151
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Macedo S, Torres T, Santos MM. Methyl-triclosan and triclosan impact embryonic development of Danio rerio and Paracentrotus lividus. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:482-489. [PMID: 28236114 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of emerging pollutants in the environment is of major concern not only because of the potential negative impact in human health, but also due to the potential toxicity to non-target organisms. Within the personal and care products (PCPs), the disinfectant Triclosan (TCS) is one of the most concerning compounds. Once in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a small part of TCS can be biotransformed into a more persistent by-product: methyl-triclosan (M-TCS). Although several studies have focused on the occurrence of this compound in the water systems, the information on its toxicity to aquatic organisms is very limited. Here, we used embryo bioassays with two aquatic model animals to improve risk assessment of M-TCS; zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo bioassays run up to 144 h post fertilization (hpf) and sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) up to 48 hpf, following established protocols. M-TCS and TCS exhibited similar toxicity to zebrafish with a NOEC of 160 µg/L. In contrast, M-TCS induced a delay in the development of the sea urchin larvae at all tested concentrations (1-1000 µg/L), whereas NOEC of TCS for P. lividus embryos was 40 µg/L. Overall, given the reported effects of M-TCS in the close range of environmentally relevant concentrations, and considering the low degradation rate and tendency to bioaccumulation (logKow: 5.2), further studies are warrant to better characterize the risk of this TCS metabolite to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Macedo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Torres
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Group of Endocrine disruptors and Emerging contaminants, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Porto, Portugal.
- FCUP-Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
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152
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Balakrishna K, Rath A, Praveenkumarreddy Y, Guruge KS, Subedi B. A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 137:113-120. [PMID: 27915141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Little information exists on the occurrence and the ultimate fate of pharmaceuticals in the water bodies in India despite being one of the world leaders in pharmaceutical production and consumption. This paper has reviewed 19 published reports of pharmaceutical occurrence in the aquatic environment in India [conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (WTPs), hospital WTPs, rivers, and groundwater]. Carbamazepine (antipsychoactive), atenolol (antihypertensive), triclocarban and triclosan (antimicrobials), trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (antibacterials), ibuprofen and acetaminophen (analgesics), and caffeine (stimulant) are the most commonly detected at higher concentrations in Indian WTPs that treat predominantly the domestic sewage. The concentration of ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin in Indian WTPs were up to 40 times higher than that in other countries in Europe, Australia, Asia, and North America. A very few studies in Indian rivers reported the presence of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, ketoprofen, erythromycin, naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac and enrofloxacin. Similar compounds were reported in rivers in China, indicating a similar usage pattern in both of these developing countries. In a study reported from an open well in southern India, the groundwater showed the presence of cetirizine, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, citalopram and terbinafine, which was close to a WTP receiving effluents from pharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshava Balakrishna
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Amlan Rath
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576 104, India; Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yerabham Praveenkumarreddy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576 104, India
| | - Keerthi Siri Guruge
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 859, Japan
| | - Bikram Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D Jones Hall, Murray, KY 42071, USA.
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153
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Song C, Hu H, Ao H, Wu Y, Wu C. Removal of parabens and their chlorinated by-products by periphyton: influence of light and temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5566-5575. [PMID: 28032288 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of parabens as preservatives in food and pharmaceuticals and personal care products results in frequent detection of their residuals in aquatic environment. In this work, the adsorption and removal of four parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-paraben) and two chlorinated methyl-parabens (CMPs) by periphyton were studied. Characteristics of the periphyton were identified to explore the possible relationship between paraben removal and periphyton properties. Results showed that linear adsorption coefficients (K d) vary from 554.4 to 808.6 L kg-1 for the adsorption parabens and CMPs to autoclaved periphyton. The adsorption strength is positively related to the hydrophobicity of these compounds. Removal of parabens from water by periphyton was efficient with half-life (t 1/2) values estimated using first-order kinetic model ranging from 0.49 to 3.29 days, but CMPs were more persistent with t 1/2 ranging from 1.15 to 25.57 days, and t 1/2 increased with the chlorination degree. Higher incubation temperature accelerated the removal of all tested compounds, while a better removal of CMPs was observed in dark condition. Analysis of periphyton properties suggests that bacteria played a more important role in the removal of CMPs, but no specific relationship between periphyton properties and paraben removal ability can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road No. 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Hongjuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road No. 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road No. 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road No. 7, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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154
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Chakraborty P, Khuman SN, Selvaraj S, Sampath S, Devi NL, Bang JJ, Katsoyiannis A. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in River Brahmaputra from the outer Himalayan Range and River Hooghly emptying into the Bay of Bengal: Occurrence, sources and ecotoxicological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:998-1006. [PMID: 27503054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
River Brahmaputra (RB) from the outer Himalayan Range and River Hooghly (RH), a distributary of River Ganga, are the two largest transboundary perennial rivers supplying freshwater to the northeastern and eastern states of India. Given the history of extensive usage of organochlorine pesticides and increasing industrialization along the banks of these rivers we investigated selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the surface water of River Brahmaputra and River Hooghly. Geomean of ΣOCPs (53 ng L-1) and Σ19PCBs (108 ng L-1) was higher in RH compared with geomean of ΣOCPs (24 ng L-1) and Σ19PCBs (77 ng L-1) in RB. Among OCPs, γ-HCH showed maximum detection frequency in both the rivers reflecting ongoing lindane usage. DDT and endosulfan residues were observed at specific locations where past or ongoing sources exist. Elevated concentrations of heavier congeners (penta-hepta) were observed in those sites along RH where port and industrial activities were prevalent including informal electronic waste scrap processing units. Furthermore along River Hooghly PCB-126 was high in the suburban industrial belt of Howrah district. PCBs were found to be ubiquitously distributed in RB. Atmospheric transport of tri- and tetra-PCB congeners from the primary source regions might be a major contributor for PCBs in RB. Heavier congeners (penta-nona) in the urban centers of RB were likely due to industrial wastewater runoff from the oil refineries in the Brahmaputra valley. Σ19PCBs concentrations in this study exceeded the USEPA recommended limit for freshwater. Ecotoxicological risk assessment showed the possibility of adverse impact on the organisms in the lower trophic level due to DDT and lindane contamination. Impact of endosulfan on fishes might be of considerable concern for aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Sakthivel Selvaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Srimurali Sampath
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - John J Bang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, USA
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
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155
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Guo Q, Yan J, Wen J, Hu Y, Chen Y, Wu W. Rhamnolipid-enhanced aerobic biodegradation of triclosan (TCS) by indigenous microorganisms in water-sediment systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1304-1311. [PMID: 27476727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioremediation of triclosan (TCS) is a challenge because of its low bioavailability, persistence in the environment and recalcitrance to remediation efforts. Rhamnolipid (RL) was used to enhance TCS biodegradation by indigenous microbes in an aerobic water-sediment system. However, knowledge of the effects of TCS on the bacterial community and environmental factors in an RL-enhanced, TCS-degrading system are lacking. Therefore, in this study, the influence of environmental factors on RL-enhanced biodegradation of TCS was investigated by single factor experiments, and shifts in aerobic TCS-degrading bacterial populations, with and without RL, were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that aerobic biodegradation of TCS was significantly promoted by the addition of RL. Environmental conditions, which included RL addition (0.125-0.5g/L), medium concentrations of TCS (<90μg/g), water disturbance, elevated temperature, ionic strength (0.001-0.1mol/L NaCl) and weak alkaline environments (pH8-9), were monitored. High concentrations of TCS had a remarkable influence on the bacterial community structure, and this influence on the distribution proportion of the main microorganisms was strengthened by RL addition. Alpha-proteobacteria (e.g., Sphingomonadaceae and Caulobacteraceae) might be resistant to TCS or even capable of TCS biodegradation, while Sphingobacteria, Beta- and Delta-proteobacteria were sensitive to TCS toxicity. This research provides ecological information on the degradation efficiency and bacterial community stability in RL-enhanced bioremediation of TCS-polluted aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Jia Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Junjie Wen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Yongyou Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Yuanbo Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Wenjin Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecological Remediation for Industrial Agglomeration Area, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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156
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Kiguchi O, Sato G, Kobayashi T. Source-specific sewage pollution detection in urban river waters using pharmaceuticals and personal care products as molecular indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22513-22529. [PMID: 27552999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Source-specific elucidation of domestic sewage pollution caused by various effluent sources in an urban river water, as conducted for this study, demands knowledge of the relation between concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as molecular indicators (caffeine, carbamazepine, triclosan) and water quality concentrations of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorous (T-P). River water and wastewater samples from the Asahikawa River Basin in northern Japan were analyzed using derivatization-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Caffeine, used as an indicator of domestic sewage in the Asahikawa River Basin, was more ubiquitous than either carbamazepine or triclosan (92-100 %). Its concentration was higher than any target compound used to assess the basin: <4.4-370 ng/L for caffeine, <0.6-3.9 ng/L for carbamazepine, and <1.1-13 ng/L for triclosan. Higher caffeine concentrations detected in wastewater effluents and the strongly positive mutual linear correlation between caffeine and T-N or T-P (R 2 > 0.759) reflect the contribution of septic tank system effluents to the lower Asahikawa River Basin. Results of relative molecular indicators in combination with different molecular indicators (caffeine/carbamazepine and triclosan/carbamazepine) and cluster analysis better reflect the contribution of sewage than results obtained using concentrations of respective molecular indicators and cluster analysis. Relative molecular indicators used with water quality parameters (e.g., caffeine/T-N ratio) in this study provide results more clearly, relatively, and quantitatively than results obtained using molecular indicators alone. Moreover, the caffeine/T-N ratio reflects variations of caffeine flux from effluent sources. These results suggest strongly relative molecular indicators are also useful indicators, reflecting differences in spatial contributions of domestic sources for PPCPs in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kiguchi
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural Univ., 241-438 Kaidobata-nishi, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Go Sato
- Graduate School of BioResource Science, Akita Pref. Univ., 241-438 Kaidobata-nishi, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Akita Research Center for Public Health and Environment, 6-6 Senshu-kubotacho, Akita, 010-0874, Japan
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157
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Mao Q, Ji F, Wang W, Wang Q, Hu Z, Yuan S. Chlorination of parabens: reaction kinetics and transformation product identification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23081-23091. [PMID: 27585586 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity and fate of parabens during chlorination were investigated in this work. Chlorination kinetics of methylparaben (MeP), ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and butylparaben (BuP) were studied in the pH range of 4.0 to 11.0 at 25 ± 1 °C. Apparent rate constants (k app) of 9.65 × 10-3 M-0.614·s-1, 1.77 × 10-2 M-1.019·s-1, 2.98 × 10-2 M-0.851·s-1, and 1.76 × 10-2 M-0.860·s-1 for MeP, EtP, PrP, and BuP, respectively, were obtained at pH 7.0. The rate constants depended on the solution pH, temperature, and NH4+ concentration. The maximum k app was obtained at pH 8.0, and the minimum value was obtained at pH 11.0. The reaction rate constants increased with increasing temperature. When NH4+ was added to the solution, the reaction of parabens was inhibited due to the rapid formation of chloramines. Two main transformation products, 3-chloro-parabens and 3,5-dichloro-parabens, were identified by GC-MS and LCMS-IT-TOF, and a reaction pathway was proposed. Dichlorinated parabens accumulated in solution, which is a threat to human health and the aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Mao
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Qiquan Wang
- Chemistry Department, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA
| | - Zhenhu Hu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Shoujun Yuan
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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158
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Occurrence and preliminarily environmental risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in the urban rivers, China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34928. [PMID: 27713558 PMCID: PMC5054680 DOI: 10.1038/srep34928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Twelve selected pharmaceuticals including antibiotics, analgesics, antiepileptics and lipid regulators were analysed and detected in water samples collected from 18 sampling sections along the three main urban rivers in Yangpu District of Shanghai, China during four sampling campaigns. Besides, algal growth inhibition test was conducted to preliminarily assess the eco-toxicology induced by the target pharmaceuticals in the rivers. Mean levels for most of target compounds were generally below 100 ng/L at sampling sections, with the exception of caffeine and paracetamol presenting considerably high concentration. The detected pharmaceuticals in the urban rivers ranged from <LOQ for propranolol to 8571 ng/L for caffeine. Qiujiang River could be regarded as the most polluted according to total detected pharmaceutical concentrations. The target pharmaceuticals varied and fluctuated irregularly from the upstreams to the downstreams of the three rivers, indicating the wastewater inputs from non-point sources and their individual different characteristics of transference and transportation. Preliminary eco-toxicological risk assessment showed that the presence of azithromycin, clarithromycin and caffeine may present an ecotoxicological risk in the urban rivers. For other tested pharmaceuticals the inhibition effects of single substances in the urban aquatic environment, based on the algae inhibition tests, were very imperceptible.
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159
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Chai L, Wang H, Zhao H, Deng H. Chronic effects of triclosan on embryonic development of Chinese toad, Bufo gargarizans. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:1600-1608. [PMID: 27599820 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is commonly used worldwide in a range of personal care and sanitizing products. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential effects of TCS exposure on embryonic development of Bufo gargarizans, an endemic frog species in China. Standard Gosner stage 3 B. gargarizans embryos were exposed to 10 ~ 150 μg/L TCS during embryogenesis. Survival, total length, weight, developmental stage, duration of different embryo stages, malformation, and type II and III deiodinase (D2 and D3) expression were measured. Inhibitory effects on embryo developmental stage, total length and weight were found at 30 ~ 150 μg/L TCS. Moreover, the duration of embryonic development was increased at gastrula, neural, circulation, and operculum development stage in TCS-treated groups. In addition, TCS exposure induced morphological malformations in B. gargarizans embryos, which are characterized by hyperplasia, abdominal edema, and axial flexures. Furthermore, our results showed that the expression of D2 in embryos was probably down-regulated at 60 and 150 μg/L TCS, but its spatial expression patterns was not affected by TCS. In summary, our study suggested that TCS exposure not only resulted in delayed growth and development but also caused teratogenic effects in B. gargarizans embryos, and the developmental effects of TCS at high concentrations may be associated with disruption of THs homeostasis. Although further studies are necessary, the present findings could provide a basis for understanding on harmful effects and the potential mechanisms of TCS in amphibian embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Chai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
| | - Hongfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Hongzhang Deng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, China
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160
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Domínguez JR, Muñoz-Peña MJ, González T, Palo P, Cuerda-Correa EM. Parabens abatement from surface waters by electrochemical advanced oxidation with boron doped diamond anodes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20315-20330. [PMID: 27449015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiency of four commonly-used parabens by electrochemical advanced oxidation with boron-doped diamond anodes in two different aqueous matrices, namely ultrapure water and surface water from the Guadiana River, has been analyzed. Response surface methodology and a factorial, composite, central, orthogonal, and rotatable (FCCOR) statistical design of experiments have been used to optimize the process. The experimental results clearly show that the initial concentration of pollutants is the factor that influences the removal efficiency in a more remarkable manner in both aqueous matrices. As a rule, as the initial concentration of parabens increases, the removal efficiency decreases. The current density also affects the removal efficiency in a statistically significant manner in both aqueous matrices. In the water river aqueous matrix, a noticeable synergistic effect on the removal efficiency has been observed, probably due to the presence of chloride ions that increase the conductivity of the solution and contribute to the generation of strong secondary oxidant species such as chlorine or HClO/ClO -. The use of a statistical design of experiments made it possible to determine the optimal conditions necessary to achieve total removal of the four parabens in ultrapure and river water aqueous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín R Domínguez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas S/N., E-06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Maria J Muñoz-Peña
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas S/N., E-06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Teresa González
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas S/N., E-06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Patricia Palo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas S/N., E-06006, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo M Cuerda-Correa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avda de Elvas S/N., E-06006, Badajoz, Spain.
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161
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Mohapatra S, Huang CH, Mukherji S, Padhye LP. Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in WWTPs in India and comparison with a similar study in the United States. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:526-535. [PMID: 27341156 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to study the occurrence, fate, and seasonal variations of pharmaceuticals at two urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in India and compare the results with a similar study conducted in the United States. This is the first study of its kind in comparing occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in wastewater of two different countries with the same methodology and analytical techniques. Twelve most relevant pharmaceuticals were selected for seasonal monitoring at two Indian WWTPs based on the comprehensive survey and through literature review. The yearly average influent concentrations of total pharmaceuticals were found to be 537 ± 5 μg/L at WWTP-1 and 353 ± 9 μg/L at WWTP-2. WWTP-2 exhibited comparatively higher removal efficiency of total pharmaceuticals (85% versus 59%, excluding monsoon season), possibly due to the cyclic activated sludge technology followed by chlorination employed at WWTP-2. Comparison with a similar study conducted in the United States revealed that concentration of most of the pharmaceuticals detected in the U.S. WWTPs were, on an average, more than 50% lower. U.S. WWTPs also exhibited 10-30% higher removal efficiencies for total pharmaceuticals. Our study results show that preliminary treatment and biological treatment alone are not adequate for complete removal of pharmaceuticals and polishing step and tertiary treatment is a necessity if higher removal of pharmaceuticals is desired in Indian WWTPs. Information obtained from this study will not only aid the local utilities but will also benefit understanding of global trends in usage of pharmaceuticals and their distribution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Suparna Mukherji
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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162
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Bayen S, Estrada ES, Juhel G, Kit LW, Kelly BC. Pharmaceutically active compounds and endocrine disrupting chemicals in water, sediments and mollusks in mangrove ecosystems from Singapore. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:716-722. [PMID: 27393211 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence of bisphenol A (BPA), atrazine and selected pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in mangrove habitats in Singapore in 2012-2013, using multiple tools (sediment sampling, POCIS and filter feeder molluscs). Using POCIS, the same suite of contaminants (atrazine, BPA and eleven PhACs) was detected in mangrove waters in 28-days deployments in both 2012 and 2013. POCIS concentrations ranged from pg/L to μg/L. Caffeine, BPA, carbamazepine, E1, triclosan, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, and lincomycin were also detected in mangrove sediments from the low pg/g dw (e.g. carbamazepine) to ng/g dw (e.g. BPA). The detection of caffeine, carbamazepine, BPA, sulfamethoxazole or lincomycin in bivalve tissues also showed that these chemicals are bioavailable in the mangrove habitat. Since there are some indications that some pharmaceutically active substances may be biologically active in the low ppb range in marine species, further assessment should be completed based on ecotoxicological data specific to mangrove species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bayen
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Elvagris Segovia Estrada
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Juhel
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lee Wei Kit
- Singapore-Delft Water Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry C Kelly
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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163
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Sunantha G, Vasudevan N. Assessment of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate in surface water - Tamil Nadu, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 109:612-618. [PMID: 27216042 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging class of environmentally persistent organic pollutants, perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), particularly perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS); have been universally found in the environment. Wastewater and untreated effluents are likely the major causes for the accumulation of PFCs in surface water. There are very few reports on the contamination of PFCs in the developing countries, particularly in India. This study reports the quantitative analysis of PFOA and PFOS in Noyyal, Cauvery, and also lakes in and around Chennai, using Ultra-Fast liquid chromatograph. The concentration of PFOA and PFOS ranged from 4 to 93ng/L and 3 to 29ng/L, respectively. The concentration of PFOS was below detectable limit in Cauvery River. A reliable concentration of PFOA was recorded at all sites of River Cauvery (5ng/L). The present study could be useful for the assessment of future monitoring programs of PFOA and PFOS in the surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Sunantha
- Center for Environmental Studies, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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164
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Anumol T, Vijayanandan A, Park M, Philip L, Snyder SA. Occurrence and fate of emerging trace organic chemicals in wastewater plants in Chennai, India. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:33-42. [PMID: 27054837 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides and industrial contaminants collectively termed as trace organic compounds (TOrCs) in wastewater has been well-documented in USA, Europe, China and other regions. However, data from India, the second most populous country in the world is severely lacking. This study investigated the occurrence and concentrations of twenty-two indicator TOrCs at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in South India serving diverse communities across three sampling campaigns. Samples were collected after each WWTP treatment unit and removal efficiencies for TOrCs were determined. Eleven TOrCs were detected in every sample from every location at all sites, while only five TOrCs were detected consistently in effluent samples. Caffeine was present at greatest concentration in the influent of all three plants with average concentrations ranging between 56 and 65μg/L. In contrast, the x-ray contrast media pharmaceutical, iohexol, was the highest detected compound on average in the effluent at all three WWTPs (2.1-8.7μg/L). TOrCs were not completely removed in the WWTPs with removal efficiencies being compound specific and most of the attenuation being attributed to the biological treatment processes. Caffeine and triclocarban were well removed (>80%), while other compounds were poorly removed (acesulfame, sucralose, iohexol) or maybe even formed (carbamazepine) within the WWTPs. The effluent composition of the 22 TOrCs were similar within the three WWTPs but quite different to those seen in the US, indicating the importance of region-specific monitoring. Diurnal trends indicated that variability is compound specific but trended within certain classes of compounds (artificial sweeteners, and pharmaceuticals). The data collected on TOrCs from this study can be used as a baseline to identify potential remediation and regulatory strategies in this understudied region of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Anumol
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Agilent Technologies Inc., Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Arya Vijayanandan
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Minkyu Park
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ligy Philip
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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165
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Han J, Won EJ, Hwang UK, Kim IC, Yim JH, Lee JS. Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) cause lifespan reduction and reproductive impairment through oxidative stress-mediated expression of the defensome in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:131-137. [PMID: 27067728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) are used as antimicrobial agents and have been widely dispersed and detected in the marine environment. However, the toxicities of TCS and TCC have been poorly investigated in marine invertebrates. In this study, the effects of TCS and TCC on mortality, population growth, lifespan, and fecundity were examined in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus) using cellular ROS levels, GST enzymatic activity, and gene expression of defensomes. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of TCS (393.1μg/L) and TCC (388.1μg/L) was also determined in the same species. In TCS- and TCC-exposed B. koreanus, growth retardation and reduced fecundity were observed and were shown to have a potentially deleterious effect on the life cycle of B. koreanus. In addition, time-dependent increases in ROS content (%) and GST enzymatic activity were shown in response to TCS and TCC exposure. Additionally, transcript levels of detoxification proteins (e.g., CYPs), antioxidant proteins (e.g., GST-sigma, Cu/ZnSOD, CAT), and heat shock proteins (Hsps) were modulated in response to TCS and TCC exposure over a 24h period. Our results indicate that TCS and TCC induce oxidative stress and transcriptional regulation of detoxification, antioxidant, and heat shock proteins, resulting in changes in lifespan and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Un-Ki Hwang
- Marine Ecological Risk Assessment Center, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Incheon 22383, South Korea
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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166
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Kumar A, Batley GE, Nidumolu B, Hutchinson TH. Derivation of water quality guidelines for priority pharmaceuticals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1815-1824. [PMID: 26660719 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals can enter freshwater and affect aquatic ecosystem health. Although toxicity tests have been carried out for the commonly used pharmaceuticals, evidence-based water quality guidelines have not been derived. High-reliability water quality guideline values have been derived for 4 pharmaceuticals-carbamazepine, diclofenac, fluoxetine, and propranolol-in freshwaters using a Burr type III distribution applied to species sensitivity distributions of chronic toxicity data. Data were quality-assured and had to meet acceptability criteria for "chronic" no-observed-effect concentrations or concentrations affecting 10% of species, endpoints of population relevance (namely, effect endpoints based on development, growth, reproduction, and survival). Biomarker response data (e.g., biochemical, histological, or molecular responses) were excluded from the derivation because they are typically not directly relevant to wildlife population-related impacts. The derived guideline values for 95% species protection were 9.2 μg/L, 770 μg/L, 1.6 μg/L, and 14 μg/L for carbamazepine, diclofenac, fluoxetine, and propranolol, respectively. These values are significantly higher than the unknown reliability values derived for the European Commission, Switzerland, or Germany that are based on the application of assessment factors to the most sensitive experimental endpoint (which may include biochemical, histological, or molecular biomarker responses) of a limited data set. The guideline values derived in the present study were not exceeded in recent data for Australian rivers and streams receiving pharmaceutical-containing effluents from wastewater-treatment plants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1815-1824. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Kumar
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Graeme E Batley
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Kirrawee, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bhanu Nidumolu
- Centre for Environmental Contaminants Research, CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, Adelaide, Australia
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167
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Molins-Delgado D, Díaz-Cruz MS, Barceló D. Ecological risk assessment associated to the removal of endocrine-disrupting parabens and benzophenone-4 in wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 310:143-151. [PMID: 26905612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of four widely used and endocrine disrupting parabens (PBs) (methylparaben, propylparaben, butylparaben and benzylparaben) and a polar UV filter (benzophenone-4) were determined in influent and effluent wastewater from the 19 major wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Catalonia, Spain. For their analysis an on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated. Laboratory analysis revealed high levels for both PBs and BP4, with maximum concentrations of 5700ngL(-1) and 1806ngL(-1), respectively, in influent samples, and 137ngL(-1) and 1080ngL(-1), respectively in effluent wastewaters. Removal rates (RE%) for the target compounds in each WWTPs were calculated. RE% for parabens were almost 100%, whereas for BP4 values where in the range 5-91%. The half-life time (t1/2), hydraulic retention time (HRT), and annual mass load (ML) for each facility was estimated. Results indicated that there was no clear influence of HRT on the RE% of BP4. MLs for BP4 were in the range 0.9-110.1kgy(-1), with the highest values in the most populated areas. Finally, a risk assessment, estimated in terms of hazard quotients (HQs), was carried out for aquatic biota. HQs for the target compounds in effluent wastewaters indicated a negligible effect, whereas for some influent wastewaters' HQs pointed out that some species are at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Molins-Delgado
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Díaz-Cruz
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Dept. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Emili Grahit, 101 Edifici H2O, 17003 Girona, Spain
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168
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Cruzeiro C, Lopes-Marques M, Ruivo R, Rodrigues-Oliveira N, Santos MM, Rocha MJ, Rocha E, Castro LFC. A mollusk VDR/PXR/CAR-like (NR1J) nuclear receptor provides insight into ancient detoxification mechanisms. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 174:61-69. [PMID: 26921727 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The origin and diversification of the metazoan endocrine systems represents a fundamental research issue in biology. Nuclear receptors are critical components of these systems. A particular group named VDR/PXR/CAR (NR1I/J) is central in the mediation of detoxification responses. While orthologues have been thoroughly characterized in vertebrates, a sparse representation is currently available for invertebrates. Here, we provide the first isolation and characterization of a lophotrochozoan protostome VDR/PXR/CAR nuclear receptor (NR1J), in the estuarine bivalve the peppery furrow shell (Scrobicularia plana). Using a reporter gene assay, we evaluated the xenobiotic receptor plasticity comparing the human PXR with the S. plana NR1Jβ. Our results show that the molluscan receptor responds to a natural toxin (okadaic acid) in a similar fashion to that reported for other invertebrates. In contrast, the pesticide esfenvalerate displayed a unique response, since it down regulated transactivation at higher concentrations, while for triclosan no response was observed. Additionally, we uncovered lineage specific gene duplications and gene loss in the gene group encoding NRs in protostomes with likely impacts on the complexity of detoxification mechanisms across different phyla. Our findings pave the way for the development of multi-specific sensor tools to screen xenobiotic compounds acting via the NR1I/J group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Cruzeiro
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto - University of Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Lopes-Marques
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto - University of Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Portugal.
| | - Nádia Rodrigues-Oliveira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Portugal; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, U. Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Rocha
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto - University of Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, U. Porto - University of Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Portugal.
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto, Portugal; FCUP - Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, U. Porto, Portugal.
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169
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Papageorgiou M, Kosma C, Lambropoulou D. Seasonal occurrence, removal, mass loading and environmental risk assessment of 55 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Central Greece. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:547-569. [PMID: 26613513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive study, which contains the seasonal occurrence, removal, mass loading and environmental risk assessment of 55 multi-class pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), took place in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Volos, Greece. A one year monitoring study was performed and the samples were collected from the influent and the effluent of the WWTP. Solid phase extraction was used for the pre-concentration of the samples followed by an LC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis. Positive samples were further confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The maximum concentrations of the PPCPs varied between 21 ng/L and 15,320 ng/L in the influents and between 18 ng/L and 9965 ng/L in the effluents. The most commonly detected PPCPs were the diuretic furosemide, the beta-blockers atenolol and metoprolol, the analgesics paracetamol, nimesulide, salicylic acid and diclofenac and the psychomotor stimulant caffeine. The removal efficiencies ranged between negative and high removal rates, demonstrating that the WWTP is not able to efficiently remove the complex mixture of PPCPs. The estimated mass loads ranged between 5.1 and 3513 mg/day/1000 inhabitants for WWTP influent and between 4.1 to 2141 mg/day/1000 inhabitants for WWTP effluent. Finally, environmental risk assessment has been regarded a necessary part of the general research. According to the results produced from the calculation of the risk quotient on three trophic levels, the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac and the antibiotics, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin, identified to be of high potential environmental risk for acute toxicity, while diclofenac also for chronic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrsini Papageorgiou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Τhessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Christina Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Τhessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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170
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Kovacevic V, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. (1)H NMR-based metabolomics of Daphnia magna responses after sub-lethal exposure to triclosan, carbamazepine and ibuprofen. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2016; 19:199-210. [PMID: 26809854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are a class of emerging contaminants that are present in wastewater effluents, surface water, and groundwater around the world. There is a need to determine rapid and reliable bioindicators of exposure and the toxic mode of action of these contaminants to aquatic organisms. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics in combination with multivariate statistical analysis was used to determine the metabolic profile of Daphnia magna after exposure to a range of sub-lethal concentrations of triclosan (6.25-100μg/L), carbamazepine (1.75-14mg/L) and ibuprofen (1.75-14mg/L) for 48h. Sub-lethal triclosan exposure suggested a general oxidative stress condition and the branched-chain amino acids, glutamine, glutamate, and methionine emerged as potential bioindicators. The aromatic amino acids, serine, glycine and alanine are potential bioindicators for sub-lethal carbamazepine exposure that may have altered energy metabolism. The potential bioindicators for sub-lethal ibuprofen exposure are serine, methionine, lysine, arginine and leucine, which showed a concentration-dependent response. The differences in the metabolic changes were related to the dissimilar modes of toxicity of triclosan, carbamazepine and ibuprofen. (1)H NMR-based metabolomics gave an improved understanding of how these emerging contaminants impact the keystone species D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kovacevic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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171
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Li W, Gao L, Shi Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Cai Y. Spatial distribution, temporal variation and risks of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in urban surface water in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:262-270. [PMID: 26363399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of 13 target compounds, including eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were detected in surface water samples at 35 sampling sites in the Beijing River system, China. The surface water samples were collected from the main rivers and lakes in the urban area monthly from July 2013 to June 2014 (except the frozen period). Laboratory analyses revealed that parabens were ubiquitous in the surface water of Beijing. PHBA was the predominant compound in the surface water samples, with the average concentration of 239ngL(-1), followed by the total amount of chlorinated parabens (average 50.1ng/L) and parabens (average 44.3ng/L). It is noteworthy that octylparaben with longer chain was firstly detected in the surface water. Significant difference was observed for paraben concentrations from different sampling sites, and the highest level of parabens was found in the Xiaotaihou River, which was mainly due to the untreated sewage discharge. Seasonal variation of target compounds in the urban surface water was also studied, and parabens exhibited a different temporal variation from chlorinated derivatives. A combination of factors including high residual chlorine level and water temperature as well as intense ultraviolet radiation might enhance the persistence of chlorinated parabens in chlorinated water during the wet season. Risk assessment showed that parabens and their chlorinated derivatives are not likely to produce biological effects on aquatic ecosystems at current levels in the surface water of Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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172
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Sasi S, Rayaroth MP, Devadasan D, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Influence of inorganic ions and selected emerging contaminants on the degradation of Methylparaben: A sonochemical approach. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:202-209. [PMID: 26184803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study on the possible pathway of hydroxyl radicals mediated sonolytic degradation of paraben in water is reported. Methylparaben (MPB) which is the most utilized of paraben family is selected as a model emerging pollutant. The influence of common anions and some selected emerging contaminants that may coexist in typical water matrix on the degradation pattern is analyzed alongside. Among the anions, carbonate presents a negative influence which is attributed to the competition for OH radical. Some emerging contaminants also showed negative impact on degradation as was clear from HPLC data. The intermediates, analyzed by LC-Q-TOF-MS include hydroxylated and hydrolytic products. Three major steps (aromatic hydroxylation, hydroxylation at the ester chain and hydrolysis) are proposed to involve in the reaction of OH radical with MPB which ultimately leads to mineralization. The intensity of formation and decay of mono and dihydroxy products of MPB in the presence of additives have also been evaluated. COD analysis indicates a percentage reduction of 98% at 90 min of sonolysis and further increase in the degradation time resulted complete mineralization, which became evident from the mass spectrometric data. MTT assay revealed considerable decrease in the potential cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subha Sasi
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India
| | - Manoj P Rayaroth
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India
| | - Dineep Devadasan
- Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India; Centre for Environment Education and Technology, Kiranam, Arpookara East P.O., Kottayam, 686008 Kerala, India.
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India.
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173
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Zhang NS, Liu YS, Van den Brink PJ, Price OR, Ying GG. Ecological risks of home and personal care products in the riverine environment of a rural region in South China without domestic wastewater treatment facilities. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:417-25. [PMID: 26379200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Home and personal care products (HPCPs) including biocides, benzotriazoles (BTs) and ultraviolet (UV) filters are widely used in our daily life. After use, they are discharged with domestic wastewater into the receiving environment. This study investigated the occurrence of 29 representative HPCPs, including biocides, BTs and UV filters, in the riverine environment of a rural region of South China where no wastewater treatment plants were present, and assessed their potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms. The results showed the detection of 11 biocides and 4 BTs in surface water, and 9 biocides, 3 BTs and 4 UV filters in sediment. In surface water, methylparaben (MeP), triclocarban (TCC), and triclosan (TCS) were detected at all sites with median concentrations of 9.23 ng/L, 2.64 ng/L and 5.39 ng/L, respectively. However, the highest median concentrations were found for clotrimazole (CLOT), 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (MBT) and carbendazim (CARB) at 55.6 ng/L, 33.7 ng/L and 13.8 ng/L, respectively. In sediment, TCC, TCS, and UV-326 were detected with their maximum concentrations up to 353 ng/g, 155 ng/g, and 133 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations for those detected HPCPs in surface water and sediment were generally lower in the upper reach (rural area) of Sha River than in the lower reach of Sha River with close proximity to Dongjiang River (Pt-test<0.05), indicating other input sources of HPCPs in the lower reach. Biocides showed significantly higher levels in surface water in the wet season than in the dry and intermediate seasons. Preliminary risk assessment demonstrated that the majority of HPCPs monitored represented low risk in surface waters. There are potentially greater risks to aquatic organisms from the use of TCS and TCC in the wet season than in dry and intermediate seasons in surface waters. This preliminary assessment also indicates potential concerns associated with TCC, TCS, DEET, CARB, and CLOT in sediments, although additional data should be generated to assess this fully. Thus future research is needed to investigate ecological effects of these HPCPs on benthic organisms in sediment of rural rivers receiving untreated wastewater discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver R Price
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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174
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Hedrick-Hopper TL, Koster LP, Diamond SL. Accumulation of triclosan from diet and its neuroendocrine effects in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) under two temperature Regimes. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 112:52-60. [PMID: 26446583 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising water temperatures due to climate change may increase the uptake and effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms. Our objectives were to investigate the accumulation of dietary triclosan and its neuroendocrine effects in Atlantic croaker, an estuarine fish, under two temperatures and during depuration. A pilot study was used to select a dietary exposure of 50 mg/kg. For 10 days, fish were exposed to one of four diet/temperature treatments (n = 16/treatment): normal diet at 26 °C and 29 °C and triclosan-treated diet at 26 °C and 29 °C. Fish exposed to triclosan at 26 °C accumulated 2.6 mg/kg wet weight on average versus 5.6 mg/kg wet weight at 29 °C. Triclosan exposure significantly impacted reflexes, resulting in the loss of the dorsal fin reflex (DS) in 53% of fish, while temperature and triclosan-temperature interactions were not significant. Triclosan body burden did not significantly predict DS loss. There were no significant differences in thyroid hormone levels among groups. Triclosan-treated fish at 26 °C were fed untreated pellets for 5 additional weeks. Two fish lost the DS during the first depuration week, and no affected fish recovered the reflex. These results have important implications for fish and their predators, as the DS may be important for swimming performance and social patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren P Koster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Sandra L Diamond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Campus, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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175
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Gao L, Yuan T, Cheng P, Bai Q, Zhou C, Ao J, Wang W, Zhang H. Effects of triclosan and triclocarban on the growth inhibition, cell viability, genotoxicity and multixenobiotic resistance responses of Tetrahymena thermophila. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:434-440. [PMID: 26246462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The information about adverse effects of emerging contaminants on aquatic protozoa is very scarce. The growth inhibition effect, cell viability, genotoxicity and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) responses of two commonly used antimicrobial agents, triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) to protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila were investigated in this study. The results revealed that TCS and TCC can inhibit the growth of T. thermophila with 24h EC50 values of 1063 and 295μgL(-1), respectively. The impairment of plasma membrane was observed after 2h exposure of TCS or TCC at the level of mg/L. Furthermore, it is noticeable that at environmentally relevant concentration (1.0μgL(-1)), both TCS and TCC can lead to statistically significant DNA damage in T. thermophila, while the inhibition of growth and change of cell viability cannot be observed. Our results firstly provide the evidence for genotoxic effects of TCS and TCC on the freshwater protozoan. Additionally, both TCS and TCC were found to inhibit the efflux transporter activities, with the inhibitory potencies of 39% and 40% (using verapamil as a model inhibitor), respectively. Particularly, TCC could significantly down-regulate the expression of MXR related gene Abcb15, which encodes the membrane efflux protein that acting as P-gp in T. thermophila. The results raise the awareness of potential aquatic ecological and human health risks from the exposure of TCS and TCC, as they might potentiate the toxic effects by chemosensitizing with co-existing toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Resource and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Peng Cheng
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qifeng Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuanqi Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junjie Ao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haimou Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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176
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Wang X, Zhang C, Liu Z, Wang W, Chen L. Development of predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for TCS to terrestrial species. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:428-433. [PMID: 26233766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an important broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent widely utilized in a range of personal care products, and is therefore commonly found in the environment. A few studies have been conducted to investigate predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for TCS on terrestrial organisms. This could be due to lack of toxicity data especially chronic toxicity data for species on various taxonomic levels. In the present study, chronic toxicity of TCS on 6 terrestrial species (3 dicotyledonous plants, 2 monocotyledonous plants and 1 terrestrial invertebrate) were tested. PNEC values of TCS based on toxicity data of 14 terrestrial species (5 dicotyledonous plants, 4 monocotyledonous plants and 5 terrestrial invertebrates) from 4 Phyla and 11 Families were calculated using the log-logistic species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method. The result of our toxicity tests showed that the dicotyledonous plant Lactuca sativa was the most sensitive species to TCS exposure. The PNEC value for TCS was derived to be 0.04-0.21mgkg(-1) when using the log-logistic SSD method. The use of toxicity data from various taxonomic levels is recommended in deriving the PNEC value in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- China Offshore Environmental Services Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300452, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Lihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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177
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Rehman MSU, Rashid N, Ashfaq M, Saif A, Ahmad N, Han JI. Global risk of pharmaceutical contamination from highly populated developing countries. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:1045-1055. [PMID: 23535471 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Global pharmaceutical industry has relocated from the west to Asian countries to ensure competitive advantage. This industrial relocation has posed serious threats to the environment. The present study was carried out to assess the possible pharmaceutical contamination in the environment of emerging pharmaceutical manufacturing countries (Bangladesh, China, India and Pakistan). Although these countries have made tremendous progress in the pharmaceutical sector but most of their industrial units discharge wastewater into domestic sewage network without any treatment. The application of untreated wastewater (industrial and domestic) and biosolids (sewage sludge and manure) in agriculture causes the contamination of surface water, soil, groundwater, and the entire food web with pharmaceutical compounds (PCs), their metabolites and transformed products (TPs), and multidrug resistant microbes. This pharmaceutical contamination in Asian countries poses global risks via product export and international traveling. Several prospective research hypotheses including the development of new analytical methods to monitor these PCs/TPs and their metabolites, highly resistant microbial strains, and mixture toxicity as a consequence of pharmaceutical contamination in these emerging pharmaceutical exporters have also been proposed based on the available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saif Ur Rehman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Naim Rashid
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ashfaq
- Institute of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
| | - Ameena Saif
- Department of Environmental Science, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- Advanced Wastewater Treatment Lab, Institute of Geology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Jong-In Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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178
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Zhang QQ, Ying GG, Chen ZF, Zhao JL, Liu YS. Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10130-10143. [PMID: 25854205 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the emission and multimedia fate as well as potential risks of triclosan (TCS) in all of 58 basins in China. The results showed that the total usage of TCS in whole China was 100 t/year, and the discharge to the receiving environment was estimated to be 66.1 t/year. The predicted TCS concentrations by the level III fugacity model were within an order of magnitude of the reported measured concentrations. TCS (90.8%) was discharged into the water compartment and 9.2% to the soil compartment. The TCS concentration levels in east China were found generally higher than in west China. In addition, the input flux for TCS to seawater was largely attributed to the seasonal variations in advection flows. Preliminary risk assessment showed that medium to high ecological risks for TCS would be expected in the eastern part of China due to the high population density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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179
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Liu WR, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Chen ZF, Yang YY, Zhang QQ, Ying GG. Biocides in the Yangtze River of China: spatiotemporal distribution, mass load and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 200:53-63. [PMID: 25697474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen biocides were investigated in the Yangtze River to understand their spatiotemporal distribution, mass loads and ecological risks. Fourteen biocides were detected, with the highest concentrations up to 166 ng/L for DEET in surface water, and 54.3 ng/g dry weight (dw) for triclocarban in sediment. The dominant biocides were DEET and methylparaben, with their detection frequencies of 100% in both phases. An estimate of 152 t/y of 14 biocides was carried by the Yangtze River to the East China Sea. The distribution of biocides in the aquatic environments was significantly correlated to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN), suggesting dominant input sources from domestic wastewater of the cities along the river. Risk assessment showed high ecological risks posed by carbendazim in both phases and by triclosan in sediment. Therefore, proper measures should be taken to reduce the input of biocides into the river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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180
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Futran Fuhrman V, Tal A, Arnon S. Why endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) challenge traditional risk assessment and how to respond. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 286:589-611. [PMID: 25646754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are a diverse group of "chemicals of emerging concern" which have attracted much interest from the research community since the 1990s. Today there is still no definitive risk assessment tool for EDCs. While some decision making organizations have attempted to design methodology guidelines to evaluate the potential risk from this broadly defined group of constituents, risk assessors still face many uncertainties and unknowns. Until a risk assessment paradigm is designed specifically for EDCs and is vetted by the field, traditional risk assessment tools may be used with caution to evaluate EDCs. In doing so, each issue of contention should be addressed with transparency in order to leverage available information and technology without sacrificing integrity or accuracy. The challenges that EDCs pose to traditional risk assessment are described in this article to assist in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Futran Fuhrman
- Institute for Dryland, Environmental and Desert Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel.
| | - Alon Tal
- Institute for Dryland, Environmental and Desert Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel.
| | - Shai Arnon
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer 84990, Israel.
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181
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Walash MI, El-Enany N, Askar H. Validated spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of carbamazepine in pharmaceutical dosage forms after reaction with 4-chloro-7--nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl). LUMINESCENCE 2015; 30:1119-24. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I. Walash
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Nahed El-Enany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Hanany Askar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Mansoura; Mansoura 35516 Egypt
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182
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Selvaraj KK, Sundaramoorthy G, Ravichandran PK, Girijan GK, Sampath S, Ramaswamy BR. Phthalate esters in water and sediments of the Kaveri River, India: environmental levels and ecotoxicological evaluations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:83-96. [PMID: 25056812 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are well known for their environmental contamination and toxicological effects as "endocrine disruptors." In this study, environmental levels of phthalate esters and ecotoxicological risk assessments were performed in one of the major rivers in India, the Kaveri. Water and sediment samples were collected during 2010-2012 representing the major stretch of the river and extracted by solid-phase and ultrasonic methods, respectively, and analyzed for six major phthalates by using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The analytical recovery for phthalates in water and sediment ranged from 79 to 121%. Results indicated that diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dimethyl phthalate were found in every sample, whereas butylbenzyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were detected in 92% of the water samples. Likewise, in sediment samples, DEP was found most often (94%). The total phthalates in water samples ranged from 313 to 1,640 ng/l, whereas in sediments it was 2 to 1,438 ng/g dw (dry weight) with DEHP having the highest concentration. Human health risk assessment based on drinking water consumption showed no potential risk for phthalates and also DEHP levels were safe with respect to USEPA guideline (6,000 ng/l). Further, DEHP and di-n-octyl phthalate levels in water were expected to pose little threat to sensitive organisms in the riverine ecosystem as per ECOSAR chronic values. In case of sediment, the DEHP concentration was well above the USEPA sediment guideline value. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the levels and ecotoxicological risks of phthalates in Kaveri River, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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183
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Zhao C, Xie H, Xu J, Xu X, Zhang J, Hu Z, Liu C, Liang S, Wang Q, Wang J. Bacterial community variation and microbial mechanism of triclosan (TCS) removal by constructed wetlands with different types of plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:633-639. [PMID: 25461066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum synthetic antimicrobial agent that is toxic to microbes and other aquatic organisms. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are now popular in TCS removal. However, knowledge on the effects of TCS on the bacterial community and microbial removal mechanism in CWs is lacking. The effects of TCS (60 μg L(-1)) on bacterial communities in batch-loaded CWs with emergent (Typha angustifolia), submerged (Hydrilla verticillata), and floating plant (Salvinia natans) were analyzed by 454 pyrosequencing technology. After six periods of experiment, the TCS removal efficiencies were over 90% in CWs, and negative effects of TCS on bacterial community richness and diversity were observed. Moreover, plant species effect existed. Bacterial strains that contributed to TCS biodegradation in CWs were successfully identified. In TCS-treated T. angustifolia and H. verticillata CWs, beta-Proteobacteria increased by 16.63% and 18.20%, respectively. In TCS-treated S. natans CWs, delta- and gamma-Proteobacteria and Sphingobacteria increased by 9.36%, 19.49%, and 31.37%, respectively, and could relate to TCS biodegradation. TCS affected the development of certain bacteria, and eventually, the bacterial community structures in CWs. This research provided ecologically relevant information on bacterial community and microbial removal mechanism in CWs under TCS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - HuiJun Xie
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingtao Xu
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zhen Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Broadway and Boston, Lubbock, TX 79409-1042, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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184
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Wang L, Sun Y, Liu Q. Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product Components in Wastewater Using Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Solid Phase Extraction. ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.966377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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185
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Saravanan M, Hur JH, Arul N, Ramesh M. Toxicological effects of clofibric acid and diclofenac on plasma thyroid hormones of an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala during short and long-term exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:948-958. [PMID: 25461555 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the toxicity of most commonly detected pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment namely clofibric acid (CA) and diclofenac (DCF) was investigated in an Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala. Fingerlings of C. mrigala were exposed to different concentrations (1, 10 and 100μgL(-1)) of CA and DCF for a period of 96h (short term) and 35 days (long term). The toxic effects of CA and DCF on thyroid hormones (THs) such as thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels were evaluated. During the short and long-term exposure period TSH level was found to be decreased at all concentrations of CA (except at the end of 14(th) day in 1 and 10μgL(-l) and 21(st) day in 1μgL(-l)) whereas in DCF exposed fish TSH level was found to be increased when compared to control groups. T4 level was found to be decreased at 1 and 100μgL(-l) of CA exposure at the end of 96h. However, T4 level was decreased at all concentrations of CA and DCF during long-term (35 days) exposure period. Fish exposed to all concentrations of CA and DCF had lower level of T3 in both the treatments. These results suggest that both CA and DCF drugs induced significant changes (P<0.01 and P<0.05) on thyroid hormonal levels of C. mrigala. The alterations of these hormonal levels can be used as potential biomarkers in monitoring of pharmaceutical drugs in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoharan Saravanan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India; Bio-Regulatory Chemistry Lab, Department of Biological Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hyun Hur
- Bio-Regulatory Chemistry Lab, Department of Biological Environment, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Narayanasamy Arul
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cell Homeostasis, Ewha Womens University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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186
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Singh KP, Rai P, Singh AK, Verma P, Gupta S. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewater of north Indian cities and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:6663-6682. [PMID: 25004851 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Six pharmaceuticals of different categories, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, diclofenac), anti-epileptic (carbamazepine), and anti-microbial (trimethoprim), were investigated in wastewater of the urban areas of Ghaziabad and Lucknow, India. Samples were concentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. The SPE-HPLC method was validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. All the six drugs were detected in wastewater of Ghaziabad, whereas naproxen was not detected in Lucknow wastewater. Results suggest that levels of these detected drugs were relatively higher in Ghaziabad as compared to those in Lucknow, and diclofenac was the most frequently detected drug in both the study areas. Detection of these drugs in wastewater reflects the importance of wastewater inputs as a source of pharmaceuticals. In terms of the regional distribution of compounds in wastewater of two cities, higher spatial variations (coefficient of variation 112.90-459.44%) were found in the Lucknow wastewater due to poor water exchange ability. In contrast, lower spatial variation (162.38-303.77%) was observed in Ghaziabad. Statistical analysis results suggest that both data were highly skewed, and populations in two study areas were significantly different (p < 0.05). A risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotient (RQ) in six different bioassays (bacteria, duckweed, algae, daphnia, rotifers, and fish) showed that the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) posed high (RQ >1) risk to all the test species. The present study would contribute to the formulation of guidelines for regulation of such emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwar P Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India,
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187
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Falfushynska HI, Gnatyshyna LL, Osadchuk OY, Farkas A, Vehovszky A, Carpenter DO, Gyori J, Stoliar OB. Diversity of the molecular responses to separate wastewater effluents in freshwater mussels. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 164:51-8. [PMID: 24816276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The environmental safety of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) requires a crucial examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responses of biomarkers of stress and toxicity in freshwater mussels to the effect of commonly found PPCPs in wastewater. We treated male mussels Unio tumidus, from an undisturbed site with ibuprofen (IBU, 250 ng L(-1)), triclosan (TCS, 500 ng L(-1)), or estrone (E1, 100 ng L(-1)) for 14 days. Untreated mussels from this site (C) and mussels inhabiting a polluted area (P) were also examined after a similar time of being kept in the laboratory. The consequences of chronic exposure of the mussels in the P-group were reflected in elevated concentrations of oxyradicals (1.4 times), oxidized glutathione (4.3 times), lipofuscin (2.2 times), and DNA-strand breaks in the digestive gland (DG) in comparison to the C-group, higher levels of caspase-3 activity in the DG, and vitellogenin-like proteins in gonads among all studied groups. Exposed mussels demonstrated some common responses with mussels in the P-group: elevated levels of lactate/pyruvate ratio, lipofuscin (IBU and E1), DNA fragmentation (TCS and E1), and caspase-3 activity (TCS and E1). Exposed to PPCPs mussels also showed elevation of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and/or glutathione-S-transferase activity in the DG and a decrease in lysosomal stability in hemocytes (TCS and E1). The TCS group was distinguished by having the highest level of DNA-fragmentation and the lowest concentrations of total glutathione, oxyradicals, lipofuscin, pyruvate, and lactate, reflecting total metabolic depression. These results show that selected PPCPs at low concentrations alter a variety of physiological processes in this animal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina I Falfushynska
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine
| | - Lesya L Gnatyshyna
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine
| | - Olesya Y Osadchuk
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine
| | - Anna Farkas
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Klebelsberg str. 3, Tihany 8237, Hungary
| | - Agnes Vehovszky
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Klebelsberg str. 3, Tihany 8237, Hungary
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Janos Gyori
- Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Klebelsberg str. 3, Tihany 8237, Hungary
| | - Oksana B Stoliar
- Research Laboratory of Comparative Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ternopil National Pedagogical University, M. Kryvonosa Str., 2, Ternopil, 46027, Ukraine.
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188
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Wang X, Liu Z, Wang W, Yan Z, Zhang C, Wang W, Chen L. Assessment of toxic effects of triclosan on the terrestrial snail (Achatina fulica). CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:225-230. [PMID: 24530161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent used in personal care products, and as a result, is widespread in the environment. Toxicity tests of TCS on aquatic organisms have been reported, but limited toxicity data on terrestrial species are available. In this study, the 28-d chronic toxicity of TCS on the biomass, shell diameter growth, and total food intake of the terrestrial snail Achatina fulica were tested. Moreover, biochemical responses, including changes in the activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), were examined after 14-d and 28-d exposure. Results showed that TCS had toxic effects on the biomass, shell diameter growth, and total food intake of A. fulica with no observed effect concentration (NOEC) values of 24 mg kg(-1). As for the antioxidant enzymes, TCS caused significant oxidative stress even at the low concentration of 24 mg kg(-1). The CAT and POD activities at the high concentrations of 200 and 340 mg kg(-1), respectively, were significantly inhibited. The SOD and CAT activity in treatments below 118 mg kg(-1) and the MDA content in all treatments showed dose-effect relationships. This study demonstrated that TCS caused adverse effects on terrestrial invertebrates, and provided valuable information for the risk assessment imposed by TCS in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhenguang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- China Offshore Environmental Services Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300452, China
| | - Weili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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189
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Darbre PD, Harvey PW. Parabens can enable hallmarks and characteristics of cancer in human breast epithelial cells: a review of the literature with reference to new exposure data and regulatory status. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:925-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa D. Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6UB UK
| | - Philip W. Harvey
- Covance Laboratories, Department of Toxicology; Otley Road Harrogate HG3 1PY North Yorkshire UK
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190
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Chen ZF, Ying GG, Liu YS, Zhang QQ, Zhao JL, Liu SS, Chen J, Peng FJ, Lai HJ, Pan CG. Triclosan as a surrogate for household biocides: an investigation into biocides in aquatic environments of a highly urbanized region. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 58:269-279. [PMID: 24793342 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are widely formulated in household and personal care products. We investigated the distribution and ecological risks of 16 household biocides in aquatic environments of a highly urbanized region in South China, evaluated triclosan as a chemical indicator for this group of household chemicals, and proposed a novel approach to predict the environmental occurrence and fate of these household biocides by using triclosan usage data and a level-III fugacity model. Eleven biocides were quantitatively detected at concentrations up to 264 ± 15.3 ng/L for climbazole in surface water, and up to 5649 ± 748 ng/g for triclocarban in sediment of four rivers in the region. The distribution of biocides in the aquatic environments was significantly correlated with environmental variables such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus and population. Domestic sewage in the region was the dominant pollution source for most biocides such as azole fungicides (fluconazole, climbazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and carbendazim) and disinfectants (triclosan and triclocarban). Preliminary risk assessment showed high ecological risks posed by two biocides carbendazim and triclosan in river waters. Mostly important, triclosan was found to be a reliable chemical indicator to surrogate household biocides both in water and sediment based on the correlation analysis. In addition, the fugacity modeling could provide simulated concentrations comparable to the monitoring results. Therefore, with the usage data of the chemical indicator triclosan and correlation formula with other biocides, this model can be applied for predicting the occurrence and fate of various household biocides in a catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hua-Jie Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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191
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Mutiyar PK, Mittal AK. Risk assessment of antibiotic residues in different water matrices in India: key issues and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7723-36. [PMID: 24627199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Global detection of antibiotic substances in water matrices has considerably increased in the recent past. However, in India research on this issue is limited or generalised in the literature. Risks associated with the presence of antibiotics in the environment can be quantified using a hazard quotient (HQ) approach. Here, HQs were developed using the measured environmental concentration (MEC) approach for antibiotic residues in Indian water matrices previously reported in the literature. In the present study, environmental risk assessment, using the HQ index [HQ = measured environmental concentration (MEC)/predicted no effect concentration (PNEC)] for different antibiotics, was performed according to the guidelines of European Medicine Evaluation Agency (EMEA). MEC and PNEC levels were obtained from the literature. PNEC values were also calculated from EC50 using a safety factor when no PNECs were reported in the literature. HQs were obtained for industrial effluents (HQ = 10(4)) that were greater than any previously reported values. Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, seemed to present the greatest risk in India. The HQ indices for Indian water matrices were in the following order: industrial effluents > lake water > river water > hospital effluents > treated sewage ≃ groundwater. A very high HQ represents a potential environmental concern for aquatic environments in India and demands that immediate attention be devoted to regulating these compounds, especially in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin K Mutiyar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas New Delhi, 110016, India,
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192
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Błędzka D, Gromadzińska J, Wąsowicz W. Parabens. From environmental studies to human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 67:27-42. [PMID: 24657492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are a group of substances commonly employed as preservatives, mainly in personal care products, pharmaceuticals and food. Scientific reports concerning their endocrine disrupting potential and the possible link with breast cancer raised wide discussion about parabens' impact and safety. This paper provides holistic overview of paraben usage, occurrence in the environment, methods of their degradation and removal from aqueous solution, as well as hazards related to their endocrine disrupting potential and possible involvement in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Błędzka
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Gromadzińska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wąsowicz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, ul. św. Teresy od Dzieciątka Jezus 8, 91-348 Łódź, Poland
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193
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Zhou H, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zhan Y. Systematic screening of common wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals in urban aquatic environments: implications for environmental risk control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7113-7129. [PMID: 24557805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we refer to pharmaceuticals that are widespread in the urban aquatic environment and that mainly originate from wastewater treatment plants or non-point source sewage as "wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals" (WWMPs). To some extent, they reflect the condition or trend of water contamination and also contribute to aquatic environmental risk assessment. The method reported here for screening typical WWMPs was proposed based on academic concerns about them and their concentrations present in the urban aquatic environment, as well as their properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and related environmental risks caused by them. The screening system consisted of an initial screening system and a further screening system. In the former, pharmaceuticals were categorised into different evaluation levels, and in the latter, each pharmaceutical was given a normalised final evaluation score, which was the sum of every score for its properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and environmental risk in the aquatic environment. The system was applied to 126 pharmaceuticals frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the initial screening procedure, five pharmaceuticals were classified into the "high" category, 16 pharmaceuticals into the "medium" category, 15 pharmaceuticals into the "low" category and 90 pharmaceuticals into the "very low" category. Subsequently, further screening were conducted on 36 pharmaceuticals considered as being of "high", "medium" and "low" categories in the former system. We identified 7 pharmaceuticals with final evaluation scores of 1-10, 10 pharmaceuticals with scores of 11-15, 15 pharmaceuticals with scores from 16 to 20 and 4 pharmaceuticals with scores above 21. The results showed that this screening system could contribute to the effective selection of target WWMPs, which would be important for spatial-temporal dynamics, transference and pollution control of pharmaceuticals in the urban aquatic environment. However, there remains a number of pharmaceutical parameters with measured data gaps, such as organic carbon adsorption coefficients and bioconcentration factors, which, if filled, would improve the accuracy of the screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China,
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194
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Feng X, Chen Y, Fang Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Tao T, Zuo Y. Photodegradation of parabens by Fe(III)-citrate complexes at circumneutral pH: matrix effect and reaction mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:130-6. [PMID: 24291138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation of four parabens including methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-paraben in the presence of Fe(III)-citrate complexes under simulated sunlight was investigated. The degradation of parabens increased with decreasing pH within the range of 5.0-8.0 at the Fe(III)-to-citrate ratio of 10:150 (μM). The addition of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids showed different effects on the photodegradation of methylparaben. The low-photoreactive carboxylic acids inhibited the photodegradation of methylparaben in the order of formic acid>succinic acid>acetic acid>malonic acid. In contrast, oxalic acid enhanced the photodegradation and exhibited appreciable synergistic effect with Fe(III)-citrate at concentration higher than 500 μM. Up to 99.0% of substrate was degraded after 30 min at pH6.0 in the Fe(III)-citrate-oxalate system. The various fractions of fulvic acid inhibited the photodegradation of methylparaben. The inhibition increased with increasing nominal molecular weight of fractionated fulvic acid. Moreover, the photodegradation of methylparaben was inhibited in natural waters in the order of Liangzi Lake<Donghu Lake<Changjiang River≈Seawater. The photoproducts of methylparaben were identified by GC-MS analyses and the degradation pathway was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yuan Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wenhua College, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zongping Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tao Tao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuegang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, United States
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195
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Mohapatra DP, Brar SK, Tyagi RD, Picard P, Surampalli RY. Analysis and advanced oxidation treatment of a persistent pharmaceutical compound in wastewater and wastewater sludge-carbamazepine. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:58-75. [PMID: 24140682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are considered as emerging environmental problem due to their continuous input and persistence to the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. Among them, carbamazepine (CBZ) has been detected at the highest frequency, which ends up in aquatic systems via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) among other sources. The identification and quantification of CBZ in wastewater (WW) and wastewater sludge (WWS) is of major interest to assess the toxicity of treated effluent discharged into the environment. Furthermore, WWS has been subjected for re-use either in agricultural application or for the production of value-added products through the route of bioconversion. However, this field application is disputable due to the presence of these organic compounds and in order to protect the ecosystem or end users, data concerning the concentration, fate, behavior as well as the perspective of simultaneous degradation of these compounds is urgently necessary. Many treatment technologies, including advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed in order to degrade CBZ in WW and WWS. AOPs are technologies based on the intermediacy of hydroxyl and other radicals to oxidize recalcitrant, toxic and non-biodegradable compounds to various by-products and eventually to inert end products. The purpose of this review is to provide information on persistent pharmaceutical compound, carbamazepine, its ecological effects and removal during various AOPs of WW and WWS. This review also reports the different analytical methods available for quantification of CBZ in different contaminated media including WW and WWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Mohapatra
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - S K Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - R D Tyagi
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - P Picard
- Phytronix Technologies, 4535 Boulevard Wilfrid Hamel, Québec G1P 2J7, Canada
| | - R Y Surampalli
- US Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 17-2141, Kansas City, KS 66117, USA
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196
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Shanmugam G, Sampath S, Selvaraj KK, Larsson DGJ, Ramaswamy BR. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Indian rivers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:921-31. [PMID: 23832803 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical concentration data for Indian surface waters are currently scarce. Sewage often enters Indian rivers without prior treatment, and so previously reported environmental concentrations from regions with routinely implemented sewage treatment cannot simply be used to predict concentrations in Indian surface water. Improved knowledge of pharmaceutical concentrations in Indian waters would enable determination of potential risks posed to aquatic wildlife and human health in this region. The concentrations of five common non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid) were determined in surface waters from 27 locations of the Kaveri, Vellar, and Tamiraparani Rivers in southern India. The samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analyzed by GC-MS. The measured concentrations of four of the five drugs in this reconnaissance were relatively similar to those reported elsewhere (ND-200 ng/l); however, acetylsalicylic acid, the most readily degradable of the investigated drugs, was found at all sites and at considerably higher concentrations (up to 660 ng/l) than reported in European surface waters. This is the first report on the occurrence of NSAIDs in Indian rivers. The finding of elevated concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid is most likely a result of direct discharges of untreated sewage. Therefore, readily degradable pharmaceuticals may present larger concern in regions without consistent sewage treatment. Based on measured environmental concentrations, the risks of direct toxicity to aquatic wildlife and of humans consuming the water are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraj Shanmugam
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
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197
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Kosma CI, Lambropoulou DA, Albanis TA. Investigation of PPCPs in wastewater treatment plants in Greece: occurrence, removal and environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:421-38. [PMID: 23933429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, an extensive study on the presence of eighteen pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in eight wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Greece has been conducted. The study covered four sampling periods over 1-year, where samples (influents; effluents) from eight WWTPs of various cities in Greece were taken. All WWTPs investigated are equipped with conventional activated sludge treatment. A common pre-concentration step based on SPE was applied, followed by LC-UV/Vis-ESI-MS. Further confirmation of positive findings was accomplished by using LC coupled to a high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The results showed the occurrence of all target compounds in the wastewater samples with concentrations up to 96.65 μg/L. Paracetamol, caffeine, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac and salicylic acid were the dominant compounds, while tolfenamic acid, fenofibrate and simvastatin were the less frequently detected compounds with concentrations in effluents below the LOQ. The removal efficiencies showed that many WWTPs were unable to effectively remove most of the PPCPs investigated. Finally, the study provides an assessment of the environmental risk posed by their presence in wastewaters by means of the risk quotient (RQ). RQs were more than unity for various compounds in the effluents expressing possible threat for the aquatic environment. Triclosan was found to be the most critical compound in terms of contribution and environmental risk, concluding that it should be seriously considered as a candidate for regulatory monitoring and prioritization on a European scale on the basis of realistic PNECs. The results of the extensive monitoring study contributed to a better insight on PPCPs in Greece and their presence in influent and effluent wastewaters. Furthermore, the unequivocal identification of two transformation products of trimethoprim in real wastewaters by using the advantages of the LTQ Orbitrap capabilities provides information that should be taken into consideration in future PPCP monitoring studies in wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina I Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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198
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Selvaraj KK, Shanmugam G, Sampath S, Larsson DGJ, Ramaswamy BR. GC-MS determination of bisphenol A and alkylphenol ethoxylates in river water from India and their ecotoxicological risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 99:13-20. [PMID: 24183982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Water samples from three rivers in southern India were analyzed for octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), and bisphenol A (BPA) residues by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The concentrations of OP, NP and BPA ranged from ND (not detected) to 16.3 ng/L, ND to 2200 ng/L, and 2.8 to 136 ng/L with detection frequencies of 96%, 66% and 100%, respectively. All three rivers showed a similar distribution pattern of NP>>BPA>OP, however, the Kaveri river had elevated levels. The phenolic compounds in rivers are expected to cause potential toxicity to aquatic organism including crustaceans, molluscs, insects and fish. In respect to aquatic risk assessment, NP showed a greater hazard quotient (HQ) than did OP and BPA, and the highest HQ (62) was observed for fish in the Kaveri river. The backwater and estuarine NP levels may pose a risk to larvae of oysters and barnacles. Based on tolerable daily intake and reference dose, BPA and NP levels are considered safe for humans. However, NP levels in some water samples were greater than the drinking water safety limit (0.5 µg/L). This is the first report on phenolic compounds and their associated aquatic risks in Indian rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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199
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Mutiyar PK, Mittal AK. Occurrences and fate of selected human antibiotics in influents and effluents of sewage treatment plant and effluent-receiving river Yamuna in Delhi (India). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:541-57. [PMID: 24085621 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics consumption has increased worldwide, and their residues are frequently reported in aquatic environments. It is believed that antibiotics reach aquatic water bodies through sewage. Medicine consumed for healthcare practices are often released into sewage, and after sewage treatment plant, it reaches the receiving water bodies of lakes or rivers. In the present study, we determined the fate of some commonly used antibiotics in a sewage treatment plant (STP) located in Delhi and the environmental concentration of these antibiotics in the Yamuna River, which receives the sewage and industrial effluent of Delhi. There are many reports on antibiotics occurrences in STP and river water worldwide, but monitoring data from the Indian subcontinent is sparse. Samples were taken from a STP and from six sampling sites on the Yamuna River. Several antibiotics were tested for using offline solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array analysis. Recoveries varied from 25.5-108.8 %. Ampicillin had the maximum concentration in wastewater influents (104.2 ± 98.11 μg l(-1)) and effluents (12.68 ± 8.38 μg l(-1)). The fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins had the lower concentrations. Treatment efficiencies varied between 55 and 99 %. Significant amounts of antibiotics were discharged in effluents and were detected in the receiving water body. The concentration of antibiotics in the Yamuna River varied from not detected to 13.75 μg l(-1) (ampicillin) for the compounds investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin K Mutiyar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India,
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200
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Zhang J, Sun B, Guan X, Wang H, Bao H, Huang Y, Qiao J, Zhou G. Ruthenium nanoparticles supported on CeO2 for catalytic permanganate oxidation of butylparaben. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:13011-13019. [PMID: 24138607 DOI: 10.1021/es402118v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a heterogeneous catalytic permanganate oxidation system with ceria supported ruthenium, Ru/CeO2 (0.8‰ as Ru), as catalyst for the first time. The catalytic performance of Ru/CeO2 toward butylparaben (BP) oxidation by permanganate was strongly dependent on its dosage, pH, permanganate concentration and temperature. The presence of 1.0 g L(-1) Ru/CeO2 increased the oxidation rate of BP by permanganate at pH 4.0-8.0 by 3-96 times. The increase in Ru/CeO2 dosage led to a progressive enhancement in the oxidation rate of BP by permanganate at neutral pH. The XANES analysis revealed that (1) Ru was deposited on the surface of CeO2 as Ru(III); (2) Ru(III) was oxidized by permanganate to its higher oxidation state Ru(VI) and Ru(VII), which acted as the co-oxidants in BP oxidation; (3) Ru(VI) and Ru(VII) were reduced by BP to its initial state of Ru(III). Therefore, Ru/CeO2 acted as an electron shuttle in catalytic permanganate oxidation process. LC-MS/MS analysis implied that BP was initially attacked by permanganate or Ru(VI) and Ru(VII) at the aromatic ring, leading to the formation of various hydroxyl-substituted and ring-opening products. Ru/CeO2 could maintain its catalytic activity during the six successive runs. In conclusion, catalyzing permanganate oxidation with Ru/CeO2 is a promising technology for degrading phenolic pollutants in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , 200092 Shanghai, P. R. China
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