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Talih S, Salman R, Karaoghlanian N, El-Hellani A, Saliba N, Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. "Juice Monsters": Sub-Ohm Vaping and Toxic Volatile Aldehyde Emissions. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1791-1793. [PMID: 28937746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An emerging category of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) is sub-Ohm devices (SODs) that operate at ten or more times the power of conventional ECIGs. Because carcinogenic volatile aldehyde (VA) emissions increase sharply with power, SODs may expose users to greater VAs. In this study, we compared VA emissions from several SODs and found that across device, VAs and power were uncorrelated unless power was normalized by coil surface area. VA emissions and liquid consumed were correlated highly. Analyzed in light of EU regulations limiting ECIG liquid nicotine concentration, these findings suggest potential regulatory levers and pitfalls for protecting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soha Talih
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rola Salman
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Najat Saliba
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut , Bliss Street, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
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152
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Zainol Abidin N, Zainal Abidin E, Zulkifli A, Karuppiah K, Syed Ismail SN, Amer Nordin AS. Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 32:235-244. [PMID: 28107173 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper is primarily aimed to review articles on electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) focusing on indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment that were conducted using human volunteers under natural settings that mimic actual vaping scenarios. Such studies may give a better representation of the actual potential exposure towards e-cigarettes emissions in indoor settings. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed search engine database. Search terms such as "electronic cigarette", "e-cigarette", "electronic nicotine delivery system", and "indoor air quality" were used to identify the relevant articles to be included in this review. Articles that involved human volunteers who were asked to vape in natural settings or settings that mimic the actual vaping scenario were chosen to be reviewed. The search yielded a total of 15 published articles. Eleven articles were excluded due to 1) unavailability of its full-text (n=1), 2) did not involve human volunteers (n=5) and 3) did not involve an IAQ study (n=5). Four articles were critically reviewed in this paper. RESULTS From the four selected articles, two of the papers focused on the determination of nicotine level released by e-cigarettes whereas the other two covered IAQ parameters namely; particulate matters (PM), propylene glycols, formaldehyde, metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Only two of the studies involved determination of biomarkers of exposure. The level of chemical contents released varied between studies. The differences in the brands of e-cigarette used, number of vapers recruited and the sensitivity of the methodologies employed in these studies may be the possible causes for such differences. However, studies using human volunteers conducted in a natural setting are more relevant to portray the actual exposure to vapors among e-cigarettes users and non-users compared to studies using a smoking machine/an exposure chamber. This is because such studies take into account the behavior of consumers and individual retention of nicotine. Such method will therefore avoid the possibility of overestimation in terms of exposures toward e-cigarettes users and non-users. CONCLUSION There are limited e-cigarette studies on the impact of IAQ performed using human volunteers in natural settings. The available studies however, provided inconsistent scientific evidence on the actual exposure towards the vapor contents as unstandardized methodology were used in conducting such research. Therefore, there is a need to conduct IAQ studies in natural settings by using a standardized protocol in terms of the number of vapers recruited, the size of the indoor settings, the methods used in detecting and quantifying the contents and levels of emissions and the sensitivity of the equipment used in analyzing the contents. This will help in better utilization of the findings from such studies for the use of risk assessment of the exposures towards e-cigarette emissions. There is also a need to emphasize that it is the onus of the manufacturers in providing and proving scientifically sound safety claims for their products prior to commercializing it in the market.
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153
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Salamanca JC, Munhenzva I, Escobedo JO, Jensen RP, Shaw A, Campbell R, Luo W, Peyton DH, Strongin RM. Formaldehyde Hemiacetal Sampling, Recovery, and Quantification from Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28887552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598017-11499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The electronic cigarette solvents propylene glycol and glycerol are known to produce toxic byproducts such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein. However, the aerosol toxin yield depends upon a variety of chemical and physical variables. The formaldehyde hemiacetals derived from these solvents were reported as major electronic cigarette aerosol components by us in 2015. In the study described herein, the formaldehyde hemiacetals were found at higher levels than those of free formaldehyde via an orthogonal sample collection protocol. In addition, the common aldehyde collection methods for electronic cigarettes, such as impingers and sorbent tubes containing DNPH, significantly underestimate the levels of formaldehyde. The reason for this is that formaldehyde hemiacetals follow other reaction pathways, such as the formation of a less reactive full cyclic acetal catalyzed by the acidity of the DNPH solution and the silica. We found that formaldehyde hemiacetals are a considerable fraction of the total formaldehyde produced in electronic cigarette that cannot be determined accurately by DNPH derivatization methods. Although the health effects of the hemiacetals are not yet known, they warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Salamanca
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Ian Munhenzva
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Jorge O Escobedo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - R Paul Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Angela Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Robert Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - David H Peyton
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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154
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Salamanca JC, Munhenzva I, Escobedo JO, Jensen RP, Shaw A, Campbell R, Luo W, Peyton DH, Strongin RM. Formaldehyde Hemiacetal Sampling, Recovery, and Quantification from Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11044. [PMID: 28887552 PMCID: PMC5591312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11499-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electronic cigarette solvents propylene glycol and glycerol are known to produce toxic byproducts such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein. However, the aerosol toxin yield depends upon a variety of chemical and physical variables. The formaldehyde hemiacetals derived from these solvents were reported as major electronic cigarette aerosol components by us in 2015. In the study described herein, the formaldehyde hemiacetals were found at higher levels than those of free formaldehyde via an orthogonal sample collection protocol. In addition, the common aldehyde collection methods for electronic cigarettes, such as impingers and sorbent tubes containing DNPH, significantly underestimate the levels of formaldehyde. The reason for this is that formaldehyde hemiacetals follow other reaction pathways, such as the formation of a less reactive full cyclic acetal catalyzed by the acidity of the DNPH solution and the silica. We found that formaldehyde hemiacetals are a considerable fraction of the total formaldehyde produced in electronic cigarette that cannot be determined accurately by DNPH derivatization methods. Although the health effects of the hemiacetals are not yet known, they warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Salamanca
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Ian Munhenzva
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Jorge O Escobedo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - R Paul Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Angela Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Robert Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - David H Peyton
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
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155
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Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob P, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, Jatlow P, Pappas RS, Wang L, Foulds J, Ghosh A, Hecht SS, Gomez JC, Martin JR, Mesaros C, Srivastava S, St Helen G, Tarran R, Lorkiewicz PK, Blair IA, Kimmel HL, Doerschuk CM, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L425-L452. [PMID: 28522563 PMCID: PMC5626373 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaynn F Schick
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | | | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John T Bernert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahmad El Hellani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Peter Jatlow
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John C Gomez
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jessica R Martin
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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156
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Liu J, Liang Q, Oldham MJ, Rostami AA, Wagner KA, Gillman IG, Patel P, Savioz R, Sarkar M. Determination of Selected Chemical Levels in Room Air and on Surfaces after the Use of Cartridge- and Tank-Based E-Vapor Products or Conventional Cigarettes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14090969. [PMID: 28846634 PMCID: PMC5615506 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate regarding the potential of secondhand exposure of non-users to various chemicals from use of e-vapor products (EVPs). Room air levels of 34 chemicals (nicotine, propylene glycol (PG), glycerol, 15 carbonyl chemicals, 12 volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), and four selected trace elements) were measured where EVPs and cigarettes were used by n = 37 healthy adult tobacco users in an exposure chamber. The products used were MarkTen® 2.5% Classic (Group I), a Prototype GreenSmoke® 2.4% (Group II), Ego-T® Tank with subjects' own e-liquids (Group III) and subjects' own conventional cigarettes (Group IV). Products were used under controlled conditions and 4-h ad libitum use. Background (without subjects) and baseline levels (with subjects) were measured. Cumulative 4-h. levels of nicotine, PG and glycerol measured were several-fold below the time-weighted average limits used in workplace exposure evaluation. Most the other chemicals (>75%) were at or below the limit of quantification during EVP use. Significant levels of chemicals (17 out of 34) were observed in Group IV. Overall, our results indicate that under the study conditions with the products tested, cumulative room air levels of the selected chemicals measured over 4-h were relatively small and were several-fold below the current occupational regulatory and consensus limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Liu
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Qiwei Liang
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Michael J Oldham
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Ali A Rostami
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - Karl A Wagner
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
| | - I Gene Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical Inc., 800 Capitola Drive, Durham, NC 27713, USA.
| | - Piyush Patel
- Inflamax Research Inc., 1310 Fewster Drive, Mississauga, ON L4W 1A4, Canada.
| | - Rebecca Savioz
- Clinopsis SA, Chemin des Jardins 6, 1426 Concise, Switzerland.
| | - Mohamadi Sarkar
- Center for Research and Technology, Altria Client Services LLC, 601 E. Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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157
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Farsalinos KE, Voudris V, Spyrou A, Poulas K. E-cigarettes emit very high formaldehyde levels only in conditions that are aversive to users: A replication study under verified realistic use conditions. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:90-94. [PMID: 28864295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2015, a study identified 5-15-fold higher levels of formaldehyde emissions from an old-generation e-cigarette tested at 5.0 V compared to tobacco cigarettes. We set to replicate this study using the same e-cigarette equipment and e-liquid, while checking for the generation of dry puffs. DESIGN Experienced e-cigarette users (n = 26) took 4 s puffs at different voltage settings and were asked to report the generation of dry puffs. Formaldehyde emissions were measured at both realistic and dry puff conditions. RESULTS Dry puffs were detected at ≤4.2 V by 88% of participants; thus, 4.0 V was defined as the upper limit of realistic use. Levels ranged from 3.4 (SE = 2.2) μg/10 puffs at 3.3 V to 718.2 (SE = 58.2) μg/10 puffs at 5.0 V. The levels detected at 4.0 V were 19.8 (SE = 5.6) μg/10 puffs. At 4.0 V, the daily exposure to formaldehyde from consuming 3 g of liquid with the device tested would be 32% lower compared to smoking 20 tobacco cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS The high levels of formaldehyde emissions that were reported in a previous study were caused by unrealistic use conditions that create the unpleasant taste of dry puffs to e-cigarette users and are thus avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos E Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece; Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio-Patras 26500, Greece; National School of Public Health, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Voudris
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece
| | - Alketa Spyrou
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece
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158
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Qasim H, Karim ZA, Rivera JO, Khasawneh FT, Alshbool FZ. Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Cardiovascular System. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006353. [PMID: 28855171 PMCID: PMC5634286 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Qasim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Zubair A Karim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Jose O Rivera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Fadi T Khasawneh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX
| | - Fatima Z Alshbool
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX
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Aszyk J, Woźniak MK, Kubica P, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J, Wasik A. Comprehensive determination of flavouring additives and nicotine in e-cigarette refill solutions. Part II: Gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1517:156-164. [PMID: 28859890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavouring compounds are an essential part of e-liquid products for cigarettes. In general, they are regarded as safe for ingestion, but they may have unrecognized risks when they are inhaled. In some cases, manufactures do not currently abide by the Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU) and do not declare the detailed contents of e-liquids on their labels. To help evaluate the health impact of flavouring substances, there is a need for comprehensive approaches to determine their concentrations in e-liquids. For this purpose, a GC-EI-MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 46 commonly used flavour additives in e-liquids. The proposed method performed well in terms of the key validation parameters: accuracy (84-113%), inter-/intra-day precision: 0.1-10% and 1-11%, respectively, and sensitivity (limit of detection: 3-87ng/mL). The sample preparation step was based on a simple "dilute & shoot" approach. This study is a complementary method to the LC-MS/MS procedure described in Part I. Both approaches are suitable for the comprehensive determination of 88 flavouring compounds and nicotine and can be used as tools for the rapid evaluation of the quality and safety of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Aszyk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kacper Woźniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Kubica
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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160
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Stephens WE. Comparing the cancer potencies of emissions from vapourised nicotine products including e-cigarettes with those of tobacco smoke. Tob Control 2017; 27:tobaccocontrol-2017-053808. [PMID: 28778971 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying relative harm caused by inhaling the aerosol emissions of vapourised nicotine products compared with smoking combustible tobacco is an important issue for public health. METHODS The cancer potencies of various nicotine-delivering aerosols are modelled using published chemical analyses of emissions and their associated inhalation unit risks. Potencies are compared using a conversion procedure for expressing smoke and e-cigarette vapours in common units. Lifetime cancer risks are calculated from potencies using daily consumption estimates. RESULTS The aerosols form a spectrum of cancer potencies spanning five orders of magnitude from uncontaminated air to tobacco smoke. E-cigarette emissions span most of this range with the preponderance of products having potencies<1% of tobacco smoke and falling within two orders of magnitude of a medicinal nicotine inhaler; however, a small minority have much higher potencies. These high-risk results tend to be associated with high levels of carbonyls generated when excessive power is delivered to the atomiser coil. Samples of a prototype heat-not-burn device have lower cancer potencies than tobacco smoke by at least one order of magnitude, but higher potencies than most e-cigarettes. Mean lifetime risks decline in the sequence: combustible cigarettes >> heat-not-burn >> e-cigarettes (normal power)≥nicotine inhaler. CONCLUSIONS Optimal combinations of device settings, liquid formulation and vaping behaviour normally result in e-cigarette emissions with much less carcinogenic potency than tobacco smoke, notwithstanding there are circumstances in which the cancer risks of e-cigarette emissions can escalate, sometimes substantially. These circumstances are usually avoidable when the causes are known.
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161
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Clapp PW, Pawlak EA, Lackey JT, Keating JE, Reeber SL, Glish GL, Jaspers I. Flavored e-cigarette liquids and cinnamaldehyde impair respiratory innate immune cell function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L278-L292. [PMID: 28495856 PMCID: PMC5582929 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00452.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells of the respiratory tract are the first line of defense against pathogenic and environmental insults. Failure of these cells to perform their immune functions leaves the host susceptible to infection and may contribute to impaired resolution of inflammation. While combustible tobacco cigarettes have been shown to suppress respiratory immune cell function, the effects of flavored electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) and individual flavoring agents on respiratory immune cell responses are unknown. We investigated the effects of seven flavored nicotine-free e-liquids on primary human alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells. Cells were challenged with a range of e-liquid dilutions and assayed for their functional responses to pathogenic stimuli. End points included phagocytic capacity (neutrophils and macrophages), neutrophil extracellular trap formation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and cell-mediated cytotoxic response (NK cells). E-liquids were then analyzed via mass spectrometry to identify individual flavoring components. Three cinnamaldehyde-containing e-liquids exhibited dose-dependent broadly immunosuppressive effects. Quantitative mass spectrometry was used to determine concentrations of cinnamaldehyde in each of the three e-liquids, and cells were subsequently challenged with a range of cinnamaldehyde concentrations. Cinnamaldehyde alone recapitulated the impaired function observed with e-liquid exposures, and cinnamaldehyde-induced suppression of macrophage phagocytosis was reversed by addition of the small-molecule reducing agent 1,4-dithiothreitol. We conclude that cinnamaldehyde has the potential to impair respiratory immune cell function, illustrating an immediate need for further toxicological evaluation of chemical flavoring agents to inform regulation governing their use in e-liquid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Clapp
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Erica A Pawlak
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Justin T Lackey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Keating
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Steven L Reeber
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gary L Glish
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
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162
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Chun LF, Moazed F, Calfee CS, Matthay MA, Gotts JE. Pulmonary toxicity of e-cigarettes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L193-L206. [PMID: 28522559 PMCID: PMC5582932 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00071.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes or e-cigs) are designed to heat and aerosolize mixtures of vegetable glycerin, propylene glycol, nicotine, and flavoring additives, thus delivering nicotine by inhalation in the absence of combustion. These devices were originally developed to facilitate smoking cessation and have been available in the United States for over a decade. Since 2010, e-cig use has expanded rapidly, especially among adolescents, despite a paucity of short- and long-term safety data. Patterns of use have shifted to include never smokers and many dual users of e-cigs and combustible tobacco products. Over the last several years, research into the potential toxicities of e-cig aerosols has grown exponentially. In the interim, regulatory policymakers across the world have struggled with how to regulate an increasingly diverse array of suppliers and products, against a backdrop of strong advocacy from users, manufacturers, and tobacco control experts. Herein we provide an updated review of the pulmonary toxicity profile of these devices, summarizing evidence from cell culture, animal models, and human subjects. We highlight the major gaps in our current understanding, emphasize the challenges confronting the scientific and regulatory communities, and identify areas that require more research in this important and rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren F Chun
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Farzad Moazed
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey E Gotts
- Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California
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163
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Shields PG, Berman M, Brasky TM, Freudenheim JL, Mathe E, McElroy JP, Song MA, Wewers MD. A Review of Pulmonary Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes in the Context of Smoking: A Focus on Inflammation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:1175-1191. [PMID: 28642230 PMCID: PMC5614602 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is increasing rapidly, but their effects on lung toxicity are largely unknown. Smoking is a well-established cause of lung cancer and respiratory disease, in part through inflammation. It is plausible that e-cig use might affect similar inflammatory pathways. E-cigs are used by some smokers as an aid for quitting or smoking reduction, and by never smokers (e.g., adolescents and young adults). The relative effects for impacting disease risk may differ for these groups. Cell culture and experimental animal data indicate that e-cigs have the potential for inducing inflammation, albeit much less than smoking. Human studies show that e-cig use in smokers is associated with substantial reductions in blood or urinary biomarkers of tobacco toxicants when completely switching and somewhat for dual use. However, the extent to which these biomarkers are surrogates for potential lung toxicity remains unclear. The FDA now has regulatory authority over e-cigs and can regulate product and e-liquid design features, such as nicotine content and delivery, voltage, e-liquid formulations, and flavors. All of these factors may impact pulmonary toxicity. This review summarizes current data on pulmonary inflammation related to both smoking and e-cig use, with a focus on human lung biomarkers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(8); 1175-91. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Micah Berman
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Public Health, Ohio
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ewy Mathe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Min-Ae Song
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, and College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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164
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Laube BL, Afshar-Mohajer N, Koehler K, Chen G, Lazarus P, Collaco JM, McGrath-Morrow SA. Acute and chronic in vivo effects of exposure to nicotine and propylene glycol from an E-cigarette on mucociliary clearance in a murine model. Inhal Toxicol 2017. [PMID: 28651446 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1336585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of an acute (1 week) and chronic (3 weeks) exposure to E-cigarette (E-cig) emissions on mucociliary clearance (MCC) in murine lungs. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice (age 10.5 ± 2.4 weeks) were exposed for 20 min/day to E-cigarette aerosol generated by a Joyetech 510-T® E-cig containing either 0% nicotine (N)/propylene glycol (PG) for 1 week (n = 6), or 3 weeks (n = 9), or 2.4% N/PG for one week (n = 6), or 3 weeks (n = 9), followed by measurement of MCC. Control mice (n = 15) were not exposed to PG alone, or N/PG. MCC was assessed by gamma camera following aspiration of 99mtechnetium aerosol and was expressed as the amount of radioactivity removed from both lungs over 6 hours (MCC6hrs). Venous blood was assayed for cotinine levels in control mice and in mice exposed for 3-weeks to PG alone and N/PG. RESULTS MCC6hrs in control mice and in mice acutely exposed to PG alone and N/PG was similar, averaging (±1 standard deviation) 8.6 ± 5.2%, 7.5 ± 2.8% and 11.2 ± 5.9%, respectively. In contrast, chronic exposure to PG alone stimulated MCC6hrs (17.2 ± 8.0)% and this stimulation was significantly blunted following chronic exposure to N/PG (8.7 ± 4.6)% (p < .05). Serum cotinine levels were <0.5 ng/ml in control mice and in mice exposed to PG alone, whereas, N/PG exposed mice averaged 14.6 ± 12.0 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS In this murine model, a chronic, daily, 20 min-exposure to N/PG, but not an acute exposure, slowed MCC, compared to exposure to PG alone and led to systemic absorption of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth L Laube
- a Department of Pediatrics , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Nima Afshar-Mohajer
- b Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- b Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Gang Chen
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , Washington State University , Spokane , WA , USA
| | - Philip Lazarus
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Science , Washington State University , Spokane , WA , USA
| | - Joseph M Collaco
- a Department of Pediatrics , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Sharon A McGrath-Morrow
- a Department of Pediatrics , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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165
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kong
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA.
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166
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MicroRNA expression profiling defines the impact of electronic cigarettes on human airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28439113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598‐017‐01167‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While all forms of tobacco exposure have negative health effects, the significance of exposure to electronic cigarettes (eCig) is not fully understood. Here, we studied the global effects of eCig on the micro RNA (miRNA) transcriptome in human lung epithelial cells. Primary human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at air-liquid interface were exposed to eCig liquid. Exposure of NHBE to any eCig liquid resulted in the induction of oxidative stress-response genes including GCLM, GCLC, GPX2, NQO1 and HO-1. Vaporization of, and/or the presence of nicotine in, eCig liquid was associated with a greater response. We identified 578 miRNAs dysregulated by eCig exposure in NHBE, and 125 miRNA affected by vaporization of eCig liquid. Nicotine containing eCig vapor displayed the most profound effects upon miRNA expression. We selected 8 miRNAs (29A, 140, 126, 374A, 26A-2, 147B, 941 and 589) for further study. We validated increased expression of multiple miRNAs, including miR126, following eCig exposure. We also found significant reduction in the expression of two miR126 target genes, MYC and MRGPRX3, following exposure. These data demonstrated that eCig exposure has profound effects upon gene expression in human lung epithelial cells, some of which are epigenetically programmed at the level of miRNA regulation.
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167
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MicroRNA expression profiling defines the impact of electronic cigarettes on human airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1081. [PMID: 28439113 PMCID: PMC5430826 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
While all forms of tobacco exposure have negative health effects, the significance of exposure to electronic cigarettes (eCig) is not fully understood. Here, we studied the global effects of eCig on the micro RNA (miRNA) transcriptome in human lung epithelial cells. Primary human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells differentiated at air-liquid interface were exposed to eCig liquid. Exposure of NHBE to any eCig liquid resulted in the induction of oxidative stress-response genes including GCLM, GCLC, GPX2, NQO1 and HO-1. Vaporization of, and/or the presence of nicotine in, eCig liquid was associated with a greater response. We identified 578 miRNAs dysregulated by eCig exposure in NHBE, and 125 miRNA affected by vaporization of eCig liquid. Nicotine containing eCig vapor displayed the most profound effects upon miRNA expression. We selected 8 miRNAs (29A, 140, 126, 374A, 26A-2, 147B, 941 and 589) for further study. We validated increased expression of multiple miRNAs, including miR126, following eCig exposure. We also found significant reduction in the expression of two miR126 target genes, MYC and MRGPRX3, following exposure. These data demonstrated that eCig exposure has profound effects upon gene expression in human lung epithelial cells, some of which are epigenetically programmed at the level of miRNA regulation.
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168
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Practice Patterns and Perceptions of Chest Health Care Providers on Electronic Cigarette Use: An In-Depth Discussion and Report of Survey Results. J Smok Cessat 2017; 13:72-77. [PMID: 29881469 DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The emergence of electronic cigarettes (ECs) has become a growing phenomenon that has sharply split opinion among the public health community, physicians, and lawmakers. Aims We sought to determine chest physician perceptions regarding ECs. Methods We conducted a web-based survey of 18,000 American College of Chest Physician (CHEST) members to determine healthcare provider experiences with EC users and to characterize provider perceptions regarding ECs. Results/Findings There were 994 respondents. 88% reported that patients had asked their opinion of ECs, and 31% reported EC use among at least 10% of their patients. More disagreed than agreed (41% vs. 21%) that patients could improve their health by switching from tobacco smoking to daily EC use. Respondents were split on whether ECs promote tobacco cessation (32% agree vs. 33% disagree). Conclusions Current perceptions of ECs are variable among providers. More than 1/3 of respondents felt that EC's could be used for smoking cessation for smokers who failed prior quit attempts with approved therapies. However, many respondents were not convinced that ECs will reduce harms from tobacco use. There is an urgent need to generate additional high quality scientific data regarding ECs to inform chest physicians, health professionals and the general public.
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169
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Sala C, Medana C, Pellegrino R, Aigotti R, Bello FD, Bianchi G, Davoli E. Dynamic measurement of newly formed carbonyl compounds in vapors from electronic cigarettes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2017; 23:64-69. [PMID: 28657413 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717699078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the formation of carbonyl compound within e-cigarettes usage has been reported. The aim of this study was to develop a new analytical method for the direct analysis of carbonyl compounds in vaporized liquids. Two different types of e-cigarettes and different puff's duration have been evaluated, using a modified smoking machine for vapor generation. An isotopic dilution approach, based on deuterated internal standard addition to the e-liquid before filling the e-cigarette tank, has been developed. Carbonyl compounds have been sampled in vapors using a direct, simple, solid-phase microextraction technique with on-fiber derivatization. Related oximes have been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. Results confirmed that new carbonyl compounds are formed during the vaping process, and that formation depends both from the heating device and from puffing topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sala
- 1 Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Medana
- 1 Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pellegrino
- 2 Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Aigotti
- 1 Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- 1 Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Bianchi
- 2 Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- 2 Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
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170
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Troutt WD, DiDonato MD. Carbonyl Compounds Produced by Vaporizing Cannabis Oil Thinning Agents. J Altern Complement Med 2017; 23:879-884. [PMID: 28355118 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use has increased in the United States, particularly the use of vaporized cannabis oil, which is often mixed with thinning agents for use in vaporizing devices. E-cigarette research shows that heated thinning agents produce potentially harmful carbonyls; however, similar studies have not been conducted (1) with agents that are commonly used in the cannabis industry and (2) at temperatures that are appropriate for cannabis oil vaporization. The goal of this study was to determine whether thinning agents used in the cannabis industry produce potentially harmful carbonyls when heated to a temperature that is appropriate for cannabis oil vaporization. DESIGN Four thinning agents (propylene glycol [PG], vegetable glycerin [VG], polyethylene glycol 400 [PEG 400], and medium chain triglycerides [MCT]) were heated to 230°C and the resulting vapors were tested for acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. Each agent was tested three times. SETTING/LOCATION Testing was conducted in a smoking laboratory. OUTCOME MEASURES Carbonyl levels were measured in micrograms per puff block. RESULTS Analyses showed that PEG 400 produced significantly higher levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde than PG, MCT, and VG. Formaldehyde production was also significantly greater in PG compared with MCT and VG. Acrolein production did not differ significantly across the agents. CONCLUSIONS PG and PEG 400 produced high levels of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde when heated to 230°C. Formaldehyde production from PEG 400 isolate was particularly high, with one inhalation accounting for 1.12% of the daily exposure limit, nearly the same exposure as smoking one cigarette. Because PG and PEG 400 are often mixed with cannabis oil, individuals who vaporize cannabis oil products may risk exposure to harmful formaldehyde levels. Although more research is needed, consumers and policy makers should consider these potential health effects before use and when drafting cannabis-related legislation.
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171
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Krishnan-Sarin S, Morean M, Kong G, Bold KW, Camenga DR, Cavallo DA, Simon P, Wu R. E-Cigarettes and "Dripping" Among High-School Youth. Pediatrics 2017; 139:peds.2016-3224. [PMID: 28167512 PMCID: PMC5330405 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-3224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) electrically heat and vaporize e-liquids to produce inhalable vapors. These devices are being used to inhale vapors produced by dripping e-liquids directly onto heated atomizers. The current study conducts the first evaluation of the prevalence rates and reasons for using e-cigarettes for dripping among high school students. METHODS In the spring of 2015, students from 8 Connecticut high schools (n = 7045) completed anonymous surveys that examined tobacco use behaviors and perceptions. We assessed prevalence rates of ever using e-cigarettes for dripping, reasons for dripping, and predictors of dripping behaviors among those who reported ever use of e-cigarettes. RESULTS Among 1080 ever e-cigarette users, 26.1% of students reported ever using e-cigarettes for dripping. Reasons for dripping included produced thicker clouds of vapor (63.5%), made flavors taste better (38.7%), produced a stronger throat hit (27.7%), curiosity (21.6%), and other (7.5%). Logistic regression analyses indicated that male adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64), whites (OR = 1.46), and those who had tried multiple tobacco products (OR = 1.34) and had greater past-month e-cigarette use frequency (OR = 1.07) were more likely to use dripping (Ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that a substantial portion (∼1 in 4) of high school adolescents who had ever used e-cigarettes also report using the device for dripping. Future efforts must examine the progression and toxicity of the use of e-cigarettes for dripping among youth and educate them about the potential dangers of these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan Morean
- Department of Psychology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio
| | | | | | - Deepa R. Camenga
- Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | | | | | - Ran Wu
- Departments of Psychiatry and
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172
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Farsalinos K, Gillman G, Kistler K, Yannovits N. Comment on "Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production during E Cigarette Vaping". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2491-2492. [PMID: 28170231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Farsalinos
- Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center , Sygrou 356, Kallithea 17674, Greece
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras , Rio 26500, Greece
| | - Gene Gillman
- Enthalpy Analytical, Inc., 800 Capitola Drive, Suite 1, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Kurt Kistler
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University Brandywine , 25 Yearsley Mill Road, Media, Pennsylvania 19063, United States
| | - Nikoletta Yannovits
- Skylab-Med Laboratories of Applied Industrial Research and Analysis S.A., Apostolou Pavlou 6, Marousi 15123, Greece
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173
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Solvent Chemistry in the Electronic Cigarette Reaction Vessel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42549. [PMID: 28195231 PMCID: PMC5307352 DOI: 10.1038/srep42549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the mechanism of formation, levels and toxicological profiles of the chemical products in the aerosols (i.e., vapor plus particulate phases) of e-cigarettes is needed in order to better inform basic research as well as the general public, regulators, and industry. To date, studies of e-cigarette emissions have mainly focused on chromatographic techniques for quantifying and comparing the levels of selected e-cigarette aerosol components to those found in traditional cigarettes. E-cigarettes heat and aerosolize the solvents propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY), thereby affording unique product profiles as compared to traditional cigarettes. The chemical literature strongly suggests that there should be more compounds produced by PG and GLY than have been reported in e-cigarette aerosols to date. Herein we report an extensive investigation of the products derived from vaporizing PG and GLY under mild, single puff conditions. This has led to the discovery of several new compounds produced under vaping conditions. Prior reports on e-cigarette toxin production have emphasized temperature as the primary variable in solvent degradation. In the current study, the molecular pathways leading to enhanced PG/GLY reactivity are described, along with the most impactful chemical conditions promoting byproduct production.
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174
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Glasser AM, Collins L, Pearson JL, Abudayyeh H, Niaura RS, Abrams DB, Villanti AC. Overview of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:e33-e66. [PMID: 27914771 PMCID: PMC5253272 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid developments in e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), and the evolution of the overall tobacco product marketplace warrant frequent evaluation of the published literature. The purpose of this article is to report updated findings from a comprehensive review of the published scientific literature on ENDS. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The authors conducted a systematic review of published empirical research literature on ENDS through May 31, 2016, using a detailed search strategy in the PubMed electronic database, expert review, and additional targeted searches. Included studies presented empirical findings and were coded to at least one of nine topics: (1) Product Features; (2) Health Effects; (3) Consumer Perceptions; (4) Patterns of Use; (5) Potential to Induce Dependence; (6) Smoking Cessation; (7) Marketing and Communication; (8) Sales; and (9) Policies; reviews and commentaries were excluded. Data from included studies were extracted by multiple coders (October 2015 to August 2016) into a standardized form and synthesized qualitatively by topic. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS There were 687 articles included in this systematic review. The majority of studies assessed patterns of ENDS use and consumer perceptions of ENDS, followed by studies examining health effects of vaping and product features. CONCLUSIONS Studies indicate that ENDS are increasing in use, particularly among current smokers, pose substantially less harm to smokers than cigarettes, are being used to reduce/quit smoking, and are widely available. More longitudinal studies and controlled trials are needed to evaluate the impact of ENDS on population-level tobacco use and determine the health effects of longer-term vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Glasser
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Lauren Collins
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jennifer L Pearson
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Haneen Abudayyeh
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Raymond S Niaura
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - David B Abrams
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- The Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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175
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Loewenstein DK, Middlekauff HR. Electronic Cigarette Device-Related Hazards:: A Call for Immediate FDA Regulation. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:229-231. [PMID: 27720343 PMCID: PMC6718197 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devin K Loewenstein
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Holly R Middlekauff
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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176
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Wang P, Chen W, Liao J, Matsuo T, Ito K, Fowles J, Shusterman D, Mendell M, Kumagai K. A Device-Independent Evaluation of Carbonyl Emissions from Heated Electronic Cigarette Solvents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169811. [PMID: 28076380 PMCID: PMC5226727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate how the two main electronic (e-) cigarette solvents—propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GL)—modulate the formation of toxic volatile carbonyl compounds under precisely controlled temperatures in the absence of nicotine and flavor additives. Methods PG, GL, PG:GL = 1:1 (wt/wt) mixture, and two commercial e-cigarette liquids were vaporized in a stainless steel, tubular reactor in flowing air ranging up to 318°C to simulate e-cigarette vaping. Aerosols were collected and analyzed to quantify the amount of volatile carbonyls produced with each of the five e-liquids. Results Significant amounts of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were detected at reactor temperatures ≥215°C for both PG and GL. Acrolein was observed only in e-liquids containing GL when reactor temperatures exceeded 270°C. At 318°C, 2.03±0.80 μg of formaldehyde, 2.35±0.87 μg of acetaldehyde, and a trace amount of acetone were generated per milligram of PG; at the same temperature, 21.1±3.80 μg of formaldehyde, 2.40±0.99 μg of acetaldehyde, and 0.80±0.50 μg of acrolein were detected per milligram of GL. Conclusions We developed a device-independent test method to investigate carbonyl emissions from different e-cigarette liquids under precisely controlled temperatures. PG and GL were identified to be the main sources of toxic carbonyl compounds from e-cigarette use. GL produced much more formaldehyde than PG. Besides formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, measurable amounts of acrolein were also detected at ≥270°C but only when GL was present in the e-liquid. At 215°C, the estimated daily exposure to formaldehyde from e-cigarettes, exceeded United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) acceptable limits, which emphasized the need to further examine the potential cancer and non-cancer health risks associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PW); (KK)
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Jiawen Liao
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Toshiki Matsuo
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ito
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jeff Fowles
- Exposure Assessment Section, Environmental Health Investigation Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Shusterman
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Mendell
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Kazukiyo Kumagai
- Indoor Air Quality Program, Environmental Health Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PW); (KK)
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177
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Khlystov A, Samburova V. Flavoring Compounds Dominate Toxic Aldehyde Production during E-Cigarette Vaping. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13080-13085. [PMID: 27934275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The growing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) raises concerns about the possibility of adverse health effects to primary users and people exposed to e-cigarette vapors. E-Cigarettes offer a very wide variety of flavors, which is one of the main factors that attract new, especially young, users. How flavoring compounds in e-cigarette liquids affect the chemical composition and toxicity of e-cigarette vapors is practically unknown. Although e-cigarettes are marketed as safer alternatives to traditional cigarettes, several studies have demonstrated formation of toxic aldehydes in e-cigarette vapors during vaping. So far, aldehyde formation has been attributed to thermal decomposition of the main components of e-cigarette e-liquids (propylene glycol and glycerol), while the role of flavoring compounds has been ignored. In this study, we have measured several toxic aldehydes produced by three popular brands of e-cigarettes with flavored and unflavored e-liquids. We show that, within the tested e-cigarette brands, thermal decomposition of flavoring compounds dominates formation of aldehydes during vaping, producing levels that exceed occupational safety standards. Production of aldehydes was found to be exponentially dependent on concentration of flavoring compounds. These findings stress the need for a further, thorough investigation of the effect of flavoring compounds on the toxicity of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Khlystov
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute , Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
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178
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Flora JW, Wilkinson CT, Wilkinson JW, Lipowicz PJ, Skapars JA, Anderson A, Miller JH. Method for the Determination of Carbonyl Compounds in E-Cigarette Aerosols. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:142-148. [PMID: 28087758 PMCID: PMC5253970 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of thermal degradation products such as carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde) have been reported in e-cigarette aerosols. The collection and analysis of e-cigarette aerosol carbonyls are often adapted from methods developed for tobacco cigarette smoke. These methodologies are often not sensitive enough to detect low carbonyl levels in e-cigarette aerosols. One objective of this work was to develop and validate a rapid, selective and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry method optimized for analysis of carbonyls in e-cigarette aerosols. Aerosols were trapped in 20-puff collections, 4-s durations, 55-mL volumes, 30-s intervals, square wave puff profiles. Collection apparatus involved a linear smoking machine with Cambridge filter pad followed by a glass impinger containing acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. This method showed limits of quantitation and detection of 0.016 and 0.003 µg puff−1, respectively, and run time of 4 min. Six e-cigarettes were evaluated (five devices each). All contained measurable levels of carbonyls. Levels were mostly well below those in conventional cigarettes. However, for some e-cigarettes, formaldehyde levels were above those for tobacco cigarettes (highest at 14.1 µg puff−1). Temperatures related to carbonyl yields in e-cigarette aerosols were explored to better understand carbonyl formation: formation of formaldehyde is low at temperatures below 350°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Flora
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Celeste T Wilkinson
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - James W Wilkinson
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Peter J Lipowicz
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - James A Skapars
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Adam Anderson
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - John H Miller
- Altria Client Services LLC, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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179
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Margham J, McAdam K, Forster M, Liu C, Wright C, Mariner D, Proctor C. Chemical Composition of Aerosol from an E-Cigarette: A Quantitative Comparison with Cigarette Smoke. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1662-1678. [PMID: 27641760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is interest in the relative toxicities of emissions from electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes. Lists of cigarette smoke priority toxicants have been developed to focus regulatory initiatives. However, a comprehensive assessment of e-cigarette chemical emissions including all tobacco smoke Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents, and additional toxic species reportedly present in e-cigarette emissions, is lacking. We examined 150 chemical emissions from an e-cigarette (Vype ePen), a reference tobacco cigarette (Ky3R4F), and laboratory air/method blanks. All measurements were conducted by a contract research laboratory using ISO 17025 accredited methods. The data show that it is essential to conduct laboratory air/method measurements when measuring e-cigarette emissions, owing to the combination of low emissions and the associated impact of laboratory background that can lead to false-positive results and overestimates. Of the 150 measurands examined in the e-cigarette aerosol, 104 were not detected and 21 were present due to laboratory background. Of the 25 detected aerosol constituents, 9 were present at levels too low to be quantified and 16 were generated in whole or in part by the e-cigarette. These comprised major e-liquid constituents (nicotine, propylene glycol, and glycerol), recognized impurities in Pharmacopoeia-quality nicotine, and eight thermal decomposition products of propylene glycol or glycerol. By contrast, approximately 100 measurands were detected in mainstream cigarette smoke. Depending on the regulatory list considered and the puffing regime used, the emissions of toxicants identified for regulation were from 82 to >99% lower on a per-puff basis from the e-cigarette compared with those from Ky3R4F. Thus, the aerosol from the e-cigarette is compositionally less complex than cigarette smoke and contains significantly lower levels of toxicants. These data demonstrate that e-cigarettes can be developed that offer the potential for substantially reduced exposure to cigarette toxicants. Further studies are required to establish whether the potential lower consumer exposure to these toxicants will result in tangible public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Margham
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Kevin McAdam
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Chuan Liu
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Christopher Wright
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Derek Mariner
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd. , Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, U.K
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180
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Putzhammer R, Doppler C, Jakschitz T, Heinz K, Förste J, Danzl K, Messner B, Bernhard D. Vapours of US and EU Market Leader Electronic Cigarette Brands and Liquids Are Cytotoxic for Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157337. [PMID: 27351725 PMCID: PMC4924852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to provide toxicological data on e-cigarette vapours of different e-cigarette brands and liquids from systems viewed as leaders in the e-cigarette market and to compare e-cigarette vapour toxicity to the toxicity of conventional strong high-nicotine cigarette smoke. Using an adapted version of a previously constructed cigarette smoke constituent sampling device, we collected the hydrophilic fraction of e-cigarette vapour and exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to the mixture of compounds present in the vapour of 4 different single-use e-cigarettes, 6 different liquid vapours produced by the same refillable e-cigarette, and one e-cigarette with an exchangeable liquid cartridge. After incubation of cells with various concentrations and for various periods of time we analysed cell death induction, proliferation rates, the occurrence of intra-cellular reactive oxygen species, cell morphology, and we also measured e-cigarette heating coil temperatures. Overall, conventional cigarette smoke extract showed the most severe impact on endothelial cells. However, some e-cigarette vapour extracts showed high cytotoxicity, inhibition of cell proliferation, and alterations in cell morphology, which were comparable to conventional high-nicotine cigarettes. The vapours generated from different liquids using the same e-cigarette show substantial differences, pointing to the liquids as an important source for toxicity. E-cigarette vapour-mediated induction of oxidative stress was significant in one out of the 11 analysed vapours. There is a high variability in the acute cytotoxicity of e-cigarette vapours depending on the liquid and on the e-cigarettes used. Some products showed toxic effects close to a conventional high-nicotine cigarette. Liquid nicotine, menthol content, and the formation of acute intracellular reactive oxygen species do not seem to be the central elements in e-cigarette vapour toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Putzhammer
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Biotechnology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Doppler
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Katharina Heinz
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Juliane Förste
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- MCI Management Center Innsbruck, Biotechnology, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katarina Danzl
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Messner
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Bernhard
- Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, University Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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181
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Martin EM, Clapp PW, Rebuli ME, Pawlak EA, Glista-Baker E, Benowitz NL, Fry RC, Jaspers I. E-cigarette use results in suppression of immune and inflammatory-response genes in nasal epithelial cells similar to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L135-44. [PMID: 27288488 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00170.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke is known to result in impaired host defense responses and immune suppressive effects. However, the effects of new and emerging tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, on the immune status of the respiratory epithelium are largely unknown. We conducted a clinical study collecting superficial nasal scrape biopsies, nasal lavage, urine, and serum from nonsmokers, cigarette smokers, and e-cigarette users and assessed them for changes in immune gene expression profiles. Smoking status was determined based on a smoking history and a 3- to 4-wk smoking diary and confirmed using serum cotinine and urine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) levels. Total RNA from nasal scrape biopsies was analyzed using the nCounter Human Immunology v2 Expression panel. Smoking cigarettes or vaping e-cigarettes resulted in decreased expression of immune-related genes. All genes with decreased expression in cigarette smokers (n = 53) were also decreased in e-cigarette smokers. Additionally, vaping e-cigarettes was associated with suppression of a large number of unique genes (n = 305). Furthermore, the e-cigarette users showed a greater suppression of genes common with those changed in cigarette smokers. This was particularly apparent for suppressed expression of transcription factors, such as EGR1, which was functionally associated with decreased expression of 5 target genes in cigarette smokers and 18 target genes in e-cigarette users. Taken together, these data indicate that vaping e-cigarettes is associated with decreased expression of a large number of immune-related genes, which are consistent with immune suppression at the level of the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Martin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Phillip W Clapp
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erica A Pawlak
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Ellen Glista-Baker
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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