151
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Wong YL, Hysi P, Cheung G, Tedja M, Hoang QV, Tompson SWJ, Whisenhunt KN, Verhoeven V, Zhao W, Hess M, Wong CW, Kifley A, Hosoda Y, Haarman AEG, Hopf S, Laspas P, Sensaki S, Sim X, Miyake M, Tsujikawa A, Lamoureux E, Ohno-Matsui K, Nickels S, Mitchell P, Wong TY, Wang JJ, Hammond CJ, Barathi VA, Cheng CY, Yamashiro K, Young TL, Klaver CCW, Saw SM. Genetic variants linked to myopic macular degeneration in persons with high myopia: CREAM Consortium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220143. [PMID: 31415580 PMCID: PMC6695159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the roles of known myopia-associated genetic variants for development of myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in individuals with high myopia (HM), using case-control studies from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM). Methods A candidate gene approach tested 50 myopia-associated loci for association with HM and MMD, using meta-analyses of case-control studies comprising subjects of European and Asian ancestry aged 30 to 80 years from 10 studies. Fifty loci with the strongest associations with myopia were chosen from a previous published GWAS study. Highly myopic (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ -5.0 diopters [D]) cases with MMD (N = 348), and two sets of controls were enrolled: (1) the first set included 16,275 emmetropes (SE ≤ -0.5 D); and (2) second set included 898 highly myopic subjects (SE ≤ -5.0 D) without MMD. MMD was classified based on the International photographic classification for pathologic myopia (META-PM). Results In the first analysis, comprising highly myopic cases with MMD (N = 348) versus emmetropic controls without MMD (N = 16,275), two SNPs were significantly associated with high myopia in adults with HM and MMD: (1) rs10824518 (P = 6.20E-07) in KCNMA1, which is highly expressed in human retinal and scleral tissues; and (2) rs524952 (P = 2.32E-16) near GJD2. In the second analysis, comprising highly myopic cases with MMD (N = 348) versus highly myopic controls without MMD (N = 898), none of the SNPs studied reached Bonferroni-corrected significance. Conclusions Of the 50 myopia-associated loci, we did not find any variant specifically associated with MMD, but the KCNMA1 and GJD2 loci were significantly associated with HM in highly myopic subjects with MMD, compared to emmetropes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ling Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- R&D Vision Sciences AMERA, Essilor International, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemmy Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Milly Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quan V. Hoang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Stuart W. J. Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Kristina N. Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Virginie Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moritz Hess
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chee-Wai Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Annette Kifley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yoshikatsu Hosoda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Hopf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Laspas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonoko Sensaki
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ecosse Lamoureux
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefan Nickels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veluchamy A. Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otsu Red-Cross Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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152
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Dikopf MS, Machen LA, Hallak JA, Chau FY, Kassem IS. Zone of retinal vascularization and refractive error in premature eyes with and without spontaneously regressed retinopathy of prematurity. J AAPOS 2019; 23:211.e1-211.e6. [PMID: 31229607 PMCID: PMC6778011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship between zone of retinal vascularization and refractive error in premature infants without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) or with spontaneously regressed ROP. METHODS The medical records of neonates screened for ROP between 2009 and 2015 at a tertiary academic center were reviewed retrospectively. Cases included untreated eyes with spontaneously regressed ROP; premature eyes without a diagnosis of ROP were control subjects. Primary outcomes were zone of retinal vascularization and refractive error, determined by cycloplegic retinoscopy (CR). RESULTS Of 378 eyes evaluated, 184 had ROP, 24 of which underwent treatment and were excluded. Mean corrected age at first CR was 7.5 months. Seventeen eyes without ROP were myopic at first CR (8.8%), compared to 35 eyes with regressed ROP (21.9%). No untreated eyes had halted vasculature in zone I; notably, 44% of spontaneously regressed zone II eyes were myopic. Irrespective of ROP status, CR significantly differed by zone of vascularization (P < 0.001), with more myopia occurring with posterior halting of vascularization. For all eyes, CR significantly differed between complete vascularization versus zone II (P < 0.0001) and zone III versus zone II (P = 0.001); zone III versus complete vascularization did not statistically differ (P = 0.15). This relationship held true for untreated, spontaneously regressed ROP eyes (P < 0.01, P = 0.01, P = 0.8343). CONCLUSIONS More myopic refraction occurred in neonates screened for ROP with posterior halting of vascularization. Patients with halted vascular growth in zone II should be closely monitored for myopia and refractive amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dikopf
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lindsay A Machen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joelle A Hallak
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Felix Y Chau
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Iris S Kassem
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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153
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Ho CL, Wu WF, Liou YM. Dose-Response Relationship of Outdoor Exposure and Myopia Indicators: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Various Research Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142595. [PMID: 31330865 PMCID: PMC6678505 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Myopia in children has dramatically increased worldwide. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of outdoor light exposure on myopia. According to research data from 13 studies of 15,081 children aged 4-14 at baseline, outdoor light exposure significantly reduced myopia incidence/prevalence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80-0.91, p < 0.00001; I2 = 90%), spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) by 0.15 D/year (0.09-0.27, p < 0.0001), and axial elongation by 0.08 mm/year (-0.14 to -0.02, p = 0.02). The benefits of outdoor light exposure intervention, according to pooled overall results, included decreases in three myopia indicators: 50% in myopia incidence, 32.9% in SER, and 24.9% in axial elongation for individuals in Asia. Daily outdoor light exposure of more than 120 min was the most effective intervention, and weekly intervention time exhibited a dose-response relationship with all three indicators. Subgroup comparisons revealed that interventional studies report greater benefits from outdoor light exposure compared with cohort and cross-sectional studies, and individuals with myopia in intervention studies experienced slightly greater benefits than individuals without, in terms of SER and axial elongation. Therefore, this study suggests 120 min/day of outdoor light exposure at school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciao-Lin Ho
- School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital Ren-Ai Branch/Department of Allergy and Immunology, West Garden Hospital, Taipei 10864, Taiwan
| | - Yiing Mei Liou
- School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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154
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Shapira Y, Mimouni M, Machluf Y, Chaiter Y, Saab H, Mezer E. The Increasing Burden of Myopia in Israel among Young Adults over a Generation: Analysis of Predisposing Factors. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:1617-1626. [PMID: 31474440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the trends in prevalence of myopia in Israeli young adults over approximately a generation, as well as associated factors and variation in the impact of these factors on myopia prevalence in this region over time. DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS One hundred four thousand six hundred eighty-nine consecutive persons 16 to 19 years of age born between 1971 and 1994 who had not yet enlisted in the Israeli Army but had completed the medical profiling process. METHODS Using data collected at a north Israel recruitment center, the prevalence of myopia over time was estimated, and a polynomial regression analysis was performed to assess significance of nonlinear trends. Associations of demographic and socioeconomic factors with myopia were assessed, and trends over time were analyzed using a factorial logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was factors associated with the prevalence of myopia over time. The secondary outcome measure was a description of the change in prevalence of myopia over time. RESULTS The prevalence of myopia increased 1.284-fold over 24 years from 20.4% among participants born between 1971 and 1982 to 26.2% among participants born between 1983 and 1994. A quite similar increase was observed among males (from 17.9% to 22.7%, respectively) and females (from 23.9% to 30.8%, respectively). The factors found to be associated with myopia were as follows: more recent date of birth, female gender, more years of education, being the eldest child, non-Israeli ethnic origin, and urban residence. However, there were significant trends over time in the effects of some of these factors, most notably an attenuation of the difference between participants of different religions in the recent birth-years period. Most of these associations and trends were observed in both males and females separately, with some gender-specific variations. Immigrants from Ethiopia who were raised in Israel were highly more likely to demonstrate myopia than those who arrived at an older age. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an increase in the prevalence of myopia and the possible associations of urbanization- and higher education-related factors among several subpopulations and the risk for myopia developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinon Shapira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Mimouni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology.
| | - Yossy Machluf
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Israel; Shamir Research Institute, University of Haifa, Kazerin, Israel
| | | | - Haitam Saab
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Israel
| | - Eedy Mezer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology
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155
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Khanal S, Turnbull PRK, Lee N, Phillips JR. The Effect of Atropine on Human Global Flash mfERG Responses to Retinal Defocus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:218-225. [PMID: 30641550 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the action of atropine on global flash multifocal electroretinogram (gmfERG) responses to retinal defocus. Method gmfERG recordings were made monocularly in 19 healthy adults under three lens-imposed defocus conditions (2 diopters myopic, 2 diopters hyperopic, and no defocus) before and 24 hours after instillation of 1 drop of 0.1% atropine. Signals reflecting activity from the outer and inner retina (direct [DC] and induced [IC] components respectively) were analyzed. Responses were grouped into either a central (0°-6°) or peripheral (6°-24°) retinal zone. The gmfERG responses were compared relative to the no defocus, no atropine condition. Results Within the central zone, atropine had no effect on the amplitudes and peak times of DC or IC responses to defocus. For IC responses in the peripheral zone, there was a significant interaction effect of atropine and defocus (F2,36 = 6.050, P = 0.011) with greater post-atropine amplitudes under myopic defocus (mean increase = 15.5%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.6%-25.4%, P = 0.004). Atropine also had a significant main effect of increasing IC peak times (F1,18 = 9.722, P = 0.006). For DC responses, atropine had a significant main effect of increasing DC amplitudes (F1,18 = 7.821, P = 0.012) and peak times (F1,18 = 15.406, P = 0.001) regardless of sign of defocus. Conclusions Our results imply that atropine acts in the inner layers of the peripheral retina to affect neuronal responses to myopic defocus, raising the possibility that atropine may potentiate the effects of myopic defocus in inhibiting eye growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safal Khanal
- Myopia Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip R K Turnbull
- Myopia Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Lee
- Myopia Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John R Phillips
- Myopia Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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156
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Du DD, Xu WL, Yang LH, Wang HX, Gu CM, Tang J, Li F, Xu T, Wu SQ, Lu MX. A Risk Score System for Myopia Symptom Warning. Curr Med Sci 2019; 39:455-462. [PMID: 31209819 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is the leading cause of visual impairments worldwide. Some studies revealed that visual experience in early life affected the final myopia, indicating that environmental factors play an impellent role in the development of myopia. However, risk factors of myopia are still not identified among adolescents in China. A total of 4104 cases of myopia symptom and 3306 emmetropia controls were selected from students in primary and middle schools in Wuhan in 2008. We identified the risk factors associated with myopia symptom by multivariate logistic regression in this cross-sectional study and constructed a risk score system for myopia symptom. The value of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was 0.735. Furthermore, we followed up 93 students aged 7-9 years for one year and calculated the total points using the score system. We found no significant difference between the final myopia symptom and the results predicted by the total points by pair chi-square test (P>0.05). The score system had a modest ability to estimate the risk factors of myopia symptom. Using this score system, we could identify the students who are at risk of myopia symptom in the future according to their behaviors and environmental factors, and take measures to slow the progress of myopia symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics and the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wen-Long Xu
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention & Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Li-Hua Yang
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention & Control, Wuhan, 430015, China.,Wuhan Commission of Experts for the Prevention & Control of Adolescent Poor Vision, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - He-Xin Wang
- China Innovation and Research and Development Center, Carl Zeiss (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. ZEISS Group, Shanghai, 200131, China
| | - Chang-Mei Gu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics and the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia Tang
- Wuhan Academy of Educational Science, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Li
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention & Control, Wuhan, 430015, China
| | - Shi-Qing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics and the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mei-Xia Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics and the Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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157
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Altered ocular parameters from circadian clock gene disruptions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217111. [PMID: 31211778 PMCID: PMC6581257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of refractive errors is poorly understood. Myopia (nearsightedness) in particular both blurs vision and predisposes the eye to many blinding diseases during adulthood. Based on past findings of diurnal variations in the dimensions of the eyes of humans and other vertebrates, altered diurnal rhythms of these ocular dimensions with experimentally induced myopia, and evolving evidence that ambient light exposures influence refractive development, we assessed whether disturbances in circadian signals might alter the refractive development of the eye. In mice, retinal-specific knockout of the clock gene Bmal1 induces myopia and elongates the vitreous chamber, the optical compartment separating the lens and the retina. These alterations simulate common ocular findings in clinical myopia. In Drosophila melanogaster, knockouts of the clock genes cycle or period lengthen the pseudocone, the optical component of the ommatidium that separates the facet lens from the photoreceptors. Disrupting circadian signaling thus alters optical development of the eye in widely separated species. We propose that mechanisms of myopia include circadian dysregulation, a frequent occurrence in modern societies where myopia also is both highly prevalent and increasing at alarming rates. Addressing circadian dysregulation may improve understanding of the pathogenesis of refractive errors and introduce novel therapeutic approaches to ameliorate myopia development in children.
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158
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Vutipongsatorn K, Yokoi T, Ohno-Matsui K. Current and emerging pharmaceutical interventions for myopia. Br J Ophthalmol 2019; 103:1539-1548. [DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is a major cause of visual impairment. Its prevalence is growing steadily, especially in East Asia. Despite the immense disease and economic burden, there are currently no Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs for myopia. This review aims to summarise pharmaceutical interventions of myopia at clinical and preclinical stages in the last decade and discuss challenges for preclinical myopia drugs to progress to clinical trials. Atropine and oral 7-methylxanthine are shown to reduce myopia progression in human studies. The former has been extensively studied and is arguably the most successful medication. However, it has side effects and trials on low-dose atropine are ongoing. Other pharmaceutical agents being investigated at a clinical trial level include ketorolac tromethamine, oral riboflavin and BHVI2 (an experimental drug). Since the pathophysiology of myopia is not fully elucidated, numerous drugs have been tested at the preclinical stage and can be broadly categorised based on the proposed mechanisms of myopisation, namely antimuscarinic, dopaminergic, anti-inflammatory and more. However, several agents were injected intravitreally or subconjunctivally, hindering their progress to human trials. Furthermore, with atropine being the most successful medication available, future preclinical interventions should be studied in combination with atropine to optimise the treatment of myopia.
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159
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Divergence, evolution and adaptation in ray-finned fish genomes. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1003-1018. [PMID: 31098893 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of next-generation sequencing technologies and bioinformatics, over 50 ray-finned fish genomes by far have been sequenced with high quality. The genomic work provides abundant genetic resources for deep understanding of divergence, evolution and adaptation in the fish genomes. They are also instructive for identification of candidate genes for functional verification, molecular breeding, and development of novel marine drugs. As an example of other omics data, the Fish-T1K project generated a big database of fish transcriptomes to integrate with these published fish genomes for potential applications. In this review, we highlight the above-mentioned recent investigations and core topics on the ray-finned fish genome research, with a main goal to obtain a deeper understanding of fish biology for theoretical and practical applications.
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160
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Landis EG, Yang V, Brown DM, Pardue MT, Read SA. Dim Light Exposure and Myopia in Children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4804-4811. [PMID: 30347074 PMCID: PMC6181186 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Experimental myopia in animal models suggests that bright light can influence refractive error and prevent myopia. Additionally, animal research indicates activation of rod pathways and circadian rhythms may influence eye growth. In children, objective measures of personal light exposure, recorded by wearable light sensors, have been used to examine the effects of bright light exposure on myopia. The effect of time spent in a broad range of light intensities on childhood refractive development is not known. This study aims to evaluate dim light exposure in myopia. Methods We reanalyzed previously published data to investigate differences in dim light exposure across myopic and nonmyopic children from the Role of Outdoor Activity in Myopia (ROAM) study in Queensland, Australia. The amount of time children spent in scotopic (<1-1 lux), mesopic (1-30 lux), indoor photopic (>30-1000 lux), and outdoor photopic (>1000 lux) light over both weekdays and weekends was measured with wearable light sensors. Results We found significant differences in average daily light exposure between myopic and nonmyopic children. On weekends, myopic children received significantly less scotopic light (P = 0.024) and less outdoor photopic light than nonmyopic children (P < 0.001). In myopic children, more myopic refractive errors were correlated with increased time in mesopic light (R = -0.46, P = 0.002). Conclusions These findings suggest that in addition to bright light exposure, rod pathways stimulated by dim light exposure could be important to human myopia development. Optimal strategies for preventing myopia with environmental light may include both dim and bright light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G Landis
- Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Victoria Yang
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Dillon M Brown
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Scott A Read
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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161
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Dong L, Shi XH, Kang YK, Wei WB, Wang YX, Xu XL, Gao F, Yuan LH, Zhen J, Jiang WJ, Jonas JB. Amphiregulin and ocular axial length. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:e460-e470. [PMID: 30860674 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the potential role of amphiregulin as messenger molecule in ocular axial elongation. METHODS The experimental study included guinea pigs (total n = 78) (age: 3-4 weeks) which underwent bilateral lens-induced myopization and received 15 days later three intraocular injections in weekly intervals of amphiregulin antibody (doses:5 μg, 10 μg, 20 μg) into their right eyes, and three phosphate-buffered saline injections into their left eyes; and guinea pigs without lens-induced myopization and which received three unilateral intraocular injections of amphiregulin antibody (dose: 20 μg) or amphiregulin (doses: 1 ng; 10 ng; 20 ng) into their right eyes, and three phosphate-buffered saline injections into their left eyes. Seven days later, the animals were sacrificed. Intravitally, we performed biometry, and histology and immunohistochemistry post-mortem. RESULTS In animals with bilateral lens-induced myopization, the right eyes receiving amphiregulin antibody showed reduced axial elongation in a dose-dependent manner (dose: 5 μg: side difference: 0.14 ± 0.05 mm;10 μg: 0.22 ± 0.06 mm; 20 μg: 0.32 ± 0.06 mm; p < 0.001), thicker sclera (all p < 0.05) and higher cell density in the retinal nuclear layers and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (all p < 0.05). In animals without lens-induced myopia, the right eyes with amphiregulin antibody application (20 μg) showed reduced axial elongation (p = 0.04), and the right eyes with amphiregulin injections experienced increased (p = 0.02) axial elongation in a dose-dependent manner (1 ng: 0.04 ± 0.06 mm; 10 ng: 0.10 ± 0.05 mm; 20 ng: 0.11 ± 0.06 mm). Eyes with lens-induced axial elongation as compared to eyes without lens-induced axial elongation revealed an increased visualization of amphiregulin upon immunohistochemistry and higher expression of mRNA of endogenous amphiregulin and epidermal growth factor receptor, in particular in the outer part of the retinal inner nuclear layer and in the RPE. CONCLUSION Amphiregulin may be associated with axial elongation in young guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xu Han Shi
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Yi Kun Kang
- Department of Oncology Beijing Chao‐Yang Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Wen Bin Wei
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology and Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xiao Lin Xu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Key Laboratory of Intraocular Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology and Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Fei Gao
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology and Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Lin Hong Yuan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Jie Zhen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Wen Jun Jiang
- Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jinan Shandong China
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht‐Karls‐University Heidelberg Mannheim Germany
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162
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Sharma NS, Acharya SK, Nair AP, Matalia J, Shetty R, Ghosh A, Sethu S. Dopamine levels in human tear fluid. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67:38-41. [PMID: 30574889 PMCID: PMC6324103 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_568_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the levels of dopamine in tear fluid and demonstrate the use of tear fluid as a non-invasive source for dopamine measurements in humans. Methods The study cohort included 30 clinically healthy individuals without any pre-existing ocular or systemic conditions. Matched tear fluid (using Schirmer's strips and capillary tubes) and plasma were collected from the subjects. Dopamine levels were evaluated using direct competitive chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dopamine kit (Cloud Clone Corp, TX, USA). Results Significantly higher dopamine levels were found in the tear fluid compared to plasma in the study subjects. The level of dopamine was 97.2 ± 11.80 pg/ml (mean ± SEM), 279 ± 14.8 pg/ml (mean ± SEM), and 470.4 ± 37.64 pg/ml (mean ± SEM) in the plasma and in the tears collected using Schirmer's strips and capillary tubes, respectively. Conclusion Dopamine was detectable in all the tear fluid samples tested and was also found to be at a higher concentration than in plasma samples. Tear fluid can be used as a non-invasive sample source to monitor dopamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suraj Kumar Acharya
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Jyoti Matalia
- Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- Narayana Nethralaya Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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163
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Hayes JF, Picot S, Osborn DPJ, Lewis G, Dalman C, Lundin A. Visual Acuity in Late Adolescence and Future Psychosis Risk in a Cohort of 1 Million Men. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:571-578. [PMID: 29901774 PMCID: PMC6483575 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine whether late adolescent visual impairment is associated with later psychosis. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of Swedish male military conscripts aged 18 or 19 years from January 1, 1974, through December 31, 1997 (N = 1140710). At conscription, uncorrected and optometry-lens-corrected distance visual acuity was measured. Participants were then followed up to see if they received an inpatient diagnosis of non-affective psychotic disorder, including schizophrenia (N = 10769). Multivariable Cox modeling was used to estimate differences between groups. RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, those with severe impairment before optical correction in their best eye (decimal fraction <0.3) had an increased psychosis rate compared to those with normal uncorrected vision (decimal fraction 1.0) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.26, 95% CI 1.16-1.37). Larger interocular visual acuity difference was associated with an increased psychosis rate (adjusted HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.37-1.63 in those with differences >0.5 compared to those with no between eye acuity difference). Individuals with impaired vision that could not be corrected to normal with lenses had highest rates of psychosis (best eye adjusted HR 1.56; 95% CI 1.33-1.82), those with imperfect, but correctable vision also had elevated rates (best eye adjusted HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.15-1.28). Individuals with visual impairment had higher rates of psychosis than their full siblings with normal vision (adjusted HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.35). CONCLUSIONS Impaired visual acuity is associated with non-affective psychosis. Visual impairment as a phenotype in psychosis requires further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Hayes
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Division of Psychiatry, University College London, 6th Floor Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7NF, UK; tel: 020-767-99736, e-mail:
| | - Suzanne Picot
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Glyn Lewis
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christina Dalman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Unit of Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lundin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Unit of Public Health Epidemiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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164
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Kwon JW, Bae JM, Kim JS, Jee D, Choi JA. Asymmetry of the macular structure is associated with ocular dominance. Can J Ophthalmol 2019; 54:237-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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165
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Swiatczak B, Feldkaemper M, Schaeffel F. Changes in fundus reflectivity during myopia development in chickens. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:1822-1840. [PMID: 31086706 PMCID: PMC6485001 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.001822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that changes in functional activity in the retina can be visualized as changes in fundus reflectivity. When the image projected on the retina is low pass filtered or defocused by covering the eye with a frosted diffuser or a negative lens, it starts growing longer and develops myopia. We have tested the hypothesis that the resulting altered retinal activity may show up as changes in fundus reflectivity. Fundus reflectivity was measured in chickens in vivo, both in visible (400-800 nm, white) and near ultraviolet (UV) light (315-380 nm). Two CCD cameras were used; a RGB camera and a camera sensitive in near UV light (peak sensitivity at 360 nm). White and UV LEDs, respectively, placed in the center of the camera lens aperture, served as light sources. Software was written to flash the LEDs and record the average brightness of the pupil that was illuminated by light reflected from the fundus. The average pixel grey level (px) in the pupil was taken as a measure of the amount of reflected light while refractive errors were corrected by trial lenses after pupil brightness was corrected for pupil size. It was found that myopic eyes had brighter pupils in UV light, compared to eyes with normal vision, no matter whether myopia was induced by diffusers or negative lenses (48 ± 9 vs. 28 ± 3, p<0.001 and 47 ± 7 vs. 27 ± 2, respectively). Using SD-OCT in alert chickens it was found that the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) in the central retina became thinner already at early stages of myopia development, compared to controls (31.2 ± 5.8 µm vs. 43.9 ± 2.6 µm, p<0.001 and 36.9 ± 1.2 µm vs. 44 ± 0.5 µm, respectively). While the decrease in RNFL thickness occurred concomitantly with the increase in UV reflectivity, it remains unclear whether these changes were causally linked. Thinning of the RNFL could be due to reduced neural activity in retinal ganglion cells but also due to metabolic changes in the retina during myopia development.
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166
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Zheng H, Tse DY, Tang X, To C, Lam TC. The Interactions Between Bright Light and Competing Defocus During Emmetropization in Chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2932-2943. [PMID: 30025112 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The environment comprises multiple optical signals that affect eye growth. We aimed to determine if the inhibitory effects of myopic defocus and bright light (BL) against myopia are additive in the presence of the myopia-genic hyperopic defocus. Methods In experiment 1, three groups of 24 chicks each were fitted with the following multizone dual-power lenses (pl): pl/-10 D (50:50 area), +10/-10 D (50:50 area), and +10/-10 D (33:67 area) monocularly for 6 days. Half of each group were raised under normal illumination of 500 lux, 12/12-hour light/dark cycle, whereas the remainder were exposed to 6-hour BL of 40 klx and 6-hour 500 lux during the light cycle. In experiment 2, 38 chicks wore +10/-10 D (33:67 area) lenses monocularly for 8 days and were exposed to one of four light intensities for 6 hours per day-500 lux, 10 klx, 20 klx, or 40 klx-and received 500 lux for the remainder of the light cycle. Results In experiment 1, interocular difference in refractions after 6 days for the three groups were -3.6 D, +2.0 D, and -4.2 D, respectively, under normal light and were -0.9 D, +4.2 D, and +0.67 D under BL, manifesting as a shorter anterior segment and vitreous chamber. In experiment 2, the effect of BL increased with light intensity in the +10/-10 D (33:67) group, with a significant difference in refraction between the 10 klx and 20 klx groups (interocular difference -2.75 ± 2.76 D vs. 1.70 ± 2.40 D, P < 0.01), but plateaued between 20 klx and 40 klx (1.70 ± 2.40 D vs. 1.70 ± 0.35 D, P > 0.05). Conclusions The protective effects of myopic defocus and BL against experimental myopia were additive. The inhibitory effect of BL against myopia was dose dependent at 10 klx and above but plateaued at 20 klx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dennis Y Tse
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Tang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chiho To
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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167
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Carr BJ, Mihara K, Ramachandran R, Saifeddine M, Nathanson NM, Stell WK, Hollenberg MD. Myopia-Inhibiting Concentrations of Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists Block Activation of Alpha2A-Adrenoceptors In Vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2778-2791. [PMID: 29860464 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myopia is a refractive disorder that degrades vision. It can be treated with atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist, but the mechanism is unknown. Atropine may block α-adrenoceptors at concentrations ≥0.1 mM, and another potent myopia-inhibiting ligand, mamba toxin-3 (MT3), binds equally well to human mAChR M4 and α1A- and α2A-adrenoceptors. We hypothesized that mAChR antagonists could inhibit myopia via α2A-adrenoceptors, rather than mAChR M4. Methods Human mAChR M4 (M4), chicken mAChR M4 (cM4), or human α2A-adrenergic receptor (hADRA2A) clones were cotransfected with CRE/promoter-luciferase (CRE-Luc; agonist-induced luminescence) and Renilla luciferase (RLuc; normalizing control) into human cells. Inhibition of normalized agonist-induced luminescence by antagonists (ATR: atropine; MT3; HIM: himbacine; PRZ: pirenzepine; TRP: tropicamide; OXY: oxyphenonium; QNB: 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate; DIC: dicyclomine; MEP: mepenzolate) was measured using the Dual-Glo Luciferase Assay System. Results Relative inhibitory potencies of mAChR antagonists at mAChR M4/cM4, from most to least potent, were QNB > OXY ≥ ATR > MEP > HIM > DIC > PRZ > TRP. MT3 was 56× less potent at cM4 than at M4. Relative potencies of mAChR antagonists at hADRA2A, from most to least potent, were MT3 > HIM > ATR > OXY > PRZ > TRP > QNB > MEP; DIC did not antagonize. Conclusions Muscarinic antagonists block hADRA2A signaling at concentrations comparable to those used to inhibit chick myopia (≥0.1 mM) in vivo. Relative potencies at hADRA2A, but not M4/cM4, correlate with reported abilities to inhibit chick form-deprivation myopia. mAChR antagonists might inhibit myopia via α2-adrenoceptors, instead of through the mAChR M4/cM4 receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J Carr
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil M Nathanson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - William K Stell
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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168
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationship between expression level of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and myopia, as well as the feasibility of noninvasive myopia diagnosis through imaging VMAT2 in retina by using [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ([18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ). PROCEDURES The right eyes of ten guinea pigs were deprived of vision to establish form-deprived (FD) myopia and the left eyes were untreated as the self-control eyes. The location and expression level of VMAT2 in the eyes were detected by micro-positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging through using [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to confirm the location and expression level of VMAT2 in the eyes. The concentrations of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were also investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The right eyes deprived of vision were obviously myopic (- 3.17 ± 1.33 D) after procedure, while the left eyes were hyperopic (4.60 ± 0.83 D, P < 0.0001). The main expressions of VMAT2 in the eyes were located in retina. VMAT2 was significantly reduced in the myopic retina compared to the normal one from PET/CT results (P = 0.0008), which could also be verified by Western blots (P = 0.029). The concentrations of DA, DOPAC, and HVA in the FD eyes were all significantly less than those in the control eyes (P = 0.024, P = 0.018, P = 0.008). As a role of storing and releasing DA in vesicles, VMAT2 was demonstrated positively correlating with the amounts of DA (P = 0.030), DOPAC (P = 0.038), and HVA (P = 0.025) through Pearson's correlation coefficient test. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ can be used to noninvasively image VMAT2 in retina. The expression level of VMAT2 in retina may act as a new biomarker for myopia diagnosis. The decreasing of VMAT2 expression level may play an important role in the development of myopia through correspondingly reducing the amount of DA in retina.
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169
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Troilo D, Smith EL, Nickla DL, Ashby R, Tkatchenko AV, Ostrin LA, Gawne TJ, Pardue MT, Summers JA, Kee CS, Schroedl F, Wahl S, Jones L. IMI - Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M31-M88. [PMID: 30817827 PMCID: PMC6738517 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of many studies in a variety of species have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of visual experience and the mechanisms of postnatal eye growth, and the development of myopia. This paper surveys and reviews the major contributions that experimental studies using animal models have made to our thinking about emmetropization and development of myopia. These studies established important concepts informing our knowledge of the visual regulation of eye growth and refractive development and have transformed treatment strategies for myopia. Several major findings have come from studies of experimental animal models. These include the eye's ability to detect the sign of retinal defocus and undergo compensatory growth, the local retinal control of eye growth, regulatory changes in choroidal thickness, and the identification of components in the biochemistry of eye growth leading to the characterization of signal cascades regulating eye growth and refractive state. Several of these findings provided the proofs of concepts that form the scientific basis of new and effective clinical treatments for controlling myopia progression in humans. Experimental animal models continue to provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of eye growth control, including the identification of potential new targets for drug development and future treatments needed to stem the increasing prevalence of myopia and the vision-threatening conditions associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Troilo
- SUNY College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States
| | - Earl L. Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Debora L. Nickla
- Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Regan Ashby
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Andrei V. Tkatchenko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lisa A. Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Timothy J. Gawne
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech College of Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia, United States31
| | - Jody A. Summers
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Chea-su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Zeiss Vision Science Laboratory, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lyndon Jones
- CORE, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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170
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Carr BJ, Nguyen CT, Stell WK. Alpha 2 -adrenoceptor agonists inhibit form-deprivation myopia in the chick. Clin Exp Optom 2019; 102:418-425. [PMID: 30699466 PMCID: PMC6617789 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The putative myopia-controlling receptor is thought to be muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype M4 , because mamba toxin-3 can inhibit form-deprivation myopia in chicks at a far lower concentration than atropine. However, mamba toxin-3 is equally potent at the human α1A -, α1D -, and α2A -adrenoceptors. To test the hypothesis that α-adrenoceptors might be involved in regulation of eye growth, the treatment effects of α2 -adrenoceptor agonists brimonidine, clonidine, and guanfacine, and antagonist yohimbine, on form-deprivation myopia in the chick were measured. METHODS Right eyes of White Leghorn chicks were goggled with diffusers to induce form-deprivation myopia; left eyes were left open as controls. Goggled eyes were injected intravitreally with 20 μL of vehicle, or 2, 20, or 200 nmol of brimonidine, clonidine, guanfacine, or yohimbine, 24, 72, and 120 hours after goggle application. Alternatively, myopia was inhibited physiologically by goggle removal for two hours, and the α2 -adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, was injected to test whether it could block this type of myopia inhibition. One day after the last injection, refractive error and axial length were measured. RESULTS Brimonidine (20 and 200 nmol) and clonidine (200 nmol) effectively inhibited experimentally induced increases in negative refractive error and axial elongation. All doses of guanfacine significantly inhibited induced negative refractive error, but only 20 and 200 nmol significantly inhibited axial elongation. Yohimbine had no effect on form-deprivation myopia, but 200 nmol reduced the myopia-inhibiting effect of goggle removal. CONCLUSION High concentrations of α2 -adrenoceptor agonists, similar to those required by atropine, inhibited chick form-deprivation myopia; antagonism by yohimbine had no effect. High-concentration yohimbine partially interfered with emmetropisation in form-deprived chicks experiencing normal vision for two hours per day. These data support the hypothesis that treatment with high concentrations of adrenergic drugs can affect experimentally induced myopia and normal visual processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J Carr
- Department of Neuroscience, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cynthia T Nguyen
- O'Brien Centre for the Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - William K Stell
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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171
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Anders LM, Heinrich SP, Lagrèze WA, Joachimsen L. Little effect of 0.01% atropine eye drops as used in myopia prevention on the pattern electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 2019; 138:85-95. [PMID: 30680489 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-019-09671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Daily administration of 0.01% atropine eye drops is a promising approach for myopia control. The mechanism of action is believed to involve the dopaminergic system of the retina, triggering an increased release of dopamine. Previous studies in psychiatric condition such as major depression suggest that pattern electroretinogram (PERG) amplitudes are modulated by changes in retinal dopamine. It is thus plausible that atropine eye drops could have an effect on PERG amplitudes. The present study was designed to test this, assessing the difference in amplitude between contrast levels and the ratio of amplitudes between check sizes as primary endpoints. METHODS We included 14 participants with no more than ± 2 diopters of ametropia and visual acuity of at least 1.0. One eye was chosen randomly in each participant for atropine application (14 days, one drop of 0.01% atropine solution once daily before bedtime). We recorded two sets of steady-state PERG recordings: one with different contrasts (25% and 98%) and one with different check sizes (0.8° and 17°). Near-point distance, near visual acuity, and pupil diameter were measured additionally. RESULTS The recordings to different contrasts did not show atropine-related changes of PERG amplitude. A small increase by 6% of the amplitude difference between contrast levels with atropine application was not significant (p = 0.08). Raw amplitudes in the check size condition increased with atropine by 17% (p < 0.01) and 10% (p < 0.03) for small and large checks, respectively, without a significant concomitant effect on the amplitude ratio. Pupil size was significantly affected (median increase 0.5 mm, p < 0.002). However, neither of the experimental conditions was associated with a significant correlation between pupil size and PERG effects. CONCLUSION The effects on PERG primary endpoints after the 14-day period of atropine administration were small, especially compared to effect sizes in major depression, and statistically insignificant. Effects on raw amplitude were inconsistent. The present results suggest that retinal processing as reflected by PERG does not sizably change following a treatment regimen with atropine that is typical for myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Marie Anders
- Eye Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sven P Heinrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolf A Lagrèze
- Eye Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Joachimsen
- Eye Center, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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172
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Hsi E, Wang YS, Huang CW, Yu ML, Juo SHH, Liang CL. Genome-wide DNA hypermethylation and homocysteine increase a risk for myopia. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:38-45. [PMID: 30662838 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.01.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To test for the association between genome-wide methylation and myopia in human and mice. METHODS Long interspersed nucleotide element 1 (LINE-1) methylation levels were used to surrogate genome-wide methylation level. We first tested for the association between high myopia (<-6 D) and LINE-1 methylation in leukocytes in 220 cases and 220 control subjects. Secondly, we validated the results of LINE-1 methylation in eyes from the form deprivation myopia (FDM) mice. Furthermore, we calculated the correlation of LINE-1 methylation levels between leukocyte DNA and ocular DNA in the mice. We also tested whether dopamine can alter LINE-1 methylation levels. RESULTS The LINE-1 methylation level was significantly higher in the myopic human subjects than controls. The upper and middle tertiles of the methylation levels increased an approximately 2-fold (P≤0.002) risk for myopia than the lower tertile. Similarly, FDM mice had high LINE-1 methylation levels in the leukocyte, retina and sclera, and furthermore the methylation levels detected from these three tissues were significantly correlated. Immunohistochemical staining revealed higher levels of homocysteine and methionine in the rodent myopic eyes than normal eyes. Dopamine treatment to the cells reduced both LINE-1 methylation and DNA methyltransferase levels. CONCLUSION LINE-1 hypermethylation may be associated with high myopia in human and mice. Homocysteine and methionine are accumulated in myopic eyes, which may provide excess methyl group for genome-wide methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Hsi
- Centre for Myopia and Eye Disease, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Song Wang
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Hang Hank Juo
- Centre for Myopia and Eye Disease, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Drug Development Center, China Medical University 404, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ling Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 413, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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173
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Effects of time-of-day on inhibition of lens-induced myopia by quinpirole, pirenzepine and atropine in chicks. Exp Eye Res 2019; 181:5-14. [PMID: 30629959 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Injections of the D2 dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole or the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor antagonists pirenzepine and atropine prevent the development of negative-lens-induced myopia in chicks by inhibiting ocular growth. Because ocular growth is diurnally rhythmic, we hypothesized that the efficacy for inhibition may depend on time of day. Chicks wore monocular -10D lenses for 5 days, starting at 12d of age. The light cycle was 12L/12D. The lens-wearing eye received daily intravitreal injections for 4 days, of 20 μl quinpirole (10 nmol), at the following times: 7:30 EST (lights-on; morning; n = 12), 12:00 (mid-day; n = 13), or 19:30 (evening; n = 17). The same protocol was used for pirenzepine (0.2 μmol) and atropine (18 nmol), at the following times: 8:30 EDT (lights-on; n = 10; n = 18), 14:00 (n = 10; n = 12), or 20:30 (n = 18; n = 16). Saline injections were done in separate groups of birds for all groups as controls, and the data combined (n = 28). Ocular dimensions were measured using A-scan ultrasonography on treatment day 1 at 12:00, and again on day 5 at 12:00; growth rate is defined as the change in axial length over 96 h. For quinpirole and pirenzepine, subsets (n's in Methods) of mid-day and evening groups were measured at 6 h intervals on day 5 (from 12:00 to 12:00) to obtain rhythm parameters for axial length and choroidal thickness; for atropine, only the mid-day group was measured. Refractions were measured on day 5 with a Hartinger's refractometer. For quinpirole and pirenzepine, mid-day injections were more effective at inhibiting ocular growth than evening (Exp-fellow: quinpirole: -68 vs 118 μm/96h; post-hoc Bonferroni p = 0.016; pirenzepine: 79 vs 215 μm/96h; p = 0.046). There were no between-group statistically significant differences for atropine. For quinpirole, the mid-day amplitude of the axial rhythm was smaller than for evening (95 vs 142 μm; p < 0.05), but there were no time-dependent effects on the rhythms for pirenzepine. For atropine, the amplitude of the axial-length rhythm was significantly larger than that for pirenzepine at mid-day. We conclude that there is a phase-dependent efficacy for quinpirole and pirenzepine, with mid-day injections being most effective. There were no consistent time-dependent alterations in rhythm parameters for any of the drugs.
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Ostrin LA, Strang CE, Chang K, Jnawali A, Hung LF, Arumugam B, Frishman LJ, Smith EL, Gamlin PD. Immunotoxin-Induced Ablation of the Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells in Rhesus Monkeys. Front Neurol 2018; 9:1000. [PMID: 30542318 PMCID: PMC6277788 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) contain the photopigment melanopsin, and are primarily involved in non-image forming functions, such as the pupillary light reflex and circadian rhythm entrainment. The goal of this study was to develop and validate a targeted ipRGC immunotoxin to ultimately examine the role of ipRGCs in macaque monkeys. Methods: An immunotoxin for the macaque melanopsin gene (OPN4), consisting of a saporin-conjugated antibody directed at the N-terminus, was prepared in solutions of 0.316, 1, 3.16, 10, and 50 μg in vehicle, and delivered intravitreally to the right eye of six rhesus monkeys, respectively. Left eyes were injected with vehicle only. The pupillary light reflex (PLR), the ipRGC-driven post illumination pupil response (PIPR), and electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded before and after injection. For pupil measurements, 1 and 5 s pulses of light were presented to the dilated right eye while the left pupil was imaged. Stimulation included 651 nm (133 cd/m2), and 4 intensities of 456 nm (16–500 cd/m2) light. Maximum pupil constriction and the 6 s PIPR were calculated. Retinal imaging was performed with optical coherence tomography (OCT), and eyes underwent OPN4 immunohistochemistry to evaluate immunotoxin specificity and ipRGC loss. Results: Before injection, animals showed robust pupil responses to 1 and 5 s blue light. After injection, baseline pupil size increased 12 ± 17%, maximum pupil constriction decreased, and the PIPR, a marker of ipRGC activity, was eliminated in all but the lowest immunotoxin concentration. For the highest concentrations, some inflammation and structural changes were observed with OCT, while eyes injected with lower concentrations appeared normal. ERG responses showed better preserved retinal function with lower concentrations. Immunohistochemistry showed 80–100% ipRGC elimination with the higher doses being more effective; however this could be partly due to inflammation that occurred at the higher concentrations. Conclusion: Findings demonstrated that the OPN4 macaque immunotoxin was specific for ipRGCs, and induced a graded reduction in the PLR, as well as, in ipRGC-driven pupil response with concentration. Further investigation of the effects of ipRGC ablation on ocular and systemic circadian rhythms and the pupil in rhesus monkeys will provide a better understanding of the role of ipRGCs in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ostrin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christianne E Strang
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ashutosh Jnawali
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Li-Fang Hung
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Baskar Arumugam
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Laura J Frishman
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Earl L Smith
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paul D Gamlin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE Axial myopia is associated with elongation of the posterior ocular segment. The authors measured posterior fundus landmarks and assessed their associations with axial length. METHODS Using fundus photographs, the authors measured the vertical distance between the temporal superior and temporal inferior arterial arcade (VDA) and the angle kappa between the temporal arterial arcades among other morphometric variables. RESULTS The study included 456 eyes with a mean age of 61.2 ± 14.2 years (range: 13-88 years) and mean axial length of 29.4 ± 2.1 mm (range: 23.2-35.3 mm). Mean angle kappa was 91.3 ± 17.2° (range: 39-161°), and mean VDA was 7.93 ± 1.71 mm (range: 2.72-12.85 mm). In multivariate regression analysis, wider angle kappa was associated (regression coefficient r: 0.47) with shorter axial length (P = 0.002; beta: -0.17; B: -1.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]:-2.23 to -0.51), longer VDA (P < 0.001; beta: 0.27; B: 2.70; 95% CI: 1.85-3.54), shorter disk-foveola distance (P < 0.001; beta: -0.22; B: -4.76; 95% CI: -7.05 to -2.46), shorter vertical optic disk diameter (P = 0.002; beta: -0.14; B: -6.83; 95% CI: -11.1 to -2.56), lower number of any chorioretinal lesions (P = 0.007; beta: -0.13; B: -2.11; 95% CI: -3.63 to -0.58), and longer maximal vertical chorioretinal lesion diameter (P = 0.05; beta: 0.09; B: 0.92; 95% CI: -0.02 to 1.86). A longer VDA was associated (r: 0.31) with longer axial length (P < 0.001; beta: 0.22; B: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.10-0.25), wider angle kappa (P < 0.001; beta: 0.28; B: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.02-0.04) and higher number of chorioretinal lesions (P = 0.03; beta: 0.10; B: 0.16; 95% CI: 0.02-0.31). If eyes with chorioretinal lesions were excluded, the association between longer VDA and longer axial length was no longer statistically significant (P > 0.10). CONCLUSION Axial elongation was correlated with decreasing angle kappa, caused by an elongation of the disk-foveola distance because of an enlargement of the gamma zone, whereas VDA remained constant. By contrast, horizontal length of macular Bruch membrane and vertical length of macular Bruch membrane were independent of axial elongation. Axial elongation did not lead to lengthening of Bruch membrane in the macular region in eyes without macular chorioretinal lesions.
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176
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Wang M, Schaeffel F, Jiang B, Feldkaemper M. Effects of Light of Different Spectral Composition on Refractive Development and Retinal Dopamine in Chicks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:4413-4424. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-23880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya, Hunan Province, China
| | - Frank Schaeffel
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bing Jiang
- The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya, Hunan Province, China
| | - Marita Feldkaemper
- Section of Neurobiology of the Eye, Ophthalmic Research Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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177
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Zhang S, Yang J, Reinach PS, Wang F, Zhang L, Fan M, Ying H, Pan M, Qu J, Zhou X. Dopamine Receptor Subtypes Mediate Opposing Effects on Form Deprivation Myopia in Pigmented Guinea Pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:4441-4448. [PMID: 30193315 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinglei Yang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter S. Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengjiao Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lishuai Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Fan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huangfang Ying
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaozhen Pan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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178
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Jiang L, Zhang S, Chen R, Ma L, Wang X, Wen Y, Qu J, Zhou X. Effects of the Tyrosinase-Dependent Dopaminergic System on Refractive Error Development in Guinea Pigs. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:4631-4638. [PMID: 30372732 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine if myopia in albino guinea pigs is linked to altered ocular dopamine (DA) levels in both the retinal and uveal dopaminergic systems. Methods Retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid were dissected from eyes of 2-week-old albino myopic (AM) and pigmented hyperopic (PH) guinea pigs. The levels of DA, dihydroxy-phenyl acetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) were determined. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tyrosinase activities were also measured. PH animals received daily unilateral peribulbar injections of either kojic acid (tyrosinase inhibitor) or vehicle for 2 to 4 weeks. Refractive errors and ocular axial dimensions were measured by eccentric infrared photoretinoscopy and A-scan ultrasonography. Results Retinal DA levels were similar between the two strains, but AM eyes had higher levels of DOPAC. RPE/choroid DA and tyrosinase activity in AM eyes were lower than in PH eyes (P < 0.01); however, the DA turnover was higher (P < 0.05). After 2 weeks of kojic acid treatment, PH eyes developed significant myopia, accompanied by elongated vitreous chambers and axial lengths. Inhibition of tyrosinase activity was linearly correlated with a myopic refraction shift (R = 0.79, P < 0.01). PH animals that received 62.5 ng/mL kojic acid treatment daily for 2 weeks followed by 625 ng/mL for 2 more weeks became more myopic and had deeper anterior chambers compared to those that received the 62.5 ng/mL dose over this period (P = 0.04). Conclusions The uveal tyrosinase-dependent dopaminergic system is involved in the development of guinea pig refraction. Enhancing uveal tyrosinase activity might slow down the development of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Jiang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongfang Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Ma
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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179
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Avetisov SE, Fisenko VP, Zhuravlev AS, Avetisov KS. [Atropine use for the prevention of myopia progression]. Vestn Oftalmol 2018; 134:84-90. [PMID: 30166516 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma201813404184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the prevalence of myopic refraction (from 50 to 84% in Asian countries and 35 to 49% in European countries and the United States in young people), the development of methods for monitoring and preventing myopia continues to be an urgent task. One of the directions of pharmacological intervention on the progression of myopia is associated with the use of a non-selective M-cholinoreceptors antagonist - atropine. The review presents the results of studies on various aspects of the potential for topical application of atropine to control the progression of myopia (experimental and clinical data on the mechanism of action, the effectiveness of clinical use, the possible side effects of various concentrations of the drug).The heterogeneity of the data presented does not yet lead to the conclusion that the long-term instillations of atropine are effective in prevention of progressive myopia. In addition, the wide application of this method, for example, in the territory of the Russian Federation, is limited by approved official instruction for the local application of the atropine solution in ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Avetisov
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A,B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - V P Fisenko
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - A S Zhuravlev
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - K S Avetisov
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 A,B, Rossolimo St., Moscow, Russian Federation, 119021
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181
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Lag of accommodation does not predict changes in eye growth in chickens. Vision Res 2018; 149:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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182
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Syn G, Anderson D, Blackwell JM, Jamieson SE. Epigenetic dysregulation of host gene expression in Toxoplasma infection with specific reference to dopamine and amyloid pathways. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 65:159-162. [PMID: 30055328 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent interest has focussed on the influence of infectious disease organisms on the host epigenome. Toxoplasma gondii infection acquired congenitally or in early life is associated with severe ocular and brain developmental anomalies, while persistent asymptomatic infection is a proposed risk factor for neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases, and schizophrenia. Genome-wide analysis of the host methylome and transcriptome following T. gondii infection in a retinal cell line identified genes (132, 186 and 128 genes at 2, 6 and 24 h post-infection) concordant for methylation and expression, i.e. hypermethylated and decreased expression or hypomethylated and increased expression. Pathway analyses showed perturbation of two neurologically-associated pathways: dopamine-DARPP32 feedback in cAMP signalling (p-value = 8.3 × 10-5; adjusted p-value = 0.020); and amyloid processing (p-value = 1.0 × 10-3; adjusted p-value = 0.043). Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) decreased in level following T. gondii infection. These results are of interest given the expression of APP early in nervous system development affecting neural migration and the role of amyloid processing in Alzheimer's disease, while dopamine has roles in the developing retina as well as in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Our results provide a possible functional link between T. gondii infection and congenital/early life and adult neurological clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Syn
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia.
| | - Denise Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia.
| | - Sarra E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia 6872, Australia
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183
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Abstract
In myopia the eye grows too long, generating poorly focused retinal images when people try to look at a distance. Myopia is tightly linked to the educational status and is on the rise worldwide. It is still not clear which kind of visual experience stimulates eye growth in children and students when they study. We propose a new and perhaps unexpected reason. Work in animal models has shown that selective activation of ON or OFF pathways has also selective effects on eye growth. This is likely to be true also in humans. Using custom-developed software to process video frames of the visual environment in realtime we quantified relative ON and OFF stimulus strengths. We found that ON and OFF inputs were largely balanced in natural environments. However, black text on white paper heavily overstimulated retinal OFF pathways. Conversely, white text on black paper overstimulated ON pathways. Using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in young human subjects, we found that the choroid, the heavily perfused layer behind the retina in the eye, becomes about 16 µm thinner in only one hour when subjects read black text on white background but about 10 µm thicker when they read white text from black background. Studies both in animal models and in humans have shown that thinner choroids are associated with myopia development and thicker choroids with myopia inhibition. Therefore, reading white text from a black screen or tablet may be a way to inhibit myopia, while conventional black text on white background may stimulate myopia.
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184
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Abstract
Myopia occurs in more than 50% of the population in many industrialized countries and is expected to increase; complications associated with axial elongation from myopia are the sixth leading cause of blindness. Thus, understanding its etiology, epidemiology, and the results of various treatment regiments may modify current care and result in a reduction in morbidity from progressive myopia. This rapid increase cannot be explained by genetics alone. Current animal and human research demonstrates that myopia development is a result of the interplay between genetic and the environmental factors. The prevalence of myopia is higher in individuals whose both parents are myopic, suggesting that genetic factors are clearly involved in myopia development. At the same time, population studies suggest that development of myopia is associated with education and the amount time spent doing near work; hence, activities increase the exposure to optical blur. Recently, there has been an increase in efforts to slow the progression of myopia because of its relationship to the development of serious pathological conditions such as macular degeneration, retinal detachments, glaucoma, and cataracts. We reviewed meta-analysis and other of current treatments that include: atropine, progressive addition spectacle lenses, orthokeratology, and multifocal contact lenses.
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Wu PC, Chuang MN, Choi J, Chen H, Wu G, Ohno-Matsui K, Jonas JB, Cheung CMG. Update in myopia and treatment strategy of atropine use in myopia control. Eye (Lond) 2018; 33:3-13. [PMID: 29891900 PMCID: PMC6328548 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally. Complications of myopia are associated with huge economic and social costs. It is believed that high myopia in adulthood can be traced back to school age onset myopia. Therefore, it is crucial and urgent to implement effective measures of myopia control, which may include preventing myopia onset as well as retarding myopia progression in school age children. The mechanism of myopia is still poorly understood. There are some evidences to suggest excessive expansion of Bruch’s membrane, possibly in response to peripheral hyperopic defocus, and it may be one of the mechanisms leading to the uncontrolled axial elongation of the globe. Atropine is currently the most effective therapy for myopia control. Recent clinical trials demonstrated low-dose atropine eye drops such as 0.01% resulted in retardation of myopia progression, with significantly less side effects compared to higher concentration preparation. However, there remain a proportion of patients who are poor responders, in whom the optimal management remains unclear. Proposed strategies include stepwise increase of atropine dosing, and a combination of low-dose atropine with increase outdoor time. This review will focus on the current understanding of epidemiology, pathophysiology in myopia and highlight recent clinical trials using atropine in the school-aged children, as well as the treatment strategy in clinical implementation in hyperopic, pre-myopic and myopic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Ni Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jessy Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sheffield Children Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Grace Wu
- Singapore Eye Research Institutes, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institutes, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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186
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Tedja MS, Wojciechowski R, Hysi PG, Eriksson N, Furlotte NA, Verhoeven VJ, Iglesias AI, Meester-Smoor MA, Tompson SW, Fan Q, Khawaja AP, Cheng CY, Höhn R, Yamashiro K, Wenocur A, Grazal C, Haller T, Metspalu A, Wedenoja J, Jonas JB, Wang YX, Xie J, Mitchell P, Foster PJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Shah RL, Williams C, Teo YY, Tham YC, Gupta P, Zhao W, Shi Y, Saw WY, Tai ES, Sim XL, Huffman JE, Polašek O, Hayward C, Bencic G, Rudan I, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, Tsujikawa A, Matsuda F, Whisenhunt KN, Zeller T, van der Spek PJ, Haak R, Meijers-Heijboer H, van Leeuwen EM, Iyengar SK, Lass JH, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Vingerling JR, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Biino G, Concas MP, Schwantes-An TH, Igo RP, Cuellar-Partida G, Martin NG, Craig JE, Gharahkhani P, Williams KM, Nag A, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Delcourt C, Bellenguez C, Ried JS, Bergen AA, Meitinger T, Gieger C, Wong TY, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Simpson CL, Pfeiffer N, Pärssinen O, Baird PN, Vitart V, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Young TL, Saw SM, Stambolian D, MacGregor S, Guggenheim JA, Tung JY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CC. Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error. Nat Genet 2018; 50:834-848. [PMID: 29808027 PMCID: PMC5980758 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors, including myopia, are the most frequent eye disorders worldwide and an increasingly common cause of blindness. This genome-wide association meta-analysis in 160,420 participants and replication in 95,505 participants increased the number of established independent signals from 37 to 161 and showed high genetic correlation between Europeans and Asians (>0.78). Expression experiments and comprehensive in silico analyses identified retinal cell physiology and light processing as prominent mechanisms, and also identified functional contributions to refractive-error development in all cell types of the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix. Newly identified genes implicate novel mechanisms such as rod-and-cone bipolar synaptic neurotransmission, anterior-segment morphology and angiogenesis. Thirty-one loci resided in or near regions transcribing small RNAs, thus suggesting a role for post-transcriptional regulation. Our results support the notion that refractive errors are caused by a light-dependent retina-to-sclera signaling cascade and delineate potential pathobiological molecular drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Virginie J.M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart W. Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adam Wenocur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clare Grazal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Barbara E.K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupal L. Shah
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Department of Health Service Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yuan Shi
- Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Woei-Yuh Saw
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue Ling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter K. Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kristina N. Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Roxanna Haak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. van Leeuwen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Lass
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.HChan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katie M. Williams
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, U1167 - Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Singapore
- Retino Center, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tenessee
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline C.W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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187
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Huang F, Zhang L, Wang Q, Yang Y, Li Q, Wu Y, Chen J, Qu J, Zhou X. Dopamine D1 Receptors Contribute Critically to the Apomorphine-Induced Inhibition of Form-Deprivation Myopia in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:2623-2634. [PMID: 29847669 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Huang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lishuai Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiongsi Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanan Yang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qihang Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangfan Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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188
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Chakraborty R, Ostrin LA, Nickla DL, Iuvone PM, Pardue MT, Stone RA. Circadian rhythms, refractive development, and myopia. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:217-245. [PMID: 29691928 PMCID: PMC6038122 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite extensive research, mechanisms regulating postnatal eye growth and those responsible for ametropias are poorly understood. With the marked recent increases in myopia prevalence, robust and biologically-based clinical therapies to normalize refractive development in childhood are needed. Here, we review classic and contemporary literature about how circadian biology might provide clues to develop a framework to improve the understanding of myopia etiology, and possibly lead to rational approaches to ameliorate refractive errors developing in children. RECENT FINDINGS Increasing evidence implicates diurnal and circadian rhythms in eye growth and refractive error development. In both humans and animals, ocular length and other anatomical and physiological features of the eye undergo diurnal oscillations. Systemically, such rhythms are primarily generated by the 'master clock' in the surpachiasmatic nucleus, which receives input from the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) through the activation of the photopigment melanopsin. The retina also has an endogenous circadian clock. In laboratory animals developing experimental myopia, oscillations of ocular parameters are perturbed. Retinal signaling is now believed to influence refractive development; dopamine, an important neurotransmitter found in the retina, not only entrains intrinsic retinal rhythms to the light:dark cycle, but it also modulates refractive development. Circadian clocks comprise a transcription/translation feedback control mechanism utilizing so-called clock genes that have now been associated with experimental ametropias. Contemporary clinical research is also reviving ideas first proposed in the nineteenth century that light exposures might impact refraction in children. As a result, properties of ambient lighting are being investigated in refractive development. In other areas of medical science, circadian dysregulation is now thought to impact many non-ocular disorders, likely because the patterns of modern artificial lighting exert adverse physiological effects on circadian pacemakers. How, or if, such modern light exposures and circadian dysregulation contribute to refractive development is not known. SUMMARY The premise of this review is that circadian biology could be a productive area worthy of increased investigation, which might lead to the improved understanding of refractive development and improved therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Chakraborty
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
- Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur
| | - Richard A. Stone
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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189
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Wu HJ, Li XY, Qian WJ, Li Q, Wang SY, Ji M, Ma YY, Gao F, Sun XH, Wang X, Miao Y, Yang XL, Wang Z. Dopamine D1 receptor-mediated upregulation of BKCa
currents modifies Müller cell gliosis in a rat chronic ocular hypertension model. Glia 2018; 66:1507-1519. [PMID: 29508439 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Jing Wu
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xue-Yan Li
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wen-Jing Qian
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Shu-Yue Wang
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Min Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology at Eye & ENT Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology at Eye & ENT Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Xing-Huai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology at Eye & ENT Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai 200031 China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yanying Miao
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- Department of Neurology; Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200032 China
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You X, Sun M, Li J, Bian C, Chen J, Yi Y, Yu H, Shi Q. Mudskippers and Their Genetic Adaptations to an Amphibious Lifestyle. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E24. [PMID: 29414871 PMCID: PMC5836032 DOI: 10.3390/ani8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mudskippers are the largest group of amphibious teleost fish that are uniquely adapted to live on mudflats. During their successful transition from aqueous life to terrestrial living, these fish have evolved morphological and physiological modifications of aerial vision and olfaction, higher ammonia tolerance, aerial respiration, improved immunological defense against terrestrial pathogens, and terrestrial locomotion using protruded pectoral fins. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic data have been accumulated and analyzed for understanding molecular mechanisms of the terrestrial adaptations. Our current review provides a general introduction to mudskippers and recent research advances of their genetic adaptations to the amphibious lifestyle, which will be helpful for understanding the evolutionary transition of vertebrates from water to land. Our insights into the genomes and transcriptomes will also support molecular breeding, functional identification, and natural compound screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin You
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518063, China.
| | - Min Sun
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Chao Bian
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518063, China.
| | - Jieming Chen
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- BGI-Zhenjiang Institute of Hydrobiology, BGI Marine, BGI, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
| | - Yunhai Yi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518063, China.
| | - Hui Yu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518063, China.
- Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Abstract
Despite the global pandemic of myopia, the precise molecular mechanism of the onset of myopia remains largely unknown. This is partially because of the lack of efficient murine myopic models that allow genetic manipulation at low cost. Here we report a highly practical and reproducible lens-induced myopia model by specially designed frames and lenses for mice. A lens power dependent myopic induction in mice was shown until minus 30 diopter lenses. The phenotype was significantly stronger than form-deprivation myopia. We presented the protocol for precise evaluations of the state of myopia, including refraction, corneal curvature and axial length using up-to-date devices. We also found that myopic mouse eyes showed decreased visual acuity on optokinetic response examination. Finally, we confirmed the anti-myopic effect of 1% atropine using this model, which showed its potential in drug screening. The strong phenotype, stable evaluation and the potential for gene manipulation utilizing the presented method in mice will accelerate the translational research of myopia.
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192
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Souza BOF, Abou Rjeili M, Quintana C, Beaulieu JM, Casanova C. Spatial Frequency Selectivity Is Impaired in Dopamine D2 Receptor Knockout Mice. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29379422 PMCID: PMC5775240 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter implicated in several brain functions, including vision. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of the lack of D2 dopamine receptors on the structure and function of the primary visual cortex (V1) of D2-KO mice using optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Retinotopic maps were generated in order to measure anatomo-functional parameters such as V1 shape, cortical magnification factor, scatter, and ocular dominance. Contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency selectivity (SF) functions were computed from responses to drifting gratings. When compared to control mice, none of the parameters of the retinotopic maps were affected by D2 receptor loss of function. While the contrast sensitivity function of D2-KO mice did not differ from their wild-type counterparts, SF selectivity function was significantly affected as the optimal SF and the high cut-off frequency (p < 0.01) were higher in D2-KO than in WT mice. These findings show that the lack of function of D2 dopamine receptors had no influence on cortical structure whereas it had a significant impact on the spatial frequency selectivity and high cut-off. Taken together, our results suggest that D2 receptors play a specific role on the processing of spatial features in early visual cortex while they do not seem to participate in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mira Abou Rjeili
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Optometry School, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Clémentine Quintana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean M Beaulieu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Casanova
- Laboratory of Visual Neuroscience, Optometry School, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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193
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Prevalence and Related Factors for Myopia in School-Aged Children in Qingdao. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:9781987. [PMID: 29507811 PMCID: PMC5817287 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9781987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the prevalence and related factors for myopia in school-aged children in the Economic and Technological Development Zone of Qingdao, Eastern China. Methods A total of 4890 (aged 10 to 15 years) students were initially enrolled in this study. 3753 (76.75%) students with completed refractive error and questionnaire data were analyzed. The children underwent a comprehensive eye examination. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to assess possible factors associated with myopia. Results The prevalence of myopia increased as the children's grade increased (χ2 = 560.584, P < 0.001). Low myopia was the main form of myopia in adolescent students (30.22%). With the growth of age, students spent significantly more time on near work (P = 0.03) and less time on outdoor activity (P < 0.001). In multivariate models, only the following variables were significantly associated with myopia: age, two myopic parents, outdoor activity time, and continuous near work without 5 min rest. Conclusions The prevalence of myopia increased as the grade increased. Age, two myopic parents, and continuous near work time without 5 min rest were risk factors for myopia. Outdoor activities had protective effect for myopia.
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194
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Zhou S, Yang L, Lu B, Wang H, Xu T, Du D, Wu S, Li X, Lu M. Association between parents' attitudes and behaviors toward children's visual care and myopia risk in school-aged children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e9270. [PMID: 29384911 PMCID: PMC6392714 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this survey was to determine the association of parents' attitudes and behaviors toward children's visual care with myopia risk in school-aged children.A total of 894 parents of school-aged children were investigated in primary and middle schools in the central and noncentral urban area in Wuhan through stratified cluster random sampling on July, 2015. We analyzed the association by the generalized linear mixed model.The results indicated that children with parents' high expectations of 1.5 or higher on their vision exhibited a decreased risk of myopia compared with 1.0 and 0.5 or lower (OR = 0.49, 95%CI = 0.36-0.67). Children whose parents only paid attention to their vision in junior and senior school and in primary school had an increased myopia risk than that in preschool (OR = 2.12, 95%CI = 1.01-4.45, and OR = 3.11, 95%CI = 1.28-7.58, respectively). Children whose parents ensured for their sufficient sleep had a decreased myopia risk (OR = 0.45, 95%CI = 0.24-0.85). Compared with children whose parents who never adjusted electronic devices' parameters, the odds ratio of sometimes was 0.49 (95%CI = 0.31-0.79), often 0.53 (95%CI = 0.33-0.85), and always 0.44 (95%CI = 0.26-0.75), respectively.Parents' attitudes and behaviors toward children's visual care are significantly associated with the myopia risk in school-aged children. Consequently, efforts should be made to educate parents on how they protect children's vision and reduce their risk of myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology
| | - Lihua Yang
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention & Control
- Wuhan Commission of Experts for the Prevention & Control of Adolescent Poor Vision, Wuhan
| | - Benlin Lu
- Wuhan Commission of Experts for the Prevention & Control of Adolescent Poor Vision, Wuhan
| | - Hexin Wang
- China Innovation and R&D Center, Carl Zeiss (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. ZEISS Group. Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Wuhan Center for Adolescent Poor Vision Prevention & Control
| | - Dandan Du
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology
| | - Shiqing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology
| | - Meixia Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology
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195
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Li HH, Sun YL, Cui DM, Wu J, Zeng JW. Effect of dopamine on bone morphogenesis protein-2 expression in human retinal pigment epithelium. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:1370-1373. [PMID: 28944194 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.09.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of dopamine on bone morphogenesis protein-2 (BMP-2) expression in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in vitro. METHODS ARPE-19 cells as a human RPE cell line were cultured with dopamine for different times (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 24h) or with different concentrations (0.1, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 100 µg/mL) in vitro. BMP-2 mRNA expression level in ARPE-19 cells was analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and BMP-2 protein level was measured with Western blot analysis. The active form of BMP-2 in the culture medium was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The expression level of BMP-2 increased significantly cultured with 20 µg/mL dopamine, at different time points (P<0.05). BMP-2 mRNA level peaked 2h and the protein level peaked at 6 and 8h after treatment. The concentrations of secreted BMP-2 elevated at 12h and peaked at 24h (P<0.05) in a time-dependent manner. Treated with 100 µg/mL dopamine for 6h, the expression levels of BMP-2 mRNA and protein in ARPE-19 cells were enhanced significantly compared to that in the untreated cells (P<0.05). And secreted BMP-2 protein in the cell culture supernatant was also increased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Dopamine up-regulate BMP-2 expression in RPE cells, and this may be associated with its inhibitive effect on myopia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hui Li
- Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan-Li Sun
- Ophthalmology Center, Yinzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dong-Mei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Juan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun-Wen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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196
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that spending time outdoors during your childhood is protective against the development of myopia. It has been hypothesized that this protective effect is associated with light-induced increases in retinal dopamine levels, a critical neuromodulator that has long been postulated to be involved in the regulation of ocular growth. This paper, along with the paper entitled "What do animal studies tell us about the mechanism of myopia-protection by light?" discusses the evidence provided by animal models for this hypothesis.
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197
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Simultaneous determination of seven alkaloids from Rhizoma Corydalis Decumbentis in rabbit aqueous humor by LC–MS/MS: Application to ocular pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1057:46-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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198
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Zhou X, Pardue MT, Iuvone PM, Qu J. Dopamine signaling and myopia development: What are the key challenges. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 61:60-71. [PMID: 28602573 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the face of an "epidemic" increase in myopia over the last decades and myopia prevalence predicted to reach 2.5 billion people by the end of this decade, there is an urgent need to develop effective and safe therapeutic interventions to slow down this "myopia booming" and prevent myopia-related complications and vision loss. Dopamine (DA) is an important neurotransmitter in the retina and mediates diverse functions including retina development, visual signaling, and refractive development. Inspired by the convergence of epidemiological and animal studies in support of the inverse relationship between outdoor activity and risk of developing myopia and by the close biological relationship between light exposure and dopamine release/signaling, we felt it is timely and important to critically review the role of DA in myopia development. This review will revisit several key points of evidence for and against DA mediating light control of myopia: 1) the causal role of extracellular retinal DA levels, 2) the mechanism and action of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors and 3) the roles of cellular/circuit retinal pathways. We examine the experiments that show causation by altering DA, DA receptors and visual pathways using pharmacological, transgenic, or visual environment approaches. Furthermore, we critically evaluate the safety issues of a DA-based treatment strategy and some approaches to address these issues. The review identifies the key questions and challenges in translating basic knowledge on DA signaling and myopia from animal studies into effective pharmacological treatments for myopia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science. 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA 30033, United States
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325003, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science. 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China.
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199
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Yang J, Reinach PS, Zhang S, Pan M, Sun W, Liu B, Li F, Li X, Zhao A, Chen T, Jia W, Qu J, Zhou X. Changes in retinal metabolic profiles associated with form deprivation myopia development in guinea pigs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2777. [PMID: 28584257 PMCID: PMC5459838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal metabolic changes have been suggested to be associated with myopia development. However, little is known about either their identity or time dependent behavior during this sight compromising process. To address these questions, gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) was applied to compare guinea pig retinal metabolite levels in form deprivation (FD) eyes at 3 days and 2 weeks post FD with normal control (NC) eyes. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) models discriminated between time dependent retinal metabolic profiles in the presence and absence of FD. Myopia severity was associated with more metabolic pattern differences in the FD than in the NC eyes. After 3 days of FD, 11 metabolite levels changed and after 2 weeks the number of differences increased to 16. Five metabolites continuously decreased during two weeks of FD. Two-way ANOVA of the changes identified by OPLS indicates that 15 out of the 22 metabolites differences were significant. Taken together, these results suggest that myopia progression is associated with an inverse relationship between increases in glucose accumulation and lipid level decreases in form-deprived guinea pig eyes. Such changes indicate that metabolomic studies are an informative approach to identify time dependent retinal metabolic alterations associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Yang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter S Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaozhen Pan
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenfeng Sun
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fen Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Tianlu Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus and Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health, China, and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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200
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Stone RA, Cohen Y, McGlinn AM, Davison S, Casavant S, Shaffer J, Khurana TS, Pardue MT, Iuvone PM. Development of Experimental Myopia in Chicks in a Natural Environment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 57:4779-89. [PMID: 27618415 PMCID: PMC5024671 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The hypothesis that outdoor exposure might protect against myopia has generated much interest, although available data find only modest clinical efficacy. We tested the effect of outdoor rearing on form-deprivation myopia in chicks, a myopia model markedly inhibited by high-intensity indoor laboratory lighting. Methods Unilaterally goggled cohorts of White Leghorn chicks were maintained in a species-appropriate, outdoor rural setting during daylight hours to the extent permitted by weather. Control chicks were reared indoors with incandescent lighting. Besides ocular refraction and ultrasound, we determined dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content in retina and vitreous and measured mRNA expression levels of selected clock and circadian rhythm-related genes in the retina/RPE. Results Myopia developed in the goggled eyes of all cohorts. Whereas outdoor rearing lessened myopia by 44% at 4 days, a protective effect was no longer evident at 11 days. Outdoor rearing had no consistent effect on retinal or vitreous content of dopamine or DOPAC. Conforming to prior data on form-deprivation myopia, retina and vitreous levels of DOPAC were reduced in goggled eyes. Compared with contralateral eyes, the retinal expression of clock and circadian rhythm-related genes was modestly altered in myopic eyes of chicks reared indoors or outdoors. Conclusions Outdoor rearing of chicks induces only a partial decrease of goggle-induced myopia that is not maintained, without evidence that retinal dopamine metabolism accounts for the partial myopia inhibition under these outdoor conditions. Although modest, alterations in retinal gene expression suggest that studying circadian signals might be informative for understanding refractive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yuval Cohen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Alice M McGlinn
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sherrill Davison
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine and Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Susan Casavant
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine and Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - James Shaffer
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Scheie Eye Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 5Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 7Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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