151
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Conventional NK cells and tissue-resident ILC1s join forces to control liver metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026271118. [PMID: 34183415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026271118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major metastatic target organ, and little is known about the role of immunity in controlling hepatic metastases. Here, we discovered that the concerted and nonredundant action of two innate lymphocyte subpopulations, conventional natural killer cells (cNKs) and tissue-resident type I innate lymphoid cells (trILC1s), is essential for antimetastatic defense. Using different preclinical models for liver metastasis, we found that trILC1 controls metastatic seeding, whereas cNKs restrain outgrowth. Whereas the killing capacity of trILC1s was not affected by the metastatic microenvironment, the phenotype and function of cNK cells were affected in a cancer type-specific fashion. Thus, individual cancer cell lines orchestrate the emergence of unique cNK subsets, which respond differently to tumor-derived factors. Our findings will contribute to the development of therapies for liver metastasis involving hepatic innate cells.
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152
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Immune control of cytomegalovirus reactivation in stem cell transplantation. Blood 2021; 139:1277-1288. [PMID: 34166512 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of viruses from latency after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) continues to represent a major clinical challenge requiring sophisticated monitoring strategies in the context of prophylactic and/or pre-emptive antiviral drugs that are associated with significant expense, toxicity, and rates of failure. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated the association of polyfunctional virus-specific T-cells with protection from viral reactivation, affirmed by the ability of adoptively transferred virus-specific T-cells to prevent and treat reactivation and disease. The roles of innate cells (NK cells) in early viral surveillance, and dendritic cells in priming of T-cells have also been delineated. Most recently, a role for strain-specific humoral responses in preventing early cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation has been demonstrated in preclinical models. Despite these advances, many unknowns remain: what are the critical innate and adaptive responses over time, is the origin (e.g. recipient versus donor) and localization (e.g. in parenchymal tissue versus lymphoid organs) of these responses important, how does GVHD and the prevention/treatment thereof (e.g. high dose steroids) impact the functionality and relevance of a particular immune axis, do the immune parameters that control latency, reactivation and dissemination differ, and what is the impact of new antiviral drugs on the development of enduring antiviral immunity. Thus, whilst antiviral drugs have provided major improvements over the last two decades, understanding the immunological paradigms underpinning protective antiviral immunity after SCT offers the potential to generate non-toxic immune-based therapeutic approaches for lasting protection from viral reactivation.
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153
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Quintino-de-Carvalho IL, Gonçalves-Pereira MH, Ramos MF, de Aguiar Milhim BHG, Da Costa ÚL, Santos ÉG, Nogueira ML, Da Costa Santiago H. ILC1 and NK cells are sources of IFN-γ and other inflammatory cytokines associated to distinct clinical presentation in early dengue infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:84-93. [PMID: 34125227 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines are associated to severe dengue evolution, but the source of such hypercytokinemia is elusive. We investigated the contribution of innate lymphocytes, innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and NK cells in cytokine production in early dengue infection. METHODS PBMCs of individuals with DWS- (dengue without warning signs) and DWS+ (dengue with warning signs and severe dengue presentation combined) were obtained between 2 and 7 days since fever onset and submitted to flow cytometry without specific antigen stimulation to evaluate cytokines in ILC and NK cells subpopulations. RESULTS ILCs and NK cells were found to be important sources of cytokines during dengue. ILCs of DWS+/SD group displayed higher production of IFN-γand IL-4/IL-13 when compared to DWS- individuals. On the other hand, NK EOMES+ cells of DWS- patients displayed higher IFN-γ production levels, when compared to DWS+/SD group. Interestingly, when NK cells were identified by CD56 expression, DWS+/SD displayed higher frequency of IL-17 production when compared to DWS- group. CONCLUSION These results indicate that ILCs and NK cells are important sources of inflammatory cytokines during acute dengue infection and display distinct profiles associated with different clinical forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Faria Ramos
- Departamento de Imunologia e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Helton Da Costa Santiago
- Departamento de Imunologia e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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154
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Piersma SJ, Brizić I. Natural killer cell effector functions in antiviral defense. FEBS J 2021; 289:3982-3999. [PMID: 34125493 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells involved in the control of tumors and viral infections. They provide protection by producing cytokines and by directly lysing target cells. Both effector mechanisms have been identified to contribute to viral control, depending on the context of infection. Activation of NK cells depends on the integration of signals received by cytokine receptors and activation and inhibitory receptors recognizing ligands expressed by virus-infected cells. While the control of viral infections by NK cells is well established, the signals perceived by NK cells and how these signals integrate to mediate optimal viral control have been focus of ongoing research. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on NK cell activation and integration of signals that lead to interferon gamma production and cytotoxicity in viral infections. We review NK cell interactions with viruses, with particular focus on murine cytomegalovirus studies, which helped elucidate crucial aspects of antiviral NK cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytse J Piersma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia
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155
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Niec RE, Rudensky AY, Fuchs E. Inflammatory adaptation in barrier tissues. Cell 2021; 184:3361-3375. [PMID: 34171319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface epithelia provide a critical barrier to the outside world. Upon a barrier breach, resident epithelial and immune cells coordinate efforts to control infections and heal tissue damage. Inflammation can etch lasting marks within tissues, altering features such as scope and quality of future responses. By remembering inflammatory experiences, tissues are better equipped to quickly and robustly respond to barrier breaches. Alarmingly, in disease states, memory may fuel the inflammatory fire. Here, we review the cellular communication networks in barrier tissues and the integration between tissue-resident and recruited immune cells and tissue stem cells underlying tissue adaptation to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Niec
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Chemers Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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156
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Riggan L, Hildreth AD, Rolot M, Wong YY, Satyadi W, Sun R, Huerta C, O'Sullivan TE. CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein-Mediated Genomic Editing in Mature Primary Innate Immune Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107651. [PMID: 32433960 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR genome engineering has become a powerful tool to functionally investigate the complex mechanisms of immune system regulation. While decades of work have aimed to genetically reprogram innate immunity, the utility of current approaches is restricted by poor knockout efficiencies or limited specificity for mature cell lineages in vivo. Here, we describe an optimized strategy for non-viral CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (cRNP) genomic editing of mature primary mouse innate lymphocyte cells (ILCs) and myeloid lineage cells that results in an almost complete loss of single or double target gene expression from a single electroporation. Furthermore, we describe in vivo adoptive transfer mouse models that can be utilized to screen for gene function during viral infection using cRNP-edited naive natural killer (NK) cells and bone-marrow-derived conventional dendritic cell precursors (cDCPs). This resource will enhance target gene discovery and offer a specific and simplified approach to gene editing in the mouse innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Riggan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew D Hildreth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marion Rolot
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA
| | - Yung-Yu Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA
| | - William Satyadi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA
| | - Ryan Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA
| | - Christopher Huerta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 900953, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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157
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Poonpanichakul T, Chan-In W, Opasawatchai A, Loison F, Matangkasombut O, Charoensawan V, Matangkasombut P. Innate Lymphoid Cells Activation and Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Human Dengue Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:599805. [PMID: 34079535 PMCID: PMC8165392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.599805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) infection has a global impact on public health. The clinical outcomes (of DENV) can vary from a flu-like illness called dengue fever (DF), to a more severe form, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The underlying innate immune mechanisms leading to protective or detrimental outcomes have not been fully elucidated. Helper innate lymphoid cells (hILCs), an innate lymphocyte recently discovered, functionally resemble T-helper cells and are important in inflammation and homeostasis. However, the role of hILCs in DENV infection had been unexplored. Methods We performed flow cytometry to investigate the frequency and phenotype of hILCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from DENV-infected patients of different disease severities (DF and DHF), and at different phases (febrile and convalescence) of infection. Intracellular cytokine staining of hILCs from DF and DHF were also evaluated by flow cytometry after ex vivo stimulation. Further, the hILCs were sorted and subjected to transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to compare the febrile and convalescent phase samples in DF and DHF. Selected differentially expressed genes were then validated by quantitative PCR. Results Phenotypic analysis showed marked activation of all three hILC subsets during the febrile phase as shown by higher CD69 expression when compared to paired convalescent samples, although the frequency of hILCs remained unchanged. Upon ex vivo stimulation, hILCs from febrile phase DHF produced significantly higher IFN-γ and IL-4 when compared to those of DF. Transcriptomic analysis showed unique hILCs gene expression in DF and DHF, suggesting that divergent functions of hILCs may be associated with different disease severities. Differential gene expression analysis indicated that hILCs function both in cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity during the febrile phase of DENV infection. Conclusions Helper ILCs are activated in the febrile phase of DENV infection and display unique transcriptomic changes as well as cytokine production that correlate with severity. Targeting hILCs during early innate response to DENV might help shape subsequent immune responses and potentially lessen the disease severity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiraput Poonpanichakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Chan-In
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anunya Opasawatchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fabien Loison
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Integrative Computational BioScience Center (ICBS), Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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158
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Vanderkerken M, Baptista AP, De Giovanni M, Fukuyama S, Browaeys R, Scott CL, Norris PS, Eberl G, Di Santo JP, Vivier E, Saeys Y, Hammad H, Cyster JG, Ware CF, Tumanov AV, De Trez C, Lambrecht BN. ILC3s control splenic cDC homeostasis via lymphotoxin signaling. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20190835. [PMID: 33724364 PMCID: PMC7970251 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen contains a myriad of conventional dendritic cell (cDC) subsets that protect against systemic pathogen dissemination by bridging antigen detection to the induction of adaptive immunity. How cDC subsets differentiate in the splenic environment is poorly understood. Here, we report that LTα1β2-expressing Rorgt+ ILC3s, together with B cells, control the splenic cDC niche size and the terminal differentiation of Sirpα+CD4+Esam+ cDC2s, independently of the microbiota and of bone marrow pre-cDC output. Whereas the size of the splenic cDC niche depended on lymphotoxin signaling only during a restricted time frame, the homeostasis of Sirpα+CD4+Esam+ cDC2s required continuous lymphotoxin input. This latter property made Sirpα+CD4+Esam+ cDC2s uniquely susceptible to pharmacological interventions with LTβR agonists and antagonists and to ILC reconstitution strategies. Together, our findings demonstrate that LTα1β2-expressing Rorgt+ ILC3s drive splenic cDC differentiation and highlight the critical role of ILC3s as perpetual regulators of lymphoid tissue homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Immunity, Innate
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphoid Tissue/immunology
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/genetics
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/immunology
- Lymphotoxin beta Receptor/metabolism
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/genetics
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/immunology
- Lymphotoxin-alpha/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vanderkerken
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonio P. Baptista
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Satoshi Fukuyama
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robin Browaeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte L. Scott
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paula S. Norris
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gerard Eberl
- Institut Pasteur, Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Laboratories, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Service d’Immunologie, Marseille-Immunopôle, Marseille, France
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carl F. Ware
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrij Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGhent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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159
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Kveštak D, Juranić Lisnić V, Lisnić B, Tomac J, Golemac M, Brizić I, Indenbirken D, Cokarić Brdovčak M, Bernardini G, Krstanović F, Rožmanić C, Grundhoff A, Krmpotić A, Britt WJ, Jonjić S. NK/ILC1 cells mediate neuroinflammation and brain pathology following congenital CMV infection. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20201503. [PMID: 33630019 PMCID: PMC7918636 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (cHCMV) infection of the brain is associated with a wide range of neurocognitive sequelae. Using infection of newborn mice with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) as a reliable model that recapitulates many aspects of cHCMV infection, including disseminated infection, CNS infection, altered neurodevelopment, and sensorineural hearing loss, we have previously shown that mitigation of inflammation prevented alterations in cerebellar development, suggesting that host inflammatory factors are key drivers of neurodevelopmental defects. Here, we show that MCMV infection causes a dramatic increase in the expression of the microglia-derived chemokines CXCL9/CXCL10, which recruit NK and ILC1 cells into the brain in a CXCR3-dependent manner. Surprisingly, brain-infiltrating innate immune cells not only were unable to control virus infection in the brain but also orchestrated pathological inflammatory responses, which lead to delays in cerebellar morphogenesis. Our results identify NK and ILC1 cells as the major mediators of immunopathology in response to virus infection in the developing CNS, which can be prevented by anti-IFN-γ antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/virology
- Chemokine CXCL10/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL10/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL9/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL9/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL9/metabolism
- Cytomegalovirus/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus/physiology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus Infections/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/virology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/virology
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kveštak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Tomac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Rome “Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Fran Krstanović
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Carmen Rožmanić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - William J. Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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160
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McFarland AP, Yalin A, Wang SY, Cortez VS, Landsberger T, Sudan R, Peng V, Miller HL, Ricci B, David E, Faccio R, Amit I, Colonna M. Multi-tissue single-cell analysis deconstructs the complex programs of mouse natural killer and type 1 innate lymphoid cells in tissues and circulation. Immunity 2021; 54:1320-1337.e4. [PMID: 33945787 PMCID: PMC8312473 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) are heterogenous innate lymphocytes broadly defined in mice as Lin-NK1.1+NKp46+ cells that express the transcription factor T-BET and produce interferon-γ. The ILC1 definition primarily stems from studies on liver and small intestinal populations. However, NK1.1+NKp46+ cells in the salivary glands, uterus, adipose, and other tissues exhibit nonuniform programs that differ from those of liver or intestinal ILC1s or NK cells. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on murine NK1.1+NKp46+ cells from blood, spleen, various tissues, and solid tumors. We identified gene expression programs of tissue-specific ILC1s, tissue-specific NK cells, and non-tissue-specific populations in blood, spleen, and other tissues largely corresponding to circulating cells. Moreover, we found that circulating NK cell programs were reshaped in tumor-bearing mice. Core programs of circulating and tumor NK cells paralleled conserved human NK cells signatures, advancing our understanding of the human NK-ILC1 spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelle P McFarland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam Yalin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shuang-Yin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Victor S Cortez
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tomer Landsberger
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raki Sudan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vincent Peng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah L Miller
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Biancamaria Ricci
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Department of Orthopedics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Shriners Children's Hospital in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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161
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Single-cell sequencing of human white adipose tissue identifies new cell states in health and obesity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:639-653. [PMID: 33907320 PMCID: PMC8102391 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is an essential regulator of energy storage and systemic metabolic homeostasis. Regulatory networks consisting of immune and structural cells are necessary to maintain WAT metabolism, which can become impaired during obesity in mammals. Using single-cell transcriptomics and flow cytometry, we unveil a large-scale comprehensive cellular census of the stromal vascular fraction of healthy lean and obese human WAT. We report new subsets and developmental trajectories of adipose-resident innate lymphoid cells, dendritic cells and monocyte-derived macrophage populations that accumulate in obese WAT. Analysis of cell-cell ligand-receptor interactions and obesity-enriched signaling pathways revealed a switch from immunoregulatory mechanisms in lean WAT to inflammatory networks in obese WAT. These results provide a detailed and unbiased cellular landscape of homeostatic and inflammatory circuits in healthy human WAT.
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162
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Clark JT, Christian DA, Gullicksrud JA, Perry JA, Park J, Jacquet M, Tarrant JC, Radaelli E, Silver J, Hunter CA. IL-33 promotes innate lymphoid cell-dependent IFN-γ production required for innate immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. eLife 2021; 10:e65614. [PMID: 33929319 PMCID: PMC8121546 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33 is an alarmin required for resistance to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, but its role in innate resistance to this organism is unclear. Infection with T. gondii promotes increased stromal cell expression of IL-33, and levels of parasite replication correlate with release of IL-33 in affected tissues. In response to infection, a subset of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) emerges composed of IL-33R+ NK cells and ILC1s. In Rag1-/-mice, where NK cells and ILC1 production of IFN-γ mediate innate resistance to T. gondii, the loss of the IL-33R resulted in reduced ILC responses and increased parasite replication. Furthermore, administration of IL-33 to Rag1-/- mice resulted in a marked decrease in parasite burden, increased production of IFN-γ, and the recruitment and expansion of inflammatory monocytes associated with parasite control. These protective effects of exogenous IL-33 were dependent on endogenous IL-12p40 and the ability of IL-33 to enhance ILC production of IFN-γ. These results highlight that IL-33 synergizes with IL-12 to promote ILC-mediated resistance to T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Clark
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - David A Christian
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jodi A Gullicksrud
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Joseph A Perry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jeongho Park
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
- Kangwon National University College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary ScienceChuncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Maxime Jacquet
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
- Liver Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel and University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - James C Tarrant
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Enrico Radaelli
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Jonathan Silver
- Department of Respiratory Inflammation and Autoimmunity, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Christopher A Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
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163
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NK cell and ILC heterogeneity in colorectal cancer. New perspectives from high dimensional data. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 80:100967. [PMID: 33941383 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and tissue-resident natural killer (NK) cells ensure immunity at environmental interfaces and help maintain barrier integrity of the intestinal tract. This wide range of innate lymphocytes is able to provide fast and potent inflammatory responses that, when deregulated, have been associated with pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). While the presence of tumor-infiltrating NK cells is generally associated with a favorable outcome in CRC patients, emerging evidence reveals distinct roles for ILCs in regulating CRC pathogenesis and progression. Advances in next generation sequencing technology, and in particular of single-cell RNA-seq approaches, along with multidimensional flow cytometry analysis, have helped to deconvolute the complexity and heterogeneity of the ILC system both in homeostatic and pathological contexts. In this review, we discuss the protective and detrimental roles of NK cells and ILCs in the pathogenesis of CRC, focusing on the phenotypic and transcriptional modifications these cells undergo during CRC development and progression.
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164
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that provide critical host defense against pathogens and cancer. Originally heralded for their early and rapid effector activity, NK cells have been recognized over the last decade for their ability to undergo adaptive immune processes, including antigen-driven clonal expansion and generation of long-lived memory. This review presents an overview of how NK cells lithely partake in both innate and adaptive responses and how this versatility is manifest in human NK cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Mujal
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Rebecca B Delconte
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; .,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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165
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Hill GR, Betts BC, Tkachev V, Kean LS, Blazar BR. Current Concepts and Advances in Graft-Versus-Host Disease Immunology. Annu Rev Immunol 2021; 39:19-49. [PMID: 33428454 PMCID: PMC8085043 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-102119-073227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, each year over 30,000 patients undergo an allogeneic hema-topoietic stem cell transplantation with the intent to cure high-risk hematologic malignancy, immunodeficiency, metabolic disease, or a life-threatening bone marrow failure syndrome. Despite substantial advances in donor selection and conditioning regimens and greater availability of allograft sources, transplant recipients still endure the morbidity and mortality of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Herein, we identify key aspects of acute and chronic GVHD pathophysiology, including host/donor cell effectors, gut dysbiosis, immune system and cytokine imbalance, and the interface between inflammation and tissue fibrosis. In particular, we also summarize the translational application of this heightened understanding of immune dysregulation in the design of novel therapies to prevent and treat GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R Hill
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA;
- Division of Medical Oncology University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Brian C Betts
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Victor Tkachev
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; ,
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Leslie S Kean
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; ,
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
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166
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Cox JR, Cruickshank SM, Saunders AE. Maintenance of Barrier Tissue Integrity by Unconventional Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670471. [PMID: 33936115 PMCID: PMC8079635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, as a first barrier with the environment are especially susceptible to damage from both pathogens and physical trauma. Thus, these sites require tightly regulated repair programs to maintain barrier function in the face of such insults. Barrier sites are also enriched for unconventional lymphocytes, which lack rearranged antigen receptors or express only a limited range of such receptors, such as ILCs (Innate Lymphoid Cells), γδ T Cells and MAIT (Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells). Recent studies have uncovered critical roles for unconventional lymphocytes in regulating mucosal barrier function, and, in particular, have highlighted their important involvement in barrier repair. The production of growth factors such as amphiregulin by ILC2, and fibroblast growth factors by γδ T cells have been shown to promote tissue repair at multiple barrier sites. Additionally, MAIT cells have been shown to exhibit pro-repair phenotypes and demonstrate microbiota-dependent promotion of murine skin healing. In this review we will discuss how immune responses at mucosal sites are controlled by unconventional lymphocytes and the ways in which these cells promote tissue repair to maintain barrier integrity in the skin, gut and lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Cox
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sheena M Cruickshank
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Saunders
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
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167
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Bennstein SB, Uhrberg M. Biology and therapeutic potential of human innate lymphoid cells. FEBS J 2021; 289:3967-3981. [PMID: 33837637 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have become established as important players in different areas such as tissue homeostasis, integrity of mucosal barriers and regulation of inflammation. While most of the early work on ILCs was based on murine studies, our knowledge on human ILCs is rapidly accumulating, opening novel perspectives towards the translation of ILC biology into the clinic. In this State-of-the-Art Review, we focus on the current knowledge of these most recently discovered members of the lymphocyte family and highlight their role in three major burdens of humanity: infectious diseases, cancer, and allergy and/or autoimmunity. IL-22-producing type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) have become established as important players at the interface between gut epithelia and intestinal microbiome and are implicated in protection from inflammatory bowel disease, the control of graft-versus-host disease and intestinal graft rejection. In contrast, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) exert pro-inflammatory functions and contribute to the pathology of asthma and allergy, which has already been started to be pharmacologically targeted. The contribution of ILCs to the control of viral infection constitutes another emerging topic. Finally, ILCs seem to play a dual role in cancer with beneficial and detrimental contributions depending on the clinical setting. The exploitation of the therapeutic potential of ILCs will constitute an exciting task in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bianca Bennstein
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
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168
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de Lucía Finkel P, Xia W, Jefferies WA. Beyond Unconventional: What Do We Really Know about Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells? THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1409-1417. [PMID: 33753565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a set of effectors that mediate the expulsion of helminthic parasites but also drive allergic lung inflammation. As innate agents, they do not recognize Ag, instead, they are sensitive to alarmin engagement, upon which they produce type 2 cytokines that amplify adaptive immunity. Their lymphoid identity appoints them as an intriguing group of unconventional cells; however, increasing evidence is unraveling a series of unprecedented functions that <5 years ago were unthinkable for ILC2s, such as acquiring a proinflammatory identity that enables them to support TH1 immune responses. Their plastic nature has allowed the characterization of ILC2s in more detail than ever; however, the novelty of ILC2 biology requires constant updates and recapitulations. This review provides an overview of ILC2s and describes memory ILC2, regulatory ILC2, inflammatory ILC2, and type 1 ILC2 subsets based on activation status, tissue environments, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo de Lucía Finkel
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenjing Xia
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; .,The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; and.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
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169
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Varadé J, Magadán S, González-Fernández Á. Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:805-828. [PMID: 32879472 PMCID: PMC7463107 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezabel Varadé
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Magadán
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- CINBIO, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidade de Vigo, Immunology Group, Campus Universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS-Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.
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170
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Sheppard S, Sun JC. Virus-specific NK cell memory. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211913. [PMID: 33755720 PMCID: PMC7992500 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells express a limited number of germline-encoded receptors that identify infected or transformed cells, eliciting cytotoxicity, effector cytokine production, and in some circumstances clonal proliferation and memory. To maximize the functional diversity of NK cells, the array and expression level of surface receptors vary between individual NK cell “clones” in mice and humans. Cytomegalovirus infection in both species can expand a population of NK cells expressing receptors critical to the clearance of infected cells and generate a long-lived memory pool capable of targeting future infection with greater efficacy. Here, we discuss the pathways and factors that regulate the generation and maintenance of effector and memory NK cells and propose how this understanding may be harnessed therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Sheppard
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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171
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Abstract
Since their relatively recent discovery, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been shown to be tissue-resident lymphocytes that are critical mediators of tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and pathogen response. However, ILC dysregulation contributes to a diverse spectrum of human diseases, spanning virtually every organ system. ILCs rapidly respond to environmental cues by altering their own phenotype and function as well as influencing the behavior of other local tissue-resident cells. With a growing understanding of ILC biology, investigators continue to elucidate mechanisms that expand our ability to phenotype, isolate, target, and expand ILCs ex vivo. With mounting preclinical data and clinical correlates, the role of ILCs in both disease pathogenesis and resolution is evident, justifying ILC manipulation for clinical benefit. This Review will highlight areas of ongoing translational research and critical questions for future study that will enable us to harness the full therapeutic potential of these captivating cells.
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172
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Kovacs SB, Oh C, Aachoui Y, Miao EA. Evaluating cytokine production by flow cytometry using brefeldin A in mice. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100244. [PMID: 33458706 PMCID: PMC7797915 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing cytokine production in situ is important for properly understanding immunologic responses. Cytokine reporter mice are limited by the need to cross markers into various knockout backgrounds and by availability of reporters of interest. To overcome this, we utilize injection of brefeldin A into mice to enable flow cytometric analysis of in situ cytokine production during a bacterial infection. While we evaluate IFN-γ production during Burkholderia thailandensis infection, this protocol can be applied to other cytokines and other mouse models. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kovacs et al. (2020) and Liu and Whitton (2005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Kovacs
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Changhoon Oh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Youssef Aachoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding author
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173
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Kumar V. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Adaptive Immune Cells Cross-Talk: A Secret Talk Revealed in Immune Homeostasis and Different Inflammatory Conditions. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 40:217-251. [PMID: 33733998 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1895145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory immune response has evolved to protect the host from different pathogens, allergens, and endogenous death or damage-associated molecular patterns. Both innate and adaptive immune components are crucial in inducing an inflammatory immune response depending on the stimulus type and its duration of exposure or the activation of the primary innate immune response. As the source of inflammation is removed, the aggravated immune response comes to its homeostatic level. However, the failure of the inflammatory immune response to subside to its normal level generates chronic inflammatory conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are newly discovered innate immune cells, which are present in abundance at mucosal surfaces, including lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. Also, they are present in peripheral blood circulation, skin, and lymph nodes. They play a crucial role in generating the pro-inflammatory immune response during diverse conditions. On the other hand, adaptive immune cells, including different types of T and B cells are major players in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (type 1 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.) and cancers. Thus the article is designed to discuss the immunological role of different ILCs and their interaction with adaptive immune cells in maintaining the immune homeostasis, and during inflammatory autoimmune diseases along with other inflammatory conditions (excluding pathogen-induced inflammation), including cancer, graft-versus-host diseases, and human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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174
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Kuper CF, Pieters RHH, van Bilsen JHM. Nanomaterials and the Serosal Immune System in the Thoracic and Peritoneal Cavities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052610. [PMID: 33807632 PMCID: PMC7961545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thoracic and peritoneal cavities are lined by serous membranes and are home of the serosal immune system. This immune system fuses innate and adaptive immunity, to maintain local homeostasis and repair local tissue damage, and to cooperate closely with the mucosal immune system. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are found abundantly in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, and they are crucial in first defense against pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Nanomaterials (NMs) can enter the cavities intentionally for medical purposes, or unintentionally following environmental exposure; subsequent serosal inflammation and cancer (mesothelioma) has gained significant interest. However, reports on adverse effects of NM on ILCs and other components of the serosal immune system are scarce or even lacking. As ILCs are crucial in the first defense against pathogenic viruses and bacteria, it is possible that serosal exposure to NM may lead to a reduced resistance against pathogens. Additionally, affected serosal lymphoid tissues and cells may disturb adipose tissue homeostasis. This review aims to provide insight into key effects of NM on the serosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Frieke Kuper
- Consultant, Haagstraat 13, 3581 SW Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (C.F.K.); (J.H.M.v.B.)
| | - Raymond H. H. Pieters
- Immunotoxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Innovative Testing in Life Sciences & Chemistry, Research Centre for Healthy and Sustainable Living, University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, Padualaan 97, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda H. M. van Bilsen
- Department for Risk Analysis for Products in Development, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Princetonlaan 6, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (C.F.K.); (J.H.M.v.B.)
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175
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Abstract
Type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) regulate inflammation in the tissues; however, their role in anti-viral immunity remains largely unknown. In this issue of Immunity, Shannon et al. report that ILC1s invoke an anti-viral effect by producing interferon (IFN)γ at homeostasis, thereby limiting viral replication in the oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nabekura
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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176
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Michieletto MF, Henao-Mejia J. Ontogeny and heterogeneity of innate lymphoid cells and the noncoding genome. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:152-166. [PMID: 33559175 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since their discovery a decade ago, it has become evident that innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play critical roles in protective immune responses against intracellular and extracellular pathogens but are also central regulators of epithelial barrier integrity and tissue homeostasis. ILCs populate almost every tissue in mammalian organisms; therefore, not surprisingly, dysregulation of their functions contributes to the development and progression of multiple inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Our knowledge of the transcriptional programs governing the development, differentiation, and functions of the different groups of ILCs has increased dramatically in the last ten years. However, with the advent of new technologies, an unprecedented level of heterogeneity, plasticity, and developmental complexity has started to be revealed. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of ILC development and their biological functions. In particular, we aim to emphasize how our increasing knowledge of the chromatin landscape and the noncoding genome of these innate lymphocytes is allowing us to better understand their development and functions in different contexts during homeostasis and inflammation. Moreover, we propose that the design of more refined genetic tools to study tissue-specific ILCs and their functions can be accomplished by leveraging our understanding of how specific noncoding elements of the genome regulate gene expression in ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël F Michieletto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Protective Immunity, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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177
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Huang Q, Jacquelot N, Preaudet A, Hediyeh-zadeh S, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, McKenzie ANJ, Hansbro PM, Davis MJ, Mielke LA, Putoczki TL, Belz GT. Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Protect against Colorectal Cancer Progression and Predict Improved Patient Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:559. [PMID: 33535624 PMCID: PMC7867134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contributes to colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. While the role of adaptive T cells in CRC is now well established, the role of innate immune cells, specifically innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), is not well understood. To define the role of ILCs in CRC we employed complementary heterotopic and chemically-induced CRC mouse models. We discovered that ILCs were abundant in CRC tumours and contributed to anti-tumour immunity. We focused on ILC2 and showed that ILC2-deficient mice developed a higher tumour burden compared with littermate wild-type controls. We generated an ILC2 gene signature and using machine learning models revealed that CRC patients with a high intratumor ILC2 gene signature had a favourable clinical prognosis. Collectively, our results highlight a critical role for ILC2 in CRC, suggesting a potential new avenue to improve clinical outcomes through ILC2-agonist based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutong Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Q.H.); (N.J.); (A.P.); (S.H.-z.); (M.J.D.); (L.A.M.); (T.L.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Nicolas Jacquelot
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Q.H.); (N.J.); (A.P.); (S.H.-z.); (M.J.D.); (L.A.M.); (T.L.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Adele Preaudet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Q.H.); (N.J.); (A.P.); (S.H.-z.); (M.J.D.); (L.A.M.); (T.L.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-zadeh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Q.H.); (N.J.); (A.P.); (S.H.-z.); (M.J.D.); (L.A.M.); (T.L.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Center for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and the School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia;
| | - Melissa J. Davis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Q.H.); (N.J.); (A.P.); (S.H.-z.); (M.J.D.); (L.A.M.); (T.L.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa A. Mielke
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Q.H.); (N.J.); (A.P.); (S.H.-z.); (M.J.D.); (L.A.M.); (T.L.P.)
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg 3084, Australia
| | - Tracy L. Putoczki
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Q.H.); (N.J.); (A.P.); (S.H.-z.); (M.J.D.); (L.A.M.); (T.L.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T. Belz
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia; (Q.H.); (N.J.); (A.P.); (S.H.-z.); (M.J.D.); (L.A.M.); (T.L.P.)
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia;
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178
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Rogers KJ, Shtanko O, Stunz LL, Mallinger LN, Arkee T, Schmidt ME, Bohan D, Brunton B, White JM, Varga SM, Butler NS, Bishop GA, Maury W. Frontline Science: CD40 signaling restricts RNA virus replication in Mϕs, leading to rapid innate immune control of acute virus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:309-325. [PMID: 32441445 PMCID: PMC7774454 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi0420-285rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many acute viral infections target tissue Mϕs, yet the mechanisms of Mϕ-mediated control of viruses are poorly understood. Here, we report that CD40 expressed by peritoneal Mϕs restricts early infection of a broad range of RNA viruses. Loss of CD40 expression enhanced virus replication as early as 12-24 h of infection and, conversely, stimulation of CD40 signaling with an agonistic Ab blocked infection. With peritoneal cell populations infected with the filovirus, wild-type (WT) Ebola virus (EBOV), or a BSL2 model virus, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus encoding Ebola virus glycoprotein (rVSV/EBOV GP), we examined the mechanism conferring protection. Here, we demonstrate that restricted virus replication in Mϕs required CD154/CD40 interactions that stimulated IL-12 production through TRAF6-dependent signaling. In turn, IL-12 production resulted in IFN-γ production, which induced proinflammatory polarization of Mϕs, protecting the cells from infection. These CD40-dependent events protected mice against virus challenge. CD40-/- mice were exquisitely sensitive to intraperitoneal challenge with a dose of rVSV/EBOV GP that was sublethal to CD40+/+ mice, exhibiting viremia within 12 h of infection and rapidly succumbing to infection. This study identifies a previously unappreciated role for Mϕ-intrinsic CD40 signaling in controlling acute virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai J. Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Olena Shtanko
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Laura N. Mallinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Tina Arkee
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Megan E. Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Dana Bohan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bethany Brunton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Judith M. White
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Steve M. Varga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Noah S. Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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179
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Krabbendam L, Heesters BA, Kradolfer CMA, Spits H, Bernink JH. Identification of human cytotoxic ILC3s. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:811-823. [PMID: 33300130 PMCID: PMC8248192 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human ILCs are classically categorized into five subsets; cytotoxic CD127−CD94+ NK cells and non‐cytotoxic CD127+CD94−, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and LTi cells. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized subset within the CD127+ ILC population, characterized by the expression of the cytotoxic marker CD94. These CD94+ ILCs resemble conventional ILC3s in terms of phenotype, transcriptome, and cytokine production, but are highly cytotoxic. IL‐15 was unable to induce differentiation of CD94+ ILCs toward mature NK cells. Instead, CD94+ ILCs retained RORγt, CD127 and CD200R1 expression and produced IL‐22 in response to IL‐15. Culturing non‐cytotoxic ILC3s with IL‐12 induced upregulation of CD94 and cytotoxic activity, effects that were not observed with IL‐15 stimulation. Thus, human helper ILCs can acquire a cytotoxic program without differentiating into NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Krabbendam
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal M A Kradolfer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem H Bernink
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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180
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Unraveling the Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in AcuteMyeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020320. [PMID: 33477248 PMCID: PMC7830843 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive form of cancer found in the blood and bone marrow with poor survival rates. Patients with AML are known to have many defects in their immune system which render immune cells unable to detect and/or kill cancer cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune effector cells responsible for surveying the body to eliminate cancer cells as well as alert other immune cells to help clear the cancer cells. NK cells have developmental and functional defects in AML patients. While advances have been made to understand these NK cell defects in the setting of AML, the role of other closely related and recently discovered members of the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family is much less clear. The ILC family is comprised of NK cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s, and due in part to their recent discovery, non-NK ILCs are just now beginning to be investigated in the setting of AML. By better understanding how AML alters the normal function of these cell types, and how the alteration regulates AML growth, we may be able to target and tailor new forms of therapy for patients. Abstract Over the past 50 years, few therapeutic advances have been made in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML), an aggressive form of blood cancer, despite vast improvements in our ability to classify the disease. Emerging evidence suggests the immune system is important in controlling AML progression and in determining prognosis. Natural killer (NK) cells are important cytotoxic effector cells of the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) family that have been shown to have potent anti-leukemic functions. Recent studies are now revealing impairment or dysregulation of other ILCs in various types of cancers, including AML, which limits the effectiveness of NK cells in controlling cancer progression. NK cell development and function are inhibited in AML patients, which results in worse clinical outcomes; however, the specific roles of other ILC populations in AML are just now beginning to be unraveled. In this review, we summarize what is known about the role of ILC populations in AML.
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181
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Shannon JP, Vrba SM, Reynoso GV, Wynne-Jones E, Kamenyeva O, Malo CS, Cherry CR, McManus DT, Hickman HD. Group 1 innate lymphoid-cell-derived interferon-γ maintains anti-viral vigilance in the mucosal epithelium. Immunity 2021; 54:276-290.e5. [PMID: 33434494 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The oropharyngeal mucosa serves as a perpetual pathogen entry point and a critical site for viral replication and spread. Here, we demonstrate that type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) were the major immune force providing early protection during acute oral mucosal viral infection. Using intravital microscopy, we show that ILC1s populated and patrolled the uninfected labial mucosa. ILC1s produced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the absence of infection, leading to the upregulation of key antiviral genes, which were downregulated in uninfected animals upon genetic ablation of ILC1s or antibody-based neutralization of IFN-γ. Thus, tonic IFN-γ production generates increased oral mucosal viral resistance even before infection. Our results demonstrate barrier-tissue protection through tissue surveillance in the absence of rearranged-antigen receptors and the induction of an antiviral state during homeostasis. This aspect of ILC1 biology raises the possibility that these cells do not share true functional redundancy with other tissue-resident lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Shannon
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sophia M Vrba
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glennys V Reynoso
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erica Wynne-Jones
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Courtney S Malo
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christian R Cherry
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel T McManus
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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182
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López-Yglesias AH, Burger E, Camanzo E, Martin AT, Araujo AM, Kwok SF, Yarovinsky F. T-bet-dependent ILC1- and NK cell-derived IFN-γ mediates cDC1-dependent host resistance against Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008299. [PMID: 33465134 PMCID: PMC7875365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Host resistance against intracellular pathogens requires a rapid IFN-γ mediated immune response. We reveal that T-bet-dependent production of IFN-γ is essential for the maintenance of inflammatory DCs at the site of infection with a common protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. A detailed analysis of the cellular sources for T-bet-dependent IFN-γ identified that ILC1s and to a lesser degree NK, but not TH1 cells, were involved in the regulation of inflammatory DCs via IFN-γ. Mechanistically, we established that T-bet dependent innate IFN-γ is critical for the induction of IRF8, an essential transcription factor for cDC1s. Failure to upregulate IRF8 in DCs resulted in acute susceptibility to T. gondii infection. Our data identifies that T-bet dependent production of IFN-γ by ILC1 and NK cells is indispensable for host resistance against intracellular infection via maintaining IRF8+ inflammatory DCs at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Américo H. López-Yglesias
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Elise Burger
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ellie Camanzo
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Martin
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Alessandra M. Araujo
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Samantha F. Kwok
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Felix Yarovinsky
- Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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183
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Wang R, Wang Y, Harris DCH, Cao Q. Innate lymphoid cells in kidney diseases. Kidney Int 2020; 99:1077-1087. [PMID: 33387602 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that innate immune cells, including dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, contribute to pathogenesis and protection in various kidney diseases. The understanding of innate immunity has been advanced recently by the discovery of a new group of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3. ILCs lack adaptive antigen receptors, yet can be triggered by various pathogens and rapidly provide an abundant source of immunomodulatory cytokines to exert immediate immune reactions and direct subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. ILCs play critical roles in immunity, tissue homeostasis, and pathological inflammation. In this review, we highlight the biological function of ILC subpopulations in the normal kidney, and their important roles in acute and chronic kidney diseases, thus demonstrating the emerging importance of ILC-regulated immunity in this special organ and providing insights for future research directions and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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184
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García M, Kokkinou E, Carrasco García A, Parrot T, Palma Medina LM, Maleki KT, Christ W, Varnaitė R, Filipovic I, Ljunggren H, Björkström NK, Folkesson E, Rooyackers O, Eriksson LI, Sönnerborg A, Aleman S, Strålin K, Gredmark‐Russ S, Klingström J, Mjösberg J. Innate lymphoid cell composition associates with COVID-19 disease severity. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1224. [PMID: 33343897 PMCID: PMC7734472 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is unknown. Understanding the immune response in COVID-19 could contribute to unravel the pathogenesis and identification of treatment targets. Here, we describe the phenotypic landscape of circulating ILCs in COVID-19 patients and identified ILC phenotypes correlated to serum biomarkers, clinical markers and laboratory parameters relevant in COVID-19. METHODS Blood samples collected from moderately (n = 11) and severely ill (n = 12) COVID-19 patients, as well as healthy control donors (n = 16), were analysed with 18-parameter flow cytometry. Using supervised and unsupervised approaches, we examined the ILC activation status and homing profile. Clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained from all COVID-19 patients, and serum biomarkers were analysed with multiplex immunoassays. RESULTS Innate lymphoid cells were largely depleted from the circulation of COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls. Remaining circulating ILCs revealed decreased frequencies of ILC2 in severe COVID-19, with a concomitant decrease of ILC precursors (ILCp) in all patients, compared with controls. ILC2 and ILCp showed an activated phenotype with increased CD69 expression, whereas expression levels of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR4 were significantly altered in ILC2 and ILCp, and ILC1, respectively. The activated ILC profile of COVID-19 patients was associated with soluble inflammatory markers, while frequencies of ILC subsets were correlated with laboratory parameters that reflect the disease severity. CONCLUSION This study provides insights into the potential role of ILCs in immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, particularly linked to the severity of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina García
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Carrasco García
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Kimia T Maleki
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Renata Varnaitė
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Iva Filipovic
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Hans‐Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Elin Folkesson
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Medicine SolnaDivision of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Department of Clinical Science, Technology and InterventionDivision of Anesthesiology and Intensive CareKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive CareKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive CareKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySection for Anesthesiology and Intensive CareKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and DermatologyDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and DermatologyDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and DermatologyDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sara Gredmark‐Russ
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Department of Medicine HuddingeCenter for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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185
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Yu X, Vargas J, Green PH, Bhagat G. Innate Lymphoid Cells and Celiac Disease: Current Perspective. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:803-814. [PMID: 33309944 PMCID: PMC7851184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a common autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Although the mechanisms underlying gliadin-mediated activation of adaptive immunity in CD have been well-characterized, regulation of innate immune responses and the functions of certain immune cell populations within the epithelium and lamina propria are not well-understood at present. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are types of innate immune cells that have lymphoid morphology, lack antigen-specific receptors, and play important roles in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and protective immune responses against pathogens. Information regarding the diversity and functions of ILCs in lymphoid organs and at mucosal sites has grown over the past decade, and roles of different ILC subsets in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory intestinal diseases have been proposed. However, our understanding of the contribution of ILCs toward the initiation and progression of CD is still limited. In this review, we discuss current pathophysiological aspects of ILCs within the gastrointestinal tract, findings of recent investigations characterizing ILC alterations in CD and refractory CD, and suggest avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Yu
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Justin Vargas
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter H.R. Green
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Medicine, Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Govind Bhagat, MD, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, VC 14-228, New York, New York 10032. fax: (212) 305-2301.
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186
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Spinner CA, Lazarevic V. Transcriptional regulation of adaptive and innate lymphoid lineage specification. Immunol Rev 2020; 300:65-81. [PMID: 33615514 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Once alerted to the presence of a pathogen, activated CD4+ T cells initiate distinct gene expression programs that produce multiple functionally specialized T helper (Th) subsets. The cytokine milieu present at the time of antigen encounter instructs CD4+ T cells to differentiate into interferon-(IFN)-γ-producing Th1 cells, interleukin-(IL)-4-producing Th2 cells, IL-17-producing Th17 cells, follicular T helper (Tfh) cells, or regulatory T (Treg) cells. In each of these Th cell subsets, a single transcription factor has been identified as a critical regulator of its specialized differentiation program. In this context, the expression of the "master regulator" is necessary and sufficient to activate lineage-specific genes while restricting the gene expression program of alternative Th fates. Thus, the transcription factor T-bet controls Th1 differentiation program, while the development of Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg cells is dependent on transcription factors GATA3, RORγt, Bcl6, and Foxp3, respectively. Nevertheless, master regulators or, more precisely, lineage-defining transcription factors do not function in isolation. In fact, they interact with a complex network of transcription factors, orchestrating cell lineage specification programs. In this review, we discuss the concept of the combinatorial interactions of key transcription factors in determining helper T cell identity. Additionally, lineage-defining transcription factors have well-established functions beyond their role in CD4+ Th subsets. They play critically important functions at distinct stages during T cell development in the thymus and they control the development of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in the bone marrow. In tracking the journey of T cells traversing from the thymus to the periphery and during the immune response, we discuss in broad terms developmental stage and context-dependent functions of lineage-defining transcription factors in regulating specification programs of innate and adaptive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Spinner
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vanja Lazarevic
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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187
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Multidimensional molecular controls defining NK/ILC1 identity in cancers. Semin Immunol 2020; 52:101424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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188
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Valle-Noguera A, Gómez-Sánchez MJ, Girard-Madoux MJH, Cruz-Adalia A. Optimized Protocol for Characterization of Mouse Gut Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:563414. [PMID: 33329525 PMCID: PMC7735015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.563414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have gradually been gaining greater relevance in the field of immunology due to their multiple functions in the innate immune response. They can mainly be found in mucosal and barrier organs like skin, gut, and lungs, and have been classified into five main types (NKs, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and Lti cells) according to their function and development. They all play major roles in functions such as tissue homeostasis, early pathogen defense, regulation of inflammation, or tissue remodeling. ILCs are mostly tissue-resident cells tightly bound to the tissue structure, a fact that requires long and complex protocols that do not always provide sufficient yield for analysis. This suggests the need for optimized approaches aimed at ensuring that enriched and viable ILC samples are obtained, in order to furnish quality results. Herein a detailed protocol is established for obtaining a single-cell suspension highly enriched in lymphoid cells from mouse gut in order to identify the different subsets of ILCs by means of flow cytometry. The cell marker panel and flow cytometry gating strategies for identification and quantification of all the different ILC populations are provided for simultaneous analysis. Moreover, the protocol described includes a procedure for studying the different cytokines produced by ILC3s involved in maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier and defending against extracellular pathogens. As a result, herein an efficient method is presented for studying mouse ILCs within the lamina propria of the small intestine and colon; this can constitute a useful tool for future investigations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valle-Noguera
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Gómez-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathilde J H Girard-Madoux
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université d'Aix-Marseille UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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189
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Type 1 innate lymphoid cells: Soldiers at the front line of immunity. Biomed J 2020; 44:115-122. [PMID: 33839081 PMCID: PMC8178574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident innate lymphocytes that have functions to protect the hosts against pathogens and that regulate tissue inflammation and homeostasis. ILC subsets rapidly produce particular cytokines in response to infection, inflammation, and tissue injury at the local environment. Type 1 ILCs (ILC1s) promptly and abundantly produce interferon (IFN)-γ but lack appreciable cytotoxic activity. ILC1s share many phenotypic, developmental, and functional characteristics with natural killer (NK) cells, which are circulating innate lymphocytes with potent natural cytotoxicity. However, recent studies have established ILC1s as distinct from NK cells. ILC1s predominantly reside in the liver—they initially were discovered as a liver-resident ILC subset—as well as in other lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ILC1s play an important and unique role in host protection and in immunomodulation in their resident organs. However, the pathophysiological role of tissue-resident ILC1s remains largely unclear. In this review, we summarize emerging evidence showing that ILC1s not only contribute to inflammation to protect against pathogens but also promote tissue protection and metabolism. We highlight a unique function of ILC1s in their resident tissues.
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190
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Wieduwild E, Girard-Madoux MJ, Quatrini L, Laprie C, Chasson L, Rossignol R, Bernat C, Guia S, Ugolini S. β2-adrenergic signals downregulate the innate immune response and reduce host resistance to viral infection. J Exp Med 2020; 217:133716. [PMID: 32045472 PMCID: PMC7144531 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, psychological stress has been associated with a higher risk of infectious illness. However, the mechanisms by which the stress pathway interferes with host response to pathogens remain unclear. We demonstrate here a role for the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), which binds the stress mediators adrenaline and noradrenaline, in modulating host response to mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Mice treated with a β2-AR agonist were more susceptible to MCMV infection. By contrast, β2-AR deficiency resulted in a better clearance of the virus, less tissue damage, and greater resistance to MCMV. Mechanistically, we found a correlation between higher levels of IFN-γ production by liver natural killer (NK) cells and stronger resistance to MCMV. However, the control of NK cell IFN-γ production was not cell intrinsic, revealing a cell-extrinsic downregulation of the antiviral NK cell response by adrenergic neuroendocrine signals. This pathway reduces host immune defense, suggesting that the blockade of the β2-AR signaling could be used to increase resistance to infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wieduwild
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Mathilde J Girard-Madoux
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.,Department of Immunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Caroline Laprie
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Rafaëlle Rossignol
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Bernat
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Guia
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Ugolini
- Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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191
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Apraiz A, Benedicto A, Marquez J, Agüera-Lorente A, Asumendi A, Olaso E, Arteta B. Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Malignant Melanoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113177. [PMID: 33138017 PMCID: PMC7692065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the innate counterparts of adaptive immune cells. Emerging data indicate that they are also key players in the progression of multiple tumors. In this review we briefly describe ILCs’ functions in the skin, lungs and liver. Next, we analyze the role of ILCs in primary cutaneous melanoma and in its most frequent and deadly metastases, those in liver and lung. We focus on their dual anti– and pro-tumoral functions, depending on the cross-interactions among them and with the surrounding stromal cells that form the tumor microenvironment (TME) in each organ. Next, we detail the role of extracellular vesicles secreted to the TME by ILCs and melanoma on both cell populations. We conclude that the identification of markers and tools to allow the modulation of individual ILC subsets, in addition to the development of standardized protocols, is essential for addressing the therapeutic modulation of ILCs. Abstract The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in cancer progression has been uncovered in recent years. ILCs are classified as Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 ILCs, which are characterized by the transcription factors necessary for their development and the cytokines and chemokines they produce. ILCs are a highly heterogeneous cell population, showing both anti– and protumoral properties and capable of adapting their phenotypes and functions depending on the signals they receive from their surrounding environment. ILCs are considered the innate counterparts of the adaptive immune cells during physiological and pathological processes, including cancer, and as such, ILC subsets reflect different types of T cells. In cancer, each ILC subset plays a crucial role, not only in innate immunity but also as regulators of the tumor microenvironment. ILCs’ interplay with other immune and stromal cells in the metastatic microenvironment further dictates and influences this dichotomy, further strengthening the seed-and-soil theory and supporting the formation of more suitable and organ-specific metastatic environments. Here, we review the present knowledge on the different ILC subsets, focusing on their interplay with components of the tumor environment during the development of primary melanoma as well as on metastatic progression to organs, such as the liver or lung.
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192
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Zhu X, Zhu J. CD4 T Helper Cell Subsets and Related Human Immunological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8011. [PMID: 33126494 PMCID: PMC7663252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a critical role in protecting hosts from the invasion of organisms. CD4 T cells, as a key component of the immune system, are central in orchestrating adaptive immune responses. After decades of investigation, five major CD4 T helper cell (Th) subsets have been identified: Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg (T regulatory), and Tfh (follicular T helper) cells. Th1 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ and the master transcription factor T-bet, participate in type 1 immune responses to intracellular pathogens such as mycobacterial species and viruses; Th2 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokines interleukin (IL)-4/IL-5/IL-13 and the master transcription factor GAΤA3, participate in type 2 immune responses to larger extracellular pathogens such as helminths; Th17 cells, defined by the expression of lineage cytokines IL-17/IL-22 and the master transcription factor RORγt, participate in type 3 immune responses to extracellular pathogens including some bacteria and fungi; Tfh cells, by producing IL-21 and expressing Bcl6, help B cells produce corresponding antibodies; whereas Foxp3-expressing Treg cells, unlike Th1/Th2/Th17/Tfh exerting their effector functions, regulate immune responses to maintain immune cell homeostasis and prevent immunopathology. Interestingly, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been found to mimic the functions of three major effector CD4 T helper subsets (Th1, Th2, and Th17) and thus can also be divided into three major subsets: ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s. In this review, we will discuss the differentiation and functions of each CD4 T helper cell subset in the context of ILCs and human diseases associated with the dysregulation of these lymphocyte subsets particularly caused by monogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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193
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Bachiller M, Battram AM, Perez-Amill L, Martín-Antonio B. Natural Killer Cells in Immunotherapy: Are We Nearly There? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3139. [PMID: 33120910 PMCID: PMC7694052 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent anti-tumor and anti-microbial cells of our innate immune system. They are equipped with a vast array of receptors that recognize tumor cells and other pathogens. The innate immune activity of NK cells develops faster than the adaptive one performed by T cells, and studies suggest an important immunoregulatory role for each population against the other. The association, observed in acute myeloid leukemia patients receiving haploidentical killer-immunoglobulin-like-receptor-mismatched NK cells, with induction of complete remission was the determinant to begin an increasing number of clinical studies administering NK cells for the treatment of cancer patients. Unfortunately, even though transfused NK cells demonstrated safety, their observed efficacy was poor. In recent years, novel studies have emerged, combining NK cells with other immunotherapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, which might improve clinical efficacy. Moreover, genetically-modified NK cells aimed at arming NK cells with better efficacy and persistence have appeared as another option. Here, we review novel pre-clinical and clinical studies published in the last five years administering NK cells as a monotherapy and combined with other agents, and we also review chimeric antigen receptor-modified NK cells for the treatment of cancer patients. We then describe studies regarding the role of NK cells as anti-microbial effectors, as lessons that we could learn and apply in immunotherapy applications of NK cells; these studies highlight an important immunoregulatory role performed between T cells and NK cells that should be considered when designing immunotherapeutic strategies. Lastly, we highlight novel strategies that could be combined with NK cell immunotherapy to improve their targeting, activity, and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beatriz Martín-Antonio
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.B.); (A.M.B.); (L.P.-A.)
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194
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Seillet C, Brossay L, Vivier E. Natural killers or ILC1s? That is the question. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 68:48-53. [PMID: 33069142 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) comprise the natural killer (NK) cells and ILC1s. Both cells co-exist in peripheral tissues and despite effort to characterize the molecular identity and developmental pathways of ILC1s, their relationship with NK cells remains elusive. ILC1s and NK cells share many common features and analysis of ILC1s in tissues revealed a great heterogeneity and distinct transcriptional requirement of each ILC1 subsets complexifying the organization of this group. Here, we discuss whether ILC1 and NK cells can be considered as distinct lineages based on their origin, location, phenotype or transcriptional regulation. Discrimination of NK cells and ILC1s represent an important challenge to unravel the individual functions of these cells during infection and tumor immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Seillet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Australia.
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Eric Vivier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital de la Timone, Immunology, Marseille Immunopole, France; Innate Pharma, Marseille, France
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195
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Li L, Zeng Z. Live Imaging of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Liver. Front Immunol 2020; 11:564768. [PMID: 33042143 PMCID: PMC7527534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.564768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response in the liver is determined by the spatial organization and cellular dynamics of hepatic immune cells. The liver vasculature accommodates abundant tissue-resident innate immune cells, such as Kupffer cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells, to ensure efficient intravascular immunosurveillance. The fenestrated sinusoids also allow direct contact between circulating T cells and non-canonical antigen-presenting cells, such as hepatocytes, to instruct adaptive immune responses. Distinct cellular behaviors are exploited by liver immune cells to exert proper functions. Intravital imaging enables real-time visualization of individual immune cell in living animals, representing a powerful tool in dissecting the spatiotemporal features of intrahepatic immune cells during steady state and liver diseases. This review summarizes current advances in liver immunology prompted by in vivo imaging, with a particular focus on liver-resident innate immune cells and hepatic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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196
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Innate lymphocytes: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of liver diseases and cancer. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:57-72. [PMID: 33041339 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a lymphoid organ with unique immunological properties, particularly, its predominant innate immune system. The balance between immune tolerance and immune activity is critical to liver physiological functions and is responsible for the sensitivity of this organ to numerous diseases, including hepatotropic virus infection, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune liver disease, and liver cancer, which are major health problems globally. In the past decade, with the discovery of liver-resident natural killer cells, the importance of innate lymphocytes with tissue residency has gradually become the focus of research. In this review, we address the current knowledge regarding hepatic innate lymphocytes with unique characteristics, including NK cells, ILC1/2/3s, NKT cells, γδ T cells, and MAIT cells, and their potential roles in liver homeostasis maintenance and the progression of liver diseases and cancer. A better understanding of the immunopathogenesis of hepatic innate lymphocytes will be helpful for proposing effective treatments for liver diseases and cancer.
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197
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Akama Y, Satoh-Takayama N, Kawamoto E, Ito A, Gaowa A, Park EJ, Imai H, Shimaoka M. The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Regulation of Immune Homeostasis in Sepsis-Mediated Lung Inflammation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10100808. [PMID: 33053762 PMCID: PMC7600279 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic shock/severe sepsis is a deregulated host immune system response to infection that leads to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Lung inflammation as a form of acute lung injury (ALI) is often induced in septic shock. Whereas macrophages and neutrophils have been implicated as the principal immune cells regulating lung inflammation, group two innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have recently been identified as a new player regulating immune homeostasis. ILC2 is one of the three major ILC subsets (ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s) comprised of newly identified innate immune cells. These cells are characterized by their ability to rapidly produce type 2 cytokines. ILC2s are predominant resident ILCs and, thereby, have the ability to respond to signals from damaged tissues. ILC2s regulate the immune response, and ILC2-derived type 2 cytokines may exert protective roles against sepsis-induced lung injury. This focused review not only provides readers with new insights into the signaling mechanisms by which ILC2s modulate sepsis-induced lung inflammation, but also proposes ILC2 as a novel therapeutic target for sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Akama
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Faculty, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Naoko Satoh-Takayama
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Faculty, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Ito
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Arong Gaowa
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Faculty, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
- Correspondence: (Y.A.); (M.S.)
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198
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Gong X, Xia L, Su Z. Friend or foe of innate lymphoid cells in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease. Immunology 2020; 162:368-376. [PMID: 32967038 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a distinctive population of leucocytes, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) participate in immune-mediated diseases and play crucial roles in tissue remodelling after injury. ILC lineages can be divided into helper ILCs and cytotoxic ILCs. Most helper ILCs are integrated into the fabric of tissues and produce different types of cytokines involving in the pathogenesis of many kinds of cardiovascular disease and form intricate response circuits with adaptive immune cells. However, the specific phenotype and function of helper ILC subsets in cardiovascular diseases are still poorly understood. In this review, we firstly highlight the distribution of helper ILCs in cardiovascular system and further discuss the potential contribution of helper ILCs in inflammation-associated cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Gong
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Laboratory Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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199
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Goh W, Scheer S, Jackson JT, Hediyeh-Zadeh S, Delconte RB, Schuster IS, Andoniou CE, Rautela J, Degli-Esposti MA, Davis MJ, McCormack MP, Nutt SL, Huntington ND. Hhex Directly Represses BIM-Dependent Apoptosis to Promote NK Cell Development and Maintenance. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108285. [PMID: 33086067 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hhex encodes a homeobox transcriptional regulator important for embryonic development and hematopoiesis. Hhex is highly expressed in NK cells, and its germline deletion results in significant defects in lymphoid development, including NK cells. To determine if Hhex is intrinsically required throughout NK cell development or for NK cell function, we generate mice that specifically lack Hhex in NK cells. NK cell frequency is dramatically reduced, while NK cell differentiation, IL-15 responsiveness, and function at the cellular level remain largely normal in the absence of Hhex. Increased IL-15 availability fails to fully reverse NK lymphopenia following conditional Hhex deletion, suggesting that Hhex regulates developmental pathways extrinsic to those dependent on IL-15. Gene expression and functional genetic approaches reveal that Hhex regulates NK cell survival by directly binding Bcl2l11 (Bim) and repressing expression of this key apoptotic mediator. These data implicate Hhex as a transcriptional regulator of NK cell homeostasis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilford Goh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sebastian Scheer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob T Jackson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-Zadeh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Rebecca B Delconte
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Iona S Schuster
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher E Andoniou
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Jai Rautela
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd., 27 Norwood Cres, Moonee Ponds, Victoria, 3039, Australia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew P McCormack
- The Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia; oNKo-Innate Pty Ltd., 27 Norwood Cres, Moonee Ponds, Victoria, 3039, Australia.
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200
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Quatrini L, Tumino N, Moretta F, Besi F, Vacca P, Moretta L. Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allogenic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Graft Versus Host Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:582098. [PMID: 33101308 PMCID: PMC7554507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells (hILCs), including ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s, are mainly localized at the mucosal barriers where they play an important role in tissue regeneration and homeostasis through the secretion of specific sets of cytokines. The recent identification of a circulating ILC precursor able to generate all ILC mature subsets in physiological conditions, suggests that “ILC-poiesis” may be important in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Indeed, in HSCT the conditioning regimen (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) and Graft vs Host Disease (GvHD) may cause severe damages to mucosal tissues. Therefore, it is conceivable that rapid reconstitution of the hILC compartment may be beneficial in HSCT, by promoting mucosal tissue repair/regeneration and providing protection from opportunistic infections. In this review, we will summarize the evidence for a role of hILCs in allogenic HSCT for the treatment of hematological malignancies in all its steps, from the preparative regimen to the immune reconstitution in the recipient. The protective properties of hILCs at the mucosal barrier interfaces make them an attractive target to exploit in future cellular therapies aimed at improving allogenic HSCT outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Moretta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Francesca Besi
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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