151
|
Sardinha VM, Guerra-Gomes S, Caetano I, Tavares G, Martins M, Reis JS, Correia JS, Teixeira-Castro A, Pinto L, Sousa N, Oliveira JF. Astrocytic signaling supports hippocampal-prefrontal theta synchronization and cognitive function. Glia 2017; 65:1944-1960. [PMID: 28885722 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes interact with neurons at the cellular level through modulation of synaptic formation, maturation, and function, but the impact of such interaction into behavior remains unclear. Here, we studied the dominant negative SNARE (dnSNARE) mouse model to dissect the role of astrocyte-derived signaling in corticolimbic circuits, with implications for cognitive processing. We found that the blockade of gliotransmitter release in astrocytes triggers a critical desynchronization of neural theta oscillations between dorsal hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Moreover, we found a strong cognitive impairment in tasks depending on this network. Importantly, the supplementation with d-serine completely restores hippocampal-prefrontal theta synchronization and rescues the spatial memory and long-term memory of dnSNARE mice. We provide here novel evidence of long distance network modulation by astrocytes, with direct implications to cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Morais Sardinha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sónia Guerra-Gomes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Inês Caetano
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Tavares
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuella Martins
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Santos Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Sofia Correia
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Teixeira-Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João Filipe Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.,DIGARC, Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Barcelos 4750-810, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Luarte A, Cisternas P, Caviedes A, Batiz LF, Lafourcade C, Wyneken U, Henzi R. Astrocytes at the Hub of the Stress Response: Potential Modulation of Neurogenesis by miRNAs in Astrocyte-Derived Exosomes. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1719050. [PMID: 29081809 PMCID: PMC5610870 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1719050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive stress negatively affects several brain functions and neuronal networks. Moreover, adult neurogenesis is consistently impaired in chronic stress models and in associated human diseases such as unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, while it is restored by effective antidepressant treatments. The adult neurogenic niche contains neural progenitor cells in addition to amplifying progenitors, neuroblasts, immature and mature neurons, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglial cells. Because of their particular and crucial position, with their end feet enwrapping endothelial cells and their close communication with the cells of the niche, astrocytes might constitute a nodal point to bridge or transduce systemic stress signals from peripheral blood, such as glucocorticoids, to the cells involved in the neurogenic process. It has been proposed that communication between astrocytes and niche cells depends on direct cell-cell contacts and soluble mediators. In addition, new evidence suggests that this communication might be mediated by extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, and in particular, by their miRNA cargo. Here, we address some of the latest findings regarding the impact of stress in the biology of the neurogenic niche, and postulate how astrocytic exosomes (and miRNAs) may play a fundamental role in such phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Luarte
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cisternas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Caviedes
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Federico Batiz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Lafourcade
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Henzi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Richetin K, Petsophonsakul P, Roybon L, Guiard BP, Rampon C. Differential alteration of hippocampal function and plasticity in females and males of the APPxPS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 57:220-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
154
|
Papouin T, Henneberger C, Rusakov DA, Oliet SH. Astroglial versus Neuronal D-Serine: Fact Checking. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:517-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
155
|
Critical periods regulating the circuit integration of adult-born hippocampal neurons. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:23-32. [PMID: 28828636 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG) in the adult brain maintains the capability to generate new granule neurons throughout life. Neural stem cell-derived new-born neurons emerge to play key functions in the way information is processed in the DG and then conveyed to the CA3 hippocampal area, yet accumulating evidence indicates that both the maturation process and the connectivity pattern of new granule neurons are not prefigured but can be modulated by the activity of local microcircuits and, on a network level, by experience. Although most of the activity- and experience-dependent changes described so far appear to be restricted to critical periods during the development of new granule neurons, it is becoming increasingly clear that the surrounding circuits may play equally key roles in accommodating and perhaps fostering, these changes. Here, we review some of the most recent insights into this almost unique form of plasticity in the adult brain by focusing on those critical periods marked by pronounced changes in structure and function of the new granule neurons and discuss how the activity of putative synaptic partners may contribute to shape the circuit module in which new neurons become finally integrated.
Collapse
|
156
|
Li L, Sultan S, Heigele S, Schmidt-Salzmann C, Toni N, Bischofberger J. Silent synapses generate sparse and orthogonal action potential firing in adult-born hippocampal granule cells. eLife 2017; 6:23612. [PMID: 28826488 PMCID: PMC5580881 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult neurogenesis young neurons connect to the existing network via formation of thousands of new synapses. At early developmental stages, glutamatergic synapses are sparse, immature and functionally 'silent', expressing mainly NMDA receptors. Here we show in 2- to 3-week-old young neurons of adult mice, that brief-burst activity in glutamatergic fibers is sufficient to induce postsynaptic AP firing in the absence of AMPA receptors. The enhanced excitability of the young neurons lead to efficient temporal summation of small NMDA currents, dynamic unblocking of silent synapses and NMDA-receptor-dependent AP firing. Therefore, early synaptic inputs are powerfully converted into reliable spiking output. Furthermore, due to high synaptic gain, small dendritic trees and sparse connectivity, neighboring young neurons are activated by different distinct subsets of afferent fibers with minimal overlap. Taken together, synaptic recruitment of young neurons generates sparse and orthogonal AP firing, which may support sparse coding during hippocampal information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Li
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Sultan
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Heigele
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Toni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
157
|
Modulation of Central Synapses by Astrocyte-Released ATP and Postsynaptic P2X Receptors. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:9454275. [PMID: 28845311 PMCID: PMC5563405 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9454275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between neuronal and glial cells is important for neural plasticity. P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels widely expressed in the brain where they mediate action of extracellular ATP released by neurons and/or glia. Recent data show that postsynaptic P2X receptors underlie slow neuromodulatory actions rather than fast synaptic transmission at brain synapses. Here, we review these findings with a particular focus on the release of ATP by astrocytes and the diversity of postsynaptic P2X-mediated modulation of synaptic strength and plasticity in the CNS.
Collapse
|
158
|
Baldwin KT, Eroglu C. Molecular mechanisms of astrocyte-induced synaptogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 45:113-120. [PMID: 28570864 PMCID: PMC5573249 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are morphologically complex cells that perform a wide variety of critical functions in the brain. As a structurally and functionally integrated component of the synapse, astrocytes secrete proteins, lipids, and small molecules that bind neuronal receptors to promote synaptogenesis and regulate synaptic connectivity. Additionally, astrocytes are key players in circuit formation, instructing the formation of synapses between distinct classes of neurons. This review highlights recent publications on the topic of astrocyte-mediated synaptogenesis, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms through which astrocytes orchestrate the formation of synaptic circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Baldwin
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Duke Institute for Brain Sciences (DIBS), Durham, NC 27710, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) have important contributions to the development of the mammalian brain, targeting its actions on both neurons and glial cells. Astrocytes, which constitute about half of the glial cells, characteristically undergo dramatic changes in their morphology during development and such changes become necessary for the proper development of the brain. Interestingly, a large number of studies have suggested that THs play a profound role in such morphological maturation of the astrocytes. This review discusses the present knowledge on the mechanisms by which THs elicit progressive differentiation and maturation of the astrocytes. As a prelude, information on astrocyte morphology during development and its regulations, the role of THs in the various functions of astrocyte shall be dealt with for a thorough understanding of the subject of this review.
Collapse
|
160
|
Abstract
Millions of individuals suffer from age-related cognitive decline, defined by impaired memory precision. Increased understanding of hippocampal circuit mechanisms underlying memory formation suggests a role for computational processes such as pattern separation and pattern completion in memory precision. We describe evidence implicating the dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit in pattern separation and completion, and examine alterations in dentate gyrus-CA3 circuit structure and function with aging. We discuss the role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in memory precision in adulthood and aging, as well as the circuit mechanisms underlying the integration and encoding functions of adult-born dentate granule cells. We posit that understanding these circuit mechanisms will permit generation of circuit-based endophenotypes that will edify new therapeutic strategies to optimize hippocampal encoding during aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAvoy
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Amar Sahay
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- BROAD Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Matias I, Diniz LP, Buosi A, Neves G, Stipursky J, Gomes FCA. Flavonoid Hesperidin Induces Synapse Formation and Improves Memory Performance through the Astrocytic TGF-β1. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:184. [PMID: 28659786 PMCID: PMC5468382 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse formation and function are critical events for the brain function and cognition. Astrocytes are active participants in the control of synapses during development and adulthood, but the mechanisms underlying astrocyte synaptogenic potential only began to be better understood recently. Currently, new drugs and molecules, including the flavonoids, have been studied as therapeutic alternatives for modulation of cognitive processes in physiological and pathological conditions. However, the cellular targets and mechanisms of actions of flavonoids remain poorly elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of hesperidin on memory and its cellular and molecular targets in vivo and in vitro, by using a short-term protocol of treatment. The novel object recognition test (NOR) was used to evaluate memory performance of mice intraperitoneally treated with hesperidin 30 min before the training and again before the test phase. The direct effects of hesperidin on synapses and astrocytes were also investigated using in vitro approaches. Here, we described hesperidin as a new drug able to improve memory in healthy adult mice by two main mechanisms: directly, by inducing synapse formation and function between hippocampal and cortical neurons; and indirectly, by enhancing the synaptogenic ability of cortical astrocytes mainly due to increased secretion of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) by these cells. Our data reinforces the known neuroprotective effect of hesperidin and, by the first time, characterizes its synaptogenic action on the central nervous system (CNS), pointing astrocytes and TGF-β1 signaling as new cellular and molecular targets of hesperidin. Our work provides not only new data regarding flavonoid’s actions on the CNS but also shed light on possible new therapeutic alternative based on astrocyte biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Matias
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luan P Diniz
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea Buosi
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilda Neves
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joice Stipursky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Adamsky A, Goshen I. Astrocytes in Memory Function: Pioneering Findings and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2017; 370:14-26. [PMID: 28571720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes have been generally believed to perform mainly homeostatic and supportive functions for neurons in the central nervous system. Recently, a growing body of evidence suggests previously unrecognized and surprising functions for astrocytes, including regulation of synaptic formation, transmission and plasticity, all of which are considered as the infrastructure for information processing and memory formation and stabilization. This review discusses the involvement of astrocytes in memory functions and the possible mechanisms that may underlie it. We review the important breakthroughs obtained in this field, as well as some of the controversies that arose from the past difficulty to manipulate these cells in a cell type-specific and non-invasive manner. Finally, we present new research avenues based on the advanced tools becoming available in recent years: optogenetics and chemogenetics, and the potential ways in which these tools may further illuminate the role of astrocytes in memory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adar Adamsky
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
The Gliotransmitter d-Serine Promotes Synapse Maturation and Axonal Stabilization In Vivo. J Neurosci 2017; 37:6277-6288. [PMID: 28550169 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3158-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The NMDAR is thought to play a key role in the refinement of connectivity in developing neural circuits. Pharmacological blockade or genetic loss-of-function manipulations that prevent NMDAR function during development result in the disorganization of topographic axonal projections. However, because NMDARs contribute to overall glutamatergic neurotransmission, such loss-of-function experiments fail to adequately distinguish between the roles played by NMDARs and neural activity in general. The gliotransmitter d-serine is a coagonist of the NMDAR that is required for NMDAR channel opening, but which cannot mediate neurotransmission on its own. Here we demonstrate that acute administration of d-serine has no immediate effect on glutamate release or AMPA-mediated neurotransmission. We show that endogenous d-serine is normally present below saturating levels in the developing visual system of the Xenopus tadpole. Using an amperometric enzymatic biosensor, we demonstrate that glutamatergic activation elevates ambient endogenous d-serine levels in the optic tectum. Chronically elevating levels of d-serine promoted synaptic maturation and resulted in the hyperstabilization of developing axon branches in the tadpole visual system. Conversely, treatment with an enzyme that degrades endogenous d-serine resulted in impaired synaptic maturation. Despite the reduction in axon arbor complexity seen in d-serine-treated animals, tectal neuron visual receptive fields were expanded, suggesting a failure to prune divergent retinal inputs. Together, these findings positively implicate NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission in developmental synapse maturation and the stabilization of axonal inputs and reveal a potential role for d-serine as an endogenous modulator of circuit refinement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activation of NMDARs is critical for the activity-dependent development and maintenance of highly organized topographic maps. d-Serine, a coagonist of the NMDAR, plays a significant role in modulating NMDAR-mediated synaptic transmission and plasticity in many brain areas. However, it remains unknown whether d-serine participates in the establishment of precise neuronal connections during development. Using an in vivo model, we show that glutamate receptor activation can evoke endogenous d-serine release, which promotes glutamatergic synapse maturation and stabilizes axonal structural and functional inputs. These results reveal a pivotal modulatory role for d-serine in neurodevelopment.
Collapse
|
164
|
Hiragi T, Andoh M, Araki T, Shirakawa T, Ono T, Koyama R, Ikegaya Y. Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (hiPSC)-Derived Neurons in Mouse Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:143. [PMID: 28567004 PMCID: PMC5434115 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential clinical applications of neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-neurons) for drug screening and transplantation therapies have received considerable attention. However, it remains unclear whether and how transplanted hiPSC-neurons are incorporated into pre-existing neural circuits. Here we developed a co-culture system of hiPSC-neurons and mouse hippocampal slices to examine the differentiation of hiPSC-neurons in pre-existing neural circuits. hiPSC-neurons transplanted in mouse hippocampal slices expressed the hippocampal neuron-specific markers HuB and Prox1 after 7 days of culture, while those markers were scarcely expressed in hiPSC-neurons cultured on glass dishes. Furthermore, hiPSC-neurons transplanted in the dentate gyrus (DG) of slice cultures grew to exhibit dentate granule cell-like morphologies, including besom-shaped dendrites. Similarly, hiPSC-neurons transplanted in the CA1 region of slice cultures grew to exhibit CA1 pyramidal cell-like morphologies, including primary apical and multiple basal dendrites with synaptic spines. Additionally, these cells projected axons toward the entorhinal cortex (EC) as observed in vivo. These data suggest that hiPSC-neurons were anatomically integrated into pre-existing neural circuits in a region-specific manner. Thus, the co-culture system will be useful for the study of efficient strategies to differentiate transplanted hiPSC-neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Hiragi
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Andoh
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Araki
- Advanced Drug Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationYokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shirakawa
- Advanced Drug Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationYokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Advanced Drug Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationYokohama, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Papouin T, Dunphy JM, Tolman M, Dineley KT, Haydon PG. Septal Cholinergic Neuromodulation Tunes the Astrocyte-Dependent Gating of Hippocampal NMDA Receptors to Wakefulness. Neuron 2017; 94:840-854.e7. [PMID: 28479102 PMCID: PMC5484087 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is controlled by a glutamate-binding site and a distinct, independently regulated, co-agonist-binding site. In most brain regions, the NMDAR co-agonist is the astrocyte-derived gliotransmitter D-serine. We found that D-serine levels oscillate in mouse hippocampus as a function of wakefulness, in vitro and in vivo. This causes a full saturation of the NMDAR co-agonist site in the dark (active) phase that dissipates to sub-saturating levels during the light (sleep) phase, and influences learning performance throughout the day. We demonstrate that hippocampal astrocytes sense the wakefulness-dependent activity of septal cholinergic fibers through the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), whose activation drives D-serine release. We conclude that astrocytes tune the gating of synaptic NMDARs to the vigilance state and demonstrate that this is directly relevant to schizophrenia, a disorder characterized by NMDAR and cholinergic hypofunctions. Indeed, bypassing cholinergic activity with a clinically tested α7nAChR agonist successfully enhances NMDAR activation. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Papouin
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Dunphy
- Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Michaela Tolman
- Neuroscience Program, Tufts Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kelly T Dineley
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Philip G Haydon
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Zhang X, Wang D, Pan H, Sun B. Enhanced Expression of Markers for Astrocytes in the Brain of a Line of GFAP-TK Transgenic Mice. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:212. [PMID: 28446865 PMCID: PMC5388753 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GFAP-TK mice are widely used in studies on neurogenesis and reactive astrocytes. Previous studies reported that GCV treatment in GFAP-TK mice resulted in reduced neurogenesis and deletion of proliferating GFAP-expressing astrocytes without affecting mature GFAP-expressing astrocytes. In the present study, we found that GFAP- and vimentin-expressing astrocytes were dramatically increased in the cortex and hippocampus with or without GCV treatment in a line of GFAP-TK mice (Jackson Laboratory, Stock No. 005698), while the neurons and microglia were not affected. In a second line of GFAP-TK mice (MMRRC, Stock No. 037351-UNC) generated in Dr. Heather Cameron's laboratory in NIH, however, no difference in GFAP and vimentin expression was found in both hippocampus and cortex, regardless of GCV treatment or not. Furthermore, enhanced expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) was found in the cortex and hippocampus of the GFAP-TK mice from Jackson lab but not in the brain of GFAP-TK mice from NIH. Our data suggested that we should be careful to select different lines of GFAP-TK mice to study adult neurogenesis or reactive astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| | - Dongpi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China.,Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| | - Binggui Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Chronic ethanol intake induces partial microglial activation that is not reversed by long-term ethanol withdrawal in the rat hippocampal formation. Neurotoxicology 2017; 60:107-115. [PMID: 28408342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several disorders. Activation of microglia leads to the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and microglial-mediated neuroinflammation has been proposed as one of the alcohol-induced neuropathological mechanisms. The present study aimed to examine the effect of chronic ethanol exposure and long-term withdrawal on microglial activation and neuroinflammation in the hippocampal formation. Male rats were submitted to 6 months of ethanol treatment followed by a 2-month withdrawal period. Stereological methods were applied to estimate the total number of microglia and activated microglia detected by CD11b immunohistochemistry in the hippocampal formation. The expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, COX-2 and IL-15 were measured by qRT-PCR. Alcohol consumption was associated with an increase in the total number of activated microglia but morphological assessment indicated that microglia did not exhibit a full activation phenotype. These data were supported by functional evidence since chronic alcohol consumption produced no changes in the expression of TNF-α or COX-2. The levels of IL-15 a cytokine whose expression is increased upon activation of both astrocytes and microglia, was induced by chronic alcohol treatment. Importantly, the partial activation of microglia induced by ethanol was not reversed by long-term withdrawal. This study suggests that chronic alcohol exposure induces a microglial phenotype consistent with partial activation without significant increase in classical cytokine markers of neuroinflammation in the hippocampal formation. Furthermore, long-term cessation of alcohol intake is not sufficient to alter the microglial partial activation phenotype induced by ethanol.
Collapse
|
168
|
Gonçalves JT, Schafer ST, Gage FH. Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus: From Stem Cells to Behavior. Cell 2017; 167:897-914. [PMID: 27814520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampus continuously generates new neurons during adulthood. These adult-born neurons become functionally active and are thought to contribute to learning and memory, especially during their maturation phase, when they have extraordinary plasticity. In this Review, we discuss the molecular machinery involved in the generation of new neurons from a pool of adult neural stem cells and their integration into functional hippocampal circuits. We also summarize the potential functions of these newborn neurons in the adult brain, their contribution to behavior, and their relevance to disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Tiago Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simon T Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Becerra-Calixto A, Cardona-Gómez GP. The Role of Astrocytes in Neuroprotection after Brain Stroke: Potential in Cell Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:88. [PMID: 28420961 PMCID: PMC5376556 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are commonly involved in negative responses through their hyperreactivity and glial scar formation in excitotoxic and/or mechanical injuries. But, astrocytes are also specialized glial cells of the nervous system that perform multiple homeostatic functions for the survival and maintenance of the neurovascular unit. Astrocytes have neuroprotective, angiogenic, immunomodulatory, neurogenic, and antioxidant properties and modulate synaptic function. This makes them excellent candidates as a source of neuroprotection and neurorestoration in tissues affected by ischemia/reperfusion, when some of their deregulated genes can be controlled. Therefore, this review analyzes pro-survival responses of astrocytes that would allow their use in cell therapy strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria P. Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Jorgačevski J, Potokar M, Kreft M, Guček A, Mothet JP, Zorec R. Astrocytic Vesicle-based Exocytosis in Cultures and Acutely Isolated Hippocampal Rodent Slices. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:2152-2158. [PMID: 28370180 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are excitable neural cells that contribute to brain information processing via bidirectional communication with neurons. This involves the release of gliosignaling molecules that affect synapses patterning and activity. Mechanisms mediating the release of these molecules likely consist of non-vesicular and vesicular-based mechanisms. It is the vesicle-based regulated exocytosis that is an evolutionary more complex process. It is well established that the release of gliosignaling molecules has profound effects on information processing in different brain regions (e.g., hippocampal astrocytes contribute to long-term potentiation [LTP]), which has traditionally been considered as one of the cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. However, the paradigm of vesicle-based regulated release of gliosignaling molecules from astrocytes is still far from being unanimously accepted. One of the most important questions is to what extent can the conclusions obtained from cultured astrocytes be translated to in vivo conditions. Here, we overview the properties of vesicle mobility and their fusion with the plasma membrane in cultured astrocytes and compare these parameters to those recorded in astrocytes from acute brain hippocampal slices. The results from both experimental models are similar, which validates experiments on isolated astrocytes and further supports arguments in favor of in vivo vesicle-based exocytotic release of gliosignaling molecules. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Jorgačevski
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Potokar
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kreft
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Guček
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Team Gliotransmission and Synaptopathies, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, Marseille, France
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica Biomedical, Tehnološki Park 24, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Wang Q, Jie W, Liu JH, Yang JM, Gao TM. An astroglial basis of major depressive disorder? An overview. Glia 2017; 65:1227-1250. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Wei Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Jure I, Pietranera L, De Nicola AF, Labombarda F. Spinal Cord Injury Impairs Neurogenesis and Induces Glial Reactivity in the Hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2178-2190. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
173
|
Miller SJ, Zhang PW, Glatzer J, Rothstein JD. Astroglial transcriptome dysregulation in early disease of an ALS mutant SOD1 mouse model. J Neurogenet 2016; 31:37-48. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2016.1260128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Miller
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ping-wu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jenna Glatzer
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Stogsdill JA, Eroglu C. The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse development and plasticity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 42:1-8. [PMID: 27788368 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, the formation of complex neuronal networks amenable to experience-dependent remodeling is complicated by the diversity of neurons and synapse types. The establishment of a functional brain depends not only on neurons, but also non-neuronal glial cells. Glia are in continuous bi-directional communication with neurons to direct the formation and refinement of synaptic connectivity. This article reviews important findings, which uncovered cellular and molecular aspects of the neuron-glia cross-talk that govern the formation and remodeling of synapses and circuits. In vivo evidence demonstrating the critical interplay between neurons and glia will be the major focus. Additional attention will be given to how aberrant communication between neurons and glia may contribute to neural pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Stogsdill
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cagla Eroglu
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
Wolosker H, Balu DT, Coyle JT. The Rise and Fall of the d-Serine-Mediated Gliotransmission Hypothesis. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:712-721. [PMID: 27742076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
d-Serine modulates N-methyl d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and regulates synaptic plasticity, neurodevelopment, and learning and memory. However, the primary site of d-serine synthesis and release remains controversial, with some arguing that it is a gliotransmitter and others defining it as a neuronal cotransmitter. Results from several laboratories using different strategies now show that the biosynthetic enzyme of d-serine, serine racemase (SR), is expressed almost entirely by neurons, with few astrocytes appearing to contain d-serine. Cell-selective suppression of SR expression demonstrates that neuronal, rather than astrocytic d-serine, modulates synaptic plasticity. Here, we propose an alternative conceptualization whereby astrocytes affect d-serine levels by synthesizing l-serine that shuttles to neurons to fuel the neuronal synthesis of d-serine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Wolosker
- Department of Biochemistry, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Darrick T Balu
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Joseph T Coyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory of Psychiatric and Molecular Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
176
|
Monai H, Hirase H. Astrocytic calcium activation in a mouse model of tDCS-Extended discussion. NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1240055. [PMID: 27830161 PMCID: PMC5079391 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1240055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to be effective for alleviation of neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions as well as enhancement of memory and cognition. Despite the positive effects of tDCS in humans, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Recently, we reported that astrocytes, a major glial cell type in the brain, show an increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels during tDCS in the cerebral cortex of the awake mouse. This tDCS-induced elevation in astrocytic Ca2+ has subsequently been demonstrated to be important for cortical plasticity. In this commentary article, we discuss possible interpretations and implications of our findings from the viewpoint of neuron-glia interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Monai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute , Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hajime Hirase
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan; Saitama University Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Pan H, Wang D, Zhang X, Zhou D, Zhang H, Qian Q, He X, Liu Z, Liu Y, Zheng T, Zhang L, Wang M, Sun B. Amyloid β Is Not the Major Factor Accounting for Impaired Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice Overexpressing Amyloid Precursor Protein. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:707-718. [PMID: 27693425 PMCID: PMC5063569 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was impaired in several Alzheimer's disease models overexpressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP). However, the effects of wild-type hAPP on adult neurogenesis and whether the impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis was caused by amyloid β (Aβ) or APP remained unclear. Here, we found that neurogenesis was impaired in the dentate gyrus (DG) of adult mice overexpressing wild-type hAPP (hAPP-I5) compared with controls. However, the adult hippocampal neurogenesis was more severely impaired in hAPP-I5 than that in hAPP-J20 mice, which express similar levels of hAPP mRNA but much higher levels of Aβ. Furthermore, reducing Aβ levels did not affect the number of doublecortin-positive cells in the DG of hAPP-J20 mice. Our results suggested that hAPP was more likely an important factor inhibiting adult neurogenesis, and Aβ was not the major factor affecting neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus of hAPP mice. Overexpression of wild-type hAPP impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was more severely impaired in hAPP-I5 than in hAPP-J20 Reducing Aβ levels did not affect adult neurogenesis in hAPP-J20 mice Aβ is not the major factor accounting for impaired adult neurogenesis in hAPP mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Pan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Dongpi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Qi Qian
- Department of Neurology, Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Zhaoling Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yunjin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Mingkai Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Binggui Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
ATP from synaptic terminals and astrocytes regulates NMDA receptors and synaptic plasticity through PSD-95 multi-protein complex. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33609. [PMID: 27640997 PMCID: PMC5027525 DOI: 10.1038/srep33609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies highlighted the importance of astrocyte-secreted molecules, such as ATP, for the slow modulation of synaptic transmission in central neurones. Biophysical mechanisms underlying the impact of gliotransmitters on the strength of individual synapse remain, however, unclear. Here we show that purinergic P2X receptors can bring significant contribution to the signalling in the individual synaptic boutons. ATP released from astrocytes facilitates a recruitment of P2X receptors into excitatory synapses by Ca2+-dependent mechanism. P2X receptors, co-localized with NMDA receptors in the excitatory synapses, can be activated by ATP co-released with glutamate from pre-synaptic terminals and by glia-derived ATP. An activation of P2X receptors in turn leads to down-regulation of postsynaptic NMDA receptors via Ca2+-dependent de-phosphorylation and interaction with PSD-95 multi-protein complex. Genetic deletion of the PSD-95 or P2X4 receptors obliterated ATP-mediated down-regulation of NMDA receptors. Impairment of purinergic modulation of NMDA receptors in the PSD-95 mutants dramatically decreased the threshold of LTP induction and increased the net magnitude of LTP. Our findings show that synergistic action of glia- and neurone-derived ATP can pre-modulate efficacy of excitatory synapses and thereby can have an important role in the glia-neuron communications and brain meta-plasticity.
Collapse
|
179
|
Zorec R, Parpura V, Verkhratsky A. Astroglial Vesicular Trafficking in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:905-917. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
180
|
Parajuli LK, Tanaka S, Okabe S. Insights into age-old questions of new dendritic spines: From form to function. Brain Res Bull 2016; 129:3-11. [PMID: 27491624 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Principal neurons in multiple brain regions receive a vast majority of excitatory synaptic contacts on the tiny dendritic appendages called dendritic spines. These structures are believed to be the locus of memory storage in the brain. Indeed, neurological diseases leading to impairment in memory and cognitive capabilities are often associated with structural alteration of dendritic spines. While several landmark studies in the past have provided a great deal of information on the structure, function and molecular composition of prototypical mature dendritic spines, we still have a limited knowledge of nascent spines. In recent years there has been a surge of interest to understand the nascent spines and the increasing technical advances in the genetic, molecular and imaging methods have opened avenues for systematic and thorough investigation. In this review, by discussing studies from several labs including ours, we provide a systematic summary of the development, structure, molecular expression and function of nascent spines and highlight some of the potentially important and interesting research questions that remain to be answered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kumar Parajuli
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
|
182
|
Queiroga CSF, Alves RMA, Conde SV, Alves PM, Vieira HLA. Paracrine effect of carbon monoxide - astrocytes promote neuroprotection through purinergic signaling in mice. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3178-88. [PMID: 27383770 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective role of carbon monoxide (CO) has been studied in a cell-autonomous mode. Herein, a new concept is disclosed - CO affects astrocyte-neuron communication in a paracrine manner to promote neuroprotection. Neuronal survival was assessed when co-cultured with astrocytes that had been pre-treated or not with CO. The CO-pre-treated astrocytes reduced neuronal cell death, and the cellular mechanisms were investigated, focusing on purinergic signaling. CO modulates astrocytic metabolism and extracellular ATP content in the co-culture medium. Moreover, several antagonists of P1 adenosine and P2 ATP receptors partially reverted CO-induced neuroprotection through astrocytes. Likewise, knocking down expression of the neuronal P1 adenosine receptor A2A-R (encoded by Adora2a) reverted the neuroprotective effects of CO-exposed astrocytes. The neuroprotection of CO-treated astrocytes also decreased following prevention of ATP or adenosine release from astrocytic cells and inhibition of extracellular ATP metabolism into adenosine. Finally, the neuronal downstream event involves TrkB (also known as NTRK2) receptors and BDNF. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of TrkB receptors reverts neuroprotection triggered by CO-treated astrocytes. Furthermore, the neuronal ratio of BDNF to pro-BDNF increased in the presence of CO-treated astrocytes and decreased whenever A2A-R expression was silenced. In summary, CO prevents neuronal cell death in a paracrine manner by targeting astrocytic metabolism through purinergic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S F Queiroga
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Raquel M A Alves
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apt 127, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
| | - Sílvia V Conde
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apt 127, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
| | - Helena L A Vieira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, Lisboa 1169-056, Portugal Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Apartado 12, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apt 127, Oeiras 2781-901, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Bazargani N, Attwell D. Astrocyte calcium signaling: the third wave. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:182-9. [PMID: 26814587 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that transient elevations of calcium concentration occur in astrocytes, and release 'gliotransmitters' which act on neurons and vascular smooth muscle, led to the idea that astrocytes are powerful regulators of neuronal spiking, synaptic plasticity and brain blood flow. These findings were challenged by a second wave of reports that astrocyte calcium transients did not mediate functions attributed to gliotransmitters and were too slow to generate blood flow increases. Remarkably, the tide has now turned again: the most important calcium transients occur in fine astrocyte processes not resolved in earlier studies, and new mechanisms have been discovered by which astrocyte [Ca(2+)]i is raised and exerts its effects. Here we review how this third wave of discoveries has changed our understanding of astrocyte calcium signaling and its consequences for neuronal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Bazargani
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology &Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology &Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Resveratrol: A Potential Hippocampal Plasticity Enhancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9651236. [PMID: 27313836 PMCID: PMC4897722 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9651236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The search for molecules capable of restoring altered hippocampal plasticity in psychiatric and neurological conditions is one of the most important tasks of modern neuroscience. It is well established that neural plasticity, such as the ability of the postnatal hippocampus to continuously generate newly functional neurons throughout life, a process called adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), can be modulated not only by pharmacological agents, physical exercise, and environmental enrichment, but also by “nutraceutical” agents. In this review we focus on resveratrol, a phenol and phytoalexin found in the skin of grapes and red berries, as well as in nuts. Resveratrol has been reported to have antioxidant and antitumor properties, but its effects as a neural plasticity inducer are still debated. The current review examines recent evidence implicating resveratrol in regulating hippocampal neural plasticity and in mitigating the effects of various disorders and diseases on this important brain structure. Overall, findings show that resveratrol can improve cognition and mood and enhance hippocampal plasticity and AHN; however, some studies report opposite effects, with resveratrol inhibiting aspects of AHN. Therefore, further investigation is needed to resolve these controversies before resveratrol can be established as a safe coadjuvant in preventing and treating neuropsychiatric conditions.
Collapse
|
185
|
A Common Language: How Neuroimmunological Cross Talk Regulates Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1681590. [PMID: 27143977 PMCID: PMC4842066 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1681590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune regulation of the brain is generally studied in the context of injury or disease. Less is known about how the immune system regulates the brain during normal brain function. Recent work has redefined the field of neuroimmunology and, as long as their recruitment and activation are well regulated, immune cells are now known to have protective properties within the central nervous system in maintaining brain health. Adult neurogenesis, the process of new neuron generation in the adult brain, is highly plastic and regulated by diverse extrinsic and intrinsic cues. Emerging research has shown that immune cells and their secreted factors can influence adult neurogenesis, both under baseline conditions and during conditions known to change neurogenesis levels, such as aging and learning in an enriched environment. This review will discuss how, under nonpathological conditions, the immune system can interact with the neural stem cells to regulate adult neurogenesis with particular focus on the hippocampus—a region crucial for learning and memory.
Collapse
|
186
|
Gengatharan A, Bammann RR, Saghatelyan A. The Role of Astrocytes in the Generation, Migration, and Integration of New Neurons in the Adult Olfactory Bulb. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:149. [PMID: 27092050 PMCID: PMC4820452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, new neurons in the adult olfactory bulb originate from a pool of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Adult-born cells play an important role in odor information processing by adjusting the neuronal network to changing environmental conditions. Olfactory bulb neurogenesis is supported by several non-neuronal cells. In this review, we focus on the role of astroglial cells in the generation, migration, integration, and survival of new neurons in the adult forebrain. In the subventricular zone, neural stem cells with astrocytic properties display regional and temporal specificity when generating different neuronal subtypes. Non-neurogenic astrocytes contribute to the establishment and maintenance of the neurogenic niche. Neuroblast chains migrate through the rostral migratory stream ensheathed by astrocytic processes. Astrocytes play an important regulatory role in neuroblast migration and also assist in the development of a vasculature scaffold in the migratory stream that is essential for neuroblast migration in the postnatal brain. In the olfactory bulb, astrocytes help to modulate the network through a complex release of cytokines, regulate blood flow, and provide metabolic support, which may promote the integration and survival of new neurons. Astrocytes thus play a pivotal role in various processes of adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis, and it is likely that many other functions of these glial cells will emerge in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gengatharan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Rodrigo R Bammann
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de QuébecQuebec, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université LavalQuebec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Abstract
Manipulating neurotransmitter release from astrocytes neighboring the developing new neurons in the course of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, Sultan et al. (2015) reveal that glial influence on neurogenesis ranges from controlling basic precursor cell function well into the establishment of functional circuitry. This extends the concept of the "neurogenic niche" and its key role into advanced stages of adult neuronal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, and CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Bonfanti L. Adult Neurogenesis 50 Years Later: Limits and Opportunities in Mammals. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:44. [PMID: 26924960 PMCID: PMC4759267 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonfanti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri OttolenghiOrbassano, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of TurinTorino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Housing Complexity Alters GFAP-Immunoreactive Astrocyte Morphology in the Rat Dentate Gyrus. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:3928726. [PMID: 26989515 PMCID: PMC4775817 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3928726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats used in research are typically housed singly in cages with limited sensory stimulation. There is substantial evidence that housing rats in these conditions lead to numerous neuroanatomical and behavioral abnormalities. Alternatively, rats can be housed in an enriched environment in which rats are housed in groups and given room for exercise and exploration. Enriched environments result in considerable neuroplasticity in the rodent brain. In the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, enriched environments evoke especially profound neural changes, including increases in the number of neurons and the number of dendritic spines. However, whether changes in astrocytes, a type of glia increasingly implicated in mediating neuroplasticity, are concurrent with these neural changes remains to be investigated. In order to assess morphological changes among astrocytes of the rat dentate gyrus, piSeeDB was used to optically clear 250 μm sections of tissue labeled using GFAP immunohistochemistry. Confocal imaging and image analysis were then used to measure astrocyte morphology. Astrocytes from animals housed in EE demonstrated a reduced distance between filament branch points. Furthermore, the most complex astrocytes were significantly more complex among animals housed in EE compared to standard environments.
Collapse
|
190
|
Petrelli F, Bezzi P. Novel insights into gliotransmitters. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 26:138-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
191
|
Verkhratsky A, Matteoli M, Parpura V, Mothet JP, Zorec R. Astrocytes as secretory cells of the central nervous system: idiosyncrasies of vesicular secretion. EMBO J 2016; 35:239-57. [PMID: 26758544 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are housekeepers of the central nervous system (CNS) and are important for CNS development, homeostasis and defence. They communicate with neurones and other glial cells through the release of signalling molecules. Astrocytes secrete a wide array of classic neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones, as well as metabolic, trophic and plastic factors, all of which contribute to the gliocrine system. The release of neuroactive substances from astrocytes occurs through several distinct pathways that include diffusion through plasmalemmal channels, translocation by multiple transporters and regulated exocytosis. As in other eukaryotic cells, exocytotic secretion from astrocytes involves divergent secretory organelles (synaptic-like microvesicles, dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, exosomes and ectosomes), which differ in size, origin, cargo, membrane composition, dynamics and functions. In this review, we summarize the features and functions of secretory organelles in astrocytes. We focus on the biogenesis and trafficking of secretory organelles and on the regulation of the exocytotic secretory system in the context of healthy and diseased astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michela Matteoli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Mothet
- Team Gliotransmission & Synaptopathies, Aix-Marseille University CNRS, CRN2M UMR7286, Marseille, France
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
|