151
|
Freer H, Hillegas JM, Wimer C, Baldwin C, LaBresh J, Wagner B. A monoclonal antibody for detection of intracellular and secreted interleukin-2 in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 191:30-35. [PMID: 28895863 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a T cell growth factor and major modulator of T helper (Th) cell differentiation. Here, we have developed and characterized a monoclonal antibody to equine IL-2 (anti-IL-2 mAb, clone 158-1). The IL-2 mAb detected rIL-2 by ELISA, intracellular staining and flow cytometry analysis and Western blotting. The IL-2 mAb was also paired with a polyclonal IL-2 detection antibody in both ELISA and a fluorescent bead-based assay. When these two assays were compared using identical reagents there was an improved analytical sensitivity (46pg/ml) and wider linear quantification range (46-100,000pg/ml) of IL-2 quantification using the fluorescent bead assay. Equine rIL-2 standards were expressed in both yeast and mammalian cells but the mammalian cell-expressed rIL-2 standard was found to be most accurate for native IL-2 quantification. Using this system we found that stimulation of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin induced IL-2 secretion most potently. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) consistently resulted in low amounts of IL-2 from PBMC, while concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) either marginally stimulated or failed to stimulate IL-2 secretion from equine PBMC. After stimulation of equine PBMC with PMA and ionomycin, IL-2 production was detected in 13.0% (range 7.5-16.8%) of the lymphocytes by flow cytometric analysis. IL-2 expression was mainly stimulated in CD4+ cells, in a sub-population of CD8+ cells, and also in CD4-/CD8- cell population. In addition, both IFN-γ+/IL-2+ and IL-4+/IL-2+ producing cells were observed. Testing of serum and colostrum samples from 15 healthy horses showed that IL-2 was not detectable in these samples (<46pg/ml). In summary, the equine IL-2 mAb provides a new tool for the characterization of IL-2 producing equine cells and the quantification of secreted equine IL-2 in sensitive assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Freer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Julia M Hillegas
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Christine Wimer
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Baldwin
- Paige Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Wu Y, Tian Z, Wei H. Developmental and Functional Control of Natural Killer Cells by Cytokines. Front Immunol 2017; 8:930. [PMID: 28824650 PMCID: PMC5543290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are effective in combating infections and tumors and as such are tempting for adoptive transfer therapy. However, they are not homogeneous but can be divided into three main subsets, including cytotoxic, tolerant, and regulatory NK cells, with disparate phenotypes and functions in diverse tissues. The development and functions of such NK cells are controlled by various cytokines, such as fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FL), kit ligand (KL), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, transforming growth factor-β, and common-γ chain family cytokines, which operate at different stages by regulating distinct signaling pathways. Nevertheless, the specific roles of each cytokine that regulates NK cell development or that shapes different NK cell functions remain unclear. In this review, we attempt to describe the characteristics of each cytokine and the existing protocols to expand NK cells using different combinations of cytokines and feeder cells. A comprehensive understanding of the role of cytokines in NK cell development and function will aid the generation of better efficacy for adoptive NK cell treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Charych D, Khalili S, Dixit V, Kirk P, Chang T, Langowski J, Rubas W, Doberstein SK, Eldon M, Hoch U, Zalevsky J. Modeling the receptor pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of NKTR-214, a kinetically-controlled interleukin-2 (IL2) receptor agonist for cancer immunotherapy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179431. [PMID: 28678791 PMCID: PMC5497954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are potent immune modulating agents but are not ideal medicines in their natural form due to their short half-life and pleiotropic systemic effects. NKTR-214 is a clinical-stage biologic that comprises interleukin-2 (IL2) protein bound by multiple releasable polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains. In this highly PEG-bound form, the IL2 is inactive; therefore, NKTR-214 is a biologic prodrug. When administered in vivo, the PEG chains slowly release, creating a cascade of increasingly active IL2 protein conjugates bound by fewer PEG chains. The 1-PEG-IL2 and 2-PEG-IL2 species derived from NKTR-214 are the most active conjugated-IL2 species. Free-IL2 protein is undetectable in vivo as it is eliminated faster than formed. The PEG chains on NKTR-214 are located at the region of IL2 that contacts the alpha (α) subunit of the heterotrimeric IL2 receptor complex, IL2Rαβγ, reducing its ability to bind and activate the heterotrimer. The IL2Rαβγ complex is constitutively expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs). Therefore, without the use of mutations, PEGylation reduces the affinity for IL2Rαβγ to a greater extent than for IL2Rβγ, the receptor complex predominant on CD8 T cells. NKTR-214 treatment in vivo favors activation of CD8 T cells over Tregs in the tumor microenvironment to provide anti-tumor efficacy in multiple syngeneic models. Mechanistic modeling based on in vitro and in vivo kinetic data provides insight into the mechanism of NKTR-214 pharmacology. The model reveals that conjugated-IL2 protein derived from NKTR-214 occupy IL-2Rβγ to a greater extent compared to free-IL2 protein. The model accurately describes the sustained in vivo signaling observed after a single dose of NKTR-214 and explains how the properties of NKTR-214 impart a unique kinetically-controlled immunological mechanism of action.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Algorithms
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Liberation
- Female
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/agonists
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/analogs & derivatives
- Interleukin-2/pharmacokinetics
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/agonists
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/agonists
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Theoretical
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacokinetics
- Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
- Prodrugs/pharmacokinetics
- Prodrugs/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Charych
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Samira Khalili
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vidula Dixit
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter Kirk
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Chang
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Langowski
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Werner Rubas
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Michael Eldon
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Hoch
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Zalevsky
- Nektar Therapeutics, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Tan L, Han S, Ding S, Xiao W, Ding Y, Qian L, Wang C, Gong W. Chitosan nanoparticle-based delivery of fused NKG2D-IL-21 gene suppresses colon cancer growth in mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3095-3107. [PMID: 28450784 PMCID: PMC5399983 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s128032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles can be loaded with exogenous DNA for the potential expression of cytokines with immune-stimulatory function. NKG2D identifies major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related protein in human and retinoic acid early induced transcript-1 in mouse, which acts as tumor-associated antigens. Biologic agents based on interleukin 21 (IL-21) have displayed antitumor activities through lymphocyte activation. The NKG2D-IL-21 fusion protein theoretically identifies tumor cells through NKG2D moiety and activates T cells through IL-21 moiety. In this study, double-gene fragments that encode the extracellular domains of NKG2D and IL-21 genes were connected and then inserted into the pcDNA3.1(-) plasmid. PcDNA3.1-dsNKG2D-IL-21 plasmid nanoparticles based on chitosan were generated. Tumor cells pretransfected with dsNKG2D-IL-21 gene nanoparticles can activate natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Serum IL-21 levels were enhanced in mice intramuscularly injected with the gene nanoparticles. DsNKG2D-IL-21 gene nanoparticles accumulated in tumor tissues after being intravenously injected for ~4-24 h. Treatment of dsNKG2D-IL-21 gene nanoparticles also retarded tumor growth and elongated the life span of tumor-bearing mice by activating NK and T cells in vivo. Thus, the dsNKG2D-IL-21 gene nanoparticles exerted efficient antitumor activities and would be potentially used for tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lunmei Tan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses
| | - Sen Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine
| | | | - Weiming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College.,Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine.,Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Chenming Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Clinical Medical College.,Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Medicine.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Li K, Qu S, Chen X, Wu Q, Shi M. Promising Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy: TLRs, RLRs, and STING-Mediated Innate Immune Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E404. [PMID: 28216575 PMCID: PMC5343938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cancers employ diverse and intricate immune evasion strategies, which lead to inadequately effective responses of many clinical cancer therapies. However, emerging data suggest that activation of the tolerant innate immune system in cancer patients is able, at least partially, to counteract tumor-induced immunosuppression, which indicates triggering of the innate immune response as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients. The promising innate immune targets include Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs), and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). This review discusses the antitumor properties of TLRs, RLRs, and STING-mediated innate immune pathways, as well as the promising innate immune targets for potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Shuai Qu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Eckert F, Gaipl U, Niedermann G, Hettich M, Schilbach K, Huber S, Zips D. Beyond checkpoint inhibition - Immunotherapeutical strategies in combination with radiation. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017; 2:29-35. [PMID: 29657997 PMCID: PMC5893529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The revival of cancer immunotherapy has taken place with the clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibition. However, the spectrum of immunotherapeutic approaches is much broader encompassing T cell engaging strategies, tumour-specific vaccination, antibodies or immunocytokines. This review focuses on the immunological effects of irradiation and the evidence available on combination strategies with immunotherapy. The available data suggest great potential of combined treatments, yet also poses questions about dose, fractionation, timing and most promising multimodal strategies.
Collapse
Key Words
- Bispecific antibodies
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CAR-T-cells
- CDN, cyclic dinucleotides
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
- IR, irradiation
- Immunocytokines
- Immunotherapy
- PD-1, Programmed cell death protein 1 receptor
- PD-L1, PD-1 ligand
- Radiotherapy
- TCR, T cell receptor
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- Vaccination
- bsAb, bispecific antibody
- scFv, single chain variable fragment
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - U.S. Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - G. Niedermann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M. Hettich
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - K. Schilbach
- Department of General Pediatrics/Pediatric Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S.M. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - D. Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitaetsklinikum Tuebingen, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Zheng Y, Zong ZM, Chen SL, Chen AH, Wei XY. Ameliorative effect of Trametes orientalis polysaccharide against immunosuppression and oxidative stress in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:1216-1222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
158
|
Yan X, Jiao SC, Zhang GQ, Guan Y, Wang JL. Tumor-associated immune factors are associated with recurrence and metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:57-63. [PMID: 28084319 PMCID: PMC5339429 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic interaction between tumor cells and the microenvironment is critical for tumorigenesis, and cancer immunosurveillance plays an important role in the tumor evolution. In some tumors (such as esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer and colorectal cancer), studies have shown that the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has a significant relationship with the prognosis, but there is little research on the prognosis of TILs and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been performed. Therefore, it is necessary to discover the relationship between the TILs and cytokines with NSCLC prognosis and metastasis in patients. Tumor samples were carefully examined for tissue preservation and complete follow-up. A total of 107 tumor samples from NSCLC patients with radical surgical resection were enrolled for the analysis. All samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry for detection of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4, cyclooxygenase2 (COX-2), transforming growth factor β 1, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-12 receptor and hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a). The number, function and location of the targets were analyzed to determine their correlation with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Immunhistochemical results from 107 samples indicated that the FoxP3+ regulatory TIL (HR=1.336, P=0.031), IL-2 (HR=0.595, P=0.007) and HIF-1a (HR=1.510, P=0.002) levels in tumor cells closely correlated with DFS in a COX analysis model. FoxP3+ regulatory TILs (HR=1.566, P=0.002) significantly correlated with OS and tumor node metastasis staging. The patients were divided into two groups due to the coexpression pattern of the IL-2, FoxP3+ and HIF-1a. The high-risk group had an overall worse survival than those at low risk. We confirmed that Foxp3 expression in lymphocyte and IL-2 expression in tumor cells were associated with recurrence or transfer. Furthermore, we also observed that HIF-1a expression significantly correlated with DFS and OS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Yan
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - S-C Jiao
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - G-Q Zhang
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Y Guan
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - J-L Wang
- Medical Oncology Department, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Osinalde N, Sanchez-Quiles V, Akimov V, Aloria K, Arizmendi JM, Blagoev B, Kratchmarova I. Characterization of Receptor-Associated Protein Complex Assembly in Interleukin (IL)-2- and IL-15-Activated T-Cell Lines. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:106-121. [PMID: 27463037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It remains a paradox that IL-2 and IL-15 can differentially modulate the immune response using the same signaling receptors. We have previously dissected the phosphotyrosine-driven signaling cascades triggered by both cytokines in Kit225 T-cells, unveiling subtle differences that may contribute to their functional dichotomy. In this study, we aimed to decipher the receptor complex assembly in IL-2- and IL-15-activated T-lymphocytes that is highly orchestrated by site-specific phosphorylation events. Comparing the cytokine-induced interactome of the interleukin receptor beta and gamma subunits shared by the two cytokines, we defined the components of the early IL-2 and IL-15 receptor-associated complex discovering novel constituents. Additionally, phosphopeptide-directed analysis allowed us to detect several cytokine-dependent and -independent phosphorylation events within the activated receptor complex including novel phosphorylated sites located in the cytoplasmic region of IL-2 receptor β subunit (IL-2Rβ). We proved that the distinct phosphorylations induced by the cytokines serve for recruiting different types of effectors to the initial receptor/ligand complex. Overall, our study sheds new light into the initial molecular events triggered by IL-2 and IL-15 and constitutes a further step toward a better understanding of the early signaling aspects of the two closely related cytokines in T-lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Osinalde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Virginia Sanchez-Quiles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vyacheslav Akimov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kerman Aloria
- Proteomics Core Facility-SGIKER, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU , 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jesus M Arizmendi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU , 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Irina Kratchmarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark , 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Origgi FC, Benedicenti O, Segner H, Sattler U, Wahli T, Frey J. Aeromonas salmonicida type III secretion system-effectors-mediated immune suppression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:334-345. [PMID: 27923746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, the etiologic agent of furunculosis, is a major pathogen in aquaculture. Together with other pathogens, it is characterized by the presence of a type 3 secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS is the main virulence mechanism of A. salmonicida. It is used by the bacterium to secrete and translocate several toxins and effector proteins into the host cell. Some of these factors have a detrimental impact on the integrity of the cell cytoskeleton, likely contributing to impair phagocytosis. Furthermore, it has been suggested that effectors of the T3SS are able to modulate the host's immune response. Here we present the first partial characterization of the immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with distinct strains of A. salmonicida either carrying (i) a fully functional T3SS or (ii) a functionally impaired T3SS or (iii) devoid of T3SS ("cured" strain). Infection with an A. salmonicida strain either carrying a fully functional or a secretion-impaired T3SS was associated with a strong and persistent immune suppression. However, the infection appeared to be fatal only in the presence of a fully functional T3SS. In contrast, the absence of T3SS was neither associated with immune suppression nor fish death. These findings suggest that the T3SS and T3SS-delivered effector molecules and toxins of A. salmonicida do not only impair the host cells' cytoskeleton thus damaging cell physiology and phagocytosis, but also heavily affect the transcription of critical immune mediators including the shut-down of important warning signals to recognize infection and induce immune defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Origgi
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland; Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland.
| | - O Benedicenti
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - H Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland
| | - U Sattler
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland
| | - T Wahli
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland
| | - J Frey
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern-CH, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Zhang ZN, Bai LX, Fu YJ, Jiang YJ, Shang H. CD4 +IL-21 +T cells are correlated with regulatory T cells and IL-21 promotes regulatory T cells survival during HIV infection. Cytokine 2016; 91:110-117. [PMID: 28043029 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IL-21 enhances T and natural killer cells survival and antiviral functions without promoting T cell activation during HIV infection, which makes it a better adjuvant in anti-HIV immunotherapy. Due to the pleiotropy and redundancy of cytokines, it is vital to have a comprehensive knowledge of the role of IL-21 in the regulation of immune responses. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in immune regulation and are a determinant of immune therapeutic efficacy in certain circumstances. In this study, we explored the direct effect of IL-21 on Tregs during HIV infection, which has not been addressed before. METHODS Thirty-four HIV treatment-naïve patients were enrolled and the relationship between CD4+IL-21+T cells and Tregs were studied. The effects of IL-21 on CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs' apoptosis, proliferation, and CTLA-4 and TGF-β expression in HIV-infected patients was investigated and compared with the effect of other common γ-chain cytokines. RESULTS We found the percentage and absolute numbers of CD4+IL-21+T cells were positively related to the frequency or absolute numbers of CD4+CD25+ or CD4+CD25+CD127low Tregs. Compared with the media-alone control, IL-21, IL-7, and IL-15 could significantly reduce apoptosis of Tregs (p<0.05). IL-21 did not promote the proliferation of Tregs as compared with media alone, while IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 could significantly increase the proliferation of Tregs (p<0.05). IL-21 enhanced CTLA-4 expression by Tregs (p<0.05), but could not induce TGF-β secretion of Tregs from HIV infected patients. There were no significant differences of the fold induction of apoptosis, proliferation, or CTLA-4 and TGF-β expression by Tregs from HIV-infected patients and normal controls after IL-21 treatment. In vitro experiment showed that pretreatment with IL-21 significantly enhanced the suppressive effect of Tregs on CD8+ T cells' IFN-γ expression. CONCLUSION We conclude that IL-21 promotes the survival and CTLA-4 expression of Tregs and enhanced the suppressive capacity of Tregs during HIV infection. These results broaden the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and provide critical information for HIV interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Xin Bai
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Beneficial in-vitro effects of interleukin-2, interleukin-12, and their combination on functional and receptor characteristics of natural killer cells in metastatic melanoma patients with normal serum lactate dehydrogenase levels. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:551-564. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
163
|
Catalani E, Proietti Serafini F, Zecchini S, Picchietti S, Fausto AM, Marcantoni E, Buonanno F, Ortenzi C, Perrotta C, Cervia D. Natural products from aquatic eukaryotic microorganisms for cancer therapy: Perspectives on anti-tumour properties of ciliate bioactive molecules. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:409-420. [PMID: 27650755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several modern drugs, including those for cancer therapy, have been isolated from natural sources, are based on natural products and its derivatives, or mime natural products. Some of them are in clinical use, others in clinical trials. The success of natural products in drug discovery is related to their biochemical characteristics and to the technologic methods used to study their feature. Natural compounds may acts as chemo-preventive agents and as factors that increase therapeutic efficacy of existing drugs, thus overcoming cancer cell drug resistance that is the main factor determining the failure in conventional chemotherapy. Water environment, because of its physical and chemical conditions, shows an extraordinary collection of natural biological substances with an extensive structural and functional diversity. The isolation of bioactive molecules has been reported from a great variety of aquatic organisms; however, the therapeutic application of molecules from eukaryotic microorganisms remains inadequately investigated and underexploited on a systematic basis. Herein we describe the biological activities in mammalian cells of selected substances isolated from ciliates, free-living protozoa common almost everywhere there is water, focusing on their anti-tumour actions and their possible therapeutic activity. In particular, we unveil the cellular and molecular machine mediating the effects of cell type-specific signalling protein pheromone Er-1 and secondary metabolites, i.e. euplotin C and climacostol, in cancer cells. To support the feasibility of climacostol-based approaches, we also present novel findings and report additional mechanisms of action using both in vitro and in vivo models of mouse melanomas, with the scope of highlighting new frontiers that can be explored also in a therapeutic perspective. The high skeletal chemical difference of ciliate compounds, their sustainability and availability, also through the use of new organic synthesis/modifications processes, and the results obtained so far in biological studies provide a rationale to consider some of them a potential resource for the design of new anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesca Proietti Serafini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Enrico Marcantoni
- School of Sciences and Technologies, Section of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Italy
| | - Federico Buonanno
- Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Università degli Studi di Macerata, Italy
| | - Claudio Ortenzi
- Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Università degli Studi di Macerata, Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Gabapentin and pregabalin for the treatment of chronic pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 75:619-625.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.02.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
165
|
DeGottardi MQ, Okoye AA, Vaidya M, Talla A, Konfe AL, Reyes MD, Clock JA, Duell DM, Legasse AW, Sabnis A, Park BS, Axthelm MK, Estes JD, Reiman KA, Sekaly RP, Picker LJ. Effect of Anti-IL-15 Administration on T Cell and NK Cell Homeostasis in Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1183-98. [PMID: 27430715 PMCID: PMC4976006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 has been implicated as a key regulator of T and NK cell homeostasis in multiple systems; however, its specific role in maintaining peripheral T and NK cell populations relative to other γ-chain (γc) cytokines has not been fully defined in primates. In this article, we address this question by determining the effect of IL-15 inhibition with a rhesusized anti-IL-15 mAb on T and NK cell dynamics in rhesus macaques. Strikingly, anti-IL-15 treatment resulted in rapid depletion of NK cells and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector memory T cells (TEM) in blood and tissues, with little to no effect on naive or central memory T cells. Importantly, whereas depletion of NK cells was nearly complete and maintained as long as anti-IL-15 treatment was given, TEM depletion was countered by the onset of massive TEM proliferation, which almost completely restored circulating TEM numbers. Tissue TEM, however, remained significantly reduced, and most TEM maintained very high turnover throughout anti-IL-15 treatment. In the presence of IL-15 inhibition, TEM became increasingly more sensitive to IL-7 stimulation in vivo, and transcriptional analysis of TEM in IL-15-inhibited monkeys revealed engagement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, suggesting alternative γc cytokine signaling may support TEM homeostasis in the absence of IL-15. Thus, IL-15 plays a major role in peripheral maintenance of NK cells and TEM However, whereas most NK cell populations collapse in the absence of IL-15, TEM can be maintained in the face of IL-15 inhibition by the activity of other homeostatic regulators, most likely IL-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Q DeGottardi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mukta Vaidya
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Audrie L Konfe
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew D Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Joseph A Clock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Derick M Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Amit Sabnis
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Byung S Park
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Keith A Reiman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | | | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
|
167
|
Song Y, Liu Y, Hu R, Su M, Rood D, Lai L. In Vivo Antitumor Activity of a Recombinant IL7/IL15 Hybrid Cytokine in Mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2413-2421. [PMID: 27474151 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both IL7 and IL15 have become important candidate immunomodulators for cancer treatment. However, IL7 or IL15 used alone suffers from shortcomings, such as short serum half-life and limited antitumor effect. We have cloned and expressed a recombinant (r) IL7/IL15 fusion protein in which IL7 and IL15 are linked by a flexible linker. We then compared the antitumor effect of rIL7/IL15 with the individual factors rIL7 and/or rIL15. We show here that rIL7/IL15 has a higher antitumor activity than the combination of the individual factors in both murine B16F10 melanoma and CT-26 colon cancer models. This was associated with a significant increase in tumor infiltration of T cells, DCs, and NK cells and a decrease in regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition, rIL7/IL15-treated DCs had higher expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. The higher antitumor activity of rIL7/IL15 is likely due to its longer in vivo half-life and different effects on immune cells. Our results suggest that rIL7/IL15 may offer a new tool to enhance antitumor immunity and treat cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2413-21. ©2016 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinhong Song
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Medical College, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Min Su
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Debra Rood
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Patil NK, Bohannon JK, Sherwood ER. Immunotherapy: A promising approach to reverse sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:688-702. [PMID: 27468649 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host responses to infection (Third International Consensus definition for Sepsis and septic shock). Despite decades of research, sepsis remains the leading cause of death in intensive care units. More than 40 clinical trials, most of which have targeted the sepsis-associated pro-inflammatory response, have failed. Thus, antibiotics and fluid resuscitation remain the mainstays of supportive care and there is intense need to discover and develop novel, targeted therapies to treat sepsis. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies over the past decade demonstrate unequivocally that sepsis not only causes hyper-inflammation, but also leads to simultaneous adaptive immune system dysfunction and impaired antimicrobial immunity. Evidences for immunosuppression include immune cell depletion (T cells most affected), compromised T cell effector functions, T cell exhaustion, impaired antigen presentation, increased susceptibility to opportunistic nosocomial infections, dysregulated cytokine secretion, and reactivation of latent viruses. Therefore, targeting immunosuppression provides a logical approach to treat protracted sepsis. Numerous pre-clinical studies using immunomodulatory agents such as interleukin-7, anti-programmed cell death 1 antibody (anti-PD-1), anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand antibody (anti-PD-L1), and others have demonstrated reversal of T cell dysfunction and improved survival. Therefore, identifying immunosuppressed patients with the help of specific biomarkers and administering specific immunomodulators holds significant potential for sepsis therapy in the future. This review focusses on T cell dysfunction during sepsis and discusses the potential immunotherapeutic agents to boost T cell function during sepsis and improve host resistance to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Read KA, Powell MD, McDonald PW, Oestreich KJ. IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15: Multistage regulators of CD4(+) T helper cell differentiation. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:799-808. [PMID: 27423815 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a class of environmental factors that are critical drivers of immune cell development. Cytokines of the common gamma-chain family, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15, have been the subject of intense experimental scrutiny and have well-defined roles as regulators of diverse immune cell types including CD4(+) T helper cells. Because of their pleiotropic effects on T-cell development and function, researchers and clinicians have attempted to harness the capabilities of these cytokines for therapeutic benefit. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these cytokines on CD4(+) T cell development and briefly discuss how these immunomodulatory cytokines are being used in efforts to treat human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Powell
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Kenneth J Oestreich
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA; Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Fritz SE, Henson MS, Greengard E, Winter AL, Stuebner KM, Yoon U, Wilk VL, Borgatti A, Augustin LB, Modiano JF, Saltzman DA. A phase I clinical study to evaluate safety of orally administered, genetically engineered Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for canine osteosarcoma. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:179-190. [PMID: 29067193 PMCID: PMC5645873 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a prospective phase I study to evaluate safety of an orally administered Salmonella encoding IL‐2 (SalpIL2) in combination with amputation and adjuvant doxorubicin for canine appendicular osteosarcoma. Efficacy was assessed as a secondary measure. The first dose of SalpIL2 was administered to 19 dogs on Day 0; amputation was done after 10 days with chemotherapy following 2 weeks later. SalpIL2 was administered concurrent with chemotherapy, for a total of five doses of doxorubicin and six doses of SalpIL2. There were six reportable events prior to chemotherapy, but none appeared due to SalpIL2. Dogs receiving SalpIL2 had significantly longer disease‐free interval (DFI) than a comparison group of dogs treated with doxorubicin alone. Dogs treated using lower doses of SalpIL2 also had longer DFI than dogs treated using the highest SalpIL2 dose. The data indicate that SalpIL2 is safe and well tolerated, which supports additional testing to establish the potential for SalpIL2 as a novel form of adjuvant therapy for dogs with osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Fritz
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Michael S Henson
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Emily Greengard
- Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Pediatric Hematology/OncologySchool of Medicine and Masonic Children's HospitalUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Amber L Winter
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Clinical Investigation CenterCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kathleen M Stuebner
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Clinical Investigation CenterCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Una Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Vicki L Wilk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Antonella Borgatti
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Lance B Augustin
- Department of SurgeryDivision of Pediatric SurgerySchool of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA.,Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA.,Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Daniel A Saltzman
- Masonic Caner CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA.,Department of SurgeryDivision of Pediatric SurgerySchool of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA.,Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Kim JM, Chen DS. Immune escape to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade: seven steps to success (or failure). Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1492-504. [PMID: 27207108 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death-1 (PD-1)-targeted therapy has demonstrated the importance of the PD-L1 : PD-1 interaction in inhibiting anticancer T-cell immunity in multiple human cancers, generating durable responses and extended overall survival. However, not all patients treated with PD-L1/PD-1-targeted therapy experience tumor shrinkage, durable responses, or prolonged survival. To extend such benefits to more cancer patients, it is necessary to understand why some patients experience primary or secondary immune escape, in which the immune response is incapable of eradicating all cancer cells. Understanding immune escape from PD-L1/PD-1-targeted therapy will be important to the development of rational immune-combination therapy and predictive diagnostics and to the identification of novel immune targets. Factors that likely relate to immune escape include the lack of strong cancer antigens or epitopes recognized by T cells, minimal activation of cancer-specific T cells, poor infiltration of T cells into tumors, downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex on cancer cells, and immunosuppressive factors and cells in the tumor microenvironment. Precisely identifying and understanding these mechanisms of immune escape in individual cancer patients will allow for personalized cancer immunotherapy, in which monotherapy and combination immunotherapy are chosen based on the presence of specific immune biology. This approach may enable treatment with immunotherapy without inducing immune escape, resulting in a larger proportion of patients obtaining clinical benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Kim
- Genentech, South San Francisco
| | - D S Chen
- Genentech, South San Francisco Stanford Medical Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Puttaswamy N, Pavan Kumar G, Al-Ghorbani M, Vigneshwaran V, Prabhakar B, Khanum SA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of salicylic acid conjugated isoxazoline analogues on immune cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:153-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
173
|
Deo VK, Kato T, Park EY. Virus-Like Particles Displaying Recombinant Short-Chain Fragment Region and Interleukin 2 for Targeting Colon Cancer Tumors and Attracting Macrophages. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:1614-1622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
174
|
Jiang T, Zhou C, Ren S. Role of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1163462. [PMID: 27471638 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1163462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is one of the key cytokines with pleiotropic effects on immune system. It has been approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. Recent progress has been made in our understanding of IL-2 in regulating lymphocytes that has led to exciting new directions for cancer immunotherapy. While improved IL-2 formulations might be used as monotherapies, their combination with other anticancer immunotherapies, such as adoptive cell transfer regimens, antigen-specific vaccination, and blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules, for example cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) mono-antibodies, would held the promise of treating metastatic cancer. Despite the comprehensive studies of IL-2 on immune system have established the application of IL-2 for cancer immunotherapy, a number of poignant obstacles remain for future research. In the present review, we will focus on the key biological features of IL-2, current applications, limitations, and future directions of IL-2 in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai, P.R. of China
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Osinalde N, Mitxelena J, Sánchez-Quiles V, Akimov V, Aloria K, Arizmendi JM, Zubiaga AM, Blagoev B, Kratchmarova I. Nuclear Phosphoproteomic Screen Uncovers ACLY as Mediator of IL-2-induced Proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2076-92. [PMID: 27067055 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.057158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer immunotherapies commonly rely on the use of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to promote the expansion of T lymphocytes. IL-2- dependent proliferation is the culmination of a complex network of phosphorylation-driven signaling events that impact on gene transcription through mechanisms that are not clearly understood. To study the role of IL-2 in the regulation of nuclear protein function we have performed an unbiased mass spectrometry-based study of the nuclear phosphoproteome of resting and IL-2-treated CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We detected 8521distinct phosphosites including many that are not yet reported in curated phosphorylation databases. Although most phosphorylation sites remained unaffected upon IL-2 treatment, 391 sites corresponding to 288 gene products showed robust IL-2-dependent regulation. Importantly, we show that ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key phosphoprotein effector of IL-2-mediated T-cell responses. ACLY becomes phosphorylated on serine 455 in T lymphocytes upon IL-2-driven activation of AKT, and depletion or inactivation of ACLY compromises IL-2-promoted T-cell growth. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ACLY is required for enhancing histone acetylation levels and inducing the expression of cell cycle regulating genes in response to IL-2. Thus, the metabolic enzyme ACLY emerges as a bridge between cytokine signaling and proliferation of T lymphocytes, and may be an attractive candidate target for the development of more efficient anti-cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Osinalde
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jone Mitxelena
- §Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Quiles
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vyacheslav Akimov
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kerman Aloria
- ¶Proteomics Core Facility-SGIKER, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jesus M Arizmendi
- ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana M Zubiaga
- §Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Irina Kratchmarova
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Zhang D, Ma M, Pu Y, Li L, Cao G, Bai Y, Zhou B. Genetic Association Between IL-21 Polymorphisms and Cryptorchidism in a Chinese Han Population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:261-4. [PMID: 26990619 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Increasing evidence suggests an association between interleukin gene polymorphisms and cryptorchidism. To investigate the relationship between IL-21 gene polymorphisms and cryptorchidism susceptibility, a comprehensive genetic association study in a Chinese Han population was conducted. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 328 men were enrolled in a case-control study (116 cases and 212 healthy controls). Three SNPs (rs907715, rs2055979, and rs12508721) of the IL-21 gene were genotyped using the TaqMan(®) genotyping assay. For the rs2055979 C>A polymorphism, A allele carriers had significantly decreased cryptorchidism susceptibility (p = 0.021, odds ratios [OR] = 0.58, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.37-0.93) in a dominant model (AA+CA vs. CC), a codominant model (AC vs. CC; p = 0.029, OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.31-0.85), and an overdominant model (AC vs. CC/AA; p = 0.0087, OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.33-0.86). However, no associations were identified for the rs907715 C>T and rs12508721 C>A polymorphisms. In the haplotype analyses, the C-C-T haplotype of rs907715-rs2055979-rs12508721 significantly increased the risk of cryptorchidism (p < 0.0001, OR = 5.251, 95% CI = 2.528-10.906). CONCLUSIONS The rs2055979 C>A polymorphism of the IL-21 gene is associated with cryptorchidism susceptibility, and the C allele increases the risk of cryptorchidism in a Chinese Han population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyan Zhang
- 1 Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health of the National Health and Family Planning Commission (Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute) , Chongqing, China
| | - Mingfu Ma
- 2 Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health of the National Health and Family Planning Commission (Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute) , Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Pu
- 3 Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| | - Lianbing Li
- 2 Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health of the National Health and Family Planning Commission (Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute) , Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Cao
- 4 Criminal Science & Technology Institute of Karamay Public Security Bureau , Karamay, Singkiang Uighur, China
| | - Yun Bai
- 1 Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- 3 Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Nakhlé J, Pierron V, Bauchet AL, Plas P, Thiongane A, Meyer-Losic F, Schmidlin F. Tasquinimod modulates tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and improves the antitumor immune response to PD-L1 blockade in bladder cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1145333. [PMID: 27471612 PMCID: PMC4955379 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1145333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of myeloid cells helps tumors to overcome immune surveillance and imparts resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Thus, strategies to modulate the effects of these immune cells may offer a potential therapeutic benefit. We report here that tasquinimod, a novel immunotherapy which targets S100A9 signaling, reduces the immunosuppressive properties of myeloid cells in preclinical models of bladder cancer (BCa). As single anticancer agent, tasquinimod treatment was effective in preventing early stage tumor growth, but did not achieve a clear antitumor effect in advanced tumors. Investigations of this response revealed that tasquinimod induces an increase in the expression of a negative regulator of T cell activation, Programmed-death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This markedly weakens its antitumor immunity, yet provokes an "inflamed" milieu rendering tumors more prone to T cell-mediated immune attack by PD-L1 blockade. Interestingly, the combination of tasquinimod with an Anti-PD-L1 antibody enhanced the antitumor immune response in bladder tumors. This combination synergistically modulated tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, thereby strongly affecting proliferation and activation of effector T cells. Together, our data provide insight into the rational combination of therapies that activate both innate and adaptive immune system, such as the association of S100A9-targeting agents with immune checkpoints inhibitors, to improve the response to cancer immunotherapeutic agents in BCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nakhlé
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | - Valérie Pierron
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Pascale Plas
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | - Amath Thiongane
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Fabien Schmidlin
- IPSEN Innovation, Global Drug Discovery department , Les Ulis, France
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Patil NK, Luan L, Bohannon JK, Guo Y, Hernandez A, Fensterheim B, Sherwood ER. IL-15 Superagonist Expands mCD8+ T, NK and NKT Cells after Burn Injury but Fails to Improve Outcome during Burn Wound Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148452. [PMID: 26859674 PMCID: PMC4747596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severely burned patients are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections and sepsis, owing to the loss of the protective skin barrier and immunological dysfunction. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) belongs to the IL-2 family of common gamma chain cytokines and stimulates the proliferation and activation of T (specifically memory CD8), NK and NKT cells. It has been shown to preserve T cell function and improve survival during cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in mice. However, the therapeutic efficacy of IL-15 or IL-15 superagonist (SA) during infection after burn injury has not been evaluated. Moreover, very few, if any, studies have examined, in detail, the effect of burn injury and infection on the adaptive immune system. Thus, we examined the effect of burn and sepsis on adaptive immune cell populations and the effect of IL-15 SA treatment on the host response to infection. Methods Mice were subjected to a 35% total body surface area burn, followed by wound infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In some experiments, IL-15 SA was administered after burn injury, but before infection. Leukocytes in spleen, liver and peritoneal cavity were characterized using flow cytometry. Bacterial clearance, organ injury and survival were also assessed. Results Burn wound infection led to a significant decline in total white blood cell and lymphocyte counts and induced organ injury and sepsis. Burn injury caused decline in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen, which was worsened by infection. IL-15 treatment inhibited this decline and significantly increased cell numbers and activation, as determined by CD69 expression, of CD4+, CD8+, B, NK and NKT cells in the spleen and liver after burn injury. However, IL-15 SA treatment failed to prevent burn wound sepsis-induced loss of CD4+, CD8+, B, NK and NKT cells and failed to improve bacterial clearance and survival. Conclusion Cutaneous burn injury and infection cause significant adaptive immune dysfunction. IL-15 SA does not augment host resistance to burn wound sepsis in mice despite inducing proliferation and activation of lymphocyte subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naeem K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Julia K. Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Yin Guo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Fensterheim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Edward R. Sherwood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Liu R, Luo F, Liu X, Wang L, Yang J, Deng Y, Huang E, Qian J, Lu Z, Jiang X, Zhang D, Chu Y. Biological Response Modifier in Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:69-138. [PMID: 27240457 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological response modifiers (BRMs) emerge as a lay of new compounds or approaches used in improving cancer immunotherapy. Evidences highlight that cytokines, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and noncoding RNAs are of crucial roles in modulating antitumor immune response and cancer-related chronic inflammation, and BRMs based on them have been explored. In particular, besides some cytokines like IFN-α and IL-2, several Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists like BCG, MPL, and imiquimod are also licensed to be used in patients with several malignancies nowadays, and the first artificial small noncoding RNA (microRNA) mimic, MXR34, has entered phase I clinical study against liver cancer, implying their potential application in cancer therapy. According to amounts of original data, this chapter will review the regulatory roles of TLR signaling, some noncoding RNAs, and several key cytokines in cancer and cancer-related immune response, as well as the clinical cases in cancer therapy based on them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Luman Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuting Deng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Enyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiawen Qian
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuechao Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Jiang J, Ceylan M, Zheng Y, Yao L, Asmatulu R, Yang SY. Poly-ε-caprolactone electrospun nanofiber mesh as a gene delivery tool. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2016.4.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
181
|
Regan D, Dow S. Manipulation of Innate Immunity for Cancer Therapy in Dogs. Vet Sci 2015; 2:423-439. [PMID: 29061951 PMCID: PMC5644648 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci2040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last one to two decades, the field of cancer immunotherapy has rapidly progressed from early preclinical studies to a successful clinical reality and fourth major pillar of human cancer therapy. While current excitement in the field of immunotherapy is being driven by several major breakthroughs including immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, these advances stem from a foundation of pivotal studies demonstrating the immune systems role in tumor control and eradication. The following will be a succinct review on veterinary cancer immunotherapy as it pertains to manipulation of the innate immune system to control tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, we will provide an update on recent progress in our understanding of the innate immune system in veterinary tumor immunology, and how these gains may lead to novel therapies for the treatment of cancer in companion animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Regan
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
- The Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| | - Steven Dow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
- The Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80525, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Pulliam SR, Uzhachenko RV, Adunyah SE, Shanker A. Common gamma chain cytokines in combinatorial immune strategies against cancer. Immunol Lett 2015; 169:61-72. [PMID: 26597610 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Common γ chain (γC) cytokines, namely IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 are important for the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of lymphocytes that display antitumor activity, thus stimulating considerable interest for the use of cytokines in cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we will focus on the γC cytokines that demonstrate the greatest potential for immunotherapy, IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21. We will briefly cover their biological function, potential applications in cancer therapy, and update on their use in combinatorial immune strategies for eradicating tumors and hematopoietic malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Pulliam
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Roman V Uzhachenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Samuel E Adunyah
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Host-Tumor Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Rhode PR, Egan JO, Xu W, Hong H, Webb GM, Chen X, Liu B, Zhu X, Wen J, You L, Kong L, Edwards AC, Han K, Shi S, Alter S, Sacha JB, Jeng EK, Cai W, Wong HC. Comparison of the Superagonist Complex, ALT-803, to IL15 as Cancer Immunotherapeutics in Animal Models. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 4:49-60. [PMID: 26511282 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0093-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IL15, a potent stimulant of CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, is a promising cancer immunotherapeutic. ALT-803 is a complex of an IL15 superagonist mutant and a dimeric IL15 receptor αSu/Fc fusion protein that was found to exhibit enhanced biologic activity in vivo, with a substantially longer serum half-life than recombinant IL15. A single intravenous dose of ALT-803, but not IL15, eliminated well-established tumors and prolonged survival of mice bearing multiple myeloma. In this study, we extended these findings to demonstrate the superior antitumor activity of ALT-803 over IL15 in mice bearing subcutaneous B16F10 melanoma tumors and CT26 colon carcinoma metastases. Tissue biodistribution studies in mice also showed much greater retention of ALT-803 in the lymphoid organs compared with IL15, consistent with its highly potent immunostimulatory and antitumor activities in vivo. Weekly dosing with 1 mg/kg ALT-803 in C57BL/6 mice was well tolerated, yet capable of increasing peripheral blood lymphocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts by >8-fold. ALT-803 dose-dependent stimulation of immune cell infiltration into the lymphoid organs was also observed. Similarly, cynomolgus monkeys treated weekly with ALT-803 showed dose-dependent increases of peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, including NK, CD4(+), and CD8(+) memory T-cell subsets. In vitro studies demonstrated ALT-803-mediated stimulation of mouse and human immune cell proliferation and IFNγ production without inducing a broad-based release of other proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., cytokine storm). Based on these results, a weekly dosing regimen of ALT-803 has been implemented in multiple clinical studies to evaluate the dose required for effective immune cell stimulation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack O Egan
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Wenxin Xu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Hao Hong
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gabriela M Webb
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Bai Liu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Xiaoyun Zhu
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Jinghai Wen
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Lijing You
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Lin Kong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | | | - Kaiping Han
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Sixiang Shi
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sarah Alter
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hing C Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Trans-presentation of IL-15 modulates STAT5 activation and Bcl-6 expression in TH1 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15722. [PMID: 26500048 PMCID: PMC4620557 DOI: 10.1038/srep15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, naïve CD4+ T helper cells differentiate into specialized effector subsets based upon environmental signals propagated by the cytokine milieu. Recently, this paradigm has been complicated by the demonstration that alterations in the cytokine environment can result in varying degrees of plasticity between effector T helper cell populations. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms by which cytokines regulate T helper cell differentiation decisions is increasingly important. The gamma common cytokine IL-15 is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of malignancies, due to its well-established role in the regulation of natural killer and CD8+ T cell immune responses. However, the effect of IL-15 signaling on CD4+ T cell activity is incompletely understood. One mechanism by which IL-15 activity is conferred is through trans-presentation via the IL-15 receptor alpha subunit. Here, we demonstrate that differentiated TH1 cells are responsive to trans-presented IL-15. Importantly, while trans-presentation of IL-15 results in STAT5 activation and maintenance of the TH1 gene program, IL-15 treatment alone allows for increased Bcl-6 expression and the upregulation of a TFH-like profile. Collectively, these findings describe a novel role for IL-15 in the modulation of CD4+ T cell responses and provide valuable insight for the use of IL-15 in immunotherapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
185
|
Krasnova Y, Putz EM, Smyth MJ, Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F. Bench to bedside: NK cells and control of metastasis. Clin Immunol 2015; 177:50-59. [PMID: 26476139 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in host immune responses against tumor growth and metastasis. The numerous mechanisms used by NK cells to regulate and control cancer metastasis include interactions with tumor cells via specific receptors and ligands as well as direct cytotoxicity and cytokine-induced effector mechanisms. NK cells also play a role in tumor immunosurveillance and inhibition of metastases formation by recognition and killing of tumor cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms of NK cell responses against tumor metastases and discuss multiple strategies by which tumors evade NK cell-mediated surveillance. With an increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving NK cell activity, there is a growing potential for the development of new cancer immunotherapies. Here we provide a historical background on NK cell-based therapies and discuss the implications of recent and ongoing clinical trials using novel NK cell-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Krasnova
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Eva Maria Putz
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Jiang S, Qiu L, Li Y, Li L, Wang X, Liu Z, Guo Y, Wang H. Effects of Marsdenia tenacissima polysaccharide on the immune regulation and tumor growth in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 137:52-58. [PMID: 26686104 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One water-soluble polysaccharide (Marsdenia tenacissima polysaccharide, MTP), with an average molecular weight of 4.9 × 10(4) Da, was isolated from the dried rattan of M. tenacissima. MTP contained 93.8% carbohydrates, 5.6% proteins and 21.3% uronic acid, and were composed of arabinose, mannose, galactose, xylose, glucuronic acid at a molar ratio of 9.1, 17.7, 30.2, 22.4 and 20.6. The experiments on the animals showed that MTP could increase the serum hemolysin, promote the formation of antibody-forming cells and improve the phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophage in normal mice. Meanwhile, MTP could also inhibit the growth of tumor in H22 tumor-bearing mice dose-dependently, and increase the spleen index, thymus index and serum albumin level in the mice. In addition, MTP could elevate the serum level of TNF-α and IL-2, increase the activity of GSH-Px, CAT and SOD in the liver tissue, and reduce the content of VEGF and MDA. These results suggest that MTP can regulate the immune function in mice and suppress the growth of tumor in H22 tumor-bearing mice, and its antitumor activity may be related to its antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China.
| | - Limin Qiu
- Qianwei Hospital, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yiquan Li
- Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, PR China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharide isolated from Trametes orientalis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 131:248-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
188
|
Abstract
The clinical benefit of therapeutic cancer vaccines has been established. Whereas regression of lesions was shown for premalignant lesions caused by HPV, clinical benefit in cancer patients was mostly noted as prolonged survival. Suboptimal vaccine design and an immunosuppressive cancer microenvironment are the root causes of the lack of cancer eradication. Effective cancer vaccines deliver concentrated antigen to both HLA class I and II molecules of DCs, promoting both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Optimal vaccine platforms include DNA and RNA vaccines and synthetic long peptides. Antigens of choice include mutant sequences, selected cancer testis antigens, and viral antigens. Drugs or physical treatments can mitigate the immunosuppressive cancer microenvironment and include chemotherapeutics, radiation, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors, inhibitors of T cell checkpoints, agonists of selected TNF receptor family members, and inhibitors of undesirable cytokines. The specificity of therapeutic vaccination combined with such immunomodulation offers an attractive avenue for the development of future cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
189
|
Kohlhapp FJ, Broucek JR, Hughes T, Huelsmann EJ, Lusciks J, Zayas JP, Dolubizno H, Fleetwood VA, Grin A, Hill GE, Poshepny JL, Nabatiyan A, Ruby CE, Snook JD, Rudra JS, Schenkel JM, Masopust D, Zloza A, Kaufman HL. NK cells and CD8+ T cells cooperate to improve therapeutic responses in melanoma treated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) and CTLA-4 blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:18. [PMID: 25992289 PMCID: PMC4437746 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is one of the few types of cancer with an increasing annual incidence. While a number of immunotherapies for melanoma have been associated with significant clinical benefit, including high-dose IL-2 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade, clinical response to either of these single agents has been limited to 11-20% of treated patients. Therefore, in this study, we sought to test the hypothesis that the combination of IL-2 and CTLA-4 blockade could mediate a more profound therapeutic response. METHODS Here, B6 mice were challenged with poorly immunogenic B16 melanoma on day 0, and treated with CTLA-4 blocking antibody (100 μg/mouse) on days 3, 6, and 9, and IL-2 (100,000 units) twice daily on days 4-8, or both. RESULTS A highly significant synergistic effect that delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival was demonstrated with the combination immunotherapy compared to either monotherapy alone. The therapeutic effect of combination immunotherapy was dependent on both CD8+ T and NK cells and co-depletion of these subsets (but not either one alone) abrogated the therapeutic effect. CTLA-4 blockade increased immune cell infiltration (including CD8+ T cells and NK cells) in the tumor and IL-2 reduced the proportion of highly differentiated/exhausted tumor-infiltrating NK cells. CONCLUSIONS These results have implications for the design of clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma and provide new insights into how the immune system may be mediating anti-tumor activity with combination IL-2 and CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Kohlhapp
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street Room 2007, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.,Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Joseph R Broucek
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Tasha Hughes
- Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Erica J Huelsmann
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Jevgenijs Lusciks
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Janet P Zayas
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Hubert Dolubizno
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | | | - Alisa Grin
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Graham E Hill
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Joseph L Poshepny
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Arman Nabatiyan
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Carl E Ruby
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.,Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Joshua D Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street Room 2007, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.,Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.,Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA
| | - Howard L Kaufman
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street Room 2007, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA.,Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Markowitz GJ, Michelotti GA, Diehl AM, Wang XF. Inflammatory models drastically alter tumor growth and the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2015; 60:762-772. [PMID: 26029472 DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is intimately associated with a chronically diseased liver tissue. This diseased liver tissue background is a drastically different microenvironment from the healthy liver, especially with regard to immune cell prevalence and presence of mediators of immune function. To better understand the consequences of liver disease on tumor growth and the interplay with its microenvironment, we utilized two standard methods of fibrosis induction and orthotopic implantation of tumors into the inflamed and fibrotic liver to mimic the liver condition in human HCC patients. Compared to non-diseased controls, tumor growth was significantly enhanced under fibrotic conditions. The immune cells that infiltrated the tumors were also drastically different, with decreased numbers of natural killer cells but greatly increased numbers of immune-suppressive CD11b+ Gr1hi myeloid cells in both models of fibrosis. In addition, there were model-specific differences: Increased numbers of CD11b+ myeloid cells and CD4+ CD25+ T cells were found in tumors in the bile duct ligation model but not in the carbon tetrachloride model. Induction of fibrosis altered the cytokine production of implanted tumor cells, which could have farreaching consequences on the immune infiltrate and its functionality. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the combination of fibrosis induction with orthotopic tumor implantation results in a markedly different tumor microenvironment and tumor growth kinetics, emphasizing the necessity for more accurate modeling of HCC progression in mice, which takes into account the drastic changes in the tissue caused by chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey J Markowitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gregory A Michelotti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiao-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|