151
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Malkesman O, Tucker LB, Ozl J, McCabe JT. Traumatic brain injury - modeling neuropsychiatric symptoms in rodents. Front Neurol 2013; 4:157. [PMID: 24109476 PMCID: PMC3791674 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Each year in the US, ∼1.5 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Victims of TBI can suffer from chronic post-TBI symptoms, such as sensory and motor deficits, cognitive impairments including problems with memory, learning, and attention, and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, irritability, aggression, and suicidal rumination. Although partially associated with the site and severity of injury, the biological mechanisms associated with many of these symptoms - and why some patients experience differing assortments of persistent maladies - are largely unknown. The use of animal models is a promising strategy for elucidation of the mechanisms of impairment and treatment, and learning, memory, sensory, and motor tests have widespread utility in rodent models of TBI and psychopharmacology. Comparatively, behavioral tests for the evaluation of neuropsychiatric symptomatology are rarely employed in animal models of TBI and, as determined in this review, the results have been inconsistent. Animal behavioral studies contribute to the understanding of the biological mechanisms by which TBI is associated with neurobehavioral symptoms and offer a powerful means for pre-clinical treatment validation. Therefore, further exploration of the utility of animal behavioral tests for the study of injury mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for the alleviation of emotional symptoms are relevant and essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oz Malkesman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Pre-Clinical Models for TBI and Behavioral Assessments Core, The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura B. Tucker
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Pre-Clinical Models for TBI and Behavioral Assessments Core, The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Ozl
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Pre-Clinical Models for TBI and Behavioral Assessments Core, The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph T. McCabe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Pre-Clinical Models for TBI and Behavioral Assessments Core, The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, MD, USA
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152
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Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Siopi E, Finn DP, Marchand-Leroux C, Garcia-Segura LM, Jafarian-Tehrani M, Viveros MP. CB1 and CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists Prevent Minocycline-Induced Neuroprotection Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2013; 25:35-45. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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153
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Biomarkers of cognitive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:79-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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154
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Chemokine CCL2 induces apoptosis in cortex following traumatic brain injury. J Mol Neurosci 2013; 51:1021-9. [PMID: 23934512 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) is an important mediator of neuroinflammation. Released in response to acute injury, ischemia, and neurodegenerative disease, CCL2 binds primarily to the G-protein-coupled chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) to recruit inflammatory cells to sites of tissue damage. Inflammation is thought to have both beneficial and deleterious consequences following traumatic brain injury (TBI), so we investigated CCL2-CCR2 signaling during the post-TBI period to assess possible neurodegenerative and protective actions. Local TBI in adult rat cortex was induced by Feeney's weight-drop method, and the expression of CCL2 and CCR2 in the tissue around the contusion site was measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Both CCL2 and CCR2 mRNA levels were increased markedly for at least 10 days after injury, peaking on day 3. The CCL2 protein was mainly co-localized with the astroglial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein and CCR2 protein with the neuronal nuclear marker NeuN as revealed by double immunofluorescence staining. A selective CCR2 antagonist, RS504393, reduced TUNEL staining, a marker of apoptosis, and improved performance in the Morris water maze 3 days post-TBI, suggesting that CCL2-CCR2 signaling has deleterious effects on neuronal survival and learning. Targeting the CCL2-CCR2 pathway may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of TBI.
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155
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Walker KR, Tesco G. Molecular mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:29. [PMID: 23847533 PMCID: PMC3705200 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in significant disability due to cognitive deficits particularly in attention, learning and memory, and higher-order executive functions. The role of TBI in chronic neurodegeneration and the development of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and most recently chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is of particular importance. However, despite significant effort very few therapeutic options exist to prevent or reverse cognitive impairment following TBI. In this review, we present experimental evidence of the known secondary injury mechanisms which contribute to neuronal cell loss, axonal injury, and synaptic dysfunction and hence cognitive impairment both acutely and chronically following TBI. In particular we focus on the mechanisms linking TBI to the development of two forms of dementia: AD and CTE. We provide evidence of potential molecular mechanisms involved in modulating Aβ and Tau following TBI and provide evidence of the role of these mechanisms in AD pathology. Additionally we propose a mechanism by which Aβ generated as a direct result of TBI is capable of exacerbating secondary injury mechanisms thereby establishing a neurotoxic cascade that leads to chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall R Walker
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
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156
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Covey DP, Juliano SA, Garris PA. Amphetamine elicits opposing actions on readily releasable and reserve pools for dopamine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60763. [PMID: 23671560 PMCID: PMC3643976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine, a highly addictive drug with therapeutic efficacy, exerts paradoxical effects on the fundamental communication modes employed by dopamine neurons in modulating behavior. While amphetamine elevates tonic dopamine signaling by depleting vesicular stores and driving non-exocytotic release through reverse transport, this psychostimulant also activates phasic dopamine signaling by up-regulating vesicular dopamine release. We hypothesized that these seemingly incongruent effects arise from amphetamine depleting the reserve pool and enhancing the readily releasable pool. This novel hypothesis was tested using in vivo voltammetry and stimulus trains of varying duration to access different vesicular stores. We show that amphetamine actions are stimulus dependent in the dorsal striatum. Specifically, amphetamine up-regulated vesicular dopamine release elicited by a short-duration train, which interrogates the readily releasable pool, but depleted release elicited by a long-duration train, which interrogates the reserve pool. These opposing actions of vesicular dopamine release were associated with concurrent increases in tonic and phasic dopamine responses. A link between vesicular depletion and tonic signaling was supported by results obtained for amphetamine in the ventral striatum and cocaine in both striatal sub-regions, which demonstrated augmented vesicular release and phasic signals only. We submit that amphetamine differentially targeting dopamine stores reconciles the paradoxical activation of tonic and phasic dopamine signaling. Overall, these results further highlight the unique and region-distinct cellular mechanisms of amphetamine and may have important implications for its addictive and therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P. Covey
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Juliano
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Garris
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, United States of America
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157
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Failla MD, Burkhardt JN, Miller MA, Scanlon JM, Conley YP, Ferrell RE, Wagner AK. Variants of SLC6A4 in depression risk following severe TBI. Brain Inj 2013; 27:696-706. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.775481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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158
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Shaw KE, Bondi CO, Light SH, Massimino LA, McAloon RL, Monaco CM, Kline AE. Donepezil is ineffective in promoting motor and cognitive benefits after controlled cortical impact injury in male rats. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:557-64. [PMID: 23227953 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor donepezil is used as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease and has been recommended as a treatment for enhancing attention and memory after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although select clinical case studies support the use of donepezil for enhancing cognition, there is a paucity of experimental TBI studies assessing the potential efficacy of this pharmacotherapy. Hence, the aim of this pre-clinical study was to evaluate several doses of donepezil to determine its effect on functional outcome after TBI. Ninety anesthetized adult male rats received a controlled cortical impact (CCI; 2.8 mm cortical depth at 4 m/sec) or sham injury, and then were randomly assigned to six TBI and six sham groups (donepezil 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 mg/kg, and saline vehicle 1.0 mL/kg). Treatments began 24 h after surgery and were administered i.p. once daily for 19 days. Function was assessed by motor (beam balance/walk) and cognitive (Morris water maze) tests on days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. No significant differences were observed among the sham control groups in any evaluation, regardless of dose, and therefore the data were pooled. Furthermore, no significant differences were revealed among the TBI groups in acute neurological assessments (e.g., righting reflex), suggesting that all groups received the same level of injury severity. None of the five doses of donepezil improved motor or cognitive function relative to vehicle-treated controls. Moreover, the two highest doses significantly impaired beam-balance (3.0 mg/kg), beam-walk (2.0 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg), and cognitive performance (3.0 mg/kg) versus vehicle. These data indicate that chronic administration of donepezil is not only ineffective in promoting functional improvement after moderate CCI injury, but depending on the dose is actually detrimental to the recovery process. Further work is necessary to determine if other AChE inhibitors exert similar effects after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn E Shaw
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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159
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Mukherjee S, Zeitouni S, Cavarsan CF, Shapiro LA. Increased seizure susceptibility in mice 30 days after fluid percussion injury. Front Neurol 2013; 4:28. [PMID: 23519723 PMCID: PMC3604640 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been reported to increase seizure susceptibility and also contribute to the development of epilepsy. However, the mechanistic basis of the development of increased seizure susceptibility and epilepsy is not clear. Though there is substantial work done using rats, data are lacking regarding the use of mice in the fluid percussion injury (FPI) model. It is unclear if mice, like rats, will experience increased seizure susceptibility following FPI. The availability of a mouse model of increased seizure susceptibility after FPI would provide a basis for the use of genetically modified mice to study mechanism(s) of the development of post-traumatic epilepsy. Therefore, this study was designed to test the hypothesis that, mice subjected to a FPI develop increased seizure susceptibility to a subconvulsive dose of the chemoconvulsant, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Three groups of mice were used: FPI, sham, and naïve controls. On day 30 after FPI, mice from the three groups were injected with PTZ. The results showed that FPI mice exhibited an increased severity, frequency, and duration of seizures in response to PTZ injection compared with the sham and naïve control groups. Histopathological assessment was used to characterize the injury at 1, 3, 7, and 30 days after FPI. The results show that mice subjected to the FPI had a pronounced lesion and glial response that was centered at the FPI focus and peaked at 3 days. By 30 days, only minimal evidence of a lesion is observed, although there is evidence of a chronic glial response. These data are the first to demonstrate an early increase in seizure susceptibility following FPI in mice. Therefore, future studies can incorporate transgenic mice into this model to further elucidate mechanisms of TBI-induced increases in seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, Scott and White Hospital Temple, TX, USA ; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System Temple, TX, USA
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160
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Shin SS, Bales JW, Yan HQ, Kline AE, Wagner AK, Lyons-Weiler J, Dixon CE. The effect of environmental enrichment on substantia nigra gene expression after traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:259-70. [PMID: 23094804 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental investigations into the effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) have demonstrated significant alterations in dopaminergic systems. Dopaminergic fibers originating within the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) are important for reward learning, addiction, movement, and behavior. However, little is known about the effect of TBI on substantia nigra and VTA function. Environmental enrichment (EE) has been shown to improve functional outcome after TBI, and a number of studies suggest that it may exert some benefits via dopaminergic signaling. To better understand the role of dopamine in chronic TBI pathophysiology and the effect of EE, we examined the mRNA expression profile within the substantia nigra and VTA at 4 weeks post-injury. Specifically, three comparisons were made: 1) TBI versus sham, 2) sham+EE versus sham+standard (STD) housing, and 3) TBI+EE versus TBI+STD. There were differential expressions of 25, 4, and 40 genes in these comparisons, respectively. Chronic alterations in genes post-injury within the substantia nigra and VTA included genes important for cellular membrane homeostasis and transcription. EE-induced gene alterations after TBI included genes important for signal transduction, in particular calcium signaling pathways, membrane homeostasis, and metabolism. Elucidation of these alterations in gene expression within the substantia nigra and VTA provides new insights into chronic changes in dopamine signaling post-TBI, and the potential role of EE in TBI rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Shin
- Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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161
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Umene-Nakano W, Yoshimura R, Okamoto T, Hori H, Nakamura J. Aripiprazole improves various cognitive and behavioral impairments after traumatic brain injury: a case report. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35:103.e7-9. [PMID: 22703607 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various types of cognitive and behavioral impairments occur after traumatic brain injury. We present a case exhibiting psychotic symptoms such as irritability, dysphoria, anxiety and insomnia with severe brain dysfunction due to a right temporal lobe contusion incurred in a traffic accident. The patient did not sufficiently respond to rehabilitation or treatment with any pharmacotherapy. In the present case, aripiprazole dramatically improved the patient's symptoms and cognitive function. We evaluated the case using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised between baseline and 5 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Umene-Nakano
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 8078555, Japan.
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162
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Chung SJ, Lew H. Cognitive Function Evaluation by Mini-Mental State Examination-Korea in Essential Blepharospasm. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2013.54.6.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sok Joong Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Helen Lew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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163
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Boutté AM, Yao C, Kobeissy F, May Lu XC, Zhang Z, Wang KK, Schmid K, Tortella FC, Dave JR. Proteomic analysis and brain-specific systems biology in a rodent model of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3693-704. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Boutté
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Changping Yao
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; USA
| | - Xi-Chun May Lu
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Zhiqun Zhang
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; USA
| | - Kevin K. Wang
- Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience; University of Florida; Gainesville; FL; USA
| | - Kara Schmid
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Frank C. Tortella
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
| | - Jitendra R. Dave
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD; USA
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164
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Pontifex MB, Broglio SP, Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Johnson CR, O'Connor PM, Hillman CH. The relation of mild traumatic brain injury to chronic lapses of attention. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2012; 83:553-559. [PMID: 23367818 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2012.10599252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the extent to which failures in sustained attention were associated with chronic mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) deficits in cognitive control among college-age young adults with and without a history of sport-related concussion. Participants completed the ImPACT computer-based assessment and a modified flanker task. Results indicated that a history of mTBI, relative to healthy controls, was associated with inferior overall flanker task performance with a greater number of omission errors and more frequent sequentially occurring omission errors. Accordingly, these findings suggest that failures in the ability to maintain attentional vigilance may, in part, underlie mTBI-related cognition deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology at Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1049, USA.
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165
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Ham TE, Sharp DJ. How can investigation of network function inform rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury? Curr Opin Neurol 2012; 25:662-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e328359488f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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166
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de Oliveira Thais MER, Cavallazzi G, Formolo DA, de Castro LD, Schmoeller R, Guarnieri R, Schwarzbold ML, Diaz AP, Hohl A, Prediger RDS, Mader MJ, Linhares MN, Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ, Walz R. Limited predictive power of hospitalization variables for long-term cognitive prognosis in adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychol 2012; 8:125-39. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Cavallazzi
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Douglas Afonso Formolo
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Lucas D'Ávila de Castro
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Roseli Schmoeller
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Ricardo Guarnieri
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Centro de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina (CEPESC); Hospital Governador Celso Ramos; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Marcelo Liborio Schwarzbold
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Alexandre Paim Diaz
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Centro de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina (CEPESC); Hospital Governador Celso Ramos; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hohl
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Rui D. S. Prediger
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Maria Joana Mader
- Hospital de Clínicas; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Marcelo Neves Linhares
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Centro de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina (CEPESC); Hospital Governador Celso Ramos; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Unidade de Neurocirurgia; Serviço de Cirurgia; HU, UFSC; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | | | | | - Roger Walz
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Centro de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina (CEPESC); Hospital Governador Celso Ramos; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica; HU, UFSC; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
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167
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Crownover J, Galang GNF, Wagner A. Rehabilitation Considerations for Traumatic Brain Injury in the Geriatric Population: Epidemiology, Neurobiology, Prognosis, and Management. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-012-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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168
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Särkämö T, Soto D. Music listening after stroke: beneficial effects and potential neural mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1252:266-81. [PMID: 22524369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Music is an enjoyable leisure activity that also engages many emotional, cognitive, and motor processes in the brain. Here, we will first review previous literature on the emotional and cognitive effects of music listening in healthy persons and various clinical groups. Then we will present findings about the short- and long-term effects of music listening on the recovery of cognitive function in stroke patients and the underlying neural mechanisms of these music effects. First, our results indicate that listening to pleasant music can have a short-term facilitating effect on visual awareness in patients with visual neglect, which is associated with functional coupling between emotional and attentional brain regions. Second, daily music listening can improve auditory and verbal memory, focused attention, and mood as well as induce structural gray matter changes in the early poststroke stage. The psychological and neural mechanisms potentially underlying the rehabilitating effect of music after stroke are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppo Särkämö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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169
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Kline AE, Olsen AS, Sozda CN, Hoffman AN, Cheng JP. Evaluation of a combined treatment paradigm consisting of environmental enrichment and the 5-HT1A receptor agonist buspirone after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1960-9. [PMID: 22471653 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) and serotonin(1A) (5-HT(1A))-receptor agonists provide significant benefit after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that combining these therapies would produce an effect that is more robust than either therapy alone. Anesthetized adult male rats received a cortical impact or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to EE or standard (STD) housing where they received either buspirone (0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle (1.0 mL/kg) once daily for 3 weeks. Motor and cognitive assessments were conducted on post-injury days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. CA1/3 neurons were quantified at 3 weeks. No differences were observed among buspirone and vehicle sham groups in any task regardless of housing condition and thus the data were pooled. CA3 cell loss was reduced in the TBI+EE+buspirone and TBI+EE+vehicle groups. Motor recovery, spatial learning, and memory retention were enhanced in the TBI+EE+buspirone, TBI+EE+vehicle, and TBI+STD+buspirone groups versus the TBI+STD+vehicle group (p ≤ 0.005). Moreover, spatial learning was significantly better in the TBI+EE+buspirone group versus the TBI+STD+buspirone group (p<0.0001). No differences were revealed between the buspirone and vehicle EE groups. These data show that EE and buspirone benefit functional outcome after TBI, but their combination is not more robust than either alone, which does not support the hypothesis. The lack of an additive effect may be due to the early-and-continuous EE paradigm on its own producing marked benefits, resulting in a ceiling effect. The evaluation of buspirone in a delayed-and-abbreviated EE paradigm is ongoing in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Kline
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Olsen AS, Sozda CN, Cheng JP, Hoffman AN, Kline AE. Traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive and histological deficits are attenuated by delayed and chronic treatment with the 5-HT1A-receptor agonist buspirone. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1898-907. [PMID: 22416854 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of the serotonin(1A) (5-HT(1A)) receptor agonist buspirone (BUS) on behavioral and histological outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Ninety-six isoflurane-anesthetized adult male rats were randomized to receive either a controlled cortical impact or sham injury, and then assigned to six TBI and six sham groups receiving one of five doses of BUS (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 mg/kg) or saline vehicle (VEH, 1.0 mL/kg). Treatments began 24 h after surgery and were administered intraperitoneally once daily for 3 weeks. Motor function (beam-balance/beam-walk tests) and spatial learning/memory (Morris water maze) were assessed on post-operative days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. Morphologically intact CA1/CA3 cells and cortical lesion volume were quantified at 3 weeks. No differences were observed among the BUS and VEH sham groups in any end-point measure and thus the data were pooled. Regarding the TBI groups, repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that the 0.3 mg/kg dose of BUS enhanced cognitive performance relative to VEH and the other BUS doses (p<0.05), but did not significantly impact motor function. Moreover, the same dose conferred selective histological protection as evidenced by smaller cortical lesions, but not greater CA1/CA3 cell survival. No significant behavioral or histological differences were observed among the other BUS doses versus VEH. These data indicate that BUS has a narrow therapeutic dose response, and that 0.3 mg/kg is optimal for enhancing spatial learning and memory in this model of TBI. BUS may have potential as a novel pharmacotherapy for clinical TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Olsen
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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171
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Effective factors on linguistic disorder during acute phase following traumatic brain injury in adults. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1444-50. [PMID: 22410412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been known to be the leading cause of breakdown and long-term disability in people under 45 years of age. This study highlights the effective factors on post-traumatic (PT) linguistic disorder and relations between linguistic and cognitive function after trauma in adults with acute TBI. A cross-sectional design was employed to study 60 post-TBI hospitalized adults aged 18-65 years. Post-traumatic (PT) linguistic disorder and cognitive deficit after TBI were respectively diagnosed using the Persian Aphasia Test (PAT) and Persian version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at discharge. Primary post-resuscitation consciousness level was determined using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Paracilinical data was obtained by CT scan technique. Multiple logistic regression analysis illustrated that brain injury severity was the first powerful significant predictor of PT linguistic disorder after TBI and frontotemporal lesion was the second. It was also revealed that cognitive function score was significantly correlated with score of each language skill except repetition. Subsequences of TBI are more commonly language dysfunctions that demand cognitive flexibility. Moderate, severe and fronto-temporal lesion can increase the risk of processing deficit in linguistic macrostructure production and comprehension. The dissociation risk of cortical and subcortical pathways related to cognitive-linguistic processing due to intracranial lesions can augment possibility of lexical-semantic processing deficit in acute phase which probably contributes to later cognitive-communication disorder.
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172
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Leunissen I, Coxon JP, Geurts M, Caeyenberghs K, Michiels K, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP. Disturbed cortico-subcortical interactions during motor task switching in traumatic brain injury. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:1254-71. [PMID: 22287257 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to suppress and flexibly adapt motor behavior is a fundamental mechanism of cognitive control, which is impaired in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we used a combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion weighted imaging tractography to study changes in brain function and structure associated with motor switching performance in TBI. Twenty-three young adults with moderate-severe TBI and twenty-six healthy controls made spatially and temporally coupled bimanual circular movements. A visual cue signaled the right hand to switch or continue its circling direction. The time to initiate the switch (switch response time) was longer and more variable in the TBI group and TBI patients exhibited a higher incidence of complete contralateral (left hand) movement disruptions. Both groups activated the basal ganglia and a previously described network for task-set implementation, including the supplementary motor complex and bilateral inferior frontal cortex (IFC). Relative to controls, patients had significantly increased activation in the presupplementary motor area (preSMA) and left IFC, and showed underactivation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) region. This altered functional engagement was related to the white matter microstructural properties of the tracts connecting preSMA, IFC, and STN. Both functional activity in preSMA, IFC, and STN, and the integrity of the connections between them were associated with behavioral performance across patients and controls. We suggest that damage to these key pathways within the motor switching network because of TBI, shifts the patients toward the lower end of the existing structure-function-behavior spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Leunissen
- Motor Control Laboratory, Research Centre of Movement Control and Neuroplasticity, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Group Biomedical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
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173
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Hutson CB, Lazo CR, Mortazavi F, Giza CC, Hovda D, Chesselet MF. Traumatic brain injury in adult rats causes progressive nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell loss and enhanced vulnerability to the pesticide paraquat. J Neurotrauma 2012; 28:1783-801. [PMID: 21644813 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein. Both traumatic brain injury (TBI) and pesticides are risk factors for PD, but whether TBI causes nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell loss in experimental models and whether it acts synergistically with pesticides is unknown. We have examined the acute and long-term effects of TBI and exposure to low doses of the pesticide paraquat, separately and in combination, on nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in adult male rats. In an acute study, rats received moderate TBI by lateral fluid percussion (LFP) injury, were injected with saline or paraquat (10 mg/kg IP) 3 and 6 days after LFP, were sacrificed 5 days later, and their brains processed for immunohistochemistry. TBI alone increased microglial activation in the substantia nigra, and caused a 15% loss of dopaminergic neurons ipsilaterally. Paraquat increased the TBI effect, causing a 30% bilateral loss of dopaminergic neurons, reduced striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity more than TBI alone, and induced alpha-synuclein accumulation in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In a long-term study, rats received moderate LFP, were injected with saline or paraquat at 21 and 22 weeks post-injury, and were sacrificed 4 weeks later. At 26 weeks post injury, TBI alone induced a 30% bilateral loss of dopaminergic neurons that was not exacerbated by paraquat. These data suggest that TBI is sufficient to induce a progressive degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, TBI and pesticide exposure, when occurring within a defined time frame, could combine to increase the PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Brown Hutson
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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174
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Biologic and plastic effects of experimental traumatic brain injury treatment paradigms and their relevance to clinical rehabilitation. PM R 2011; 3:S18-27. [PMID: 21703575 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplastic changes, whether induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI) or therapeutic interventions, alter neurobehavioral outcome. Here we present several treatment strategies that have been evaluated by using experimental TBI models and discuss potential mechanisms of action (ie, plasticity) and how such changes affect function.
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176
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Ko IG, Cho H, Kim SE, Kim JE, Sung YH, Kim BK, Shin MS, Cho S, Pak YK, Kim CJ. Hypothermia alleviates hypoxic ischemia-induced dopamine dysfunction and memory impairment in rats. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2011.607514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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177
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Arciniegas DB. Addressing neuropsychiatric disturbances during rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: current and future methods. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2011. [PMID: 22034400 PMCID: PMC3182011 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2011.13.2/darciniegas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and sensorimotor disturbances are the principal clinical manifestations of traumatic brain injury (TBI) throughout the early postinjury period. These post-traumatic neuropsychiatric disturbances present substantial challenges to patients, their families, and clinicians providing their rehabilitative care, the optimal approaches to which remain incompletely developed. In this article, a neuropsychiairically informed, neurobiologically anchored approach to understanding and meeting challenges is described. The foundation for thai approach is laid, with a review of clinical case definitions of TBI and clarification of their intended referents. The differential diagnosis of event-related neuropsychiatric disturbances is considered next, after which the clinical and neurobiological heterogeneity within the diagnostic category of TBI are discussed. The clinical manifestations of biomechanical force-induced brain dysfunction are described as a state of post-traumatic encephalopathy (PTE) comprising several phenomenologically distinct stages, PTE is then used as a framework for understanding and clinically evaluating the neuropsychiatric sequelae of TBI encountered commonly during the early post-injury rehabilitation period, and for considering the types and timings of neurorehabilitative interventions. Finally, directions for future research that may address productively the challenges to TBI rehabilitation presented by neuropsychiatric disturbances are considered.
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178
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Lei Z, Deng P, Li J, Xu ZC. Alterations of A-type potassium channels in hippocampal neurons after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:235-45. [PMID: 21895522 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with cognitive deficits, memory impairment, and epilepsy. Previous studies have reported neuronal loss and neuronal hyperexcitability in the post-traumatic hippocampus. A-type K+ currents (I(A)) play a critical role in modulating the intrinsic membrane excitability of hippocampal neurons. The disruption of I(A) is reportedly linked to hippocampal dysfunction. The present study investigates the changes of I(A) in the hippocampus after TBI. TBI in rats was induced by controlled cortical impact. The impact induced a reproducible lesion in the cortex and an obvious neuronal death in the ipsilateral hippocampus CA3 region. At one week after TBI, immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting showed that the expression of I(A) channel subunit Kv4.2 was markedly decreased in the ipsilateral hippocampus, but remained unchanged in the contralateral hippocampus. Meanwhile, electrophysiological recording showed that I(A) currents in ipsilateral CA1 pyramidal neurons were significantly reduced, which was associated with an increased neuronal excitability. Furthermore, there was an increased sensitivity to bicuculline-induced seizures in TBI rats. At 8 weeks after TBI, immunohistochemical staining and electrophysiological recording indicated that I(A) returned to control levels. These findings suggest that TBI causes a transient downregulation of I(A) in hippocampal CA1 neurons, which might be associated with the hyperexcitability in the post-traumatic hippocampus, and in turn leads to seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Lei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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179
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Frenette AJ, Kanji S, Rees L, Williamson DR, Perreault MM, Turgeon AF, Bernard F, Fergusson DA. Efficacy and safety of dopamine agonists in traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:1-18. [PMID: 21846248 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the intensive care unit, dopamine agonists (DA) have been used in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients to augment or accelerate cognitive recovery and rehabilitation. However, the efficacy and safety of DA in this population is not well established. We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the clinical efficacy and safety of DA in patients with TBI. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, comparing DA to either placebo, standard treatment, or another active comparator. There was no restriction for age, date, or language of publication. Sensitivity analyses were planned to evaluate the potential effect of timing of TBI, age, drugs, and year of publication on efficacy. Among the 790 citations identified, 20 RCTs evaluating methylphenidate, amantadine, and bromocriptine were eligible. Significant clinical heterogeneity was observed between and within studies, which precluded any pooling of data. Efficacy outcomes included mainly neuropsychological measures of cognitive functioning. A total of 76 different neuropsychological tests were used, but most of them (59%) only once. Only 5 studies systematically assessed safety. No trend could be drawn from the analysis of efficacy and safety. Important sources of bias in the studies were of major concern. Considering the absence of consensus regarding clinical outcome, the lack of safety assessment, and the high risk of bias in the included trials, more research is warranted before DA can be recommended in critically ill TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Julie Frenette
- Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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180
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Kane MJ, Angoa-Pérez M, Briggs DI, Viano DC, Kreipke CW, Kuhn DM. A mouse model of human repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 203:41-9. [PMID: 21930157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the study of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI) that models the most common form of head injury in humans is presented. Existing animal models of TBI impart focal, severe damage unlike that seen in repeated and mild concussive injuries, and few are configured for repetitive application. Our model is a modification of the Marmarou weight drop method and allows repeated head impacts to lightly anesthetized mice. A key facet of this method is the delivery of an impact to the cranium of an unrestrained subject allowing rapid acceleration of the free-moving head and torso, an essential characteristic known to be important for concussive injury in humans, and a factor that is missing from existing animal models of TBI. Our method does not require scalp incision, emplacement of protective skull helmets or surgery and the procedure can be completed in 1-2 min. Mice spontaneously recover the righting reflex and show no evidence of seizures, paralysis or impaired behavior. Skull fractures and intracranial bleeding are very rare. Minor deficits in motor coordination and locomotor hyperactivity recover over time. Histological analyses reveal mild astrocytic reactivity (increased expression of GFAP) and increased phospho-tau but a lack of blood-brain-barrier disruption, edema and microglial activation. This new animal model is simple and cost-effective and will facilitate characterization of the neurobiological and behavioral consequences of rmTBI. It is also ideal for high throughput screening of potential new therapies for mild concussive injuries as experienced by athletes and military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kane
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1916, USA
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181
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Young JA. Pharmacotherapy for traumatic brain injury: focus on sympathomimetics. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 134:1-7. [PMID: 21893094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating neurological injury with broad manifestations. Unfortunately, its diagnosis and efficacious treatments remain elusive. Different post injury symptoms are exhibited at different time frames, indicative of a time-related progression of the pathology. Therefore, particular treatments must be tailored to the post injury time frame. This overview is focused on the secondary chronic phase following TBI and the value of sympathomimetic therapy during this phase. The various direct- and indirect-acting drugs are reviewed, and the treatment protocol employed by the author is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Young
- Rush University, Rehab Associates of Chicago, 1725 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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182
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Shadli RM, Pieter MS, Yaacob MJ, Rashid FA. APOE genotype and neuropsychological outcome in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury: A pilot study. Brain Inj 2011; 25:596-603. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.572947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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183
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Edut S, Rubovitch V, Schreiber S, Pick CG. The intriguing effects of ecstasy (MDMA) on cognitive function in mice subjected to a minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 214:877-89. [PMID: 21120456 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The use of ecstasy (MDMA) among young adults has dramatically increased over the years. Since MDMA may impair the users' driving ability, the risk of being involved in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) is notably increased. Minimal traumatic brain injury (mTBI) a common consequence of MVAs-produces short- and long-term physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of an acute dose of MDMA in mice subjected to closed head mTBI. METHODS Mice received 10 mg/kg MDMA 1 h prior to the induction of mTBI. Behavioral tests were conducted 7 and 30 days post-injury. In addition to the behavioral tests, phosphorylation of IGF-1R, ERK, and levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were measured. RESULTS mTBI mice showed major cognitive impairments in all cognitive tests conducted. No additional impairments were seen if mTBI was preceded by one dose of MDMA. On the contrary, a beneficial effect was seen in these mice. The western blot analysis of TH revealed a significant decrease in the mTBI mice. These decreases were reversed in mice that were subjected to MDMA prior to the trauma. CONCLUSIONS The presence of MDMA at the time of mTBI minimizes the alteration of visual and spatial memory of the injured mice. The IGF-1R pathway was activated due to mTBI and MDMA but was not the main contributor to the cognitive improvements. MDMA administration inverted the TH decreases seen after injury. We believe this may be the major cause of the cognitive improvements seen in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahaf Edut
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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184
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The dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa (DARPP-32) signaling pathway: a novel therapeutic target in traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 229:300-7. [PMID: 21376040 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes persistent neurologic deficits. Current therapies, predominantly focused upon cortical and hippocampal cellular survival, have limited benefit on cognitive outcomes. Striatal damage is associated with deficits in executive function, learning, and memory. Dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein 32 (DARPP-32) is expressed within striatal medium spiny neurons and regulates striatal function. We found that controlled cortical impact injury in rats produces a chronic decrease in DARPP-32 phosphorylation at threonine-34 and an increase in protein phosphatase-1 activity. There is no effect of injury on threonine-75 phosphorylation or on DARPP-32 protein. Amantadine, shown to be efficacious in treating post-TBI cognitive deficits, given daily for two weeks is able to restore the loss of DARPP-32 phosphorylation and reduce protein phosphatase-1 activity. Amantadine also decreases the phosphorylation of threonine-75 consistent with activity as a partial N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and partial dopamine agonist. These data demonstrate that targeting the DARPP-32 signaling cascade represents a promising novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of persistent deficits following a TBI.
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185
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Therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and/or enhancement of functional recovery following traumatic brain injury. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 98:85-131. [PMID: 21199771 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385506-0.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern. The number of injuries that occur each year, the cost of care, and the disabilities that can lower the victim's quality of life are all driving factors for the development of therapy. However, in spite of a wealth of promising preclinical results, clinicians are still lacking a therapy. The use of preclinical models of the primary mechanical trauma have greatly advanced our knowledge of the complex biochemical sequela that follow. This cascade of molecular, cellular, and systemwide changes involves plasticity in many different neurochemical systems, which represent putative targets for remediation or attenuation of neuronal injury. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight some of the promising molecular and cellular targets that have been identified and to provide an up-to-date summary of the development of therapeutic compounds for those targets.
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186
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Arciniegas DB. Addressing neuropsychiatric disturbances during rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: current and future methods. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 13:325-45. [PMID: 22034400 PMCID: PMC3182011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and sensorimotor disturbances are the principal clinical manifestations of traumatic brain injury (TBI) throughout the early postinjury period. These post-traumatic neuropsychiatric disturbances present substantial challenges to patients, their families, and clinicians providing their rehabilitative care, the optimal approaches to which remain incompletely developed. In this article, a neuropsychiatrically informed, neurobiologically anchored approach to understanding and meeting challenges is described. The foundation for that approach is laid, with a review of clinical case definitions of TBI and clarification of their intended referents. The differential diagnosis of event-related neuropsychiatric disturbances is considered next, after which the clinical and neurobiological heterogeneity within the diagnostic category of TBI are discussed. The clinical manifestations of biomechanical force-induced brain dysfunction are described as a state of post-traumatic encephalopathy (PTE) comprising several phenomenologically distinct stages. PTE is then used as a framework for understanding and clinically evaluating the neuropsychiatric sequelae of TBI encountered commonly during the early post-injury rehabilitation period, and for considering the types and timings of neurorehabilitative interventions. Finally, directions for future research that may address productively the challenges to TBI rehabilitation presented by neuropsychiatric disturbances are considered.
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187
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Shin SS, Bray ER, Zhang CQ, Dixon CE. Traumatic brain injury reduces striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity and potassium-evoked dopamine release in rats. Brain Res 2010; 1369:208-15. [PMID: 21047500 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces hypofunction of the striatal dopaminergic system, the mechanisms of which are unknown. In this study, we analyzed the activity of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in rats at 1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks after TBI using the controlled cortical impact model. There were no changes in the level of TH phosphorylated at serine 40 site (pser40TH) at 1 day or 4 weeks. At 1 week, injured animals showed decreased pser40TH to 73.9±7.3% (p≤0.05) of sham injured rats. The in vivo TH activity assay showed no significant difference between injured and sham rats at 1 day. However, there was a decreased activity in injured rats to 62.1±8.2% (p≤0.05) and 68.8±6.2% (p≤0.05) of sham injured rats at 1 and 4 weeks, respectively. Also, the activity of protein kinase A, which activates TH, decreased at 1 week (injured: 87.8±2.8%, sham: 100.0±4.2%, p≤0.05). To study the release activity of dopamine after injury, potassium (80 mM)-evoked dopamine release was measured by microdialysis in awake, freely moving rats. Dialysates were collected and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. There were no significant differences in dopamine release at 1 day and 4 weeks between sham and injured groups. At 1 week, there was a significant decrease (injured: 0.067±0.015 μM, sham: 0.127±0.027 μM, p≤0.05). These results suggest that TBI-induced dopamine neurotransmission deficits are, at least in part, attributable to deficits in TH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Shin
- Brain Trauma Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3434 Fifth Ave, Suite 201, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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188
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Kline AE, McAloon RL, Henderson KA, Bansal UK, Ganti BM, Ahmed RH, Gibbs RB, Sozda CN. Evaluation of a combined therapeutic regimen of 8-OH-DPAT and environmental enrichment after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:2021-32. [PMID: 21028935 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When provided individually, both the serotonin (5-HT(1A))-receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) and environmental enrichment (EE) enhance behavioral outcome and reduce histopathology after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to determine whether combining these therapies would yield greater benefit than either used alone. Anesthetized adult male rats received a cortical impact or sham injury and then were randomly assigned to enriched or standard (STD) housing, where either 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle (1.0 mL/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once daily for 3 weeks. Motor and cognitive assessments were conducted on post-injury days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively. CA1/CA3 neurons and choline acetyltransferase-positive (ChAT(+)) medial septal cells were quantified at 3 weeks. 8-OH-DPAT and EE attenuated CA3 and ChAT(+) cell loss. Both therapies also enhanced motor recovery, acquisition of spatial learning, and memory retention, as verified by reduced times to traverse the beam and to locate an escape platform in the water maze, and a greater percentage of time spent searching in the target quadrant during a probe trial in the TBI + STD + 8-OH-DPAT, TBI + EE + 8-OH-DPAT, and TBI + EE + vehicle groups versus the TBI + STD + vehicle group (p ≤ 0.0016). No statistical distinctions were revealed between the TBI + EE + 8-OH-DPAT and TBI + EE + vehicle groups in functional outcome or CA1/CA3 cell survival, but there were significantly more ChAT(+) cells in the former (p = 0.003). These data suggest that a combined therapeutic regimen of 8-OH-DPAT and EE reduces TBI-induced ChAT(+) cell loss, but does not enhance hippocampal cell survival or neurobehavioral performance beyond that of either treatment alone. The findings underscore the complexity of combinational therapies and of elucidating potential targets for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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189
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Qi L, Jacob A, Wang P, Wu R. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ and traumatic brain injury. Int J Clin Exp Med 2010; 3:283-292. [PMID: 21072262 PMCID: PMC2971540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a major health care problem and a significant socioeconomic challenge worldwide. No specific therapy for TBI is available. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Although PPAR-γ was originally characterized in adipose tissue as a regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism, recent studies showed that PPAR-γ is present in most cell types and plays a central role in the regulation of adipogenesis, glucose homeostasis, cellular differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation. Here, we reviewed the current literature on the molecular mechanisms of PPAR-γ-related neuroprotection after TBI. Growing evidence has indicated that the beneficial effects of PPAR-γ activation in TBI appear to be mediated through downregulation of inflammatory responses, reduction of oxidative stress, inhibition of apoptosis, and promotion of neurogenesis. A thorough understanding of the PPAR-γ pathway will be critical to the development of therapeutic interventions for the treatment of patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qi
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical CenterManhasset, NY 11030, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Asha Jacob
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical CenterManhasset, NY 11030, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical CenterManhasset, NY 11030, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Rongqian Wu
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital and Long Island Jewish Medical CenterManhasset, NY 11030, USA
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical ResearchManhasset, NY 11030, USA
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190
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Sozda CN, Hoffman AN, Olsen AS, Cheng JP, Zafonte RD, Kline AE. Empirical comparison of typical and atypical environmental enrichment paradigms on functional and histological outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1047-57. [PMID: 20334496 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that housing rats in an enriched environment (EE) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) improves functional and histological outcome. The typical EE includes exploratory, sensory, and social components in cages that are often vastly larger than standard (STD) housing. It is uncertain, however, whether a single or specific component is sufficient to confer these benefits after TBI, or if all, perhaps in an additive or synergistic manner, are necessary. To clarify this ambiguity, anesthetized adult male rats were subjected to either a controlled cortical impact or sham injury, and then were randomly assigned to five different housing paradigms: (1) EE (typical), (2) EE (-social), (3) EE (-stimuli), (4) STD (typical), and (5) STD (+stimuli). Motor and cognitive function were assessed using conventional motor (beam-balance/traversal) and cognitive (spatial learning in a Morris water maze) tests on postoperative days 1-5 and 14-19, respectively, and cortical lesion volume and CA1/CA3 cell loss were quantified at 3 weeks. No significant differences were observed among the sham groups in any comparison and thus their data were pooled (i.e., SHAM). In the TBI groups, typical EE improved beam-balance versus both STD (+stimuli) and EE (-social), it facilitated the acquisition of spatial learning and memory retention versus all other housing conditions (p < 0.003), and it reduced lesion volume and CA3 cell loss versus STD (typical) housing. While rats in the three atypical EE conditions exhibited slightly better cognitive performance and histological protection versus the typical STD group, the overall effects were not significant. These data suggest that exposing TBI rats to any of the three components individually may be more advantageous than no enrichment, but only exposure to typical EE yields optimal benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Sozda
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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191
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Opreanu RC, Kuhn D, Basson MD. Influence of alcohol on mortality in traumatic brain injury. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 210:997-1007. [PMID: 20510810 PMCID: PMC3837571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razvan C Opreanu
- Department of Surgery, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 1200 East Michigan Avenue, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
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192
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Cernak I, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Traumatic brain injury: an overview of pathobiology with emphasis on military populations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:255-66. [PMID: 19809467 PMCID: PMC2855235 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the pathobiology of non-impact blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT). The pathobiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been historically studied in experimental models mimicking features seen in the civilian population. These brain injuries are characterized by primary damage to both gray and white matter and subsequent evolution of secondary pathogenic events at the cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels, which collectively mediate widespread neurodegeneration. An emerging field of research addresses brain injuries related to the military, in particular blast-induced brain injuries. What is clear from the effort to date is that the pathobiology of military TBIs, particularly BINT, has characteristics not seen in other types of brain injury, despite similar secondary injury cascades. The pathobiology of primary BINT is extremely complex. It comprises systemic, local, and cerebral responses interacting and often occurring in parallel. Activation of the autonomous nervous system, sudden pressure-increase in vital organs such as lungs and liver, and activation of neuroendocrine-immune system are among the most important mechanisms significantly contributing to molecular changes and cascading injury mechanisms in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolja Cernak
- National Security Technology Department, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland 20723, USA.
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