151
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Identification of novel small molecules targeting core clock proteins to regulate circadian rhythm. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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152
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Malik S, Stokes Iii J, Manne U, Singh R, Mishra MK. Understanding the significance of biological clock and its impact on cancer incidence. Cancer Lett 2022; 527:80-94. [PMID: 34906624 PMCID: PMC8816870 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is an essential timekeeper that controls, for humans, the daily rhythm of biochemical, physiological, and behavioral functions. Irregular performance or disruption in circadian rhythms results in various diseases, including cancer. As a factor in cancer development, perturbations in circadian rhythms can affect circadian homeostasis in energy balance, lead to alterations in the cell cycle, and cause dysregulation of chromatin remodeling. However, knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the relationship between the circadian clock and cancer. Therefore, a mechanistic understanding by which circadian disruption enhances cancer risk is needed. This review article outlines the importance of the circadian clock in tumorigenesis and summarizes underlying mechanisms in the clock and its carcinogenic mechanisms, highlighting advances in chronotherapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalie Malik
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA; Department of Zoology and Dr. Giri Lal Gupta Institute of Public Health and Public Affairs, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - James Stokes Iii
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Upender Manne
- Departments of Pathology, Surgery and Epidemiology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Cancer Health Equity Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manoj K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Research and Training, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA.
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153
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The Shades of Grey in Adipose Tissue Reprogramming. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230844. [PMID: 35211733 PMCID: PMC8905306 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue (AT) has a major role in contributing to obesity-related pathologies through regulating systemic immunometabolism. The pathogenicity of the AT is underpinned by its remarkable plasticity to be reprogrammed during obesity, in the perspectives of tissue morphology, extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, angiogenesis, immunometabolic homoeostasis and circadian rhythmicity. Dysregulation in these features escalates the pathogenesis conferred by this endometabolic organ. Intriguingly, the potential to be reprogrammed appears to be an Achilles’ heel of the obese AT that can be targeted for the management of obesity and its associated comorbidities. Here, we provide an overview of the reprogramming processes of white AT (WAT), with a focus on their dynamics and pleiotropic actions over local and systemic homoeostases, followed by a discussion of potential strategies favouring therapeutic reprogramming. The potential involvement of AT remodelling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is also discussed.
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154
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Đukanović N, La Spada F, Emmenegger Y, Niederhäuser G, Preitner F, Franken P. Depriving Mice of Sleep also Deprives of Food. Clocks Sleep 2022; 4:37-51. [PMID: 35225952 PMCID: PMC8884003 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Both sleep-wake behavior and circadian rhythms are tightly coupled to energy metabolism and food intake. Altered feeding times in mice are known to entrain clock gene rhythms in the brain and liver, and sleep-deprived humans tend to eat more and gain weight. Previous observations in mice showing that sleep deprivation (SD) changes clock gene expression might thus relate to altered food intake, and not to the loss of sleep per se. Whether SD affects food intake in the mouse and how this might affect clock gene expression is, however, unknown. We therefore quantified (i) the cortical expression of the clock genes Per1, Per2, Dbp, and Cry1 in mice that had access to food or not during a 6 h SD, and (ii) food intake during baseline, SD, and recovery sleep. We found that food deprivation did not modify the SD-incurred clock gene changes in the cortex. Moreover, we discovered that although food intake during SD did not differ from the baseline, mice lost weight and increased food intake during subsequent recovery. We conclude that SD is associated with food deprivation and that the resulting energy deficit might contribute to the effects of SD that are commonly interpreted as a response to sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Đukanović
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Francesco La Spada
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Yann Emmenegger
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
| | - Guy Niederhäuser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Frédéric Preitner
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (G.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (N.Đ.); (F.L.S.); (Y.E.)
- Correspondence:
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155
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Song H, Cheng Y, Fan L, Sun H. Expression patterns of clock genes in the kidney of two Lasiopodomys species. ANIM BIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-bja10067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the kidney has its own molecular circadian clock expression regulation that maintains the homeostasis of physiological processes. However, limited information is available on the molecular mechanisms of the kidney circadian rhythm in subterranean rodents. Here, we report circadian gene expression in the kidney of subterranean Mandarin voles and the related aboveground Brandt’s voles, reared under 12L:12D (LD) or dark (DD) conditions, respectively. The results showed that the rhythmic genes were represented in Brandt’s voles in higher numbers under LD than DD conditions, but the number of rhythmic genes in Mandarin voles was similar between the two treatment conditions. The gene expression levels at different timepoints all showed reduced results under DD conditions compared with those in the LD cycle in Brandt’s voles, whereas the expression levels of the tested genes at certain Zeitgeber timepoints showed higher results than in the LD cycle in Mandarin voles. The gene expression peak showed chaotic resetting under DD conditions in both voles. We thus suggest that Mandarin and Brandt’s voles have different molecular circadian clock expression adjustment patterns in the kidney as an adaptation to different living environments. Mandarin voles seem to be more adapted to the dark environment, while Brandt’s voles are more dependent on external light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Song
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology, Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuyang Cheng
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology, Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Linchao Fan
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology, Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Centre for Nutritional Ecology, Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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156
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Fagiani F, Di Marino D, Romagnoli A, Travelli C, Voltan D, Mannelli LDC, Racchi M, Govoni S, Lanni C. Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:41. [PMID: 35136018 PMCID: PMC8825842 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “circadian rhythms” describes endogenous oscillations with ca. 24-h period associated with the earth’s daily rotation and light/dark cycle. Such rhythms reflect the existence of an intrinsic circadian clock that temporally orchestrates physiological processes to adapt the internal environment with the external cues. At the molecular level, the circadian clock consists of multiple sets of transcription factors resulting in autoregulatory transcription-translation feedback loops. Notably, in addition to their primary role as generator of circadian rhythm, the biological clock plays a key role in controlling physiological functions of almost all tissues and organs. It regulates several intracellular signaling pathways, ranging from cell proliferation, DNA damage repair and response, angiogenesis, metabolic and redox homeostasis, to inflammatory and immune response. In this review, we summarize findings showing the crosstalk between the circadian molecular clock and some key intracellular pathways, describing a scenario wherein their reciprocal regulation impinges upon several aspects of mammalian physiology. Moreover, based on evidence indicating that circadian rhythms can be challenged by environmental factors, social behaviors, as well as pre-existing pathological conditions, we discuss implications of circadian misalignment in human pathologies, such as cancer and inflammatory diseases. Accordingly, disruption of circadian rhythm has been reported to affect several physiological processes that are relevant to human diseases. Expanding our understanding of this field represents an intriguing and transversal medicine challenge in order to establish a circadian precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fagiani
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section), University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.,New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alice Romagnoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.,New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section), University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Voltan
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section), University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section), University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section), University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Lanni
- Department of Drug Sciences (Pharmacology Section), University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli 14, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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157
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Yu CW, Wu YC, Liao VHC. Early developmental nanoplastics exposure disturbs circadian rhythms associated with stress resistance decline and modulated by DAF-16 and PRDX-2 in C. elegans. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127091. [PMID: 34488090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastics pollution is an emerging environmental problem and nanoplastics (NPs) toxicity has received great concern. This study investigated whether early developmental exposure to polystyrene NPs influence the circadian rhythms and the possible underlying mechanisms in C. elegans. We show that early developmental NPs exposure disturbs circadian rhythms in C. elegans and ASH neurons and G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK-2) are involved in the level of chemotaxis response. A higher bioconcentration factor in entrained worms was observed, suggesting that circadian interference results in increased NPs bioaccumulation in C. elegans. In addition, we show that reactive oxygen species produced by NPs exposure and peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX-2) are related to the disturbed circadian rhythms. We further show that the NPs-induced circadian rhythms disruption is associated with stress resistance decline and modulated by transcription DAF-16/FOXO signaling. Because circadian rhythms are found in most living organisms and the fact that DAF-16 and PRDX-2 are evolutionarily conserved, our findings suggest a possible negative impact of NPs on circadian rhythms and stress resistance in higher organisms including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Wei Yu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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158
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Yildirim E, Curtis R, Hwangbo DS. Roles of peripheral clocks: lessons from the fly. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:263-293. [PMID: 34862983 PMCID: PMC8844272 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to and anticipate rhythmic changes in the environment such as daily light-dark and temperature cycles, internal timekeeping mechanisms called biological clocks evolved in a diverse set of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to humans. These biological clocks play critical roles in organisms' fitness and survival by temporally aligning physiological and behavioral processes to the external cues. The central clock is located in a small subset of neurons in the brain and drives daily activity rhythms, whereas most peripheral tissues harbor their own clock systems, which generate metabolic and physiological rhythms. Since the discovery of Drosophila melanogaster clock mutants in the early 1970s, the fruit fly has become an extensively studied model organism to investigate the mechanism and functions of circadian clocks. In this review, we primarily focus on D. melanogaster to survey key discoveries and progresses made over the past two decades in our understanding of peripheral clocks. We discuss physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of peripheral clocks in several different peripheral tissues of the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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159
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Effect of combination of residual glucose concentration and subsequent increment by temporal glucose feeding on oscillation of clock gene Per2 expression. Cytotechnology 2022; 74:193-200. [PMID: 35185294 PMCID: PMC8816992 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-021-00505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
With the aim of regulating clock gene expression to control cell activities in cell processing engineering, the effect of the combination of residual glucose concentration and subsequent increment by temporal glucose feeding on the oscillation of the expression of clock gene Per2 was investigated employing rat Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells having Per2 promoter gene with a destabilized luciferase gene (Per2-dLuc). Two experiments with several initial glucose concentrations and different times of cultures (2 and 5 days) before temporal glucose feeding (0.9 g/L) were employed to realize various concentrations of residual glucose in the medium before the feeding. In these experiments, the lower residual glucose concentrations (0.002-0.02 g/L) before temporal glucose feeding tended to induce the larger amplitude of oscillation of Per2 expression than the higher ones (0.55-0.74 g/L). When the residual glucose concentration before glucose feeding was low (0.014-0.038 g/L), the higher temporal glucose concentration (0.23-0.9 g/L) feeding tended to induce the larger amplitude of oscillation of Per2 expression than the lower ones (0.012-0.023 g/L). Taken together, we found that the amplitude of oscillation of the expression of clock gene Per2 could be controlled by the combination of residual glucose concentration and glucose concentration of subsequent temporal feeding.
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160
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Grabe S, Mahammadov E, Olmo MD, Herzel H. Synergies of Multiple Zeitgebers Tune Entrainment. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 1:803011. [PMID: 36925578 PMCID: PMC10013031 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2021.803011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are biological rhythms with a period close to 24 h. They become entrained to the Earth's solar day via different periodic cues, so-called zeitgebers. The entrainment of circadian rhythms to a single zeitgeber was investigated in many mathematical clock models of different levels of complexity, ranging from the Poincaré oscillator and the Goodwin model to biologically more detailed models of multiple transcriptional translational feedback loops. However, circadian rhythms are exposed to multiple coexisting zeitgebers in nature. Therefore, we study synergistic effects of two coexisting zeitgebers on different components of the circadian clock. We investigate the induction of period genes by light together with modulations of nuclear receptor activities by drugs and metabolism. Our results show that the entrainment of a circadian rhythm to two coexisting zeitgebers depends strongly on the phase difference between the two zeitgebers. Synergistic interactions of zeitgebers can strengthen diurnal rhythms to reduce detrimental effects of shift-work and jet lag. Medical treatment strategies which aim for stable circadian rhythms should consider interactions of multiple zeitgebers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Grabe
- CharitéCenter for Basic Sciences, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elmir Mahammadov
- Stem Cell Center (SCC), Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Del Olmo
- CharitéCenter for Basic Sciences, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- CharitéCenter for Basic Sciences, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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161
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Verma V, Kumari R, Singaravel M. Chronic altered light-dark cycle differentially affects hippocampal CA1 and DG neuronal arborization in diurnal and nocturnal rodents. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:665-677. [PMID: 34983277 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.2023561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus, an extension of the temporal part of the cerebral cortex, plays a crucial role in learning and memory. Structural and functional complexity within the hippocampus is greatly affected by a variety of external environmental stimuli including alteration in the light-dark (LD) cycle. The effect of altered LD cycle in learning and memory associated cognitive impairment has been reported in rodents. However, a comparative study of underlying neuronal changes between nocturnal and diurnal species is not well explored. The objective of the present study was to explore the morphological changes in hippocampal CA1 and DG neurons in response to prolonged constant condition viz. constant light (LL) and constant darkness (DD) in diurnal squirrels and nocturnal mice. Animals (n = 5/group) were placed in chronocubicle under 12:12 h LD, LL and DD. After four weeks, brain tissues were collected and processed for Golgi-Cox staining to analyze morphological changes in CA1 and DG neurons. The total and basal dendritic length, basal dendrite number, branch end, the diameter of apical dendrite and spine density were analyzed. The results showed a significant reduction in structural complexity of CA1 and DG neurons of squirrels exposed to prolonged constant darkness, whereas mice showed a significant increase as compared to LD. However, a significantly reduced neuronal complexity was observed in both squirrels and mice exposed to prolonged constant light. The results obtained were further confirmed by Sholl analysis of CA1 and DG neurons. The present study suggests that prolonged constant light may cause adverse effects on the neuronal complexity of both diurnal and nocturnal animals, but constant darkness may cause adverse effects mainly to the diurnal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ruchika Kumari
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Muniyandi Singaravel
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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162
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Tuning up an aged clock: Circadian clock regulation in metabolism and aging. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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163
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Schroder EA, Delisle BP. Time Restricted Feeding to the Light Cycle Dissociates Canonical Circadian Clocks and Physiological Rhythms in Heart Rate. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:910195. [PMID: 35645828 PMCID: PMC9133719 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.910195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are approximate 24-h biological cycles that optimize molecular and physiological functions to predictable daily environmental changes in order to maintain internal and organismal homeostasis. Environmental stimuli (light, feeding, activity) capable of altering the phase of molecular rhythms are important tools employed by circadian biologists to increase understanding of the synchronization of circadian rhythms to the environment and to each other within multicellular systems. The central circadian clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is largely responsive to light and is thought to entrain the phase of peripheral clocks via neurohumoral signals. Mice are nocturnal and consume most of their food during the dark cycle. Early studies demonstrated that altered metabolic cues in the form of time restricted feeding, specifically, feeding mice during the light cycle, resulted in an uncoupling of molecular clocks in peripheral tissues with those from the SCN. These studies showed as much as a 12-h shift in gene expression in some peripheral tissues but not others. The shifts occurred without corresponding changes in the central clock in the brain. More recent studies have demonstrated that changes in cardiac physiology (heart rate, MAP) in response to time of food intake occur independent of the cardiac molecular clock. Understanding differences in the physiology/function and gene expression in other organs both independently and in relation to the heart in response to altered feeding will be important in dissecting the roles of the various clocks throughout the body, as well as, understanding their links to cardiovascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Schroder
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth A. Schroder, ; Brian P. Delisle,
| | - Brian P. Delisle
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Elizabeth A. Schroder, ; Brian P. Delisle,
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164
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Giannetto C, Fazio F, Giudice E, Mazzullo G, Piccione G. Physiological role of circadian clock gene on the energetic metabolism in horses. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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165
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Abstract
Cross-talk between peripheral tissues is essential to ensure the coordination of nutrient intake with disposition during the feeding period, thereby preventing metabolic disease. This mini-review considers the interactions between the key peripheral tissues that constitute the metabolic clock, each of which is considered in a separate mini-review in this collation of articles published in Endocrinology in 2020 and 2021, by Martchenko et al (Circadian rhythms and the gastrointestinal tract: relationship to metabolism and gut hormones); Alvarez et al (The microbiome as a circadian coordinator of metabolism); Seshadri and Doucette (Circadian regulation of the pancreatic beta cell); McCommis et al (The importance of keeping time in the liver); Oosterman et al (The circadian clock, shift work, and tissue-specific insulin resistance); and Heyde et al (Contributions of white and brown adipose tissues to the circadian regulation of energy metabolism). The use of positive- and negative-feedback signals, both hormonal and metabolic, between these tissues ensures that peripheral metabolic pathways are synchronized with the timing of food intake, thus optimizing nutrient disposition and preventing metabolic disease. Collectively, these articles highlight the critical role played by the circadian clock in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8Canada
- Correspondence: P. L. Brubaker, PhD, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg, Rm 3366, 1 King’s College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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166
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Abstract
Isolation of primary hepatocytes and culturing these cells ex vivo provides a powerful platform to model liver physiology in vivo. Primary hepatocytes can be cultured for several days, the circadian clock can be synchronized, and these primary cells can be utilized for functional gene regulation analysis and metabolic studies. In this chapter, we describe detailed methodology for isolation of viable primary hepatocytes, techniques for culturing these cells, methods for synchronization of the circadian clock, transfection and luciferase reporter analysis, as well as glucose production assays as a functional readout of metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Selma Masri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA.
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167
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Samad M, Agostinelli F, Baldi P. Bioinformatics and Systems Biology of Circadian Rhythms: BIO_CYCLE and CircadiOmics. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2482:81-94. [PMID: 35610420 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2249-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are fundamental to biology and medicine and today these can be studied at the molecular level in high-throughput fashion using various omic technologies. We briefly present two resources for the study of circadian omic (e.g. transcriptomic, metabolomic, proteomic) time series. First, BIO_CYCLE is a deep-learning-based program and web server that can analyze omic time series and statistically assess their periodic nature and, when periodic, accurately infer the corresponding period, amplitude, and phase. Second, CircadiOmics is the larges annotated repository of circadian omic time series, containing over 260 experiments and 90 million individual measurements, across multiple organs and tissues, and across 9 different species. In combination, these tools enable powerful bioinformatics and systems biology analyses. The are currently being deployed in a host of different projects where they are enabling significant discoveries: both tools are publicly available over the web at: http://circadiomics.ics.uci.edu/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntaha Samad
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Forest Agostinelli
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Pierre Baldi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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168
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Casey TM, Plaut K, Boerman J. Circadian clocks and their role in lactation competence. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 78:106680. [PMID: 34607219 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24 h cycles of behavior, physiology and gene expression that function to synchronize processes across the body and coordinate physiology with the external environment. Circadian clocks are central to maintaining homeostasis and regulating coordinated changes in physiology in response to internal and external cues. Orchestrated changes occur in maternal physiology during the periparturient period to support the growth of the fetus and the energetic and nutritional demands of lactation. Discoveries in our lab made over a decade ago led us to hypothesize that the circadian timing system functions to regulate metabolic and mammary specific changes that occur to support a successful lactation. Findings of studies that ensued are summarized, and point to the importance of circadian clocks in the regulation of lactation competence. Disruption of the circadian timing system can negatively affect mammary gland development and differentiation, alter maternal metabolism and impair milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - K Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J Boerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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169
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Wang W, Huang Z, Huang L, Tan C, Chen W, Roelfsema F, Chen C, Guo L. Rotating Day and Night Disturb Growth Hormone Secretion Profiles, Body Energy Metabolism, and Insulin Levels in Mice. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:481-492. [PMID: 34348337 DOI: 10.1159/000518338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin and growth hormone (GH) - 2 vital metabolic regulatory hormones - regulate glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. These 2 hormones determine substrate and energy metabolism under different living conditions. Shift of day and night affects the clock system and metabolism probably through altered insulin and GH secretion. METHODS Five-week-old male mice were randomly assigned to a rotating light (RL) group (3-day normal light/dark cycle followed by 4-day reversed light/dark cycle per week) and normal light (NL) group. Body weight and food intake were recorded every week. Series of blood samples were collected for pulsatile GH analysis, glucose tolerance test, and insulin tolerance test at 9, 10, and 11 weeks from the start of intervention, respectively. Indirect calorimetric measurement was performed, and body composition was tested at 12 weeks. Expressions of energy and substrate metabolism-related genes were evaluated in pituitary and liver tissues at the end of 12-week intervention. RESULTS The RL group had an increased number of GH pulsatile bursts and reduced GH mass/burst. RL also disturbed the GH secretion regularity and mode. It suppressed insulin secretion, which led to a disturbed insulin/GH balance. It was accompanied by the reduced metabolic flexibility and modified gene expression involved in energy balance and substrate metabolism. Indirect calorimeter recording revealed that RL decreased the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and oxygen consumption at the dark phase, which resulted in an increase in fat mass and free fatty acid levels in circulation. CONCLUSION RL disturbed pulsatile GH secretion and decreased insulin secretion in male mice with significant impairment in energy, substrate metabolism, and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chunlu Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wanlin Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lixin Guo
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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170
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Abstract
The modern way of life has dramatically affected our biological rhythms. Circadian rhythms, which are generated by an endogenous circadian clock, are observed in a large number of physiological functions including metabolism. Proper peripheral clock synchronization by different signals including appropriate feeding/fasting cycles is essential to coordinate and temporally gate metabolic processes. In this chapter, we emphasize the importance of nutrient sensing by peripheral clocks and highlight the major role of peripheral and central clock communication to locally regulate metabolic processes and ensure optimal energy storage and expenditure. As a consequence, changes in eating behavior and/or bedtime, as occurs upon shift work and jet lag, have direct consequences on metabolism and participate in the increasing prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this setting, time-restricted feeding has been suggested as an efficient approach to ameliorate metabolic parameters and control body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Sebti
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Aurore Hebras
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Benoit Pourcet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France.
| | - Hélène Duez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, Lille, France
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171
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Mohamed HMA, Takahashi A, Nishijima S, Adachi S, Murai I, Okamura H, Yamamoto T. CNOT1 regulates circadian behaviour through Per2 mRNA decay in a deadenylation-dependent manner. RNA Biol 2021; 19:703-718. [PMID: 35510877 PMCID: PMC9090297 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are an endogenous internal timekeeping mechanism that drives the rhythmic expression of genes, controlling the 24 h oscillatory pattern in behaviour and physiology. It has been recently shown that post-transcriptional mechanisms are essential for controlling rhythmic gene expression. Controlling the stability of mRNA through poly(A) tail length modulation is one such mechanism. In this study, we show that Cnot1, encoding the scaffold protein of the CCR4-NOT deadenylase complex, is highly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the master timekeeper. CNOT1 deficiency in mice results in circadian period lengthening and alterations in the mRNA and protein expression patterns of various clock genes, mainly Per2. Per2 mRNA exhibited a longer poly(A) tail and increased mRNA stability in Cnot1+/- mice. CNOT1 is recruited to Per2 mRNA through BRF1 (ZFP36L1), which itself oscillates in antiphase with Per2 mRNA. Upon Brf1 knockdown, Per2 mRNA is stabilized leading to increased PER2 expression levels. This suggests that CNOT1 plays a role in tuning and regulating the mammalian circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akinori Takahashi
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Saori Nishijima
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shungo Adachi
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iori Murai
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Brain Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamoto
- Cell Signal Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
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172
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Crislip GR, Johnston JG, Douma LG, Costello HM, Juffre A, Boyd K, Li W, Maugans CC, Gutierrez-Monreal M, Esser KA, Bryant AJ, Liu AC, Gumz ML. Circadian Rhythm Effects on the Molecular Regulation of Physiological Systems. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2769-2798. [PMID: 34964116 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nearly every system within the body contains an intrinsic cellular circadian clock. The circadian clock contributes to the regulation of a variety of homeostatic processes in mammals through the regulation of gene expression. Circadian disruption of physiological systems is associated with pathophysiological disorders. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the known circadian rhythms in physiological function. This article focuses on what is known in humans, along with discoveries made with cell and rodent models. In particular, the impact of circadian clock components in metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, immune, and central nervous systems are discussed. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-30, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jermaine G Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren G Douma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hannah M Costello
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Juffre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyla Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cheoting C Maugans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel Gutierrez-Monreal
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew J Bryant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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173
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Kroetsch JT, Lidington D, Bolz SS. The emerging significance of circadian rhythmicity in microvascular resistance. Chronobiol Int 2021; 39:465-475. [PMID: 34915783 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.2009505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Earth's rotation generates environmental oscillations (e.g., in light and temperature) that have imposed unique evolutionary pressures over millions of years. Consequently, the circadian clock, a ubiquitously expressed molecular system that aligns cellular function to these environmental cues, has become an integral component of our physiology. The resulting functional rhythms optimize and economize physiological performance: perturbing these rhythms, therefore, is frequently deleterious. This perspective article focuses on circadian rhythms in resistance artery myogenic reactivity, a key mechanism governing tissue perfusion, total peripheral resistance and systemic blood pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that myogenic reactivity rhythms are locally generated in a microvascular bed-specific manner at the level of smooth muscle cells. This implies that there is a distinct interface between the molecular clock and the signalling pathways underlying myogenic reactivity in the microvascular beds of different organs. By understanding the precise nature of these molecular links, it may become possible to therapeutically manipulate microvascular tone in an organ-specific manner. This raises the prospect that interventions for vascular pathologies that are challenging to treat, such as hypertension and brain malperfusion, can be significantly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T Kroetsch
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darcy Lidington
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steffen-Sebastian Bolz
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Centre for Microvascular Medicine at the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research Translational Biology and Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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174
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Chen C, Yang C, Wang J, Huang X, Yu H, Li S, Li S, Zhang Z, Liu J, Yang X, Liu GP. Melatonin ameliorates cognitive deficits through improving mitophagy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12774. [PMID: 34617321 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While melatonin is known to have protective effects in mitochondria-related diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders, there is poor understanding of the effects of melatonin treatment on mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used proteomic analysis to investigate the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of oral melatonin treatment on mitophagy in the hippocampus of 4-month-old wild-type mice versus age-matched 5 × FAD mice, an animal model of AD. 5 × FAD mice showed disordered mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction as revealed by increased mtDNA, mitochondrial marker proteins and MDA production, decreased electron transport chain proteins and ATP levels, and co-localization of Lamp1 and Tomm20. Melatonin treatment reversed the abnormal expression of proteins in the signaling pathway of lysosomes, pathologic phagocytosis of microglia, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Moreover, melatonin restored mitophagy by improving mitophagosome-lysosome fusion via Mcoln1, and thus, ameliorated mitochondrial functions, attenuated Aβ pathology, and improved cognition. Concurrent treatment with chloroquine and melatonin blocked the positive behavioral and biochemical effects of administration with melatonin alone. Taken in concert, these results suggest that melatonin reduces AD-related deficits in mitophagy such that the drug should be considered as a therapeutic candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shangming Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shupeng Li
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zaijun Zhang
- Institute of New Drug Research and Guangzhou, Key Laboratory of Innovative Chemical Drug Research in Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases, Jinan University College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Medical Key Discipline of Health Toxicology (2020-2024), Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gong-Ping Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China and Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neurodegeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS, China
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175
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Qu M, Qu H, Jia Z, Kay SA. HNF4A defines tissue-specific circadian rhythms by beaconing BMAL1::CLOCK chromatin binding and shaping the rhythmic chromatin landscape. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6350. [PMID: 34732735 PMCID: PMC8566521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription modulated by the circadian clock is diverse across cell types, underlying circadian control of peripheral metabolism and its observed perturbation in human diseases. We report that knockout of the lineage-specifying Hnf4a gene in mouse liver causes associated reductions in the genome-wide distribution of core clock component BMAL1 and accessible chromatin marks (H3K4me1 and H3K27ac). Ectopically expressing HNF4A remodels chromatin landscape and nucleates distinct tissue-specific BMAL1 chromatin binding events, predominantly in enhancer regions. Circadian rhythms are disturbed in Hnf4a knockout liver and HNF4A-MODY diabetic model cells. Additionally, the epigenetic state and accessibility of the liver genome dynamically change throughout the day, synchronized with chromatin occupancy of HNF4A and clustered expression of circadian outputs. Lastly, Bmal1 knockout attenuates HNF4A genome-wide binding in the liver, likely due to downregulated Hnf4a transcription. Our results may provide a general mechanism for establishing circadian rhythm heterogeneity during development and disease progression, governed by chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qu
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Han Qu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Zhenyu Jia
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Steve A Kay
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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176
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Koyanagi S. Chrono-Pharmaceutical Approaches to Optimize Dosing Regimens Based on the Circadian Clock Machinery. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1577-1584. [PMID: 34719634 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythmic variations in biological functions affect the efficacy and/or toxicity of drugs: a large number of drugs cannot be expected to exhibit the same potency at different administration times. The "circadian clock" is an endogenous timing system that broadly regulates metabolism, physiology and behavior. In mammals, this clock governs the oscillatory expression of the majority of genes with a period length of approximately 24 h. Genetic studies have revealed that molecular components of the circadian clock regulate the expression of genes responsible for the sensitivity to drugs and their disposition. The circadian control of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics enables 'chrono-pharmaceutical' applications, namely drug administration at appropriate times of day to optimize the therapeutic index (efficacy vs. toxicity). On the other hand, a variety of pathological conditions also exhibit marked day-night changes in symptom intensity. Currently, novel therapeutic approaches are facilitated by the development of chemical compound targeted to key proteins that cause circadian exacerbation of disease events. This review presents an overview of the current understanding of the role of the circadian biological clock in regulating drug efficacy and disease conditions, and also describes the importance of identifying the difference in the circadian machinery between diurnal and nocturnal animals to select the most appropriate times of day to administer drugs in humans.
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177
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Tabibzadeh S. CircadiOmic medicine and aging. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101424. [PMID: 34389481 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The earth displays daily, seasonal and annual environmental cycles that have led to evolutionarily adapted ultradian, circadian and infradian rhythmicities in the entire biosphere. All biological organisms must adapt to these cycles that synchronize the function of their circadiome. The objective of this review is to discuss the latest knowledge regarding the role of circadiomics in health and aging. The biological timekeepers are responsive to the environmental cues at microsecond to seasonal time-scales and act with precision of a clock machinery. The robustness of these rhythms is essential to normal daily function of cells, tissues and organs. Mis-alignment of circadian rhythms makes the individual prone to aging, sleep disorders, cancer, diabetes, and neuro-degenerative diseases. Circadian and CircadiOmic medicine are emerging fields that leverage our in-depth understanding of health issues, that arise as a result of disturbances in circadian rhythms, towards establishing better therapeutic approaches in personalized medicine and for geroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Tabibzadeh
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, 16471 Scientific Way, Irvine, CA 92618, United States.
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178
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Adlanmerini M, Krusen BM, Nguyen HCB, Teng CW, Woodie LN, Tackenberg MC, Geisler CE, Gaisinsky J, Peed LC, Carpenter BJ, Hayes MR, Lazar MA. REV-ERB nuclear receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus control circadian period and restrict diet-induced obesity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh2007. [PMID: 34705514 PMCID: PMC8550249 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Circadian disruption, as occurs in shift work, is associated with metabolic diseases often attributed to a discordance between internal clocks and environmental timekeepers. REV-ERB nuclear receptors are key components of the molecular clock, but their specific role in the SCN master clock is unknown. We report here that mice lacking circadian REV-ERB nuclear receptors in the SCN maintain free-running locomotor and metabolic rhythms, but these rhythms are notably shortened by 3 hours. When housed under a 24-hour light:dark cycle and fed an obesogenic diet, these mice gained excess weight and accrued more liver fat than controls. These metabolic disturbances were corrected by matching environmental lighting to the shortened endogenous 21-hour clock period, which decreased food consumption. Thus, SCN REV-ERBs are not required for rhythmicity but determine the free-running period length. Moreover, these results support the concept that dissonance between environmental conditions and endogenous time periods causes metabolic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Adlanmerini
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brianna M. Krusen
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hoang C. B. Nguyen
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Clare W. Teng
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lauren N. Woodie
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael C. Tackenberg
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caroline E. Geisler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jane Gaisinsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lindsey C. Peed
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bryce J. Carpenter
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R. Hayes
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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179
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Guido ME, Monjes NM, Wagner PM, Salvador GA. Circadian Regulation and Clock-Controlled Mechanisms of Glycerophospholipid Metabolism from Neuronal Cells and Tissues to Fibroblasts. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:326-353. [PMID: 34697790 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02595-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Along evolution, living organisms developed a precise timekeeping system, circadian clocks, to adapt life to the 24-h light/dark cycle and temporally regulate physiology and behavior. The transcriptional molecular circadian clock and metabolic/redox oscillator conforming these clocks are present in organs, tissues, and even in individual cells, where they exert circadian control over cellular metabolism. Disruption of the molecular clock may cause metabolic disorders and higher cancer risk. The synthesis and degradation of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) is one of the most highly regulated metabolisms across the 24-h cycle in terms of total lipid content and enzyme expression and activity in the nervous system and individual cells. Lipids play a plethora of roles (membrane biogenesis, energy sourcing, signaling, and the regulation of protein-chromatin interaction, among others), making control of their metabolism a vital checkpoint in the cellular organization of physiology. An increasing body of evidence clearly demonstrates an orchestrated and sequential series of events occurring in GPL metabolism across the 24-h day in diverse retinal cell layers, immortalized fibroblasts, and glioma cells. Moreover, the clock gene Per1 and other circadian-related genes are tightly involved in the regulation of GPL synthesis in quiescent cells. However, under proliferation, the metabolic oscillator continues to control GPL metabolism of brain cancer cells even after molecular circadian clock disruption, reflecting the crucial role of the temporal metabolism organization in cell preservation. The aim of this review is to examine the control exerted by circadian clocks over GPL metabolism, their synthesizing enzyme expression and activities in normal and tumorous cells of the nervous system and in immortalized fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario E Guido
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.
| | - Natalia M Monjes
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Paula M Wagner
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica "Ranwel Caputto", Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Salvador
- INIBIBB-UNS-CONICET, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, UNS, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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180
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Winter EM, Kooijman S, Appelman-Dijkstra NM, Meijer OC, Rensen PC, Schilperoort M. Chronobiology and Chronotherapy of Osteoporosis. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10504. [PMID: 34693186 PMCID: PMC8520066 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological circadian (ie, 24-hour) rhythms are critical for bone health. Animal studies have shown that genes involved in the intrinsic molecular clock demonstrate potent circadian expression patterns in bone and that genetic disruption of these clock genes results in a disturbed bone structure and quality. More importantly, circulating markers of bone remodeling show diurnal variation in mice as well as humans, and circadian disruption by, eg, working night shifts is associated with the bone remodeling disorder osteoporosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature on rhythmic bone remodeling and its underlying mechanisms and identify critical knowledge gaps. In addition, we discuss novel (chrono)therapeutic strategies to reduce osteoporosis by utilizing our knowledge on circadian regulation of bone. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Winter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine, Center for Bone Quality Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine, Center for Bone Quality Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Onno C Meijer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Cn Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Schilperoort
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine Leiden The Netherlands
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181
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Carasso S, Fishman B, Lask LS, Shochat T, Geva-Zatorsky N, Tauber E. Metagenomic analysis reveals the signature of gut microbiota associated with human chronotypes. FASEB J 2021; 35:e22011. [PMID: 34695305 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100857rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of diurnal activity differ substantially between individuals, with early risers and late sleepers being examples of opposite chronotypes. Growing evidence suggests that the late chronotype significantly impacts the risk of developing mood disorders, obesity, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. Despite the vast potential of utilizing chronotype information for precision medicine, those factors that shape chronotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed whether the various chronotypes are associated with different gut microbiome compositions. Using metagenomic sequencing analysis, we established a distinct signature associated with chronotype based on two bacterial genera, Alistipes (elevated in "larks") and Lachnospira (elevated in "owls"). We identified three metabolic pathways associated with the early chronotype, and linked distinct dietary patterns with different chronotypes. Our work demonstrates an association between the gut microbiome and chronotype and may represent the first step towards developing dietary interventions aimed at ameliorating the deleterious health correlates of the late chronotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaqed Carasso
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Haifa, Israel
| | - Bettina Fishman
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liel Stelmach Lask
- Cheryl Spencer Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Shochat
- Cheryl Spencer Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Geva-Zatorsky
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Haifa, Israel.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), MaRS Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eran Tauber
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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182
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Guo X, Zheng J, Zhang S, Jiang X, Chen T, Yu J, Wang S, Ma X, Wu C. Advances in Unhealthy Nutrition and Circadian Dysregulation in Pathophysiology of NAFLD. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2021; 2:691828. [PMID: 36994336 PMCID: PMC10012147 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2021.691828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Unhealthy diets and lifestyle result in various metabolic conditions including metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Much evidence indicates that disruption of circadian rhythms contributes to the development and progression of excessive hepatic fat deposition and inflammation, as well as liver fibrosis, a key characteristic of non-steatohepatitis (NASH) or the advanced form of NAFLD. In this review, we emphasize the importance of nutrition as a critical factor in the regulation of circadian clock in the liver. We also focus on the roles of the rhythms of nutrient intake and the composition of diets in the regulation of circadian clocks in the context of controlling hepatic glucose and fat metabolism. We then summarize the effects of unhealthy nutrition and circadian dysregulation on the development of hepatic steatosis and inflammation. A better understanding of how the interplay among nutrition, circadian rhythms, and dysregulated metabolism result in hepatic steatosis and inflammation can help develop improved preventive and/or therapeutic strategies for managing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Guo, ; Chaodong Wu,
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Shixiu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu'e Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Xin Guo, ; Chaodong Wu,
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183
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de Assis LVM, Moraes MN, Mendes D, Silva MM, Menck CFM, Castrucci AMDL. Loss of Melanopsin (OPN4) Leads to a Faster Cell Cycle Progression and Growth in Murine Melanocytes. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1436-1450. [PMID: 34698095 PMCID: PMC8929055 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin melanocytes harbor a complex photosensitive system comprised of opsins, which were shown, in recent years, to display light- and thermo-independent functions. Based on this premise, we investigated whether melanopsin, OPN4, displays such a role in normal melanocytes. In this study, we found that murine Opn4KO melanocytes displayed a faster proliferation rate compared to Opn4WT melanocytes. Cell cycle population analysis demonstrated that OPN4KO melanocytes exhibited a faster cell cycle progression with reduced G0–G1, and highly increased S and slightly increased G2/M cell populations compared to the Opn4WT counterparts. Expression of specific cell cycle-related genes in Opn4KO melanocytes exhibited alterations that corroborate a faster cell cycle progression. We also found significant modification in gene and protein expression levels of important regulators of melanocyte physiology. PER1 protein level was higher while BMAL1 and REV-ERBα decreased in Opn4KO melanocytes compared to Opn4WT cells. Interestingly, the gene expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was upregulated in Opn4KO melanocytes, which is in line with a higher proliferative capability. Taken altogether, we demonstrated that OPN4 regulates cell proliferation, cell cycle, and affects the expression of several important factors of the melanocyte physiology; thus, arguing for a putative tumor suppression role in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Vinícius Monteiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (M.N.M.); (A.M.d.L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Nathália Moraes
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (M.N.M.); (A.M.d.L.C.)
| | - Davi Mendes
- DNA Repair Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.M.); (M.M.S.); (C.F.M.M.)
| | - Matheus Molina Silva
- DNA Repair Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.M.); (M.M.S.); (C.F.M.M.)
| | - Carlos Frederico Martins Menck
- DNA Repair Lab, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.M.); (M.M.S.); (C.F.M.M.)
| | - Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci
- Laboratory of Comparative Physiology of Pigmentation, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil; (M.N.M.); (A.M.d.L.C.)
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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184
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Ishay Y, Kolben Y, Kessler A, Ilan Y. Role of circadian rhythm and autonomic nervous system in liver function: a hypothetical basis for improving the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G400-G412. [PMID: 34346773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00186.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common, incapacitating complication of cirrhosis that affects many patients with cirrhosis. Although several therapies have proven effective in the treatment and prevention of this condition, several patients continue to suffer from covert disease or episodes of relapse. The circadian rhythm has been demonstrated to be pivotal for many body functions, including those of the liver. Here, we explore the impact of circadian rhythm-dependent signaling on the liver and discuss the evidence of its impact on liver pathology and metabolism. We describe the various pathways through which circadian influences are mediated. Finally, we introduce a novel method for improving patient response to drugs aimed at treating HE by utilizing the circadian rhythm. A digital system that introduces a customization-based technique for improving the response to therapies is presented as a hypothetical approach for improving the effectiveness of current medications used for the treatment of recurrent and persistent hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yotam Kolben
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asa Kessler
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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185
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Machado Almeida P, Lago Solis B, Stickley L, Feidler A, Nagoshi E. Neurofibromin 1 in mushroom body neurons mediates circadian wake drive through activating cAMP-PKA signaling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5758. [PMID: 34599173 PMCID: PMC8486785 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various behavioral and cognitive states exhibit circadian variations in animals across phyla including Drosophila melanogaster, in which only ~0.1% of the brain's neurons contain circadian clocks. Clock neurons transmit the timing information to a plethora of non-clock neurons via poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we address the molecular underpinning of this phenomenon by profiling circadian gene expression in non-clock neurons that constitute the mushroom body, the center of associative learning and sleep regulation. We show that circadian clocks drive rhythmic expression of hundreds of genes in mushroom body neurons, including the Neurofibromin 1 (Nf1) tumor suppressor gene and Pka-C1. Circadian clocks also drive calcium rhythms in mushroom body neurons via NF1-cAMP/PKA-C1 signaling, eliciting higher mushroom body activity during the day than at night, thereby promoting daytime wakefulness. These findings reveal the pervasive, non-cell-autonomous circadian regulation of gene expression in the brain and its role in sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Machado Almeida
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Blanca Lago Solis
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Luca Stickley
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
| | - Alexis Feidler
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166Present Address: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, Geneva, 4, CH-1211 Switzerland
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186
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Wang W, Duan X, Huang Z, Pan Q, Chen C, Guo L. The GH-IGF-1 Axis in Circadian Rhythm. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:742294. [PMID: 34566581 PMCID: PMC8458700 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.742294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms have developed common behavioral and physiological adaptations to the influence of the day/night cycle. The CLOCK system forms an internal circadian rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) during light/dark input. The SCN may synchronize the growth hormone (GH) secretion rhythm with the dimming cycle through somatostatin neurons, and the change of the clock system may be related to the pulsatile release of GH. The GH-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis and clock system may interact further on the metabolism through regulatory pathways in peripheral organs. We have summarized the current clinical and animal evidence on the interaction of clock systems with the GH-IGF-1 axis and discussed their effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoye Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxiang Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lixin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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187
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Fulgham CV, Dreyer AP, Nasseri A, Miller AN, Love J, Martin MM, Jabr DA, Saurabh S, Cavanaugh DJ. Central and Peripheral Clock Control of Circadian Feeding Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms 2021; 36:548-566. [PMID: 34547954 DOI: 10.1177/07487304211045835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many behaviors exhibit ~24-h oscillations under control of an endogenous circadian timing system that tracks time of day via a molecular circadian clock. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, most circadian research has focused on the generation of locomotor activity rhythms, but a fundamental question is how the circadian clock orchestrates multiple distinct behavioral outputs. Here, we have investigated the cells and circuits mediating circadian control of feeding behavior. Using an array of genetic tools, we show that, as is the case for locomotor activity rhythms, the presence of feeding rhythms requires molecular clock function in the ventrolateral clock neurons of the central brain. We further demonstrate that the speed of molecular clock oscillations in these neurons dictates the free-running period length of feeding rhythms. In contrast to the effects observed with central clock cell manipulations, we show that genetic abrogation of the molecular clock in the fat body, a peripheral metabolic tissue, is without effect on feeding behavior. Interestingly, we find that molecular clocks in the brain and fat body of control flies gradually grow out of phase with one another under free-running conditions, likely due to a long endogenous period of the fat body clock. Under these conditions, the period of feeding rhythms tracks with molecular oscillations in central brain clock cells, consistent with a primary role of the brain clock in dictating the timing of feeding behavior. Finally, despite a lack of effect of fat body selective manipulations, we find that flies with simultaneous disruption of molecular clocks in multiple peripheral tissues (but with intact central clocks) exhibit decreased feeding rhythm strength and reduced overall food intake. We conclude that both central and peripheral clocks contribute to the regulation of feeding rhythms, with a particularly dominant, pacemaker role for specific populations of central brain clock cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson V Fulgham
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Austin P Dreyer
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anita Nasseri
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Asia N Miller
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob Love
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Madison M Martin
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel A Jabr
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sumit Saurabh
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel J Cavanaugh
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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188
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Mann-Nüttel R, Ali S, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Alferink J, Scheu S. The transcription factor reservoir and chromatin landscape in activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells. BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:37. [PMID: 34544361 PMCID: PMC8454182 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-00991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcription factors (TFs) control gene expression by direct binding to regulatory regions of target genes but also by impacting chromatin landscapes and modulating DNA accessibility for other TFs. In recent years several TFs have been defined that control cell fate decisions and effector functions in the immune system. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are an immune cell type with the unique capacity to produce high amounts of type I interferons quickly in response to contact with viral components. Hereby, this cell type is involved in anti-infectious immune responses but also in the development of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. To date, the global TF reservoir in pDCs early after activation remains to be fully characterized. Results To fill this gap, we have performed a comprehensive analysis in naïve versus TLR9-activated murine pDCs in a time course study covering early timepoints after stimulation (2 h, 6 h, 12 h) integrating gene expression (RNA-Seq) and chromatin landscape (ATAC-Seq) studies. To unravel the biological processes underlying the changes in TF expression on a global scale gene ontology (GO) analyses were performed. We found that 70% of all genes annotated as TFs in the mouse genome (1014 out of 1636) are expressed in pDCs for at least one stimulation time point and are covering a wide range of TF classes defined by their specific DNA binding mechanisms. GO analysis revealed involvement of TLR9-induced TFs in epigenetic modulation, NFκB and JAK-STAT signaling, and protein production in the endoplasmic reticulum. pDC activation predominantly “turned on” the chromatin regions associated with TF genes. Our in silico analyses pointed at the AP-1 family of TFs as less noticed but possibly important players in these cells after activation. AP-1 family members exhibit (1) increased gene expression, (2) enhanced chromatin accessibility in their promoter region, and (3) a TF DNA binding motif that is globally enriched in genomic regions that were found more accessible in pDCs after TLR9 activation. Conclusions In this study we define the complete set of TLR9-regulated TFs in pDCs. Further, this study identifies the AP-1 family of TFs as potentially important but so far less well characterized regulators of pDC function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12863-021-00991-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mann-Nüttel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Münster, Germany.,Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Judith Alferink
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Münster, Germany.,Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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189
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Bai X, Liao Y, Sun F, Xiao X, Fu S. Diurnal regulation of oxidative phosphorylation restricts hepatocyte proliferation and inflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109659. [PMID: 34496251 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The principles guiding the diurnal organization of biological pathways remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we perturb the hepatic transcriptome through nutrient regulators (high-fat diet and mTOR signaling components) to identify enduring properties of pathway organization. Temporal separation and counter-regulation between pathways of energy metabolism and inflammation/proliferation emerge as persistent transcriptome features across animal models, and network analysis identifies the G0s2 and Rgs16 genes as potential mediators at the metabolism-inflammation interface. Mechanistically, G0s2 and Rgs16 are sequentially induced during the light phase, promoting amino acid oxidation and suppressing overall mitochondrial respiration. In their absence, sphingolipids and diacylglycerides accumulate, accompanied by hepatic inflammation and hepatocyte proliferation. Notably, the expression of G0s2 and Rgs16 is further induced in obese mouse livers, and silencing of their expression accentuates hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, diurnal regulation of energy metabolism alleviates inflammatory and proliferative stresses under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Yilie Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Fangfang Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Xia Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084
| | - Suneng Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 100084; Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangdong, China 510005.
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190
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Mishra R, Bethunaickan R, Berthier CC, Yi Z, Strohl JJ, Huerta PT, Zhang W, Davidson A. Reversible dysregulation of renal circadian rhythm in lupus nephritis. Mol Med 2021; 27:99. [PMID: 34488619 PMCID: PMC8419890 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have found disruption of expression of major transcriptional regulators of circadian rhythm in the kidneys of several mouse models of lupus nephritis. Here we define the consequence of this disturbance with respect to circadian gene expression and renal homeostatic function in a mouse model of lupus nephritis. METHODS Molecular profiling of kidneys from 47 young and 41 nephritic female NZB/W F1 mice was performed at 4 hourly intervals over a 24 h period. Disruption of major circadian transcriptional regulators was confirmed by qPCR. Molecular data was normalized and analyzed for rhythmicity using RAIN analysis. Serum aldosterone and glucose and urine sodium and potassium were measured at 4 hourly intervals in pre-nephritic and nephritic mice and blood pressure was measured every 4 h. Analyses were repeated after induction of complete remission of nephritis using combination cyclophosphamide and costimulatory blockade. RESULTS We show a profound alteration of renal circadian rhythms in mice with lupus nephritis affecting multiple renal pathways. Using Cosinor analysis we identified consequent alterations of renal homeostasis and metabolism as well as blood pressure dipper status. This circadian dysregulation was partially reversed by remission induction therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate the role of inflammation in causing the circadian disruption and suggest that screening for loss of normal blood pressure dipping should be incorporated into LN management. The data also suggest a potential role for circadian agonists in the treatment of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Mishra
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Ramalingam Bethunaickan
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Celine C Berthier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Zhengzi Yi
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, P.O. Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Joshua J Strohl
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Patricio T Huerta
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, P.O. Box 1243, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Anne Davidson
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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191
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Duffield GE, Robles-Murguia M, Hou TY, McDonald KA. Targeted Disruption of the Inhibitor of DNA Binding 4 ( Id4) Gene Alters Photic Entrainment of the Circadian Clock. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9632. [PMID: 34502541 PMCID: PMC8431790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) genes comprise a family of four helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcriptional inhibitors. Our earlier studies revealed a role for ID2 within the circadian system, contributing to input, output, and core clock function through its interaction with CLOCK and BMAL1. Here, we explore the contribution of ID4 to the circadian system using a targeted disruption of the Id4 gene. Attributes of the circadian clock were assessed by monitoring the locomotor activity of Id4-/- mice, and they revealed disturbances in its operation. Id4-mutant mice expressed a shorter circadian period length, attenuated phase shifts in responses to continuous and discrete photic cues, and an advanced phase angle of entrainment under a 12:12 light:dark cycle and under short and long photoperiods. To understand the basis for these properties, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and retinal structures were examined. Anatomical analysis reveals a smaller Id4-/- SCN in the width dimension, which is a finding consistent with its smaller brain. As a result of this feature, anterograde tracing in Id4-/- mice revealed retinal afferents innovate a disproportionally larger SCN area. The Id4-/- photic entrainment responses are unlikely to be due to an impaired function of the retinal pathways since Id4-/- retinal anatomy and function tested by pupillometry were similar to wild-type mice. Furthermore, these circadian characteristics are opposite to those exhibited by the Id2-/- mouse, suggesting an opposing influence of the ID4 protein within the circadian system; or, the absence of ID4 results in changes in the expression or activity of other members of the Id gene family. Expression analysis of the Id genes within the Id4-/- SCN revealed a time-of-day specific elevated Id1. It is plausible that the increased Id1 and/or absence of ID4 result in changes in interactions with bHLH canonical clock components or with targets upstream and/or downstream of the clock, thereby resulting in abnormal properties of the circadian clock and its entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E. Duffield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.R.-M.); (T.Y.H.); (K.A.M.)
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Maricela Robles-Murguia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.R.-M.); (T.Y.H.); (K.A.M.)
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Tim Y. Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.R.-M.); (T.Y.H.); (K.A.M.)
| | - Kathleen A. McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; (M.R.-M.); (T.Y.H.); (K.A.M.)
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192
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Oyama Y, Walker LA, Eckle T. Targeting circadian PER2 as therapy in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Chronobiol Int 2021; 38:1262-1273. [PMID: 34034593 PMCID: PMC8355134 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1928160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cycle of day and night dominates life on earth. Therefore, almost all living organisms adopted a molecular clock linked to the light-dark cycles. It is now well established that this molecular clock is crucial for human health and wellbeing. Disruption of the molecular clockwork directly results in a myriad of disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. Further, the onset of many cardiovascular diseases such as acute myocardial infarction exhibits a circadian periodicity with worse outcomes in the early morning hours. Based on these observations, the research community became interested in manipulating the molecular clock to treat cardiovascular diseases. In recent years, several exciting discoveries of pharmacological agents or molecular mechanisms targeting the molecular clockwork have paved the way for circadian medicine's arrival in cardiovascular diseases. The current review will outline the most recent circadian therapeutic advances related to the circadian rhythm protein Period2 (PER2) to treat myocardial ischemia and summarize future research in the respective field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Oyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Lori A Walker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Tobias Eckle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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193
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Casey T, Suarez-Trujillo A, Cummings S, Huff K, Crodian J, Bhide K, Aduwari C, Teeple K, Shamay A, Mabjeesh SJ, San Miguel P, Thimmapuram J, Plaut K. Core circadian clock transcription factor BMAL1 regulates mammary epithelial cell growth, differentiation, and milk component synthesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248199. [PMID: 34415905 PMCID: PMC8378744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role the mammary epithelial circadian clock plays in gland development and lactation is unknown. We hypothesized that mammary epithelial clocks function to regulate mammogenesis and lactogenesis, and propose the core clock transcription factor BMAL1:CLOCK regulates genes that control mammary epithelial development and milk synthesis. Our objective was to identify transcriptional targets of BMAL1 in undifferentiated (UNDIFF) and lactogen differentiated (DIFF) mammary epithelial cells (HC11) using ChIP-seq. Ensembl gene IDs with the nearest transcriptional start site to ChIP-seq peaks were explored as potential targets, and represented 846 protein coding genes common to UNDIFF and DIFF cells and 2773 unique to DIFF samples. Genes with overlapping peaks between samples (1343) enriched cell-cell adhesion, membrane transporters and lipid metabolism categories. To functionally verify targets, an HC11 line with Bmal1 gene knocked out (BMAL1-KO) using CRISPR-CAS was created. BMAL1-KO cultures had lower cell densities over an eight-day growth curve, which was associated with increased (p<0.05) levels of reactive oxygen species and lower expression of superoxide dismutase 3 (Sod3). RT-qPCR analysis also found lower expression of the putative targets, prolactin receptor (Prlr), Ppara, and beta-casein (Csn2). Findings support our hypothesis and highlight potential importance of clock in mammary development and substrate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Casey
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Aridany Suarez-Trujillo
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Shelby Cummings
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Katelyn Huff
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Crodian
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Ketaki Bhide
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Clare Aduwari
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Teeple
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Avi Shamay
- Animal Science Institute, Agriculture Research Origination, The Volcani Center, Rishon Letsiyon, Israel
| | - Sameer J. Mabjeesh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Phillip San Miguel
- Genomics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Jyothi Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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194
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Liu L, Zhang P, Gao Q, Feng X, Han L, Zhang F, Bai Y, Han M, Hu H, Dai F, Zhang G, Tong X. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals bmo-miR-6497-3p Regulate Circadian Clock Genes during the Embryonic Diapause Induction Process in Bivoltine Silkworm. INSECTS 2021; 12:739. [PMID: 34442305 PMCID: PMC8396838 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is one of the survival strategies of insects for confronting adverse environmental conditions. Bombyx mori displays typical embryonic diapause, and offspring diapause depends on the incubation environment of the maternal embryo in the bivoltine strains of the silkworm. However, the molecular mechanisms of the diapause induction process are still poorly understood. In this study, we compared the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) in bivoltine silkworm embryos incubated at diapause- (25 °C) and non-diapause (15 °C)-inducing temperatures during the blastokinesis (BK) and head pigmentation (HP) phases using transcriptome sequencing. There were 411 known miRNAs and 71 novel miRNAs identified during the two phases. Among those miRNAs, there were 108 and 74 DEmiRs in the BK and HP groups, respectively. By the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the predicted target genes of the DEmiRs, we found that aside from metabolism, the targets were also enriched in phototransduction-fly and insect hormone biosynthesis in the BK group and the HP group, respectively. Dual luciferase reporter assay illustrated that bmo-miR-6497-3p directly regulated Bmcycle and subsequently regulated the expression of circadian genes. These results imply that microRNAs, as vitally important regulators, respond to different temperatures and participate in the diapause induction process across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Xiaoge Feng
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Lan Han
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fengbin Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yanmin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Minjin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Gaojun Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
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195
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Hara A, Satake A. Why meals during resting time cause fat accumulation in mammals? Mathematical modeling of circadian regulation on glucose metabolism. J Math Biol 2021; 83:26. [PMID: 34370098 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-021-01645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of metabolic rhythms regulated by circadian clock and meal timing is essential for maintaining nutrient homeostasis in response to fluctuating food intake in animals. Despite numerous experimental findings on the involvement of circadian regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, the optimal regulatory strategy for the maintenance of energy homeostasis remains poorly defined. A mathematical framework is useful to assess the circadian regulation of glycogen production/breakdown and de novo lipogenesis/lipolysis by evaluating the contribution of time of the day-dependent activation or the repression of each metabolic process in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Here, we present a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of glycogen and triglyceride contents, two major forms of energy storage in the body that provide the fuel needed during different phases of food deprivation. By changing peak phases of glycogenesis and fat synthesis, we searched for the optimal phase set that minimizes the risks of two types of possible metabolic dysfunctions: (1) high blood glucose and (2) energy exhaustion. Based on the optimal phase set, we compared the level of fat accumulation between meal timing in the active and resting periods. Our results showed that an increased fat accumulation by food intake in the resting period can be the byproduct of minimizing energy homeostasis risks in the synchronized feeding schedule that animals adopt in nature. Our finding will be useful to schedule an optimal meal timing to prevent metabolic diseases caused by misalignment of biological and social time in modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Hara
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Akiko Satake
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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196
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Abstract
Circadian rhythm evolved to allow organisms to coordinate intrinsic physiological functions in anticipation of recurring environmental changes. The importance of this coordination is exemplified by the tight temporal control of cardiac metabolism. Levels of metabolites, metabolic flux, and response to nutrients all oscillate in a time-of-day-dependent fashion. While these rhythms are affected by oscillatory behavior (feeding/fasting, wake/sleep) and neurohormonal changes, recent data have unequivocally demonstrated an intrinsic circadian regulation at the tissue and cellular level. The circadian clock - through a network of a core clock, slave clock, and effectors - exerts intricate temporal control of cardiac metabolism, which is also integrated with environmental cues. The combined anticipation and adaptability that the circadian clock enables provide maximum advantage to cardiac function. Disruption of the circadian rhythm, or dyssynchrony, leads to cardiometabolic disorders seen not only in shift workers but in most individuals in modern society. In this Review, we describe current findings on rhythmic cardiac metabolism and discuss the intricate regulation of circadian rhythm and the consequences of rhythm disruption. An in-depth understanding of the circadian biology in cardiac metabolism is critical in translating preclinical findings from nocturnal-animal models as well as in developing novel chronotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine.,Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, and.,School of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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197
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Wagner PM, Prucca CG, Caputto BL, Guido ME. Adjusting the Molecular Clock: The Importance of Circadian Rhythms in the Development of Glioblastomas and Its Intervention as a Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8289. [PMID: 34361055 PMCID: PMC8348990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are solid tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that originated from different glial cells. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies these tumors into four groups (I-IV) with increasing malignancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor classified as grade IV. GBMs are resistant to conventional therapies with poor prognosis after diagnosis even when the Stupp protocol that combines surgery and radiochemotherapy is applied. Nowadays, few novel therapeutic strategies have been used to improve GBM treatment, looking for higher efficiency and lower side effects, but with relatively modest results. The circadian timing system temporally organizes the physiology and behavior of most organisms and daily regulates several cellular processes in organs, tissues, and even in individual cells, including tumor cells. The potentiality of the function of the circadian clock on cancer cells modulation as a new target for novel treatments with a chronobiological basis offers a different challenge that needs to be considered in further detail. The present review will discuss state of the art regarding GBM biology, the role of the circadian clock in tumor progression, and new chrono-chemotherapeutic strategies applied for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M. Wagner
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (P.M.W.); (C.G.P.); (B.L.C.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - César G. Prucca
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (P.M.W.); (C.G.P.); (B.L.C.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Beatriz L. Caputto
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (P.M.W.); (C.G.P.); (B.L.C.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Mario E. Guido
- CIQUIBIC-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (P.M.W.); (C.G.P.); (B.L.C.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
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198
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Adjusting the Molecular Clock: The Importance of Circadian Rhythms in the Development of Glioblastomas and Its Intervention as a Therapeutic Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8289. [PMID: 34361055 PMCID: PMC8348990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158289;] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are solid tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that originated from different glial cells. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies these tumors into four groups (I-IV) with increasing malignancy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor classified as grade IV. GBMs are resistant to conventional therapies with poor prognosis after diagnosis even when the Stupp protocol that combines surgery and radiochemotherapy is applied. Nowadays, few novel therapeutic strategies have been used to improve GBM treatment, looking for higher efficiency and lower side effects, but with relatively modest results. The circadian timing system temporally organizes the physiology and behavior of most organisms and daily regulates several cellular processes in organs, tissues, and even in individual cells, including tumor cells. The potentiality of the function of the circadian clock on cancer cells modulation as a new target for novel treatments with a chronobiological basis offers a different challenge that needs to be considered in further detail. The present review will discuss state of the art regarding GBM biology, the role of the circadian clock in tumor progression, and new chrono-chemotherapeutic strategies applied for GBM treatment.
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199
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Mao Y, Shao F, Zhao Q, Peng Z. Molecular Evolution of clock Genes in Vertebrates. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:494-512. [PMID: 34297154 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-10020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms not only influence the overall daily routine of organisms but also directly affect life activities to varying degrees. Circadian locomotor output cycle kaput (Clock), the most critical gene in the circadian rhythm feedback system, plays an important role in the regulation of biological rhythms. Here, we aimed to elucidate the evolutionary history of the clock gene family in a taxonomically diverse set of vertebrates, providing novel insights into the evolution of the clock gene family based on 102 vertebrate genomes. Using genome-wide analysis, we extracted 264 clock sequences. In lobe-finned fishes and some basal non-teleost ray-finned fishes, only two clock isotypes were found (clock1 and clock2). However, the majority of teleosts possess three clock genes (two clock1 genes and one clock2 gene) owing to extra whole-genome duplication. The following syntenic analysis confirmed that clock1a, clock1b, and clock2 are conserved in teleost species. Interestingly, we discovered that osteoglossomorph fishes possess two clock2 genes. Moreover, protein sequence comparisons indicate that CLOCK protein changes among vertebrates were concentrated at the N-terminal and poly Q regions. We also performed a dN/dS analysis, and the results suggest that clock1 and clock2 may show distinct fates for duplicated genes between the lobe-finned and ray-finned fish clades. Collectively, these results provide a genome-wide insight into clock gene evolution in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zuogang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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200
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Cancer recurrence and lethality are enabled by enhanced survival and reversible cell cycle arrest of polyaneuploid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020838118. [PMID: 33504594 PMCID: PMC7896294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020838118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a unifying theory to explain cancer recurrence, therapeutic resistance, and lethality. The basis of this theory is the formation of simultaneously polyploid and aneuploid cancer cells, polyaneuploid cancer cells (PACCs), that avoid the toxic effects of systemic therapy by entering a state of cell cycle arrest. The theory is independent of which of the classically associated oncogenic mutations have already occurred. PACCs have been generally disregarded as senescent or dying cells. Our theory states that therapeutic resistance is driven by PACC formation that is enabled by accessing a polyploid program that allows an aneuploid cancer cell to double its genomic content, followed by entry into a nondividing cell state to protect DNA integrity and ensure cell survival. Upon removal of stress, e.g., chemotherapy, PACCs undergo depolyploidization and generate resistant progeny that make up the bulk of cancer cells within a tumor.
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