151
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Kucker SC, Zimmerman C, Chmielewski M. Taking parent personality and child temperament into account in child language development. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 39:540-565. [PMID: 33987860 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences have become increasingly important in the study of child development and language. However, despite the important role parents play in children's language, no work has examined how parent personality impacts language development. The current study examines the impact of parent personality as well as child temperament on language development in 460 16- to 30-month-old children and 328 31- to 42-month-old children. Findings from both groups suggest multiple aspects of children's language abilities are correlated with their parent's personality. Specifically, parent consciousness, openness, and agreeableness positively correlate with child vocabulary size and other language abilities. Results also replicate and expand research on child temperament and language - child effortful control and surgency were positively correlated, and negative affect negatively correlated with most language abilities even after controlling for parent personality. Critically, parent and child traits appear to impact a child's language abilities above and beyond well-known predictors of language, such as age.
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152
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Wallenborn JT, Levine GA, Carreira Dos Santos A, Grisi S, Brentani A, Fink G. Breastfeeding, Physical Growth, and Cognitive Development. Pediatrics 2021; 147:peds.2020-008029. [PMID: 33888567 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Breastfeeding is an evidence-based recommendation for all countries, but breastfeeding rates have been declining in many middle-income settings. One reason behind this decline is the perception that breastfeeding may not be necessary in modern urban settings, where clean water is available and alternative foods are abundant. We investigate the importance of breastfeeding for early childhood development in the modern urban context of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS In our study, we used data from the ongoing prospective Western Region Birth cohort in São Paulo, Brazil. Children were recruited at birth and managed for 3 years. Durations of exclusive and mixed breastfeeding were our primary independent variables. Our secondary independent variable was an indicator for compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) breastfeeding recommendations. Our primary outcomes of interest were indicators of children's physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional development at 3 years of age. Adjusted estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using linear and logistic regression. RESULTS Complying with WHO recommendations to exclusively breastfeed for 6 months followed by complementary feeding until 2 years of age was associated with a 0.4-SD increase in overall child development (β: .38; confidence limit = 0.23 to 0.53), a 0.6-SD increase in height-for-age z score (β: .55; confidence limit = 0.31 to 0.79), and a 67% decrease in the odds of stunting (odds ratio = 0.33; 95% confidence interval = 0.20 to 0.54). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that even in settings with easy access to complementary foods, complying with WHO breastfeeding recommendations is important for healthy physical growth and cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn T Wallenborn
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Gillian A Levine
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Sandra Grisi
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Brentani
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Contributed equally as co-senior authors
| | - Günther Fink
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and.,Contributed equally as co-senior authors
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153
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Keating J, Bramham J, Downes M. Sensory modulation and negative affect in children at familial risk of ADHD. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 112:103904. [PMID: 33639605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Sensory modulation difficulties are commonly reported in patients with ADHD, however there has been little focus on the development of these difficulties in young children at a higher risk of later ADHD diagnosis. This study investigated whether children with a familial history of ADHD show greater sensory modulation difficulties. We also explored whether sensory modulation was linked to negative affectivity, which has been highlighted as a potential early marker of ADHD. METHODS Parents of children under 6 years with a family history of ADHD (n = 65) and no family history (n = 122) completed questionnaires on sensory modulation and temperament. RESULTS Children from families with ADHD were reported to display extreme patterns of hyperresponsiveness and hyporesponsiveness, relative to controls. No differences emerged for the sensory seeking domain. Some children within the high-risk group reported high scores across all three sensory modulation patterns. Regression analysis revealed that hyperresponsiveness predicted higher levels of negative affect. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS This study is the first to report greater sensory modulation difficulties in children at familial risk of ADHD. Future research should establish whether children with sensory modulation and temperament difficulties in early childhood are more vulnerable to developing ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keating
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - J Bramham
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Downes
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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154
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Desmarais E, Brown K, Campbell K, French BF, Putnam SP, Casalin S, Linhares MBM, Lecannelier F, Wang Z, Raikkonen K, Heinonen K, Tuovinen S, Montirosso R, Provenzi L, Park SY, Han SY, Lee EG, Huitron B, de Weerth C, Beijers R, Majdandžić M, Benga O, Slobodskaya H, Kozlova E, Gonzalez-Salinas C, Acar I, Ahmetoglu E, Gartstein MA. Links between television exposure and toddler dysregulation: Does culture matter? Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63:101557. [PMID: 33878597 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Television exposure in early childhood has increased, with concerns raised regarding adverse effects on social-emotional development, and emerging self-regulation in particular. The present study addressed television exposure (i.e., amount of time watching TV) and its associations with toddler behavioral/emotional dysregulation, examining potential differences across 14 cultures. The sample consisted of an average of 60 toddlers from each of the 14 countries from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC; Gartstein & Putnam, 2018). Analyses were conducted relying on the multi-level modeling framework (MLM), accounting for between- and within-culture variability, and examining the extent to which TV exposure contributions were universal vs. variable across sites. Effects of time watching TV were evaluated in relation to temperament reactivity and regulation, as well as measures of emotional reactivity, attention difficulties, and aggression. Results indicated that more time spent watching TV was associated with higher ratings on Negative Emotionality, emotional reactivity, aggression, and attention problems, as well as lower levels of soothability. However, links between TV exposure and both attention problems and soothability varied significantly between cultures. Taken together, results demonstrate that increased time spent watching television was generally associated with dysregulation, although effects were not consistently uniform, but rather varied as a function of culturally-dependent contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kati Heinonen
- University of Helsinki, Finland; Tampere University, Finland
| | | | | | - Livio Provenzi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Eun Gyoung Lee
- Ewha Social Science Research Institute, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Roseriet Beijers
- Radboud University and Radboud University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Helena Slobodskaya
- Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Russia
| | - Elena Kozlova
- Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Russia
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155
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Merianos AL, Nabors LA, Fiser KA, Mahabee-Gittens EM. Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and Temperament among U.S. Children 0-5 Years Old. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:454-464. [PMID: 33355348 PMCID: PMC8056209 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the association between tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and temperament among children 0-5 years old overall and within age groups: 0-2 and 3-5 years. METHODS Data were obtained from the 2017-2018 NSCH (N = 14,345). TSE status was defined as whether children lived with a smoker who: does not smoke inside the home (no home TSE) or smokes inside the home (home TSE). We conducted logistic regression analyses while controlling for covariates. RESULTS Overall, 12.5% of children lived with a smoker with no home TSE and 1.1% had home TSE. Children with home TSE were at increased odds to not always: be affectionate and tender (aOR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.18-2.58), show interest and curiosity (aOR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.23-2.68), and smile and laugh (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.13-2.77) than those with no TSE. Among 0- to 2-year-olds, those with home TSE were more likely to not always be affectionate and tender (aOR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.04-3.74). Among 3- to 5-year-olds, those who lived with a smoker with no home TSE were more likely to not always: bounce back quickly (aOR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.05-1.40) and smile and laugh (aOR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.03-1.54), and those with home TSE were more likely to not always: show interest and curiosity (aOR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.40-3.59) and smile and laugh (aOR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.43-4.11). CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoke-exposed children were at increased odds of not always demonstrating positive early childhood temperament behaviors, with 3- to 5-year-olds having more pronounced odds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - E Melinda Mahabee-Gittens
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati
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156
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Konke LA, Forslund T, Nilsson-Jobs E, Nyström P, Falck-Ytter T, Brocki K. How Does Temperament in Toddlers at Elevated Likelihood for Autism Relate to Symptoms of Autism and ADHD at Three Years of Age? J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:995-1006. [PMID: 33852084 PMCID: PMC8854311 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The current study investigated longitudinal associations between parent-rated temperament, observed exuberance and accelerometer activity level at 18-months and symptoms of ASD and ADHD at 36-months in a sample of 54 children at elevated likelihood for ASD. For the specific parent-rated temperament scales, most observed significant associations appeared to be specific for either ASD or ADHD symptoms. Indeed, by controlling for overlapping symptoms a different pattern of associations emerged. These results illustrate how temperamental measures may signal risk for later ASD versus ADHD symptomatology in infants at elevated likelihood for ASD. In addition, they indicate the potential of adopting a broader view on neurodevelopmental disorders by investigating not only ASD traits, but also co-occurring disorders such as ADHD in samples of elevated likelihood for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tommie Forslund
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Pär Nyström
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Terje Falck-Ytter
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden.,Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (KIND), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Brocki
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Box 1225, 751 42, Uppsala, Sweden.
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157
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Canu D, Van der Paelt S, Canal-Bedia R, Posada M, Vanvuchelen M, Roeyers H. Early non-social behavioural indicators of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:497-538. [PMID: 32088859 PMCID: PMC8041710 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We aimed at identifying early non-social behavioural indicators that predict later ASD. Likewise, we were interested in the moment in which non-social signs discriminate between children at elevated likelihood for ASD with a later diagnosis of ASD, and children at elevated likelihood for ASD with a typical developmental outcome. In addition, we intended to explore the developmental evolution of children's symptomatology over time. A systematic literature search was conducted for longitudinal studies on early non-social behavioural indicators among siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD. The following databases were searched: PUBMED, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL and EMBASE. The study identification process was conducted by two reviewers independently. Compared to siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD with a typical developmental outcome, siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD with later ASD show impairments in attention disengagement, in gross and fine motor development and characteristic restricted and repetitive interests and behaviours, starting at 12 months of age. Moreover, early attention disengagement exerts a predictive role towards a later ASD diagnosis, given that from 12 months siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD who will receive an independent ASD diagnosis towards 24-36 months present marked difficulties in disengaging in comparison with siblings at elevated likelihood for ASD that will not satisfy the criteria for an ASD diagnosis. The findings call for a more comprehensive vision on early indicators of ASD. Further research is needed to extend results to other behavioural domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Canu
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Research Center (REVAL), Hasselt Unversity, Agoralaan, Building A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Hasselt, Belgium.
- Research in Developmental Disorders Lab, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Sara Van der Paelt
- Research in Developmental Disorders Lab, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Canal-Bedia
- Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad (INICO), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Posada
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research & CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marleen Vanvuchelen
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Rehabilitation Research Center (REVAL), Hasselt Unversity, Agoralaan, Building A, 3590 Diepenbeek, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Herbert Roeyers
- Research in Developmental Disorders Lab, Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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158
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Wu Y, Marc I, Bouchard L, Ouyang F, Luo ZC, Fan J, Dubois L, Mâsse B, Zhang J, Leung PCK, Liao XP, Herba CM, Booij L, Shen J, Lewin A, Jiang H, Wang L, Xu J, Wu W, Sun W, Wu J, Li H, Lei C, Kozyrskyj A, Semenic S, Chaillet N, Fortier I, Masse L, Zhan J, Allard C, Knoppers B, Zawati M, Baillargeon JP, Velez MP, Zhang H, Yu Y, Yu W, Ding Y, Vaillancourt C, Liu H, Tetu A, Fang W, Zhang R, Zhao X, Jin Y, Liu XM, Zhang H, Chen Z, Yang X, Hao YH, Abdelouahab N, Fraser W, Huang HF. Study protocol for the Sino-Canadian Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative (SCHeLTI): a multicentre, cluster-randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial of a multifaceted community-family-mother-child intervention to prevent childhood overweight and obesity. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e045192. [PMID: 33795307 PMCID: PMC8021741 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood overweight and obesity (OWO) is a primary global health challenge. Childhood OWO prevention is now a public health priority in China. The Sino-Canadian Healthy Life Trajectories Initiative (SCHeLTI), one of four trials being undertaken by the international HeLTI consortium, aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a multifaceted, community-family-mother-child intervention on childhood OWO and non-communicable diseases risk. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a multicentre, cluster-randomised, controlled trial conducted in Shanghai, China. The unit of randomisation is the service area of Maternal Child Health Units (N=36). We will recruit 4500 women/partners/families in maternity and district level hospitals. Participants in the intervention group will receive a multifaceted, integrated package of health promotion interventions beginning in preconception or in the first trimester of pregnancy, continuing into infancy and early childhood. The intervention, which is centred on a modified motivational interviewing approach, will target early-life maternal and child risk factors for adiposity. Through the development of a biological specimen bank, we will study potential mechanisms underlying the effects of the intervention. The primary outcome for the trial is childhood OWO (body mass index for age ≥85th percentile) at 5 years of age, based on WHO sex-specific standards. The study has a power of 0.8 (α=0.05) to detect a 30% risk reduction in the proportion of children with OWO at 5 years of age, from 24.4% in the control group to 17% in the intervention group. Recruitment was launched on 30 August 2018 for the pilot study and 10 January 2019 for the formal study. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital in Shanghai, China, and the Research Ethics Board of the Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-CHUS in Sherbrooke, Canada. Data sharing policies are consistent with the governance policy of the HeLTI consortium and government legislation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1800017773. PROTOCOL VERSION November 11, 2020 (Version #5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Wu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Isabelle Marc
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianxia Fan
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lise Dubois
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoît Mâsse
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter C K Leung
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiang Peng Liao
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - C M Herba
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- CHU Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- CHU Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Antoine Lewin
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Maternal and Child Care, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Wang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenguang Sun
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Wu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Lei
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Anita Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonia Semenic
- Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - N Chaillet
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabel Fortier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Louise Masse
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Janelle Zhan
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Appliquée, CHU Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Allard
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bartha Knoppers
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ma'n Zawati
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Patrice Baillargeon
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria P Velez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hanqiu Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen Yu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Ding
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Caroline Vaillancourt
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHUQ, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Han Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Amelie Tetu
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wenli Fang
- Changing Maternity and Infant Health Hospital, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Fengxian Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinzhi Zhao
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Jin
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Mei Liu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirou Chen
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Yang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hui Hao
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Nadia Abdelouahab
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - William Fraser
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - He-Feng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Embryo Molecular Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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159
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Moreno-Giménez A, Campos-Berga L, Nowak A, Sahuquillo-Leal R, D'Ocon A, Hervás D, Navalón P, Vento M, García-Blanco A. Impact of maternal age on infants' emotional regulation and psychomotor development. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 33663627 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal age has progressively increased in industrialized countries. Most studies focus on the consequences of delayed motherhood for women's physical and mental health, but little is known about potential effects on infants' neurodevelopment. This prospective study examines the association between maternal age and offspring neurodevelopment in terms of both psychomotor development (Ages & Stages Questionnaires-3) and emotional competences (Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire). METHODS We evaluated a cohort of healthy pregnant women aged 20-41 years and their offspring, assessed at 38 weeks gestation (n = 131) and 24 months after birth (n = 101). Potential age-related variables were considered (paternal age, education level, parity, social support, maternal cortisol levels, and maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms). Bayesian ordinal regression models were performed for each neurodevelopmental outcome. RESULTS Maternal age was negatively associated with poor child development in terms of personal-social skills [odds ratio (OR) -0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77-0.99] and with difficult temperament in terms of worse emotional regulation (OR -0.13, 95% CI 0.78-0.96) and lower positive affect (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.75-0.95). As for age-related variables, whereas maternal anxiety symptoms and cortisol levels were also correlated with poor child development and difficult temperament, maternal social support and parental educational level were associated with better psychomotor and emotional competences. CONCLUSION Increasing maternal age may be associated with child temperament difficulties and psychomotor delay in terms of social interaction skills. Early detection of neurodevelopment difficulties in these babies would allow preventive psychosocial interventions to avoid future neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Moreno-Giménez
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alicja Nowak
- Department of Health Psychology and Clinical Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rosa Sahuquillo-Leal
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana D'Ocon
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Hervás
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Navalón
- University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Máximo Vento
- University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana García-Blanco
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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160
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Martins CBS, Cassiano RGM, Linhares MBM. Negative affectivity moderated by preterm birth predicted toddlers' behavior problems. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 63:101544. [PMID: 33618212 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to examine the predictive effect of temperament moderated by preterm childbirth on behavioral problems in toddlerhood. METHOD The sample comprised 100 toddlers of 18-36 months of chronological age and their mothers. They were divided into two groups: 50 toddlers born preterm and admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (PT group), and 50 toddlers born full-term (FT group) and recruited from day-care centers. Mothers completed questionnaires about toddlers' temperament and behavior. The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire was used to assess temperament, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL 1¹/²-5) to evaluate the total, internalizing, and externalizing behavior problems. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the moderation effects of preterm childbirth and temperament factors after controlling for toddlers' age and socioeconomic level. RESULTS There was a moderation effect between preterm childbirth and temperament. Temperament with more Negative Affectivity, moderated by preterm birth, and less Effortful Control explained the total, internalizing, and externalizing behavior problems. CONCLUSION The findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of preterm childbirth and the dispositional traits of temperament on behavioral problems of toddlers born preterm.
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161
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Kiel EJ, Phelps RA, Brooker RJ. Maternal dynamic respiratory sinus arrhythmia during toddlers' interactions with novelty. INFANCY 2021; 26:388-408. [PMID: 33590694 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal psychophysiological responses to toddlers' distress to novelty may have important implications for parenting during early childhood that are relevant to children's eventual development of social withdrawal and anxiety. Likely, these responses depend on intrapersonal, interpersonal, and contextual factors. The current study investigated the time course of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) across two laboratory novelty episodes, one low threat and one moderate threat, in 120 mothers of 2-year-old toddlers. Growth models tested context differences in and correlates of dynamic patterns of RSA. Dynamic patterns differed between tasks and according to mothers' perceptions of and distress about toddler shyness. Thus, changes in mothers' RSA across toddlers' interactions with novelty seem to depend on the context as well as how mothers perceive and respond to their toddlers' shyness.
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162
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Perceptual Connectivity Influences Toddlers' Attention to Known Objects and Subsequent Label Processing. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020163. [PMID: 33513707 PMCID: PMC7912090 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While recent research suggests that toddlers tend to learn word meanings with many “perceptual” features that are accessible to the toddler’s sensory perception, it is not clear whether and how building a lexicon with perceptual connectivity supports attention to and recognition of word meanings. We explore this question in 24–30-month-olds (N = 60) in relation to other individual differences, including age, vocabulary size, and tendencies to maintain focused attention. Participants’ looking to item pairs with high vs. low perceptual connectivity—defined as the number of words in a child’s lexicon sharing perceptual features with the item—was measured before and after target item labeling. Results revealed pre-labeling attention to known items is biased to both high- and low-connectivity items: first to high, and second, but more robustly, to low-connectivity items. Subsequent object–label processing was also facilitated for high-connectivity items, particularly for children with temperamental tendencies to maintain focused attention. This work provides the first empirical evidence that patterns of shared perceptual features within children’s known vocabularies influence both visual and lexical processing, highlighting the potential for a newfound set of developmental dependencies based on the perceptual/sensory structure of early vocabularies.
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163
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Escalante-Barrios EL, Suarez-Enciso SM, Putnam SP, Raikes H, Fàbregues S. Using the Very Short Form of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire for Spanish-Speaking Populations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Psychometric Analysis of Dichotomized Variables. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8020074. [PMID: 33498989 PMCID: PMC7912153 DOI: 10.3390/children8020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Very Short Form of the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ-VSF) have been assessed in the US and Europe in samples composed of middle- and high-income parents with high levels of education, no studies have tested the instrument in low-income Spanish-speaking populations living in low- and middle-income countries. To fill this gap, our cross-sectional study assessed the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the CBQ-VSF version in a sample of 315 low-income and low-educated parents with preschool children living in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. While our findings revealed problems that were similar to those identified in previous assessments of the CBQ-VSF Spanish version, they also showed unique problems related to the sociodemographic characteristics of our sample, containing many individuals with a low income and low educational level. Most of the participants gave extreme responses, resulting in a notable kurtosis and skewness of the data. This article describes how we addressed these problems by dichotomizing the variables into binary categories. Additionally, it demonstrates that merely translating the CBQ-VSF is insufficient to be able to capture many of the underlying latent constructs associated with low-income and low-educated Latino/Hispanic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Lucia Escalante-Barrios
- Department of Education, Universidad del Norte, Km.5 Vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sonia Mariel Suarez-Enciso
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 114 Teacher College Hall, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA;
| | - Samuel P. Putnam
- Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College, 255 Maine St, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA;
| | - Helen Raikes
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 205 Louise Pound Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Sergi Fàbregues
- Department of Psychology and Education, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain;
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164
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Piccardi ES, Begum Ali J, Jones EJH, Mason L, Charman T, Johnson MH, Gliga T. Behavioural and neural markers of tactile sensory processing in infants at elevated likelihood of autism spectrum disorder and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:1. [PMID: 33390154 PMCID: PMC7780639 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Atypicalities in tactile processing are reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) but it remains unknown if they precede and associate with the traits of these disorders emerging in childhood. We investigated behavioural and neural markers of tactile sensory processing in infants at elevated likelihood of ASD and/or ADHD compared to infants at typical likelihood of the disorders. Further, we assessed the specificity of associations between infant markers and later ASD or ADHD traits. Methods Ninety-one 10-month-old infants participated in the study (n = 44 infants at elevated likelihood of ASD; n = 20 infants at elevated likelihood of ADHD; n = 9 infants at elevated likelihood of ASD and ADHD; n = 18 infants at typical likelihood of the disorders). Behavioural and EEG responses to pairs of tactile stimuli were experimentally recorded and concurrent parental reports of tactile responsiveness were collected. ASD and ADHD traits were measured at 24 months through standardized assessment (ADOS-2) and parental report (ECBQ), respectively. Results There was no effect of infants’ likelihood status on behavioural markers of tactile sensory processing. Conversely, increased ASD likelihood associated with reduced neural repetition suppression to tactile input. Reduced neural repetition suppression at 10 months significantly predicted ASD (but not ADHD) traits at 24 months across the entire sample. Elevated tactile sensory seeking at 10 months moderated the relationship between early reduced neural repetition suppression and later ASD traits. Conclusions Reduced tactile neural repetition suppression is an early marker of later ASD traits in infants at elevated likelihood of ASD or ADHD, suggesting that a common pathway to later ASD traits exists despite different familial backgrounds. Elevated tactile sensory seeking may act as a protective factor, mitigating the relationship between early tactile neural repetition suppression and later ASD traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Serena Piccardi
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Jannath Begum Ali
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Luke Mason
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Psychology Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Teodora Gliga
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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165
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Ko EJ, Hong MJ, Choi EJ, Yuk JS, Yum MS, Sung IY. Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With Cognitive Training for Improving Cognition and Language Among Children With Cerebral Palsy With Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot, Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, and Clinical Trial. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:713792. [PMID: 34513765 PMCID: PMC8424100 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.713792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
About 30-45% of cerebral palsy (CP) patients have cognitive impairment. Previous studies showed the evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may have some benefits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and motor development in CP. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of tDCS on cognition, language, and activities of daily living (ADL) among children with CP with cognitive impairment. It was a pilot, randomized, controlled, double-blind, clinical trial in a tertiary pediatric hospital, and 13 children with CP and a cognitive age under 42 months were enrolled. tDCS group (n = 8) had active tDCS and cognitive training (20 min/session, total 20 sessions, for 12 weeks) and sham group (n = 5) had sham tDCS and cognitive training. Primary outcome was the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID II). Secondary outcomes were the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery (Lab-TAB), the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ), the Korean version of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (M-B CDI-K), the Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI) and the Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES). After intervention, the tDCS group showed significant improvements in all measurements (p < 0.05) except the M-B CDI-K (grammar), whereas the sham group only showed significant improvements in the Lab-TAB (manipulation domain), the ECBQ (attentional shifting), and the M-B CDI-K (comprehension). The between-group differences in the degree of post-intervention improvement were not statistically significant. The degree of improvement was associated with better baseline cognitive function and younger age (p < 0.05). There were no major adverse events after tDCS. The combined application of tDCS and cognitive training was feasible and associated with improvements in cognitive function, ADL, and language among children with CP with cognitive impairment. However, considering that it is a pilot study, further larger-scale systematic investigation is needed. Clinical Trial Registration: The trial was registered in the Clinical Research Information Service database, identifier: KCT0003023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jae Ko
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Jin Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Konyang Medical Center, University of Konyang College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seongnam Citizens Medical Center, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jin Sook Yuk
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Sun Yum
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Young Sung
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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166
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The association of gut microbial composition with neurocognitive development in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Proc Nutr Soc 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665121002238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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167
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Almuaigel D, Alanazi A, Almuaigel M, Alshamrani F, AlSheikh M, Almuhana N, Zeeshan M, Alshurem M, Alshammari A, Mansi K. Impact of Technology Use on Behavior and Sleep Scores in Preschool Children in Saudi Arabia. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:649095. [PMID: 34093270 PMCID: PMC8175968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.649095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pre-school children use digital devices both at home and in kindergarten for communication. However, such technologies can also be used for creativity learning and entertainment. Technology usage might exert a negative impact on the psychosocial development of pre-school children, thus necessitating parental monitoring. Previous studies have recommended early intervention for pre-school children by decreasing the duration of digital devices, spending more time with the family, and participation in motor activities to avoid the ill effects of technology. Aim: To investigate the impact of digital device use on the behavioral and sleep scores of preschool children as perceived by parents in Saudi Arabia (SA). Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted across two regions in SA. It was ethically approved by the ethical review board of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. The participants were randomly selected from well-baby hospital records, surveyed and interviewed to obtain data for the following measures: demographic data, technology usage, sleep disturbance scale, and behavior scale. Children with special needs or comorbidities were excluded from the study. Descriptive and multivariate regression analysis were done. Results: We recruited 288 children. Most did not attend schools (63.2%), 22.6% were in kindergarten, and 14.2% were in nursery schools. Smart phones were the most commonly used device by the children (42.4%). Most used the technology for 2-3 h/days (34%). Cartoons were the most commonly sought content (42%). The behavior scores for children aged 18-36 months showed a mean value of 5.1, 3.7, and 4.6 for surgency, negative affect, and effortful control, respectively. Children aged 3-5 years showed a mean value of 4.3, 4, and 4.7 for surgency, negative affect, and effortful control, respectively. Sleep disturbance scores for all children showed a mean value of 12.4, 3.5, 3.8, 8, 7.3, and 2.7 on disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, sleep-breathing disorders, disorders of arousal, sleep-wake transition disorders, disorders of excessive somnolence, and sleep hyperhidrosis, respectively. The mean total sleep score was 37. Multivariate regression analysis showed significant positive relationship between surgency and three factors namely family income of 10,000-15,000 SR (t = 1.924, p = 0.045), fathers' bachelor's degrees (t = 2.416, p = 0.16), and owning a video game device (t = 2.826, p = 0.005<0.05). Negative affect was significantly associated with fathers' diploma level of education (t = 2.042, p = 0.042). Negative significant relationship between effortful control and fathers' secondary level of education (t = -2.053, p = 0.041). There was a significant negative relationship between effortful control and owning a TV and video game device (t = -2.35, -2.855, p = 0.043, 0.005<0.05, respectively). A significant positive relationship was found between child's sleeping score (worse sleep) and watching technology between 3 and 5 h (t = 2.01, p = 0.045), and mothers' unemployment status (t = 2.468, p = 0.014). Conclusion: In conclusion, technology use is associated with a negative impact on children sleep and behavior. Owning a digital device, using tablets, screen viewing for more than 3-5 h, and watching movies were significantly associated with negative child's behavior and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Almuaigel
- Special Education Department, College of Education, Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Alanazi
- Special Education Department, College of Education, Imam Mohammed Bin Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almuaigel
- Neurology Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Foziah Alshamrani
- Neurology Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.,Neurology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona AlSheikh
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nora Almuhana
- Psychiatry Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.,Psychiatry Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Zeeshan
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alshurem
- Neurology Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.,Neurology Department, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alshammari
- Neurology Department, King Fahad University Hospital, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamel Mansi
- School of Management, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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168
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Atypical Development of Attentional Control Associates with Later Adaptive Functioning, Autism and ADHD Traits. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:4085-4105. [PMID: 32221749 PMCID: PMC7557503 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autism is frequently associated with difficulties with top-down attentional control, which impact on individuals’ mental health and quality of life. The developmental processes involved in these attentional difficulties are not well understood. Using a data-driven approach, 2 samples (N = 294 and 412) of infants at elevated and typical likelihood of autism were grouped according to profiles of parent report of attention at 10, 15 and 25 months. In contrast to the normative profile of increases in attentional control scores between infancy and toddlerhood, a minority (7–9%) showed plateauing attentional control scores between 10 and 25 months. Consistent with pre-registered hypotheses, plateaued growth of attentional control was associated with elevated autism and ADHD traits, and lower adaptive functioning at age 3 years.
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169
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Mooney LN, Johnson EG, Prabhakar J, Ghetti S. Memory-related hippocampal activation during sleep and temporal memory in toddlers. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 47:100908. [PMID: 33395613 PMCID: PMC7785886 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-year-olds played tablet games requiring them to remember locations visited by characters and the temporal order with which they visited them. Two-year-olds remembered spatial locations better than temporal order immediately after learning, and after a 20-minute and one-week delay. Song-related hippocampal activation during sleep is associated with memory for temporal order.
Nonhuman research has implicated developmental processes within the hippocampus in the emergence and early development of episodic memory, but research in humans has been constrained by the difficulty of examining hippocampal function during early development. In the present study, we assessed 48 2-year-olds with a novel paradigm in which participants completed two games on a tablet that required remembering associations between unique characters, the places they visited, and the temporal order with which they did so. At the completion of each game, a unique, novel song played. Toddlers remembered spatial locations better than temporal order during an immediate test, after a 20-minute delay, and after a week delay. After the last behavioral session, toddlers underwent an fMRI task during natural nocturnal sleep evaluating hippocampal activation in response to learned and novel songs. We found that the extent of hippocampal activation for learned songs compared to novel songs during sleep was correlated with memory for temproal order across all time delays, but not with memory for spatial locations. The results confirm that that the functional contribution of the hippocampus to early memory can be assessed during sleep and suggest that assessment of temporal aspects of memory in the current task best capture this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Mooney
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States.
| | - Elliott G Johnson
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, United States; Human Development Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Janani Prabhakar
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Simona Ghetti
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, United States; Human Development Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, United States.
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170
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Leerkes EM, Buehler C, Calkins SD, Shriver LH, Wideman L. Protocol for iGrow (Infant Growth and Development Study): biopsychosocial predictors of childhood obesity risk at 2 years. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1912. [PMID: 33317498 PMCID: PMC7734916 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-10003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood obesity remains a significant public health problem. To date, most research on the causes and correlates of obesity has focused on a small number of direct predictors of obesity rather than testing complex models that address the multifactorial nature of the origins of obesity in early development. We describe the rationale and methods of iGrow (Infant Growth and Development Study) which will test multiple pathways by which (a) prenatal maternal psychobiological risk predicts infant weight gain over the first 6 months of life, and (b) this early weight gain confers risk for obesity at age 2. Infant hormonal and psychobiological risk are proposed mediators from prenatal risk to early weight gain, though these are moderated by early maternal sensitivity and obesogenic feeding practices. In addition, higher maternal sensitivity and lower obesogenic feeding practices are proposed predictors of adaptive child self-regulation in the second year of life, and all three are proposed to buffer/reduce the association between high early infant weight gain and obesity risk at age 2. Methods iGrow is a prospective, longitudinal community-based study of 300 diverse mothers and infants to be followed across 5 data waves from pregnancy until children are age 2. Key measures include (a) maternal reports of demographics, stress, well-being, feeding practices and child characteristics and health; (b) direct observation of maternal and infant behavior during feeding, play, and distress-eliciting tasks during which infant heart rate is recorded to derive measures of vagal withdrawal; (c) anthropometric measures of mothers and infants; and (d) assays of maternal prenatal blood and infant saliva and urine. A host of demographic and other potential confounds will be considered as potential covariates in structural equation models that include tests of mediation and moderation. Efforts to mitigate the deleterious effects of COVID-19 on study success are detailed. Discussion This study has the potential to inform (1) basic science about early life processes casually related to childhood obesity and (2) development of targeted intervention and prevention approaches that consider mother, infant, and family risks and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Leerkes
- UNC Greensboro, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
| | - Cheryl Buehler
- UNC Greensboro, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Susan D Calkins
- UNC Greensboro, Office of Research and Engagement, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Lenka H Shriver
- UNC Greensboro, Department of Nutrition, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Laurie Wideman
- UNC Greensboro, Department of Kinesiology, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
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171
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Komsi N, Räikkönen K, Heinonen K, Pesonen A, Keskivaara P, Järvenpää A, Strandberg TE. Transactional development of parent personality and child temperament. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Stability and change in parental extraversion and neuroticism were studied in transaction with their views of their child's temperament from the age of six months to the age of five‐and‐a‐half years in 109 mother–father–child triads (parent–daughter: n = 61, parent–son: n = 48). While parental traits showed high stability, infants' higher positive affectivity predicted an increase in parental extraversion over 5 years, and infant's higher activity predicted a decrease in parental neuroticism. Parent‐rated temperament showed expected heterotypic continuity. Initially higher parental extraversion predicted an increase in the child's effortful control, and higher parental neuroticism predicted an increase in the child's negative affectivity. The results indicate that parental personality and child temperament develop in transaction promoting change in each other. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Komsi
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kati Heinonen
- Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Anna‐Liisa Järvenpää
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo E. Strandberg
- Department of Health Sciences/Geriatrics, Unit of General Practice, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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172
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Pathways to social-emotional functioning in the preschool period: The role of child temperament and maternal anxiety in boys and girls. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:961-974. [PMID: 31345275 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in social-emotional functioning emerge early and have long-term implications for developmental adaptation and competency. Research is needed that specifies multiple early risk factors and outcomes simultaneously to demonstrate specificity. Using multigroup longitudinal path analysis in a sample of typically developing children (N = 541), we examined child temperament dimensions (surgency, negative affectivity, and regulation/effortful control) and maternal anxiety in infancy and age 2 as predictors of child externalizing, internalizing, dysregulation, and competence behaviors at age 3. Four primary patterns emerged. First, there was stability in temperament dimensions and maternal anxiety from infancy to age 3. Second, negative affectivity was implicated in internalizing problems and surgency in externalizing problems. Third, effortful control at age 2 was a potent mediator of maternal anxiety in infancy on age 3 outcomes. Fourth, there was suggestive evidence for transactional effects between maternal anxiety and child effortful control. Most pathways operated similarly for boys and girls, with some differences, particularly for surgency. These findings expand our understanding of the roles of specific temperamental domains and postnatal maternal anxiety in a range of social-emotional outcomes in the preschool period, and have implications for efforts to enhance the development of young children's social-emotional functioning and reduce risk for later psychopathology.
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173
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Maternal symptoms of depression and sensitivity mediate the relation between maternal history of early adversity and her child temperament: The inheritance of circumstance. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:605-613. [PMID: 31156070 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined maternal depression and maternal sensitivity as mediators of the association between maternal childhood adversity and her child's temperament in 239 mother-child dyads from a longitudinal, birth cohort study. We used an integrated measure of maternal childhood adversity that included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Parental Bonding Index. Maternal depression was assessed with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 6 months postpartum. Maternal sensitivity was assessed with the Ainsworth maternal sensitivity scales at 6 months. A measure of "negative emotionality/behavioral dysregulation" was derived from the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire administered at 36 months. Bootstrapping-based mediation analyses revealed that maternal depression mediated the effect of maternal childhood adversity on offspring negative emotionality/behavioral dysregulation (95% confidence interval [0.026, 0.144]). We also found a serial, indirect effect of maternal childhood adversity on child negative emotionality/behavioral mediated first by maternal depression and then by maternal sensitivity (95% confidence interval [0.031, 0.156]). Results suggest the intergenerational transmission of the effects of maternal childhood adversity to the offspring occurs through a two-step, serial pathway, involving maternal depression and maternal sensitivity.
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174
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Quinonez RB, Santos RG, Eckert GJ, Keels MA, Levy S, Levy BT, Jackson R, Fontana M. Influence of Temperament As a Risk Indicator for Early Childhood Caries. Pediatr Dent 2020; 42:470-475. [PMID: 33369559 PMCID: PMC7773143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the association between temperament and caries. Methods: A total of 408 primary caregiver-child pairs were followed for 36 months; they completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire Very Short-Form (ECBQ-VSF) at age four years. Demographic, behavioral, and clinical data were obtained at ages one, two-and-a-half, and four years, with caries experience assessed each time using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). The ECBQ-VSF (36 items) was used to measure three child temperament domains: (1) surgency; (2) negative affect; and (3) effortful control. The associations between cavitated carious lesion experience by age four years (decayed, missing, and filled primary surfaces [dmfs] score greater than zero; d equals ICDAS score greater than or equal to three) and the three ECBQ-VSF temperament domains were analyzed using generalized estimating equation models. Results: Temperament domains predicted the number of carious surfaces (dmfs). After adjusting for covariates, every one-point increase in surgency and one-point increase in negative affect were associated with 77 percent and 31 percent increases in dmfs, respectively (P<0.05), and every one-point increase in effortful control was associated with a 39 percent decrease in dmfs (P<0.05). Conclusions: By age four years, children with higher levels of surgency and negative affect have a higher caries experience, whereas children with greater effortful control have a lower caries experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio B Quinonez
- Dr. Quinonez is professor, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, N.C., USA;,
| | - Robert G Santos
- Dr. Santos is an assistant professor, Department of Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - George J Eckert
- Mr. Eckert is a biostatistician supervisor, Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
| | - Martha Ann Keels
- Dr. Keels is an adjunct professor, Department of Pediatrics and Public Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, N.C., USA
| | - Steven Levy
- Dr. S. Levy is a Wright-Bush-Shreves endowed professor of research, Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, and professor, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Barcey T Levy
- Dr. B. T. Levy is a professor and Iowa Academy of Family Physicians endowed chair for Rural Research, Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard Jackson
- Dr. Jackson is an adjunct associate professor, Department of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Dental Public Health, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
| | - Margherita Fontana
- Dr. Fontana is Clifford Nelson endowed professor, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., USA
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175
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Tuerk C, Anderson V, Bernier A, Beauchamp MH. Social competence in early childhood: An empirical validation of the SOCIAL model. J Neuropsychol 2020; 15:477-499. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Tuerk
- Department of Psychology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Vicki Anderson
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute The Royal Children’s Hospital Parkville Victoria Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Science and Department of Pediatrics University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Annie Bernier
- Department of Psychology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Miriam H. Beauchamp
- Department of Psychology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Sainte‐Justine Hospital Research Center Montreal Quebec Canada
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176
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Gueron-Sela N, Gordon-Hacker A. Longitudinal Links Between Media Use and Focused Attention Through Toddlerhood: A Cumulative Risk Approach. Front Psychol 2020; 11:569222. [PMID: 33224062 PMCID: PMC7667257 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies that examined the links between media use and children's attention abilities have yielded inconclusive findings. In the current study, we aimed to move beyond the focus on isolated aspects of media use to a comprehensive assessment of both direct and indirect media use and practices in early childhood. Drawing from the cumulative risk literature, we examined whether cumulative media use is related to children's subsequent attention abilities. Participants were 199 mothers of toddlers (60% male) who completed questionnaires assessing various aspects of children's media use, as well as children's focused attention abilities at three time points: 18 months (T1), 22 months (T2), and 26 months (T3) of age. Cumulative media use scores were computed based on four indicators: (1) child average daily screen time; (2) household background television; (3) maternal use of media to regulate child distress; and (4) maternal use of mobile devices while spending time with the child. An autoregressive cross-lagged (ARCL) path model controlling for child sex, maternal education, and general parenting practices showed that cumulative media use at 18 months negatively predicted children's focused attention at 22 months. Moreover, there was a significant negative indirect effect from cumulative media use at 18 months to focused attention at 26 months via focused attention at 22 months. Finally, the cumulative media index appeared to be a better predictor of focused attention than any of the singular media use indicators. Children's focused attention did not predict subsequent cumulative media use across time, providing no evidence for bidirectional links. Findings suggest that exposure to multiple (rather than single) aspects of media use is related to decreased subsequent focused attention abilities during toddlerhood. Family media plans that designate media-free time and increase parental awareness to media use habits in the household should therefore be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Gueron-Sela
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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177
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Wood EK, Champoux M, Lindell SG, Barr CS, Suomi SJ, Higley JD. Neonatal temperament and neuromotor differences are predictive of adolescent alcohol intake in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23043. [PMID: 31536163 PMCID: PMC9380751 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Identifying predictors of teenage alcohol use disorder (AUDs) is a major health initiative, with studies suggesting that there are distinct personality-related traits that underlie patterns of alcohol intake. As temperament is biologically based, identifiable early in life, and stable across time, it is considered the foundation of personality. As such, we hypothesized that neonatal temperament traits would predict anxiety-mediated adolescent alcohol consumption. To test this, N = 145 rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) infants (14 days of age), reared in a neonatal nursery (n = 82) or in a control condition with their mothers (n = 63) were assessed with a widely used standardized nonhuman primate testing battery, the Infant Behavioral Assessment Scale (IBAS), modeled after the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale, evaluating visual orienting, temperament, motor maturity and, more recently, sensory sensitivity. As adolescents (3-4 years of age), these same subjects were allowed unfettered access to a sweetened-alcohol solution for 1 hr/day, 4 days/week, over 5-7 weeks. Subjects were allowed to self-administer alcohol while housed alone (n = 70) or socially in their home cage (n = 55). Linear regressions showed that alcohol intake was predicted by neonatal orienting ability (β = -.35; p = .01), state control (β = -.19; p = .04), and motor maturity (β = -.24; p = .01). Poor neonatal orienting, state control (ease of consolability), and motor maturity were associated with higher adolescent alcohol intake in rhesus monkeys. These findings suggest that neonatal temperament is predictive of patterns of adolescent alcohol intake. To the extent that these results generalize to humans, they provide evidence that early-life temperament and neurodevelopment may be important risk factors for adolescent AUDs and that the IBAS may be used as an assessment tool for identifying such risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maribeth Champoux
- Center for Scientific Review, Division of AIDS, Behavior and Population Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen G. Lindell
- Laboratory of Clinical Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Section of Comparative Behavioral Genomics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Christina S. Barr
- Laboratory of Clinical Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Section of Comparative Behavioral Genomics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Stephen J. Suomi
- Section of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Shriver Kennedy National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Poolesville, Maryland
| | - J. Dee Higley
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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178
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Jahromi LB, Umaña-Taylor AJ, Updegraff KA, Derlan Williams C, Kirkman K. Depressive symptoms and developmental change in mothers' emotion scaffolding: Links to children's self-regulation and academic readiness. Dev Psychol 2020; 56:2040-2054. [PMID: 32833472 PMCID: PMC8301749 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether the mechanism linking changes in Mexican-origin adolescent mothers' depressive symptoms to children's subsequent self-regulation and academic readiness was via their emotion scaffolding when their children were 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of age. Data included home interviews with adolescent mothers (N = 204), observations of mother-child interactions during a task that challenged children's abilities to manage their emotional arousal, and assessments of children's performance on measures of self-regulation and academic readiness. Adolescent mothers' higher depressive symptoms at child age 2 years were associated with a greater decline in mothers' emotion scaffolding from child age 2 to 5 years, which was subsequently linked to children's lower self-regulation and academic readiness at age 5. Possible implications from this line of work for adolescent mothers and their children are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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179
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Lekhal R, Drugli MB, Berg-Nielsen TS, Buøen ES. A Model of Intervention and Implementation of Quality Building and Quality Control in Childcare Centers to Strengthen the Mental Health and Development of 1-3-Year Olds: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial of Thrive by Three. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e17726. [PMID: 32773366 PMCID: PMC7592061 DOI: 10.2196/17726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal, high-quality childcare offers a unique opportunity to prevent developmental trajectories leading to mental health problems. Yet, growing evidence has shown that the process quality of Norwegian childcare centers varies considerably, and that research-based models for quality building are significantly lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine whether a model for quality building in childcare centers, Thrive by Three, increases the quality of child-caregiver interactions, and promotes child development, well-being, and mental health. METHODS The Thrive by Three study is a clustered randomized controlled trial involving 187 toddler groups in childcare centers across 7 municipalities within southern and central Norway. Each center is randomly allocated to the intervention or wait-list control group. Data are collected at 4 points: preintervention (T1), midway (T2), postintervention (T3), and 1-year postintervention (T4). Primary outcomes are changes in childcare quality measured by the Classroom Assessment Scoring System toddler version (CLASS), Student-Teacher Relationship Scale, Short Form (STRS-SF), and Life in Early Childhood Programs (LECP), as well as child development and mental health measured by The Brief Infant Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA, parent and teacher report), the Caregiver-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF), and Child Behavior Checklist (parent report) from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) from 1.5 to 5 years, and child well-being measured by the Leiden Inventory for Child's Well-Being in Day Care (LICW-D). Secondary outcomes are child cortisol levels, assessed in a subsample of 372 children. RESULTS As of August 2020, a total of 1531 children and 769 staff from 187 toddler groups were recruited. Because of turnover, the recruitment of staff will be ongoing until August 2020. As of January 2020, the intervention group has been working with Thrive by Three for 1.5 years. Data at T1, T2, and T3 from both the intervention and control groups have been completed and T4 will be completed in August 2020. CONCLUSIONS This study makes an important contribution to the field of quality building in childcare centers. The results will provide greater insight into how high quality can be obtained and the effects of high-quality early childcare on child mental health. This in turn will be significant for policymakers and to the Norwegian society at large. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03879733; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03879733 and Norwegian Research Council 260624/H10; https://prosjektbanken.forskningsradet.no/#/project/NFR/260624/Sprak=en. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/17726.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratib Lekhal
- Department of Communication and Culture, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - May Britt Drugli
- The Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare - Central Norway Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Centre of the Study of Educational Practice, Lillehammer, Norway
| | | | - Elisabet Solheim Buøen
- Regional Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway
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180
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Westrupp EM, Macdonald JA, Bennett C, Havighurst S, Kehoe CE, Foley D, Berkowitz TS, King GL, Youssef GJ. The Child and Parent Emotion Study: protocol for a longitudinal study of parent emotion socialisation and child socioemotional development. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038124. [PMID: 33040008 PMCID: PMC7552863 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parents shape child emotional competence and mental health via their beliefs about children's emotions, emotion-related parenting, the emotional climate of the family and by modelling emotion regulation skills. However, much of the research evidence to date has been based on small samples with mothers of primary school-aged children. Further research is needed to elucidate the direction and timing of associations for mothers and fathers/partners across different stages of child development. The Child and Parent Emotion Study (CAPES) aims to examine longitudinal associations between parent emotion socialisation, child emotion regulation and socioemotional adjustment at four time points from pregnancy to age 12 years. CAPES will investigate the moderating role of parent gender, child temperament and gender, and family background. METHODS AND ANALYSIS CAPES recruited 2063 current parents from six English-speaking countries of a child 0-9 years and 273 prospective parents (ie, women/their partners pregnant with their first child) in 2018-2019. Participants will complete a 20-30 min online survey at four time points 12 months apart, to be completed in December 2022. Measures include validated parent-report tools assessing parent emotion socialisation (ie, parent beliefs, the family emotional climate, supportive parenting and parent emotion regulation) and age-sensitive measures of child outcomes (ie, emotion regulation and socioemotional adjustment). Analyses will use mixed-effects regression to simultaneously assess associations over three time-point transitions (ie, T1 to T2; T2 to T3; T3 to T4), with exposure variables lagged to estimate how past factors predict outcomes 12 months later. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was granted by the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee and the Deakin University Faculty of Health Human Research Ethics Committee. We will disseminate results through conferences and open access publications. We will invite parent end users to co-develop our dissemination strategy, and discuss the interpretation of key findings prior to publication. TRIAL REGISTERATION Protocol pre-registration: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/NGWUY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Westrupp
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqui A Macdonald
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clair Bennett
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Columbia Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, United States
| | - Sophie Havighurst
- Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christiane E Kehoe
- Mindful: Centre for Training and Research in Developmental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Denise Foley
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomer S Berkowitz
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriella Louise King
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - George J Youssef
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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181
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Look duration at the face as a developmental endophenotype: elucidating pathways to autism and ADHD. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1303-1322. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIdentifying developmental endophenotypes on the pathway between genetics and behavior is critical to uncovering the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental conditions. In this proof-of-principle study, we explored whether early disruptions in visual attention are a unique or shared candidate endophenotype of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We calculated the duration of the longest look (i.e., peak look) to faces in an array-based eye-tracking task for 335 14-month-old infants with and without first-degree relatives with ASD and/or ADHD. We leveraged parent-report and genotype data available for a proportion of these infants to evaluate the relation of looking behavior to familial (n = 285) and genetic liability (using polygenic scores, n = 185) as well as ASD and ADHD-relevant temperament traits at 2 years of age (shyness and inhibitory control, respectively, n = 272) and ASD and ADHD clinical traits at 6 years of age (n = 94).Results showed that longer peak looks at the face were associated with elevated polygenic scores for ADHD (β = 0.078, p = .023), but not ASD (β = 0.002, p = .944), and with elevated ADHD traits in mid-childhood (F(1,88) = 6.401, p = .013, $\eta _p^2$=0.068; ASD: F (1,88) = 3.218, p = .076), but not in toddlerhood (ps > 0.2). This pattern of results did not emerge when considering mean peak look duration across face and nonface stimuli. Thus, alterations in attention to faces during spontaneous visual exploration may be more consistent with a developmental endophenotype of ADHD than ASD. Our work shows that dissecting paths to neurodevelopmental conditions requires longitudinal data incorporating polygenic contribution, early neurocognitive function, and clinical phenotypic variation.
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182
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Harris HA, Anzman-Frasca S, Marini ME, Paul IM, Birch LL, Savage JS. Effect of a responsive parenting intervention on child emotional overeating is mediated by reduced maternal use of food to soothe: The INSIGHT RCT. Pediatr Obes 2020; 15:e12645. [PMID: 32372570 PMCID: PMC7729434 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child emotional overeating is a risk factor for obesity that is learned in the home environment. Parents' use of food to soothe child distress may contribute to the development of children's emotional overeating. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of a responsive parenting (RP) intervention on mother-reported child emotional overeating, and explore whether effects are mediated by mother-reported use of food to soothe child distress. METHODS The sample included primiparous mother-infant dyads randomized to a RP intervention (n = 105) or home safety control group (n = 102). Nurses delivered RP guidance in four behavioral domains: sleeping, fussy, alert/calm, and drowsy. Mothers reported their use of food to soothe at age 18 months and child emotional overeating at age 30 months. Mediation was analyzed using the SAS PROCESS macro. RESULTS RP intervention mothers reported less frequent use of food to soothe and perceived their child's emotional overeating as lower compared to the control group. Food to soothe mediated the RP intervention effect on child emotional overeating (mediation model: R2 = 0.13, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Children's emotional overeating may be modified through an early life RP intervention. Teaching parents alternative techniques to soothe child distress rather than feeding may curb emotional overeating development to reduce future obesity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A. Harris
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephanie Anzman-Frasca
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michele E. Marini
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian M. Paul
- Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Leann L. Birch
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jennifer S. Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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183
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Zhai S, Lu C, Han J, Du S, Wu W, He J. The roles of temperamental inhibition in affective and cognitive empathy in Chinese toddlers. INFANCY 2020; 25:888-909. [PMID: 32949484 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Empathy, crucial to harmonious interpersonal relationships and moral development, has both affective and cognitive components. Previous studies found that toddlers' temperamental inhibition may influence their empathy, but mainly focused on emotional response to others' distress. Little is known about whether inhibited children's poor empathy is due to high reactivity and social withdrawal when sharing others' affective states, such as distress (affective empathy), or to a difficulty in comprehending and inferring others' perspective (cognitive empathy). The current study investigated the role of behavioral inhibition (BI) in affective empathy (response to pain simulation) and cognitive empathy (performance in perspective-taking task) among 163 Chinese toddlers and tested in both only and non-only children. Correlation analyses showed that BI was only negatively associated with affective empathy. The relation between BI and cognitive empathy was moderated by self-regulation and inhibited children who were low in self-regulation presented low cognitive empathy. Additionally, only children presented advanced cognitive empathy but poorer affective empathy than non-only children. These findings imply different roles of BI in affective versus cognitive empathy in early childhood. Although highly inhibited children rarely show positive social expression toward others' distress, caution is needed in inferring that they lack a capacity for cognitive empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Zhai
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenxin Lu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinjing Han
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuiyun Du
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Wu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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184
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Brenning K, Robichaud JM, Flamant N, Vansteenkiste M, Coorevits N, De Clercq B, Soenens B. The role of maternal emotion regulation in controlling parenting during toddlerhood: an observational study. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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185
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Konrad C, Adolph D, Herbert JS, Neuhoff L, Mohr C, Jagusch-Poirier J, Seehagen S, Weigelt S, Schneider S. A New 3-Day Standardized Eyeblink Conditioning Protocol to Assess Extinction Learning From Infancy to Adulthood. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:135. [PMID: 32922270 PMCID: PMC7457038 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative learning can be observed from the neonatal period onward, providing opportunities to examine changes in basic learning and memory abilities. One method that is suitable to study associative learning is classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) which is dependent on the cerebellum. Extinction learning can be systematically investigated in this paradigm by varying the context during learning and extinction. Because of methodological difficulties and ethical challenges, no studies have compared extinction learning using EBC across human development. Our goal was to test feasibility of a 3-day delay EBC paradigm that can be used from infancy to adulthood. Acceptance/safety was tested especially for infancy by investigating attrition rates and parental report on infant wellbeing. On a paradigm side, we tested if the paradigm leads to successful acquisition and extinction. An air puff served as unconditional stimulus (US) and a tone as conditional stimulus (CS). On day 1 during acquisition, participants received 36 US–CS pairings in context A. On day 2, participants received 12 acquisition trials in context A to consolidate association learning, followed by 48 extinction trials (tone alone presentations) in context B. Renewal was assessed on day 3 and incorporated 12 CS alone trials presented in both the acquisition context and the extinction context. Eyeblink responses were videotaped and coded offline. The protocol was tested with 12–36-months-old infants (N = 72), adolescents (N = 8), and adults (N = 8). Concerning the acceptance/safety side, attrition ranged from 21 to 58% in infant samples due to the complex preparation of the children for the paradigm. However, attrition is equal to or lower than other infant learning paradigms. Parents of infant samples were very interested in the paradigm and reported low levels of infant stress, exhaustion, and negative feelings during the sessions. Data quality was very high, and no participant had to be excluded because of insufficient data. Concerning the paradigm side, participants showed successful acquisition and extinction as a group. The procedure is ethically sound, feasible, tolerated by many infants, and acceptable among parents. The data show successful acquisition and extinction rates, making the paradigm a valuable tool for investigating developmental changes in extinction learning over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Konrad
- Faculty of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Adolph
- Faculty of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jane S Herbert
- Wollongong Infant Learning Lab, School of Psychology and Early Start, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Lina Neuhoff
- Faculty of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cornelia Mohr
- Abteilung für Kinderschutz, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik Datteln, Universität Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany
| | - Julie Jagusch-Poirier
- Vision, Visual Impairments & Blindness, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Technical University, Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Seehagen
- Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Weigelt
- Vision, Visual Impairments & Blindness, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Technical University, Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Faculty of Psychology, Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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186
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Perinatal anxiety and depressive symptoms and perception of child behavior and temperament in early motherhood. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:513-522. [PMID: 32907691 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The perinatal period is a vulnerable time for the development of psychopathology, particularly mood and anxiety disorders. In the study of maternal anxiety, important questions remain regarding the association between maternal anxiety symptoms and subsequent child outcomes. This study examined the association between depressive and anxiety symptoms, namely social anxiety, panic, and agoraphobia disorder symptoms during the perinatal period and maternal perception of child behavior, specifically different facets of development and temperament. Participants (N = 104) were recruited during pregnancy from a community sample. Participants completed clinician-administered and self-report measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms during the third trimester of pregnancy and at 16 months postpartum; child behavior and temperament outcomes were assessed at 16 months postpartum. Child development areas included gross and fine motor skills, language and problem-solving abilities, and personal/social skills. Child temperament domains included surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses demonstrated that elevated prenatal social anxiety symptoms significantly predicted more negative maternal report of child behavior across most measured domains. Elevated prenatal social anxiety and panic symptoms predicted more negative maternal report of child effortful control. Depressive and agoraphobia symptoms were not significant predictors of child outcomes. Elevated anxiety symptoms appear to have a distinct association with maternal report of child development and temperament. Considering the relative influence of anxiety symptoms, particularly social anxiety, on maternal report of child behavior and temperament can help to identify potential difficulties early on in mother-child interactions as well as inform interventions for women and their families.
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187
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Carrasco MA, Delgado B, Holgado-Tello FP. Children's Temperament: A Bridge between Mothers' Parenting and Aggression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6382. [PMID: 32887232 PMCID: PMC7504557 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Childhood aggression is important to acknowledge due to its social impact and importance in predicting future problems. The temperament of a child and parental socialization have been essential in explaining behavioral problems, particularly in the case of childhood aggression. The aim of this study is to examine-from the parents' perspective-the role of childhood temperament in the dynamic by which mothers' reactions socialize their children's aggression. We also explore how children's gender and age differences affect these relationships. The sample was composed of 904 participants between 1 and 6 years old. The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire and the Children's Behavior Questionnaire were used to evaluate children's negative affect and effortful control. The Parent-Child Relationship Inventory Maternal was used to assess maternal communication and discipline, and child aggression was assessed using the Children's Behavior Checklist. The results supported the mediating role of temperament in the processes by which perceived mothers' reactions socialize their children's aggression and suggested that maternal behaviors may not have the same consequences for girls and boys. Specifically, the aggressiveness of girls is dependent on a negative affect throughout toddlerhood and early childhood, while for boys, the duration of the negative affect's contribution is shorter, and aggressiveness is more sensitive to the maternal behaviors of discipline and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Pablo Holgado-Tello
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Campus Norte, Calle de Juan del Rosal, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.A.C.); (B.D.)
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188
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The relationship between parental behavior and infant regulation: A systematic review. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2020.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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189
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Tervahartiala K, Nolvi S, Kortesluoma S, Pelto J, Hyttinen S, Junttila N, Ahtola A, Karlsson H, Karlsson L. Child Temperament and Total Diurnal Cortisol in Out-of-Home Center-Based Child Care and in At-Home Parental Care. Child Dev 2020; 92:408-424. [PMID: 32797638 PMCID: PMC7891657 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The association between child temperament characteristics and total diurnal saliva cortisol in 84 children (M = 2.3 years, SD = 0.6) attending out‐of‐home, center‐based child care and 79 children (M = 2.0 years, SD = 0.5) attending at‐home parental care was examined. Saliva samples were collected during two consecutive days, that is, Sunday and Monday, with four samples taken per day. While children higher in surgency had higher total diurnal cortisol production, we did not find evidence that temperament moderated the associations between child‐care context and total diurnal cortisol. Negative affectivity and effortful control were not related to cortisol output. Our findings suggest that temperamental surgency may be associated with higher total cortisol production in early childhood across child‐care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saara Nolvi
- University of Turku.,Charité Universitätsmedizin-Berlin
| | | | | | | | - Niina Junttila
- University of Turku.,Finnish National Agency for Education
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190
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Geeraerts SB, Endendijk JJ, Deković M, Huijding J, Deater-Deckard K, Mesman J. Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting. Child Dev 2020; 92:335-350. [PMID: 32767761 PMCID: PMC7891350 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The normative developmental course of inhibitory control between 2.5 and 6.5 years, and associations with maternal and paternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were tested. The sample consisted of 383 children (52.5% boys). During four annual waves, mothers and fathers reported on their children’s inhibitory control using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. During the first wave, mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity and intrusiveness were observed and coded with the Emotional Availability Scales. Inhibitory control exhibited partial scalar invariance over time, and increased in a decelerating rate. For both mothers and fathers, higher levels of sensitivity were associated with a higher initial level of children's inhibitory control, whereas higher levels of intrusiveness predicted a slower increase in children's inhibitory control.
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191
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Lawrence AC, Narayan MS, Choe DE. Association of Young Children's Use of Mobile Devices With Their Self-regulation. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:793-795. [PMID: 32227132 PMCID: PMC7105947 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the association of parent-reported and behaviorally assessed child self-regulation with their use of mobile devices, including mean weekly exposure and age at first use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Lawrence
- Human Development Graduate Group, Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis
| | - Madhuri S. Narayan
- Human Development and Family Studies, Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis
| | - Daniel Ewon Choe
- Human Development and Family Studies, Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis
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192
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Kiel EJ, Price NN, Buss KA. Maternal Anxiety and Toddler Inhibited Temperament Predict Maternal Socialization of Worry. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 30:258-273. [PMID: 34366580 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parent emotion socialization refers to the process by which parents impart their values and beliefs about emotion expressivity to their children. Parent emotion socialization requires attention as a construct that develops in its own right. The socialization of child worry, in particular, has implications for children's typical socioemotional development, as well as their maladaptive development towards anxiety outcomes. Existing theories on emotion socialization, anxiety, and parent-child relationships guided our investigation of both maternal anxiety and toddler inhibited temperament as predictors of change in mothers' unsupportive (i.e., distress, punitive, and minimizing) responses to toddler worry across 1 year of toddlerhood. Participants included 139 mother-toddler dyads. Mothers reported on their own anxiety and their emotion socialization responses to toddler worry. We assessed toddler inhibited temperament through a mother-report survey of shyness and observational coding of dysregulated fear. Maternal anxiety but not child inhibited temperament predicted distress reactions and punitive responses, whereas maternal anxiety and toddler dysregulated fear both uniquely predicted minimizing responses. These results support continued investigation of worry socialization as a developmental outcome of both parent and child characteristics.
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193
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Caregiver depression is associated with hair cortisol in a low-income sample of preschool-aged children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 117:104675. [PMID: 32402926 PMCID: PMC7798357 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caregiver depression and child temperamental characteristics such as effortful control have been associated with child dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) has been increasingly adopted as an integrated marker of HPA axis activity. This study examined the associations between caregiver depressive symptoms, caregiver social support, child effortful control, and child HCC in a sample of a high-risk, low-income preschool-aged children. METHODS 154 caregivers comprised mostly of mothers and their children (2-to-5 years) who were enrolled in a birth cohort study conducted in poor urban neighborhoods of São Paulo, Brazil. Through personal interviews at their homes, caregivers provided ratings of their psychosocial experiences and of their child's behavior. Hair was sampled from children with at least a 3-cm hair length. RESULTS In a multivariable regression analysis, an unadjusted model showed child age to be negatively associated with HCC (β = -0.32, p < .001). The adjusted model, which accounted for child age and sex, showed a positive relationship between caregiver depressive symptoms and HCC (β = 0.22, p < .01). Caregiver social support and child effortful control were not associated with HCC. CONCLUSIONS The elevated HCC among children with caregivers reporting greater depression risk is consistent with prior findings showing elevated HCC among children exposed to persistent stress. Stabilization of child HCC may be occurring within preschool children given the negative association between HCC and age. Greater research is needed to determine whether the effects of caregiver social support and effortful control can be captured through HCC.
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194
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Sun X, Measelle J, Ablow JC. Predicting child effortful control: An integrative analysis of child physiological, familial, and community factors. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:277-290. [PMID: 32573783 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Effortful control (EC) is a regulatory capacity that refers to children's ability to inhibit a dominant response to perform a subdominant response. Although attempts have been made to identify early predictors of children's EC, the confluence and interaction of child-, familial-, and community factors has not been pursued adequately. This study investigated how predictors from different aspects of children's rearing environment interacted to predict later EC. In a sample of 88 primiparous women with elevated depressive symptomotology and low household income, we examined how children's own psychobiology (baseline cortisol), familial relationship (mother-child attachment), and community resources (social support) at 17 months independently and jointly predicted EC at age 5. Our results showed that, controlling for maternal depressive symptomotology and household income, predictors from child-, familial-, and community-aspect function integratively, rather than independently, in predicting later EC. Specifically, within the context of a secure attachment relationship, baseline cortisol positively predicts later EC only for children of mothers who reported low social support. Whereas within the context of an insecure attachment relationship, baseline cortisol negatively predicts later EC, regardless of the perceived social support levels. Our results highlighted the importance of taking into consideration predictors from multiple aspects for intervention designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Sun
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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195
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Frontal EEG asymmetry moderates the associations between negative temperament and behavioral problems during childhood. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 33:1016-1025. [PMID: 32536352 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fearful inhibition and impulsivity-anger significantly predict internalizing and externalizing problems, respectively. An important moderator that may affect these associations is frontal EEG asymmetry (FA). We examined how temperament and FA at 6 years interactively predicted behavioral problems at 9 years. A community sample of 186 children (93 boys, 93 girls) participated in the study. Results indicated that the effect of fearful inhibition on parent-reported internalizing problems increased as children exhibited greater right FA. The effect of impulsivity-anger on parent-reported externalizing problems increased as children showed greater left FA. Because FA was allowed to vary rather than children being dichotomized into membership in left FA and right FA groups, we observed that children's FA contributed to the resilience process only when FA reached specific asymmetry levels. These findings highlight the importance of considering the different functions of FA in combination with specific dimensions of temperament in predicting children's socioemotional outcomes. Clinical implications include providing suggestions for intervention services by demonstrating the role of FA in developing behavioral problems and inspiring research on whether it is possible to alter EEG activation and thus potentially improve developmental outcomes.
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196
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van Baar AL, de Jong M, Maat M, Hooge ITC, Bogičević L, Verhoeven M. Reliability and Validity of the Utrecht Tasks for Attention in Toddlers Using Eye Tracking (UTATE). Front Psychol 2020; 11:1179. [PMID: 32655439 PMCID: PMC7325908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention problems hinder many children in their cognitive and social emotional development. Children at risk for developmental problems, like preterm born infants, are specifically known for attention difficulties. Early identification of attention difficulties is important for application of appropriate stimulation in trying to reduce further problems. Specifically designed instruments with good psychometric characteristics are needed to show difficulties in attention, that may contribute to early identification. The Utrecht Tasks of Attention in Toddlers using Eye tracking (UTATE) is an instrument to measure orienting, alerting and executive attention capacities in young children. Reliability and validity of the UTATE are specifically addressed in three studies, reported in this paper. A sample of 95 term born children assessed at 18 months of age was used that provided data for both the second and third study reported here. In addition, three other small samples were used, of which the first consisted of 12 children at 18 months with test-retest data available that are reported in the first study. Two other samples that were used in the third study, consisted of 14 children measured at 12 months, and 15 children examined at 24 months. The UTATE resulted in reliable information on eye movements and some first support for construct and predictive validity was found. Low scores on the UTATE at 18 months were found to be related to slower cognitive development as measured with the Bayley-III-NL at 24 months. Furthermore, a first indication that the UTATE is able to detect some age differences in attention was found. It is concluded that the UTATE can be used to study attention capacities in toddlers that underlie cognitive functioning and development, but further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneloes L van Baar
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marjanneke de Jong
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martine Maat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ignace T C Hooge
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lilly Bogičević
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Verhoeven
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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197
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Van Adrichem DS, Huijbregts SCJ, Van Der Heijden KB, Van Goozen SHM, Swaab H. Aggressive behavior during toddlerhood: Interrelated effects of prenatal risk factors, negative affect, and cognition. Child Neuropsychol 2020; 26:982-1004. [PMID: 32448053 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1769582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal risk, temperamental negative affect, and specific cognitive abilities have all individually been identified as predictors of behavior problems during early childhood, but less is known about their interplay in relation to aggression during toddlerhood. This study examined the main and interaction effects of prenatal risk, negative affect, inhibitory control, attention, and vocabulary in the prediction of aggression in 150 children (75 boys). During pregnancy, a cumulative risk index was calculated based on the presence of 10 well-established maternal risk factors, such as prenatal substance use, maternal psychiatric disorder, and financial problems. Negative affect was measured at 6 and 20 months using maternal report. Child cognition was examined at 30 months using laboratory tasks for inhibitory control and attention, and a questionnaire was administered to assess vocabulary. In addition, mothers reported on their children's aggressive behavior at 30 months. Higher prenatal risk and negative affect at 20 months and, to a lesser extent, at 6 months were related to more aggression at 30 months. Poorer inhibitory control and, to a lesser extent, vocabulary at 30 months also predicted higher levels of aggressive behavior. Two-way interaction effects were found for cumulative risk and inhibitory control, negative affect (at 20 months) and inhibitory control, and negative affect (at 6 months) and vocabulary: aggressive behavior was most pronounced when combinations of high prenatal risk, high negative affect, and poor cognition were present. These results suggest that the impact of prenatal risk and child temperament depends in part on child's cognitive development during toddlerhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dide S Van Adrichem
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan C J Huijbregts
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan B Van Der Heijden
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie H M Van Goozen
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands.,School of Psychology, Cardiff University , Cardiff, UK
| | - Hanna Swaab
- Clinical Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
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198
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Predicting cognitive development and early symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in preterm children: The value of temperament and sensory processing. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 59:101442. [PMID: 32438142 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was the first to longitudinally explore the extent to which early temperament and sensory processing were of predictive value for cognitive development and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) symptomatology in a sample of preterm children (N = 50, 22 girls, mean gestational age 27 weeks). At the corrected ages of 10, 18, and 24 months, sensory processing and temperament were assessed, as were cognitive development and ASD symptoms at 36 months. Better cognitive development was predicted by fewer hospitalisation days at birth and by lower Activity Level at 18 months. Temperamental subscales of Negative Affect showed associations with both parent-reported and observational measures of ASD symptomatology, whereas sensory processing only had predictive value for parent-reported symptoms of ASD. The usefulness of temperament and sensory processing for prediction of ASD symptom severity and cognitive outcomes became clear in the second year of life. The results indicate that this area of research is worth additional investigation in the extreme and very preterm population, to explore in further detail whether these two concepts might be able to provide information about which preterms are more likely to develop ASD or cognitive impairments.
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199
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Wang Y, Chen X, Yu Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Bai J. Association between Gut Microbiota and Infant's Temperament in the First Year of Life in a Chinese Birth Cohort. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E753. [PMID: 32429579 PMCID: PMC7285300 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant temperament characteristics play a critical role in children's developmental pathways and can predict adulthood psychopathology. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota are associated with human temperament in both adults and young children. However, the relationship between the gut microbiota and temperament in 12-month-old infants is rarely studied; this developmental period is when temperament reaches a relatively stable stage. We used high-throughput sequencing methods to explore whether temperament characteristics were associated with gut microbiota diversity and composition. Infants' fecal samples were collected at 12 months of age for the gut microbiota analysis. Based on the primary caregivers' reports, infants' temperaments were measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-revised (IBQ-R). This study included 51 infants, including 20 boys and 31 girls, with a mean age of 12.25 months. Results showed that soothability was positively correlated with maternal education level (β = 0.29, p = 0.043, adjust p = 0.025) and the abundance of Bifidobacterium genera (β = 0.62, p = 0.004, adjust p = 0.002). Conversely, cuddliness was negatively correlated with the abundance of Hungatella genera. There was no significant difference in temperament based on gender. This study demonstrated that gut microbiota composition was associated with temperament in 12-month-old infants. These results point to the importance of gut microbiota balance. Future studies on the mechanisms behind the gut microbiota affecting temperament are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yun Yu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yanqun Liu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; (Y.W.); (X.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jinbing Bai
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
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200
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Sánchez-Pérez N, Putnam SP, Gartstein MA, González-Salinas C. ADHD and ODD Symptoms in Toddlers: Common and Specific Associations with Temperament Dimensions. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2020; 51:310-320. [PMID: 31624999 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-019-00931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the relationship between temperament and signs of psychopathology in typically developing toddlers. More specifically, Attentional Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms were analyzed in connection with fine-grained temperament dimensions. The sample was composed of 65 toddlers aged between 18 and 35 months. Bivariate correlations showed that higher levels of negative emotionality and approach tendencies, and lower levels of inhibitory control, were related to more ADHD and ODD manifestations. Bivariate correlations also indicated unique associations: lower levels of soothability were associated with higher ODD symptoms, whereas lower attentional focusing and low-intensity pleasure were related with higher ADHD symptoms. Additionally, regression and path analysis models indicated that ADHD was predominantly associated with attentional focusing and motor activation whereas ODD was most closely related to frustration. Our findings highlight the relevance of studying early correlates of psychopathological manifestations to identify children who could benefit from prevention and early intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Sánchez-Pérez
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | | | - Maria A Gartstein
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Carmen González-Salinas
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Education, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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