on inhibitory synaptic transmission remain to be explored. We therefore recorded spontaneous (s), miniature (m), and evoked (e) inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in layer 5 pyramidal neurons in juvenile rat prefrontal cortex. We found a dose-dependent effect of MPH on sIPSC frequency but not amplitude, where 0.3 mg/kg significantly decreased frequency, but 1 mg/kg significantly increased frequency. Moreover, mIPSCs were not affected by either dose of MPH, whereas the amplitudes, as well as paired-pulse ratios and coefficient of variations of evoked IPSCs were significantly increased after MPH treatment, indicating a presynaptic action. Tonic GABA current was also not affected by MPH treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that MPH administration to a healthy juvenile may enhance excitation of GABAergic interneurons; thus shifting the excitation-inhibition balance in the prefrontal cortex towards inhibition, and depressing overall prefrontal cortical activity. Our findings also indicate that the adolescent brain is more sensitive to MPH than previously thought, and dose ranges need to be reconsidered for age as well as size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Urban
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA.,Department of General Anesthesia, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Bo Xing
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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166
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Benn A, Robinson ESJ. Differential roles for cortical versus sub-cortical noradrenaline and modulation of impulsivity in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:255-266. [PMID: 27744551 PMCID: PMC5203835 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Atomoxetine is a noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor licensed for the treatment of adult and childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Although atomoxetine has established efficacy, the mechanisms which mediate its effects are not well understood. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the role of cortical versus sub-cortical noradrenaline by using focal dopamine beta hydroxylase-saporin-induced lesions, to the prefrontal cortex (n = 16) or nucleus accumbens shell (n = 18). METHODS Healthy animals were tested by using the forced-choice serial reaction time task to assess the impact of the lesion on baseline performance and the response to atomoxetine and the psychostimulant amphetamine. RESULTS We observed attenuation in the efficacy of atomoxetine in animals with lesions to the nucleus accumbens shell, but not the prefrontal cortex. Amphetamine-induced increases in premature responses were potentiated in animals with lesions to the prefrontal cortex, but not the nucleus accumbens shell. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that noradrenaline in the nucleus accumbens shell plays an important role in the effects of atomoxetine. Under these conditions, prefrontal cortex noradrenaline did not appear to contribute to atomoxetine's effects suggesting a lack of cortical-mediated "top-down" modulation. Noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex appears to contribute to the modulation of impulsive responding in amphetamine-treated animals, with a loss of noradrenaline associated with potentiation of its effects. These data demonstrate a potential dissociation between cortical and sub-cortical noradrenergic mechanisms and impulse control in terms of the actions of atomoxetine and amphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Benn
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Emma S J Robinson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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167
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Cummins ED, Leedy KK, Dose JM, Peterson DJ, Kirby SL, Hernandez LJ, Brown RW. The effects of adolescent methylphenidate exposure on the behavioral and brain-derived neurotrophic factor response to nicotine. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:75-85. [PMID: 27940499 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116681458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the interaction of adolescent methylphenidate on the behavioral response to nicotine and the effects of these drug treatments on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were intraperitoneal administered 1 mg/kg methylphenidate or saline using a "school day" regimen (five days on, two days off) beginning on postnatal day (P)28 and throughout behavioral testing. In Experiment 1, animals were intraperitoneal administered 0.5 mg/kg (free base) nicotine or saline every second day for 10 days from P45-P63 and tested after a three-day drug washout on the forced swim stress task on P67-P68. Results revealed that adolescent methylphenidate blunted nicotine behavioral sensitization. However, methylphenidate-treated rats given saline during sensitization demonstrated decreased latency to immobility and increased immobility time on the forced swim stress task in males that was reduced by nicotine. In Experiment 2, a different set of animals were conditioned to nicotine (0.6 mg/kg free base) or saline using the conditioned place preference behavioral paradigm from P44-P51, and given a preference test on P52. On P53, the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus were analyzed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Methylphenidate enhanced nicotine-conditioned place preference in females and nicotine produced conditioned place preference in males and females pre-exposed to saline in adolescence. In addition, methylphenidate and nicotine increased nucleus accumbens brain-derived neurotrophic factor in females and methylphenidate enhanced hippocampus brain-derived neurotrophic factor in males and females. Methylphenidate adolescent exposure using a clinically relevant dose and regimen results in changes in the behavioral and brain-derived neurotrophic factor responses to nicotine in adolescence that are sex-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Cummins
- 1 Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Kristen K Leedy
- 1 Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - John M Dose
- 3 Department of Psychology, St Norbert College, De Pere, WI, USA
| | - Daniel J Peterson
- 1 Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Seth L Kirby
- 1 Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Liza J Hernandez
- 1 Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Russell W Brown
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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168
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Ritov G, Richter-Levin G. Pre-trauma Methylphenidate in rats reduces PTSD-like reactions one month later. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1000. [PMID: 28072410 PMCID: PMC5545737 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In basic research, the etiology of fear-related pathologies, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is conceptualized using fear-conditioning protocols that pair environmental stimuli (that is, a conditioned stimulus-CS) with an aversive, unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit an assessable conditioned fear response. Although pathophysiological models agree that regulatory dysfunctions in this associative process may instigate fear-related pathology, current opinions differ in regard to the nature of these dysfunctions. Primarily derived from studies in rodents, the prevailing perspective proposes that pathological fear-reactions develop from intensified and overly consolidated CS-US associations. Alternatively, models derived from studies in humans suggest that tempospatial inaccuracies in representations of associative fear might precipitate pathology by engendering failure to differentiate present experiences and past memories of threat. To test this concept in rodents, we administered rats with cognition enhancing doses of Methylphenidate before or after fear conditioning and measured long-term alterations in their conditioned fear behaviors and PTSD-like reactions. The administration of Methylphenidate before fear-memory formation indeed reduced anxious-like responses during fear-memory retrieval one month later. An individual profiling analysis revealed that Methylphenidate onset had opposing effects on the risk for PTSD-like classification. The modulation of initial learning and formation of associative fear normalized the risk for developing PTSD-like reaction. In contrast, when the effects of Methylphenidate were exerted only over later consolidation this risk increased markedly. When examined under current psychiatric and neuropharmacologic literature, these results reveal a possible strategy of using low-dose Methylphenidate for the prevention of PTSD in high risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ritov
- The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel E-mail:
| | - G Richter-Levin
- The Institute for the Study of Affective Neuroscience, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel,Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel. E-mail:
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169
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Gérardy R, Winter M, Vizza A, Monbaliu JCM. Assessing inter- and intramolecular continuous-flow strategies towards methylphenidate (Ritalin) hydrochloride. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00184j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of a scalable continuous-flow process towards enriched threo-methylphenidate (Ritalin) hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Gérardy
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
| | - Marc Winter
- Corning Reactor Technologies
- Corning SAS
- France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liège
- B-4000 Liège (Sart Tilman)
- Belgium
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170
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YAMAMOTOVÁ A, FRICOVÁ J, ROKYTA R, ŠLAMBEROVÁ R. The Effect of Combined Treatment of Opioids With Methylphenidate on Nociception in Rats and Pain in Human. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S567-S575. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH/Ritalin) is a stimulant used for off-label management of cancer-related fatigue and sedation; however, its use in pain treatment is still relatively rare. This study 1) compares the antinociceptive effect of MPH and its combination with morphine (MOR) in adult male Wistar rats after a single administration of MPH, MOR or their combination, and 2) compares the analgesic effects of opioids and Ritalin combined therapy with opioid monotherapy in patients with cancer pain. To objectively assess physical activity during a three-week monitoring period, patients were equipped with Actiwatch Score Actigraph. Patients performed daily evaluations of pain intensity and frequency, and the extent to which pain interfered with their daily life. Our research with rats supports the evidence that MPH in lower doses has the ability to enhance the analgesic properties of morphine when the two drugs are used in combination. Results from the patient arm of our study found that short-term treatment had no significant effect on intensity or frequency of pain, however it decreased the overall burden of pain; the combined treatment of opioid and Ritalin also showed anti-sedation effects and resulted in mild improvement in one of our patient’s quality of life.
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171
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Holroyd CB, Umemoto A. The research domain criteria framework: The case for anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:418-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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172
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Kharas N, Whitt H, Reyes-Vasquez C, Dafny N. Methylphenidate modulates dorsal raphe neuronal activity: Behavioral and neuronal recordings from adolescent rats. Brain Res Bull 2016; 128:48-57. [PMID: 27889580 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is a widely prescribed psychostimulants used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Unlike the psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamine, MPD does not exhibit direct actions on the serotonin transporter, however there is evidence suggesting that the therapeutic effects of MPD may be mediated in part by alterations in serotonin transmission. This study aimed to investigate the role of the dorsal raphe (DR) nucleus, one of the major sources of serotonergic innervation in the mammalian brain, in the response to MPD exposure. Freely behaving adolescent rats previously implanted bilaterally with permanent electrodes were used. An open field assay and a wireless neuronal recording system were used to concomitantly record behavioral and DR electrophysiological activity following acute and chronic MPD exposure. Four groups were used: one control (saline) and three experimental groups treated with 0.6, 2.5, and 10.0mg/kg MPD respectively. Animals received daily MPD or saline injections on experimental days 1-6, followed by 3 washout days and MPD rechallenge dose on experimental day (ED)10. The same chronic dose of MPD resulted in either behavioral sensitization or tolerance, and we found that neuronal activity recorded from the DR neuronal units of rats expressing behavioral sensitization to chronic MPD exposure responded significantly differently to MPD rechallenge on ED10 compared to the DR unit activity recorded from animals that expressed behavioral tolerance. This correlation between behavioral response and DR neuronal activity following chronic MPD exposure provides evidence that the DR is involved in the acute effects as well as the chronic effects of MPD in adolescent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kharas
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 7.208B, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Holly Whitt
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 7.208B, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cruz Reyes-Vasquez
- Departmento de Fisiologia Division de Investigacion Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nachum Dafny
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School at Houston, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 7.208B, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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173
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Schmitz F, Pierozan P, Rodrigues AF, Biasibetti H, Grings M, Zanotto B, Coelho DM, Vargas CR, Leipnitz G, Wyse ATS. Methylphenidate Decreases ATP Levels and Impairs Glutamate Uptake and Na +,K +-ATPase Activity in Juvenile Rat Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7796-7807. [PMID: 27844288 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of the long-term neurological consequences of early exposure with methylphenidate (MPH) is very important since this psychostimulant has been widely misused by children and adolescents who do not meet full diagnostic criteria for ADHD. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of early chronic exposure with MPH on amino acids profile, glutamatergic and Na+,K+-ATPase homeostasis, as well as redox and energy status in the hippocampus of juvenile rats. Wistar male rats received intraperitoneal injections of MPH (2.0 mg/kg) or saline solution (controls), once a day, from the 15th to the 45th day of age. Results showed that MPH altered amino acid profile in the hippocampus, decreasing glutamine levels. Glutamate uptake and Na+,K+-ATPase activity were decreased after chronic MPH exposure in the hippocampus of rats. No changes were observed in the immunocontents of glutamate transporters (GLAST and GLT-1), and catalytic subunits of Na+,K+-ATPase (α1, α2, and α3), as well as redox status. Moreover, MPH provoked a decrease in ATP levels in the hippocampus of chronically exposed rats, while citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, respiratory chain complexes activities (II, II-III, and IV), as well as mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential were not altered. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic MPH exposure at early age impairs glutamate uptake and Na+,K+-ATPase activity probably by decreasing in ATP levels observed in rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Schmitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Pierozan
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - André F Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Helena Biasibetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mateus Grings
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Zanotto
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniella M Coelho
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carmen R Vargas
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Metabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. .,Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
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174
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Lee BJ. Aripiprazole Treatment in a Patient with Schizophrenia and Severe Antipsychotic-Induced Parkinsonism Following Long-Term use of Methylphenidate: A Case Report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20150908025240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bong Ju Lee
- Inje University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Busan, Republic of Korea
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175
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Fallon SJ, van der Schaaf ME, Ter Huurne N, Cools R. The Neurocognitive Cost of Enhancing Cognition with Methylphenidate: Improved Distractor Resistance but Impaired Updating. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:652-663. [PMID: 27779907 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A balance has to be struck between supporting distractor-resistant representations in working memory and allowing those representations to be updated. Catecholamine, particularly dopamine, transmission has been proposed to modulate the balance between the stability and flexibility of working memory representations. However, it is unclear whether drugs that increase catecholamine transmission, such as methylphenidate, optimize this balance in a task-dependent manner or bias the system toward stability at the expense of flexibility (or vice versa). Here we demonstrate, using pharmacological fMRI, that methylphenidate improves the ability to resist distraction (cognitive stability) but impairs the ability to flexibly update items currently held in working memory (cognitive flexibility). These behavioral effects were accompanied by task-general effects in the striatum and opposite and task-specific effects on neural signal in the pFC. This suggests that methylphenidate exerts its cognitive enhancing and impairing effects through acting on the pFC, an effect likely associated with methylphenidate's action on the striatum. These findings highlight that methylphenidate acts as a double-edged sword, improving one cognitive function at the expense of another, while also elucidating the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying these paradoxical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean James Fallon
- Radboud University Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behavior.,University of Oxford
| | - Marieke E van der Schaaf
- Radboud University Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behavior.,Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
| | | | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University Donders Institute of Brain, Cognition, and Behavior.,Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre
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176
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Busardò FP, Kyriakou C, Cipolloni L, Zaami S, Frati P. From Clinical Application to Cognitive Enhancement: The Example of Methylphenidate. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:17-27. [PMID: 26813119 PMCID: PMC4787280 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150407225902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPD) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, which belongs to the phenethylamine group and is mainly used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). However, a growing number of young individuals misuse or abuse MPD to sustain attention, enhance intellectual capacity and increase memory. Recently, the use of MPD as a cognitive enhancement substance has received much attention and raised concerns in the literature and academic circles worldwide. The prescribing frequency of the drug has increased sharply as consequence of the more accurate diagnosis of the ADHD and the popularity of the drug itself due to its beneficial short-term effect. However, careful monitoring is required, because of possible abuse. In this review different aspects concerning the use of MPD have been approached. Data showing its abuse among college students are given, when the drug is prescribed short term beneficial effects and side effects are provided; moreover studies on animal-models suggesting long lasting negative effects on healthy brains are discussed. Finally, emphasis is given to the available formulations and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico-legal and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336 (00185) Rome, IT.
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177
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Cordery P, Peirce N, Maughan RJ, Watson P. Dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibition in women improves endurance exercise performance in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1221-1230. [PMID: 27739188 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamine reuptake inhibition improves the performance of male volunteers exercising in warm conditions, but sex differences in thermoregulation, circulating hormones, and central neurotransmission may alter this response. With local ethics committee approval, nine physically active women (mean ± SD age 21 ± 2 years; height 1.68 ± 0.08 m; body mass 64.1 ± 6.0 kg; VO2peak 51 ± 7 mL/kg/min) were recruited to examine the effect of pre-exercise administration of Bupropion (BUP; 4 × 150 mg) on prolonged exercise performance in a warm environment. Participants completed a VO2peak test, two familiarization trials, and two randomized, double-blind experimental trials. All trials took place during the first 10 days of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Participants cycled for 1 h at 60% VO2peak followed by a 30-min performance test. Total work done was greater during the BUP trial (291 ± 48 kJ) than the placebo trial (269 ± 46 kJ, P = 0.042, d = 0.497). At the end of the performance test, core temperature was higher on the BUP trial (39.5 ± 0.4 °C) than on the placebo trial (39.2 ± 0.6 °C, P = 0.021; d = 0.588), as was heart rate (185 ± 9 vs 179 ± 13, P = 0.043; d = 0.537). The results indicate that during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, an acute dosing protocol of BUP can improve self-regulated performance in warm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cordery
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - N Peirce
- England and Wales Cricket Board, National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - R J Maughan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - P Watson
- Department of Human Physiology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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178
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Shim SH, Yoon HJ, Bak J, Hahn SW, Kim YK. Clinical and neurobiological factors in the management of treatment refractory attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:237-44. [PMID: 27103462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent mental disorder of childhood, which often continues into adolescence and adulthood. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (MPH) and non-stimulants such as atomoxetine are effective medications for the treatment of ADHD. However, about 30% of patients do not respond to these medications. Pharmacological treatment for ADHD, although highly effective, is associated with marked variabilities in clinical response, optimal dosage needed and tolerability. This article provides an overview of up-to-date knowledge regarding the clinical and neurobiological factors which contribute to and help predict treatment-refractory ADHD. Pharmacogenetic, pharmacogenomics and neuroimaging studies are still controversial with respect to determining the associations between response to medication and genetic factors, thereby resulting in hypotheses that differences in the genetic factors and neuroimaging findings contribute to treatment outcome. Much research on the potential role of genotype in pharmacological effects has focused on the catecholaminergic gene related to executive functions. Many neuroimaging studies have also reported a relationship between treatment response and common patterns of brain structure or activity according to various genetic polymorphisms. When children, adolescents and adults with ADHD do not respond to MPH, we should consider additional pharmacological options, including other classes of psychostimulants, the nonstimulant atomoxetine, bupropion, tricyclic antidepressant, clonidine, guanfacine and lisdexamphetamine. Prudent choice of an appropriate medication and active engagement of children, parents, and teachers in daily management may help to ensure long-term adherence. Therefore, additional research might help to optimize the treatment of children, adolescents and adults with ADHD and to find new options for the treatment of patients who do not respond to stimulants and the other medications. Because these findings should be interpreted cautiously, further studies are needed to elucidate these issues more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hoon Shim
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Choongnam Province, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Seobuk Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongjae Bak
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Choongnam Province, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Kyunggi Province, South Korea.
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179
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Methylphenidate does not enhance visual working memory but benefits motivation in macaque monkeys. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:223-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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180
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Working Memory Impairing Actions of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Neurotransmission in the Prefrontal Cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2733-40. [PMID: 27272767 PMCID: PMC5026742 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulates cognitive processes critical for goal-directed behavior. PFC cognitive dysfunction is implicated in multiple psychopathologies, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although it has long been known that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF receptors are prominent in the PFC, the cognitive effects of CRF action within the PFC are poorly understood. The current studies examined whether CRF receptor activation in the PFC modulates cognitive function in rats as measured in a delayed response task of spatial working memory. CRF dose-dependently impaired working memory performance when administered either intracerebroventricularly (ICV) or directly into the PFC. The working memory actions of CRF in the PFC were topographically organized, with impairment observed only following CRF infusions into the caudal dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC). Additional studies examined whether endogenous CRF modulates working memory. Both ICV and intra-dmPFC administration of the nonselective CRF antagonist, D-Phe-CRF, dose-dependently improved working memory performance. To better assess the translational potential of CRF antagonists, we examined the cognitive effects of systemic administration of the CRF1 receptor selective antagonist, NBI 35965. Similar procognitive actions were observed in these studies. These results are the first to demonstrate that CRF acts in the PFC to regulate PFC-dependent cognition. Importantly, the ability of CRF antagonists to improve working memory is identical to that seen with all approved treatments for ADHD. These observations suggest that CRF antagonists may represent a novel approach for the treatment of ADHD and other disorders associated with dysregulated prefrontal cognitive function.
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181
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Modelling ADHD: A review of ADHD theories through their predictions for computational models of decision-making and reinforcement learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:633-656. [PMID: 27608958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by altered decision-making (DM) and reinforcement learning (RL), for which competing theories propose alternative explanations. Computational modelling contributes to understanding DM and RL by integrating behavioural and neurobiological findings, and could elucidate pathogenic mechanisms behind ADHD. This review of neurobiological theories of ADHD describes predictions for the effect of ADHD on DM and RL as described by the drift-diffusion model of DM (DDM) and a basic RL model. Empirical studies employing these models are also reviewed. While theories often agree on how ADHD should be reflected in model parameters, each theory implies a unique combination of predictions. Empirical studies agree with the theories' assumptions of a lowered DDM drift rate in ADHD, while findings are less conclusive for boundary separation. The few studies employing RL models support a lower choice sensitivity in ADHD, but not an altered learning rate. The discussion outlines research areas for further theoretical refinement in the ADHD field.
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182
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Lukkes JL, Freund N, Thompson BS, Meda S, Andersen SL. Preventative treatment in an animal model of ADHD: Behavioral and biochemical effects of methylphenidate and its interactions with ovarian hormones in female rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:1496-1506. [PMID: 27397110 PMCID: PMC5204118 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show that juvenile males that are exposed to methylphenidate (MPH) show reduced risk for substance use later in life. In contrast, little is known about whether females have the same enduring treatment response to stimulants and how gonadal hormones influence their behavior later in life. Females received either a sham or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) microinjection in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) at postnatal day (P)10. Subjects were then treated with Vehicle or MPH (2mg/kg, p.o.) between P20-35 and tested during late adolescence/young adulthood (P60); half of these subjects underwent ovariectomy at P55 to determine hormonal influences. Females with 6-OHDA were depleted of PFC dopamine by 61% and demonstrated increased impulsive choice (delayed discounting) and preferences for cocaine-associated environments relative to control females. Both MPH and ovariectomy reduced impulsive choice and cocaine preferences in 6-OHDA females, but had no enduring effect in Sham females. Ovariectomy itself did not significantly affect impulsivity. Juvenile MPH interacted strongly with 6-OHDA to increase D4, D5, Alpha-1A, Alpha-2A, and 5-HT-1A mRNA receptor expression in the PFC. MPH alone effected D1 mRNA, while 6-OHDA increased BDNF; all markers were decreased by ovariectomy. Together, these data suggest that 6-OHDA changes in dopamine are not only relevant for ADHD-like behaviors, but their long-term modulation by treatment and the influence of cyclical differences in menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Lukkes
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Nadja Freund
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Britta S Thompson
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, USA
| | - Shirisha Meda
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, USA
| | - Susan L Andersen
- Laboratory for Developmental Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, USA; Harvard Medical School, USA.
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183
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Turner KM, Burne THJ. Improvement of attention with amphetamine in low- and high-performing rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3383-94. [PMID: 27469022 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Attentional deficits occur in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychostimulants are one of the main treatments for attentional deficits, yet there are limited reports of procognitive effects of amphetamine in preclinical studies. Therefore, task development may be needed to improve predictive validity when measuring attention in rodents. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to use a modified signal detection task (SDT) to determine if and at what doses amphetamine could improve attention in rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on the SDT prior to amphetamine challenge (0.1, 0.25, 0.75 and 1.25 mg/kg). This dose range was predicted to enhance and disrupt cognition with the effect differing between individuals depending on baseline performance. RESULTS Acute low dose amphetamine (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg) improved accuracy, while the highest dose (1.25 mg/kg) significantly disrupted performance. The effects differed for low- and high-performing groups across these doses. The effect of amphetamine on accuracy was found to significantly correlate with baseline performance in rats. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that improvement in attentional performance with systemic amphetamine is dependent on baseline accuracy in rats. Indicative of the inverted U-shaped relationship between dopamine and cognition, there was a baseline-dependent shift in performance with increasing doses of amphetamine. The SDT may be a useful tool for investigating individual differences in attention and response to psychostimulants in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly M Turner
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas H J Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Richlands, QLD, 4077, Australia.
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184
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Pillidge K, Porter AJ, Young JW, Stanford SC. Perseveration by NK1R-/- ('knockout') mice is blunted by doses of methylphenidate that affect neither other aspects of their cognitive performance nor the behaviour of wild-type mice in the 5-Choice Continuous Performance Test. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:837-47. [PMID: 27097734 PMCID: PMC4994704 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116642541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The underlying cause(s) of abnormalities expressed by patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have yet to be delineated. One factor that has been associated with increased vulnerability to ADHD is polymorphism(s) of TACR1, which is the human equivalent of the rodent NK1 (substance P-preferring) receptor gene (Nk1r). We have reported previously that genetically altered mice, lacking functional NK1R (NK1R-/-), express locomotor hyperactivity, which was blunted by the first-line treatment for ADHD, methylphenidate. Here, we compared the effects of this psychostimulant (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on the behaviour of NK1R-/- mice and their wild types in the 5-Choice Continuous Performance Test, which emulates procedures used to study attention and response control in ADHD patients. Methylphenidate increased total trials (a measure of 'productivity') completed by wild types, but not by NK1R-/- mice. Conversely, this drug reduced perseveration by NK1R-/- mice, but not by wild types. Other drug-induced changes in key behaviours were not genotype dependent, especially at the highest dose: for example, % omissions (an index of inattentiveness) was increased, whereas % false alarms and % premature responses (measures of impulsivity) declined in both genotypes, indicating reduced overall response. These findings are discussed in the context of the efficacy of methylphenidate in the treatment of ADHD. Moreover, they lead to several testable proposals. First, methylphenidate does not improve attention in a subgroup of ADHD patients with a functional deficit of TACR1. Second, these patients do not express excessive false alarms when compared with other groups of subjects, but they do express excessive perseveration, which would be ameliorated by methylphenidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Pillidge
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley J Porter
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - S Clare Stanford
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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185
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Kovshoff H, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar JK, Carucci S, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Dittmann RW, Falissard B, Grimshaw DG, Hollis C, Inglis S, Konrad K, Liddle E, McCarthy S, Nagy P, Thompson M, Wong IC, Zuddas A, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Reports of Perceived Adverse Events of Stimulant Medication on Cognition, Motivation, and Mood: Qualitative Investigation and the Generation of Items for the Medication and Cognition Rating Scale. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2016; 26:537-47. [PMID: 27007169 PMCID: PMC4991592 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2015.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is no questionnaire to specifically monitor perceived adverse events of methylphenidate (MPH) on cognition, motivation, and mood. The current study therefore had two goals. First, to harvest accounts of such putative events from transcripts of interviews in samples enriched for such potential experiences. Second, to use the derived data to generate items for a new questionnaire that can be used for monitoring such events in medication trials or routine clinical care. METHODS Following a literature search aimed at identifying associations between MPH and cognition and/or motivation, a qualitative semistructured interview was designed to focus specifically on the domains of cognition (i.e., reasoning, depth/breadth of thinking, intellectual capacity, and creativity) and motivation (i.e., drive, effort, and attitudes toward rewards/incentives). Interviews were conducted with 45 participants drawn from the following four groups: (a) clinicians, child and adolescent psychiatrists, and pediatricians specializing in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 15); (2) teachers, with experience of teaching at least 10 medicated children with ADHD (n = 10); (3) parents of children with ADHD (n = 8) treated with MPH; and (4) adolescents/adults with ADHD (n = 12). Purposeful sampling was used to selectively recruit ADHD participants whose histories suggested a degree of vulnerability to MPH adverse events. Data were analyzed using a deductive approach to content analysis. RESULTS While we probed purposefully for cognitive and motivational adverse events, a third domain, related to mood, emerged from the reports. Therefore, three domains, each with a number of subdomains, were identified from the interview accounts: (i) Cognition (six subdomains; attention/concentration, changes in thinking, reduced creativity, sensory overload, memory, slower processing speed); (ii) motivation (four subdomains; loss of intrinsic motivation for goal-directed activities, external locus of control, lack of effort/engagement in daily tasks, increased focus on incentives); and (iii) mood (three subdomains; dampening of spontaneity/flat affect, mood dysregulation, increased anxiety/edginess). On the basis of these reports, 34 items were specified and incorporated into a prototype questionnaire, which was piloted and refined on the basis of field-testing. CONCLUSIONS Items were identified that capture potential/perceived cognitive, motivational, and mood-related adverse events of MPH. The items generated will allow us to further develop and psychometrically examine their prevalence, and the extent to which they are associated with medication adherence, treatment outcome, impairment, and other reported adverse events (e.g., loss of appetite/cardiovascular effects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kovshoff
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience & Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Carucci
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari,Italy
| | - David Coghill
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Departments of Paediatrics and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina Danckaerts
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Psychiatry, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ralf W. Dittmann
- Paediatric Psychopharmacology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Falissard
- INSERM U1178, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Descartes, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Chris Hollis
- Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Inglis
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- Clinical Child Neuropsychology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM3), Research Centre Juelich, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Liddle
- Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Nagy
- Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Margaret Thompson
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian C.K. Wong
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Alessandro Zuddas
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari,Italy
| | - Edmund J.S. Sonuga-Barke
- Academic Unit of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Clinical & Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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186
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Wolff N, Rubia K, Knopf H, Hölling H, Martini J, Ehrlich S, Roessner V. Reduced pain perception in children and adolescents with ADHD is normalized by methylphenidate. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2016; 10:24. [PMID: 27453723 PMCID: PMC4957360 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-016-0112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examined pain perception in children and adolescents with ADHD and the interaction between pain perception and the administration of methylphenidate (MPH) in order to generate hypotheses for further research that will help to clarify the association between ADHD diagnosis, MPH treatment and pain perception. METHODS We included 260 children and adolescents of the "German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents" (KiGGS) and analyzed parent's assessments of children's pain distribution and pain perception, as well as the influence of MPH administration on pain perception in affected children and adolescents. RESULTS Pain perception was associated with ADHD and MPH administration, indicating that children and adolescents suffering from ADHD without MPH treatment were reported to have lower pain perception compared to both, healthy controls (HC) and ADHD patients medicated with MPH. CONCLUSION We suggest that reduced pain perception in children and adolescents with ADHD not medicated with MPH may lead to higher risk tolerance by misjudgments of dangerous situations, expanding the importance of MPH administration in affected children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wolff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Hildtraud Knopf
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Hölling
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Martini
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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187
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Premature responding is associated with approach to a food cue in male and female heterogeneous stock rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2593-605. [PMID: 27146401 PMCID: PMC5025873 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Disorders of behavioral regulation, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and drug addiction, are in part due to poor inhibitory control, attentional deficits, and hyper-responsivity to reward-associated cues. OBJECTIVES To determine whether these traits are related, we tested genetically variable male and female heterogeneous stock rats in the choice reaction time (CRT) task and Pavlovian conditioned approach (PavCA). Sex differences in the response to methylphenidate during the CRT were also assessed. METHODS In the CRT task, rats were required to withhold responding until one of two lights indicated whether responses into a left or right port would be reinforced with water. Reaction time on correct trials and premature responses were the operational definitions of attention and response inhibition, respectively. Rats were also pretreated with oral methylphenidate (0, 2, 4 mg/kg) during the CRT task to determine whether this drug would improve performance. Subsequently, during PavCA, presentation of an illuminated lever predicted the delivery of a food pellet into a food-cup. Lever-directed approach (sign-tracking) and food-cup approach (goal-tracking) were the primary measures, and rats were categorized as "sign-trackers" and "goal-trackers" using an index based on these measures. RESULTS Sign-trackers made more premature responses than goal-trackers but showed no differences in reaction time. There were sex differences in both tasks, with females having higher sign-tracking, completing more CRT trials, and making more premature responses after methylphenidate administration. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that response inhibition is related to reward-cue responsivity, suggesting that these traits are influenced by common genetic factors.
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188
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Bock J, Breuer S, Poeggel G, Braun K. Early life stress induces attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behavioral and brain metabolic dysfunctions: functional imaging of methylphenidate treatment in a novel rodent model. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:765-780. [PMID: 27306789 PMCID: PMC5334429 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In a novel animal model Octodon degus we tested the hypothesis that, in addition to genetic predisposition, early life stress (ELS) contributes to the etiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-like behavioral symptoms and the associated brain functional deficits. Since previous neurochemical observations revealed that early life stress impairs dopaminergic functions, we predicted that these symptoms can be normalized by treatment with methylphenidate. In line with our hypothesis, the behavioral analysis revealed that repeated ELS induced locomotor hyperactivity and reduced attention towards an emotionally relevant acoustic stimulus. Functional imaging using (14C)-2-fluoro-deoxyglucose-autoradiography revealed that the behavioral symptoms are paralleled by metabolic hypoactivity of prefrontal, mesolimbic and subcortical brain areas. Finally, the pharmacological intervention provided further evidence that the behavioral and metabolic dysfunctions are due to impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission. Elevating dopamine in ELS animals by methylphenidate normalized locomotor hyperactivity and attention-deficit and ameliorated brain metabolic hypoactivity in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bock
- Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Breuer
- Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Poeggel
- Institute for Biology, Human Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Braun
- Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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189
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Yaoita F. Animal Models for Elucidation of the Mechanisms of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Induced by Sleep and Dietary Habits. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2016; 136:895-904. [PMID: 27252067 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous changes in human lifestyle in modern life increase the risk of disease. Especially, modern sleep and dietary habits are crucial factors affecting lifestyle disease. In terms of sleep, decreases in total sleep time and in rapid eye movement sleep time have been observed in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients. From a dietary perspective, mastication during eating has several good effects on systemic, mental, and physical functions of the body. However, few animal experiments have addressed the influence of this decline in sleep duration or of long-term powdered diet feeding on parameters reflecting systemic health. In our studies, we examined both the influence of intermittent sleep deprivation (SD) treatment and long-term powdered diet feeding on emotional behavior in mice, and focused on the mechanisms underlying these impaired behaviors. Our findings were as follows: SD treatment induced hypernoradrenergic and hypodopaminergic states within the frontal cortex. Furthermore, hyperactivity and an explosive number of jumps were observed. Both the hypernoradrenergic state and the jumps were improved by treatment with ADHD therapeutic drugs. On the other hand, long-term powdered diet feeding increased social interaction behaviors. The feeding affected the dopaminergic function of the frontal cortex. In addition, the long-term powdered diet fed mice presented systemic illness signs, such as elevations of blood glucose, and hypertension. This review, describing the SD mice and long-term powdered diet fed mice can be a useful model for elucidation of the mechanism of neuropsychiatric disorders or the discovery of new therapeutic targets in combatting effects of the modern lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukie Yaoita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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190
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Jenkins PO, Mehta MA, Sharp DJ. Catecholamines and cognition after traumatic brain injury. Brain 2016; 139:2345-71. [PMID: 27256296 PMCID: PMC4995357 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive problems are one of the main causes of ongoing disability after traumatic brain injury. The heterogeneity of the injuries sustained and the variability of the resulting cognitive deficits makes treating these problems difficult. Identifying the underlying pathology allows a targeted treatment approach aimed at cognitive enhancement. For example, damage to neuromodulatory neurotransmitter systems is common after traumatic brain injury and is an important cause of cognitive impairment. Here, we discuss the evidence implicating disruption of the catecholamines (dopamine and noradrenaline) and review the efficacy of catecholaminergic drugs in treating post-traumatic brain injury cognitive impairments. The response to these therapies is often variable, a likely consequence of the heterogeneous patterns of injury as well as a non-linear relationship between catecholamine levels and cognitive functions. This individual variability means that measuring the structure and function of a person’s catecholaminergic systems is likely to allow more refined therapy. Advanced structural and molecular imaging techniques offer the potential to identify disruption to the catecholaminergic systems and to provide a direct measure of catecholamine levels. In addition, measures of structural and functional connectivity can be used to identify common patterns of injury and to measure the functioning of brain ‘networks’ that are important for normal cognitive functioning. As the catecholamine systems modulate these cognitive networks, these measures could potentially be used to stratify treatment selection and monitor response to treatment in a more sophisticated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Jenkins
- 1 The Division of Brain Sciences, The Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Mitul A Mehta
- 2 Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - David J Sharp
- 1 The Division of Brain Sciences, The Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
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191
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Genetically determined differences in noradrenergic function: The spontaneously hypertensive rat model. Brain Res 2016; 1641:291-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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192
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Jawinski P, Tegelkamp S, Sander C, Häntzsch M, Huang J, Mauche N, Scholz M, Spada J, Ulke C, Burkhardt R, Reif A, Hegerl U, Hensch T. Time to wake up: No impact of COMT Val158Met gene variation on circadian preferences, arousal regulation and sleep. Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:893-905. [PMID: 27148829 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1178275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine has been implicated in the regulation of sleep-wake states and the circadian rhythm. However, there is no consensus on the impact of two established dopaminergic gene variants: the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met (COMT Val158Met; rs4680) and the dopamine D4 receptor Exon III variable-number-of-tandem-repeat polymorphism (DRD4 VNTR). Pursuing a multi-method approach, we examined their potential effects on circadian preferences, arousal regulation and sleep. Subjects underwent a 7-day actigraphy assessment (SenseWear Pro3), a 20-minute resting EEG (analyzed using VIGALL 2.0) and a body mass index (BMI) assessment. Further, they completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The sample comprised 4625 subjects (19-82 years) genotyped for COMT Val158Met, and 689 elderly subjects (64-82 years) genotyped for DRD4 VNTR. The number of subjects varied across phenotypes. Power calculations revealed a minimum required phenotypic variance explained by genotype ranging between 0.5% and 1.5% for COMT Val158Met and between 3.3% and 6.0% for DRD4 VNTR. Analyses did not reveal significant genotype effects on MEQ, ESS, PSQI, BMI, actigraphy and EEG variables. Additionally, we found no compelling evidence in sex- and age-stratified subsamples. Few associations surpassed the threshold of nominal significance (p < .05), providing some indication for a link between DRD4 VNTR and daytime sleepiness. Taken together, in light of the statistical power obtained in the present study, our data particularly suggest no impact of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism on circadian preferences, arousal regulation and sleep. The suggestive link between DRD4 VNTR and daytime sleepiness, on the other hand, might be worth investigation in a sample enriched with younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jawinski
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Sophie Tegelkamp
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christian Sander
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Madlen Häntzsch
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,d Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , University Hospital Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Jue Huang
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Nicole Mauche
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,e Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Janek Spada
- b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Christine Ulke
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,d Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics , University Hospital Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- f Department of Psychiatry , Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,c Depression Research Center of the German Depression Foundation , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Tilman Hensch
- a LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany.,b Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , University of Leipzig , Leipzig , Germany
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Ni HC, Hwang Gu SL, Lin HY, Lin YJ, Yang LK, Huang HC, Gau SSF. Atomoxetine could improve intra-individual variability in drug-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comparably with methylphenidate: A head-to-head randomized clinical trial. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:459-67. [PMID: 26905919 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116632377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intra-individual variability in reaction time (IIV-RT) is common in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It can be improved by stimulants. However, the effects of atomoxetine on IIV-RT are inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the effects of atomoxetine on IIV-RT, and directly compared its efficacy with methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. METHODS An 8-10 week, open-label, head-to-head, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 52 drug-naïve adults with ADHD, who were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: immediate-release methylphenidate (n=26) thrice daily (10-20 mg per dose) and atomoxetine once daily (n=26) (0.5-1.2 mg/kg/day). IIV-RT, derived from the Conners' continuous performance test (CCPT), was represented by the Gaussian (reaction time standard error, RTSE) and ex-Gaussian models (sigma and tau). Other neuropsychological functions, including response errors and mean of reaction time, were also measured. Participants received CCPT assessments at baseline and week 8-10 (60.4±6.3 days). RESULTS We found comparable improvements in performances of CCPT between the immediate-release methylphenidate- and atomoxetine-treated groups. Both medications significantly improved IIV-RT in terms of reducing tau values with comparable efficacy. In addition, both medications significantly improved inhibitory control by reducing commission errors. CONCLUSION Our results provide evidence to support that atomoxetine could improve IIV-RT and inhibitory control, of comparable efficacy with immediate-release methylphenidate, in drug-naïve adults with ADHD. Shared and unique mechanisms underpinning these medication effects on IIV-RT awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chang Ni
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Shoou-Lian Hwang Gu
- Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yuan Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Taoyaun Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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194
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Aher YD, Subramaniyan S, Shanmugasundaram B, Sase A, Saroja SR, Holy M, Höger H, Beryozkina T, Sitte HH, Leban JJ, Lubec G. A Novel Heterocyclic Compound CE-104 Enhances Spatial Working Memory in the Radial Arm Maze in Rats and Modulates the Dopaminergic System. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:20. [PMID: 26941626 PMCID: PMC4761905 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various psychostimulants targeting monoamine neurotransmitter transporters (MATs) have been shown to rescue cognition in patients with neurological disorders and improve cognitive abilities in healthy subjects at low doses. Here, we examined the effects upon cognition of a chemically synthesized novel MAT inhibiting compound 2-(benzhydrylsulfinylmethyl)-4-methylthiazole (named as CE-104). The efficacy of CE-104 in blocking MAT [dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and norepinephrine transporter] was determined using in vitro neurotransmitter uptake assay. The effect of the drug at low doses (1 and 10 mg/kg) on spatial memory was studied in male rats in the radial arm maze (RAM). Furthermore, the dopamine receptor and transporter complex levels of frontal cortex (FC) tissue of trained and untrained animals treated either with the drug or vehicle were quantified on blue native PAGE (BN-PAGE). The drug inhibited dopamine (IC50: 27.88 μM) and norepinephrine uptake (IC50: 160.40 μM), but had a negligible effect on SERT. In the RAM, both drug-dose groups improved spatial working memory during the performance phase of RAM as compared to vehicle. BN-PAGE Western blot quantification of dopamine receptor and transporter complexes revealed that D1, D2, D3, and DAT complexes were modulated due to training and by drug effects. The drug’s ability to block DAT and its influence on DAT and receptor complex levels in the FC is proposed as a possible mechanism for the observed learning and memory enhancement in the RAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh D Aher
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Ajinkya Sase
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marion Holy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna Himberg, Austria
| | | | - Harald H Sitte
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann J Leban
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
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195
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Robinson AM, Buttolph T, Green JT, Bucci DJ. Physical exercise affects attentional orienting behavior through noradrenergic mechanisms. Behav Neurosci 2016; 129:361-7. [PMID: 26030434 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), a commonly used animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, exhibit little habituation of the orienting response to repeated presentations of a nonreinforced visual stimulus. However, SHRs that have access to a running wheel for 5, 10, or 21 days exhibit robust habituation that is indistinguishable from normo-active rats. Two days of exercise, in comparison, is not sufficient to affect habituation. Here we tested the hypothesis that the effect of exercise on orienting behavior in SHRs is mediated by changes in noradrenergic function. In Experiment 1, we found that 5, 10, or 21 days of access to a running wheel, but not 2 days, significantly reduced levels of the norepinephrine transporter in medial prefrontal cortex. In Experiment 2, we tested for a causal relationship between changes in noradrenergic function and orienting behavior by blocking noradrenergic receptors during exercise. Rats that received propranolol (beta adrenergic/noradrenergic receptor blocker) during 10 days of exercise failed to exhibit an exercise-induced reduction in orienting behavior. The results inform a growing literature regarding the effects of exercise on behavior and the potential use of exercise as a treatment for mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Buttolph
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
| | - John T Green
- Department of Neurological Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont
| | - David J Bucci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College
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196
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Arnsten AFT, Wang M, Paspalas CD. Dopamine's Actions in Primate Prefrontal Cortex: Challenges for Treating Cognitive Disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 67:681-96. [PMID: 26106146 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) elaborates and differentiates in primates, and there is a corresponding elaboration in cortical dopamine (DA). DA cells that fire to both aversive and rewarding stimuli likely project to the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC), signaling a salient event. Since 1979, we have known that DA has an essential influence on dlPFC working memory functions. DA has differing effects via D1 (D1R) versus D2 receptor (D2R) families. D1R are concentrated on dendritic spines, and D1/5R stimulation produces an inverted U-shaped dose response on visuospatial working memory performance and Delay cell firing, the neurons that generate representations of visual space. Optimal levels of D1R stimulation gate out "noise," whereas higher levels, e.g., during stress, suppress Delay cell firing. These effects likely involve hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel opening, activation of GABA interneurons, and reduced glutamate release. Dysregulation of D1R has been related to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, and there is a need for new, lower-affinity D1R agonists that may better mimic endogenous DA to enhance mental representations and improve cognition. In contrast to D1R, D2R are primarily localized on layer V pyramidal cell dendrites, and D2/3R stimulation speeds and magnifies the firing of Response cells, including Response Feedback cells. Altered firing of Feedback neurons may relate to positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Emerging research suggests that DA may have similar effects in the ventrolateral PFC and frontal eye fields. Research on the orbital PFC in monkeys is just beginning and could be a key area for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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197
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Cognitive enhancers versus addictive psychostimulants: The good and bad side of dopamine on prefrontal cortical circuits. Pharmacol Res 2016; 109:108-18. [PMID: 26826399 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we describe how highly addictive psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine actions might underlie hypoexcitabilty in frontal cortical areas observed in clinical and preclinical models of psychostimulant abuse. We discuss new mechanisms that describe how increments on synaptic dopamine release are linked to reduce calcium influx in both pre and postsynaptic compartments on medial PFC networks, therefore modulating synaptic integration and information. Sustained DA neuromodulation by addictive psychostimulants can "lock" frontal cortical networks in deficient states. On the other hand, other psychostimulants such as modafinil and methylphenidate are considered pharmacological neuroenhancement agents that are popular among healthy people seeking neuroenhancement. More clinical and preclinical research is needed to further clarify mechanisms of actions and physiological effects of cognitive enhancers which show an opposite pattern compared to chronic effect of addictive psychostimulants: they appear to increase cortical excitability. In conclusion, studies summarized here suggest that there is frontal cortex hypoactivity and deficient inhibitory control in drug-addicted individuals. Thus, additional research on physiological effects of cognitive enhancers like modafinil and methylphenidate seems necessary in order to expand current knowledge on mechanisms behind their therapeutic role in the treatment of addiction and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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198
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Mejias-Aponte CA. Specificity and impact of adrenergic projections to the midbrain dopamine system. Brain Res 2016; 1641:258-73. [PMID: 26820641 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a neuromodulator that regulates different brain circuits involved in cognitive functions, motor coordination, and emotions. Dysregulation of DA is associated with many neurological and psychiatric disorders such as Parkinson's disease and substance abuse. Several lines of research have shown that the midbrain DA system is regulated by the central adrenergic system. This review focuses on adrenergic interactions with midbrain DA neurons. It discusses the current neuroanatomy including source of adrenergic innervation, type of synapses, and adrenoceptors expression. It also discusses adrenergic regulation of DA cell activity and neurotransmitter release. Finally, it reviews several neurological and psychiatric disorders where changes in adrenergic system are associated with dysregulation of the midbrain DA system. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Mejias-Aponte
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Histology Core, Neuronal Networks Section, Integrative Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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199
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Jin J, Liu L, Gao Q, Chan RCK, Li H, Chen Y, Wang Y, Qian Q. The divergent impact ofCOMTVal158Met on executive function in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:271-9. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Jin
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - L. Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - Q. Gao
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - R. C. K. Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - H. Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - Y. Chen
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - Y. Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
| | - Q. Qian
- Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital)
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health; Ministry of Health (Peking University)
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200
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Bradshaw SE, Agster KL, Waterhouse BD, McGaughy JA. Age-related changes in prefrontal norepinephrine transporter density: The basis for improved cognitive flexibility after low doses of atomoxetine in adolescent rats. Brain Res 2016; 1641:245-57. [PMID: 26774596 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of major behavioral and brain reorganization. As diagnoses and treatment of disorders like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often occur during adolescence, it is important to understand how the prefrontal cortices change and how these changes may influence the response to drugs during development. The current study uses an adolescent rat model to study the effect of standard ADHD treatments, atomoxetine and methylphenidate on attentional set shifting and reversal learning. While both of these drugs act as norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, higher doses of atomoxetine and all doses of methylphenidate also block dopamine transporters (DAT). Low doses of atomoxetine, were effective at remediating cognitive rigidity found in adolescents. In contrast, methylphenidate improved performance in rats unable to form an attentional set due to distractibility but was without effect in normal subjects. We also assessed the effects of GBR 12909, a selective DAT inhibitor, but found no effect of any dose on behavior. A second study in adolescent rats investigated changes in norepinephrine transporter (NET) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) density in five functionally distinct sub-regions of the prefrontal cortex: infralimbic, prelimbic, anterior cingulate, medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortices. These regions are implicated in impulsivity and distractibility. We found that NET, but not DBH, changed across adolescence in a regionally selective manner. The prelimbic cortex, which is critical to cognitive rigidity, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, critical to reversal learning and some forms of response inhibition, showed higher levels of NET at early than mid- to late adolescence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Bradshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States
| | - Kara L Agster
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - Barry D Waterhouse
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19129, United States
| | - Jill A McGaughy
- Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, United States.
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