151
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PTPN2 attenuates T-cell lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3073. [PMID: 24445916 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When the peripheral T-cell pool is depleted, T cells undergo homoeostatic expansion. This expansion is reliant on the recognition of self-antigens and/or cytokines, in particular interleukin-7. The T cell-intrinsic mechanisms that prevent excessive homoeostatic T-cell responses and consequent overt autoreactivity remain poorly defined. Here we show that protein tyrosine phosphatase N2 (PTPN2) is elevated in naive T cells leaving the thymus to restrict homoeostatic T-cell proliferation and prevent excess responses to self-antigens in the periphery. PTPN2-deficient CD8(+) T cells undergo rapid lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) when transferred into lymphopenic hosts and acquire the characteristics of antigen-experienced effector T cells. The enhanced LIP is attributed to elevated T-cell receptor-dependent, but not interleukin-7-dependent responses, results in a skewed T-cell receptor repertoire and the development of autoimmunity. Our results identify a major mechanism by which homoeostatic T-cell responses are tuned to prevent the development of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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152
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Stromnes IM, Schmitt TM, Hulbert A, Brockenbrough JS, Nguyen H, Cuevas C, Dotson AM, Tan X, Hotes JL, Greenberg PD, Hingorani SR. T Cells Engineered against a Native Antigen Can Surmount Immunologic and Physical Barriers to Treat Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:638-652. [PMID: 26525103 PMCID: PMC4724422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAs) erect physical barriers to chemotherapy and induce multiple mechanisms of immune suppression, creating a sanctuary for unimpeded growth. We tested the ability of T cells engineered to express an affinity-enhanced T cell receptor (TCR) against a native antigen to overcome these barriers in a genetically engineered model of autochthonous PDA. Engineered T cells preferentially accumulate in PDA and induce tumor cell death and stromal remodeling. However, tumor-infiltrating T cells become progressively dysfunctional, a limitation successfully overcome by serial T cell infusions that resulted in a near-doubling of survival without overt toxicities. Similarly engineered human T cells lyse PDA cells in vitro, further supporting clinical advancement of this TCR-based strategy for the treatment of PDA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/immunology
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Jurkat Cells
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Mesothelin
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Protein Engineering/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn M. Stromnes
- Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, 98109
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | | | | | | | - Hieu Nguyen
- Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, 98109
| | - Carlos Cuevas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | | | - Xiaoxia Tan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | | | - Philip D. Greenberg
- Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, 98109
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Correspondence: Sunil R. Hingorani, MD, PhD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mail Stop M5-C800, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, , Philip D. Greenberg, MD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mail Stop D3-100, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024,
| | - Sunil R. Hingorani
- Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, 98109
- Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195
- Correspondence: Sunil R. Hingorani, MD, PhD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mail Stop M5-C800, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, , Philip D. Greenberg, MD, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mail Stop D3-100, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109-1024,
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153
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Shaabani N, Khairnar V, Duhan V, Zhou F, Tur RF, Häussinger D, Recher M, Tumanov AV, Hardt C, Pinschewer D, Christen U, Lang PA, Honke N, Lang KS. Two separate mechanisms of enforced viral replication balance innate and adaptive immune activation. J Autoimmun 2015; 67:82-89. [PMID: 26553386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The induction of innate and adaptive immunity is essential for controlling viral infections. Limited or overwhelming innate immunity can negatively impair the adaptive immune response. Therefore, balancing innate immunity separately from activating the adaptive immune response would result in a better antiviral immune response. Recently, we demonstrated that Usp18-dependent replication of virus in secondary lymphatic organs contributes to activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. Whether specific mechanisms can balance innate and adaptive immunity separately remains unknown. In this study, using lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and replication-deficient single-cycle LCMV vectors, we found that viral replication of the initial inoculum is essential for activating virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. In contrast, extracellular distribution of virus along the splenic conduits is necessary for inducing systemic levels of type I interferon (IFN-I). Although enforced virus replication is driven primarily by Usp18, B cell-derived lymphotoxin beta contributes to the extracellular distribution of virus along the splenic conduits. Therefore, lymphotoxin beta regulates IFN-I induction independently of CD8(+) T-cell activity. We found that two separate mechanisms act together in the spleen to guarantee amplification of virus during infection, thereby balancing the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namir Shaabani
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rita Ferrer Tur
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mike Recher
- Clinic for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Medical Outpatient Unit, and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Cornelia Hardt
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine, Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Christen
- Clinic of Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Honke
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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154
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Mundt S, Engelhardt B, Kirk CJ, Groettrup M, Basler M. Inhibition and deficiency of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 attenuates LCMV-induced meningitis. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:104-13. [PMID: 26464284 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In addition to antigen processing, immunoproteasomes were recently shown to exert functions influencing cytokine production by monocytes and T cells, T-helper cell differentiation, and T-cell survival. Moreover, selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 ameliorated symptoms of autoimmune diseases including CD4(+) T-cell mediated EAE. In this study, we show that LMP7 also plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-induced meningitis mediated by CTLs. Mice lacking functional LMP7 display delayed and reduced clinical signs of disease accompanied by a strongly decreased inflammatory infiltration into the brain. Interestingly, we found that selective inhibition and genetic deficiency of LMP7 affect the pathogenesis of LCMV-induced meningitis in a distinct manner. Our findings support the important role of LMP7 in inflammatory disorders and suggest immunoproteasome inhibition as a novel strategy against inflammation-induced neuropathology in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mundt
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz (BITg), Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz (BITg), Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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155
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Mathieu C, Beltra JC, Charpentier T, Bourbonnais S, Di Santo JP, Lamarre A, Decaluwe H. IL-2 and IL-15 regulate CD8+ memory T-cell differentiation but are dispensable for protective recall responses. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3324-38. [PMID: 26426795 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to mount effective secondary responses is a cardinal feature of memory CD8(+) T cells. An understanding of the factors that regulate the generation and recall capacities of memory T cells remains to be ascertained. Several cues indicate that two highly related cytokines, IL-2 and IL-15, share redundant functions in this process. To establish their combined roles in memory CD8(+) T-cell development, maintenance, and secondary responses, we compared the outcome of adoptively transferred IL2Rβ(+/-) or IL2Rβ(-/-) CD8(+) T cells after an acute viral infection in mice. Our results demonstrate that both IL-2 and IL-15 signals condition the differentiation of primary and secondary short-lived effector cells by altering the transcriptional network governing lineage choices. These two cytokines also regulate the homeostasis of the memory T-cell pool, with effector memory CD8(+) T cells being the most sensitive to these two interleukins. Noticeably, the inability to respond to both cytokines limits the proliferation and survival of primary and secondary effectors cells, whereas it does not preclude potent cytotoxic functions and viral control either initially or upon rechallenge. Globally, these results indicate that lack of IL-2 and IL-15 signaling modulates the CD8(+) T-cell differentiation program but does not impede adequate effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Mathieu
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Christophe Beltra
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tania Charpentier
- Immunovirology Laboratory, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sara Bourbonnais
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Lamarre
- Immunovirology Laboratory, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Decaluwe
- Cytokines and Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Immunology and Rheumatology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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156
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Ng D, Maître B, Cummings D, Lin A, Ward LA, Rahbar R, Mossman KL, Ohashi PS, Gommerman JL. A Lymphotoxin/Type I IFN Axis Programs CD8+T Cells To Infiltrate a Self-Tissue and Propagate Immunopathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4650-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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157
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Buerger S, Herrmann VL, Mundt S, Trautwein N, Groettrup M, Basler M. The Ubiquitin-like Modifier FAT10 Is Selectively Expressed in Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells and Modifies T Cell Selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4106-16. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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158
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Fiume G, Scialdone A, Albano F, Rossi A, Tuccillo FM, Rea D, Palmieri C, Caiazzo E, Cicala C, Bellevicine C, Falcone C, Vecchio E, Pisano A, Ceglia S, Mimmi S, Iaccino E, de Laurentiis A, Pontoriero M, Agosti V, Troncone G, Mignogna C, Palma G, Arra C, Mallardo M, Buonaguro FM, Scala G, Quinto I. Impairment of T cell development and acute inflammatory response in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13864. [PMID: 26343909 PMCID: PMC4561375 DOI: 10.1038/srep13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune activation and chronic inflammation are hallmark features of HIV infection causing T-cell depletion and cellular immune dysfunction in AIDS. Here, we addressed the issue whether HIV-1 Tat could affect T cell development and acute inflammatory response by generating a transgenic mouse expressing Tat in lymphoid tissue. Tat-Tg mice showed thymus atrophy and the maturation block from DN4 to DP thymic subpopulations, resulting in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells depletion in peripheral blood. In Tat-positive thymus, we observed the increased p65/NF-κB activity and deregulated expression of cytokines/chemokines and microRNA-181a-1, which are involved in T-lymphopoiesis. Upon LPS intraperitoneal injection, Tat-Tg mice developed an abnormal acute inflammatory response, which was characterized by enhanced lethality and production of inflammatory cytokines. Based on these findings, Tat-Tg mouse could represent an animal model for testing adjunctive therapies of HIV-1-associated inflammation and immune deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annarita Scialdone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Albano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Rossi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenica Rea
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellevicine
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Falcone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simona Ceglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria de Laurentiis
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marilena Pontoriero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Valter Agosti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Science of Health Department, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione Giovanni Pascale", IRCCS, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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159
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Manna S, Kim JK, Baugé C, Cam M, Zhao Y, Shetty J, Vacchio MS, Castro E, Tran B, Tessarollo L, Bosselut R. Histone H3 Lysine 27 demethylases Jmjd3 and Utx are required for T-cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8152. [PMID: 26328764 PMCID: PMC4569738 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27Me3) is associated with gene silencing, whether H3K27Me3 demethylation affects transcription and cell differentiation in vivo has remained elusive. To investigate this, we conditionally inactivated the two H3K27Me3 demethylases, Jmjd3 and Utx, in non-dividing intrathymic CD4(+) T-cell precursors. Here we show that both enzymes redundantly promote H3K27Me3 removal at, and expression of, a specific subset of genes involved in terminal thymocyte differentiation, especially S1pr1, encoding a sphingosine-phosphate receptor required for thymocyte egress. Thymocyte expression of S1pr1 was not rescued in Jmjd3- and Utx-deficient male mice, which carry the catalytically inactive Utx homolog Uty, supporting the conclusion that it requires H3K27Me3 demethylase activity. These findings demonstrate that Jmjd3 and Utx are required for T-cell development, and point to a requirement for their H3K27Me3 demethylase activity in cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugata Manna
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jong Kyong Kim
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Catherine Baugé
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Margaret Cam
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jyoti Shetty
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Melanie S Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ehydel Castro
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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160
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Menner AJ, Rauch KS, Aichele P, Pircher H, Schachtrup C, Schachtrup K. Id3 Controls Cell Death of 2B4+ Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Chronic Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2103-14. [PMID: 26232435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sustained Ag persistence in chronic infection results in a deregulated CD8(+) T cell response that is characterized by T cell exhaustion and cell death of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. Yet, the underlying transcriptional mechanisms regulating CD8(+) T cell exhaustion and cell death are poorly defined. Using the experimental mouse model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, we demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator Id3 controls cell death of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in chronic infection. By comparing acute and chronic infection, we showed that Id3 (-) virus-specific CD8(+) T cells were less abundant, whereas the absolute numbers of Id3 (+) virus-specific CD8(+) T cells were equal in chronic and acute infection. Phenotypically, Id3 (-) and Id3 (+) cells most prominently differed with regard to expression of the surface receptor 2B4; although Id3 (-) cells were 2B4(+), almost all Id3 (+) cells lacked expression of 2B4. Lineage-tracing experiments showed that cells initially expressing Id3 differentiated into Id3 (-)2B4(+) cells; in turn, these cells were terminally differentiated and highly susceptible to cell death under conditions of persisting Ag. Enforced Id3 expression specifically increased the persistence of 2B4(+) virus-specific CD8(+) T cells by decreasing susceptibility to Fas/Fas ligand-mediated cell death. Thus, our findings reveal that the transcriptional regulator Id3 promotes the survival of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in chronic infection and suggest that targeting Id3 might be beneficial for preventing cell death of CD8(+) T cells in chronic infection or for promoting cell death of uncontrolled, hyperactive CD8(+) T cells to prevent immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Menner
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina S Rauch
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Aichele
- Center for Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Center for Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Christian Schachtrup
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Schachtrup
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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161
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Lopes N, Sergé A, Ferrier P, Irla M. Thymic Crosstalk Coordinates Medulla Organization and T-Cell Tolerance Induction. Front Immunol 2015; 6:365. [PMID: 26257733 PMCID: PMC4507079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus ensures the generation of a functional and highly diverse T-cell repertoire. The thymic medulla, which is mainly composed of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and dendritic cells (DCs), provides a specialized microenvironment dedicated to the establishment of T-cell tolerance. mTECs play a privileged role in this pivotal process by their unique capacity to express a broad range of peripheral self-antigens that are presented to developing T cells. Reciprocally, developing T cells control mTEC differentiation and organization. These bidirectional interactions are commonly referred to as thymic crosstalk. This review focuses on the relative contributions of mTEC and DC subsets to the deletion of autoreactive T cells and the generation of natural regulatory T cells. We also summarize current knowledge regarding how hematopoietic cells conversely control the composition and complex three-dimensional organization of the thymic medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noëlla Lopes
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2 , Marseille , France
| | - Arnauld Sergé
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Aix-Marseille Université UM105 , Marseille , France
| | - Pierre Ferrier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2 , Marseille , France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, INSERM, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, Aix-Marseille Université UM2 , Marseille , France
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162
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Bransi A, Salgado OC, Beffinger M, Milo K, Silina K, Yagita H, Becher B, Knuth A, van den Broek M. Rational Combination of Immunotherapies with Clinical Efficacy in Mice with Advanced Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1279-88. [PMID: 26141620 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0103-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the context of cancer, naïve T cells are insufficiently primed and become progressively dysfunctional. Boosting antitumor responses by blocking PD-1 or CTLA-4 results in durable clinical responses only in a limited proportion of cancer patients, suggesting that other pathways must be targeted to improve clinical efficacy. Our preclinical study in TRAMP mice comparing 14 different immune interventions identified anti-CD40 + IL2/anti-IL2 complexes + IL12Fc as a uniquely efficacious treatment that prevents tolerance induction, promotes priming of sustained, protective tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells, and cures late-stage cancer when given together with adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells. We propose that improving signals 2 (costimulation) and 3 (cytokines) together with fresh tumor-specific, rather than boosting of dysfunctional preexisting memory, T cells represents a potent therapy for advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bransi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michal Beffinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karim Milo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karina Silina
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Knuth
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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163
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Herz J, Johnson KR, McGavern DB. Therapeutic antiviral T cells noncytopathically clear persistently infected microglia after conversion into antigen-presenting cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1153-69. [PMID: 26122661 PMCID: PMC4516789 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clearance of neurotropic infections is challenging because the CNS is relatively intolerant of immunopathological reactions. Herz et al. use a model of persistent viral infection in mice to demonstrate therapeutic antiviral T cells can purge the CNS infection without causing tissue damage resulting from limited recruitment of inflammatory innate immune cells and conversion of microglia into APCs. Several viruses can infect the mammalian nervous system and induce neurological dysfunction. Adoptive immunotherapy is an approach that involves administration of antiviral T cells and has shown promise in clinical studies for the treatment of peripheral virus infections in humans such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and adenovirus, among others. In contrast, clearance of neurotropic infections is particularly challenging because the central nervous system (CNS) is relatively intolerant of immunopathological reactions. Therefore, it is essential to develop and mechanistically understand therapies that noncytopathically eradicate pathogens from the CNS. Here, we used mice persistently infected from birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to demonstrate that therapeutic antiviral T cells can completely purge the persistently infected brain without causing blood–brain barrier breakdown or tissue damage. Mechanistically, this is accomplished through a tailored release of chemoattractants that recruit antiviral T cells, but few pathogenic innate immune cells such as neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. Upon arrival, T cells enlisted the support of nearly all brain-resident myeloid cells (microglia) by inducing proliferation and converting them into CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Two-photon imaging experiments revealed that antiviral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells interacted directly with CD11c+ microglia and induced STAT1 signaling but did not initiate programmed cell death. We propose that noncytopathic CNS viral clearance can be achieved by therapeutic antiviral T cells reliant on restricted chemoattractant production and interactions with apoptosis-resistant microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Herz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kory R Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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164
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Schwartzkopff S, Woyciechowski S, Aichele U, Flecken T, Zhang N, Thimme R, Pircher H. TGF-β downregulates KLRG1 expression in mouse and human CD8(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2212-7. [PMID: 26014037 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory receptor killer cell lectin-like receptor G1 (KLRG1) and the integrin αE (CD103) are expressed by CD8(+) T cells and both are specific for E-cadherin. However, KLRG1 ligation by E-cadherin inhibits effector T-cell function, whereas binding of CD103 to E-cadherin enhances cell-cell interaction and promotes target cell lysis. Here, we demonstrate that KLRG1 and CD103 expression in CD8(+) T cells from untreated and virus-infected mice are mutually exclusive. Inverse correlation of KLRG1 and CD103 expression was also found in human CD8(+) T cells-infiltrating hepatocellular carcinomas. As TGF-β is known to induce CD103 expression in CD8(+) T cells, we examined whether this cytokine also regulates KLRG1 expression. Indeed, our data further reveal that TGF-β signaling in mouse as well as in human CD8(+) T cells downregulates KLRG1 expression. This finding provides a rationale for the reciprocal expression of KLRG1 and CD103 in different CD8(+) T-cell subsets. In addition, it points to the limitation of KLRG1 as a marker for terminally differentiated CD8(+) T cells if lymphocytes from tissues expressing high levels of TGF-β are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schwartzkopff
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Woyciechowski
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Aichele
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Flecken
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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165
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Odorizzi PM, Pauken KE, Paley MA, Sharpe A, Wherry EJ. Genetic absence of PD-1 promotes accumulation of terminally differentiated exhausted CD8+ T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1125-37. [PMID: 26034050 PMCID: PMC4493417 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) has received considerable attention as a key regulator of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion during chronic infection and cancer because blockade of this pathway partially reverses T cell dysfunction. Although the PD-1 pathway is critical in regulating established "exhausted" CD8(+) T cells (TEX cells), it is unclear whether PD-1 directly causes T cell exhaustion. We show that PD-1 is not required for the induction of exhaustion in mice with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In fact, some aspects of exhaustion are more severe with genetic deletion of PD-1 from the onset of infection. Increased proliferation between days 8 and 14 postinfection is associated with subsequent decreased CD8(+) T cell survival and disruption of a critical proliferative hierarchy necessary to maintain exhausted populations long term. Ultimately, the absence of PD-1 leads to the accumulation of more cytotoxic, but terminally differentiated, CD8(+) TEX cells. These results demonstrate that CD8(+) T cell exhaustion can occur in the absence of PD-1. They also highlight a novel role for PD-1 in preserving TEX cell populations from overstimulation, excessive proliferation, and terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Odorizzi
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Microbiology and Penn Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Microbiology and Penn Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael A Paley
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Microbiology and Penn Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Arlene Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Evergrande Center for Immunological Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142 Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Department of Microbiology and Penn Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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166
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Condotta SA, Khan SH, Rai D, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Polymicrobial Sepsis Increases Susceptibility to Chronic Viral Infection and Exacerbates CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:116-25. [PMID: 25980007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients who survive sepsis display suppressed immune functions, often manifested as an increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Recently, using a cecal-ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis, we showed that sepsis induces substantial and long-lasting changes in the available naive CD8(+) T cell repertoire affecting the capacity of the host to respond to newly encountered acute infections. However, the extent to which sepsis changes the host susceptibility to chronic infection and affects CD8(+) T cell responses is currently unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that inbred and outbred mice recovering from a septic event are more susceptible to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone-13 infection exhibited by mortality and viral burden. Primary virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in LCMV clone-13-infected septic mice displayed exacerbated CD8(+) T cell exhaustion illustrated by increased inhibitory molecule expression (e.g., programmed cell death 1, lymphocyte-activation gene 3, and 2B4) and diminished Ag-driven cytokine production (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α) compared with similarly infected sham-treated mice. Importantly, therapeutic inhibitory molecule dual blockade (anti-PD-L1 and anti-lymphocyte-activation gene 3) increased the number of circulating LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells, and improved CD8(+) T cell function and pathogen control in chronically infected septic mice. Together, these results illustrate that polymicrobial sepsis compromises the overall health of the host leading to increased vulnerability to chronic infection and exacerbated CD8(+) T cell exhaustion. Collectively, our findings suggest that septic survivors may be more susceptible and at greater risk for developing exhaustible CD8(+) T cells upon encountering a subsequent chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Shaniya H Khan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242;
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167
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Wojta-Stremayr D, Neunkirchner A, Srinivasan B, Trapin D, Schmetterer KG, Pickl WF. CD8+ T Cell Fate and Function Influenced by Antigen-Specific Virus-Like Nanoparticles Co-Expressing Membrane Tethered IL-2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126034. [PMID: 25946103 PMCID: PMC4422701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of adjuvants fostering humoral immunity are known as of today. However, there is a lack of adjuvants or adjuvant strategies, which directly target T cellular effector functions and memory. We here determined whether systemically toxic cytokines such as IL-2 can be restricted to the site of antigen presentation and used as ‘natural adjuvants’. Therefore, we devised antigen-presenting virus-like nanoparticles (VNP) co-expressing IL-2 attached to different membrane-anchors and assessed their potency to modulate CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Efficient targeting of IL-2 to lipid rafts and ultimately VNP was achieved by fusing IL-2 at its C-terminus to a minimal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor acceptor sequence. To identify optimal membrane-anchor dimensions we inserted one (1Ig), two (2Ig) or four (4Ig) immunoglobulin(Ig)-like domains of CD16b between IL-2 and the minimal GPI-anchor acceptor sequence of CD16b (GPI). We found that the 2IgGPI version was superior to all other evaluated IL-2 variants (IL-2v) in terms of its i) degree of targeting to lipid rafts and to the VNP surface, ii) biological activity, iii) co-stimulation of cognate T cells in the absence of bystander activation and iv) potency to induce differentiation and acquisition of CD8+ T cell effector functions in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the GPI version rather favored memory precursor cell formation. These results exemplify novel beneficial features of membrane-bound IL-2, which in addition to its mere T cell stimulatory capacity include the induction of differential effector and memory functions in CD8+ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Wojta-Stremayr
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bharani Srinivasan
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Trapin
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus G Schmetterer
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Immunomodulation, Vienna, Austria
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168
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Matsushita M, Freigang S, Schneider C, Conrad M, Bornkamm GW, Kopf M. T cell lipid peroxidation induces ferroptosis and prevents immunity to infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:555-68. [PMID: 25824823 PMCID: PMC4387287 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Matsushita et al. investigated the role of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidae 4 (Gpx4) in T cell responses and found that loss of Gpx4 results in an intrinsic T cell developmental defect in the periphery, which leads to a failure to expand and protect from acute viral and parasitic infection.The defects were rescued with dietary supplementation of vitamin E. The Gp4−/− T cells accumulate membrane lipid peroxides and undergo cell death by ferroptosis. The selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) is a major scavenger of phospholipid hydroperoxides. Although Gpx4 represents a key component of the reactive oxygen species-scavenging network, its relevance in the immune system is yet to be defined. Here, we investigated the importance of Gpx4 for physiological T cell responses by using T cell–specific Gpx4-deficient mice. Our results revealed that, despite normal thymic T cell development, CD8+ T cells from TΔGpx4/ΔGpx4 mice had an intrinsic defect in maintaining homeostatic balance in the periphery. Moreover, both antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells lacking Gpx4 failed to expand and to protect from acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Leishmania major parasite infections, which were rescued with diet supplementation of high dosage of vitamin E. Notably, depletion of the Gpx4 gene in the memory phase of viral infection did not affect T cell recall responses upon secondary infection. Ex vivo, Gpx4-deficient T cells rapidly accumulated membrane lipid peroxides and concomitantly underwent cell death driven by ferroptosis but not necroptosis. These studies unveil an essential role of Gpx4 for T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Matsushita
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Science, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Freigang
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Science, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Science, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg W Bornkamm
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Health Science, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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169
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Chaturvedi V, Ertelt JM, Jiang TT, Kinder JM, Xin L, Owens KJ, Jones HN, Way SS. CXCR3 blockade protects against Listeria monocytogenes infection-induced fetal wastage. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1713-25. [PMID: 25751061 DOI: 10.1172/jci78578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian pregnancy requires protection against immunological rejection of the developing fetus bearing discordant paternal antigens. Immune evasion in this developmental context entails silenced expression of chemoattractant proteins (chemokines), thereby preventing harmful immune cells from penetrating the maternal-fetal interface. Here, we demonstrate that fetal wastage triggered by prenatal Listeria monocytogenes infection is driven by placental recruitment of CXCL9-producing inflammatory neutrophils and macrophages that promote infiltration of fetal-specific T cells into the decidua. Maternal CD8+ T cells with fetal specificity upregulated expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and, together with neutrophils and macrophages, were essential for L. monocytogenes-induced fetal resorption. Conversely, decidual accumulation of maternal T cells with fetal specificity and fetal wastage were extinguished by CXCR3 blockade or in CXCR3-deficient mice. Remarkably, protection against fetal wastage and in utero L. monocytogenes invasion was maintained even when CXCR3 neutralization was initiated after infection, and this protective effect extended to fetal resorption triggered by partial ablation of immune-suppressive maternal Tregs, which expand during pregnancy to sustain fetal tolerance. Together, our results indicate that functionally overriding chemokine silencing at the maternal-fetal interface promotes the pathogenesis of prenatal infection and suggest that therapeutically reinforcing this pathway represents a universal approach for mitigating immune-mediated pregnancy complications.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Ampicillin/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL9/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CXCL9/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL9/physiology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Crosses, Genetic
- Decidua/immunology
- Female
- Fetal Death/etiology
- Fetal Death/prevention & control
- Fetal Resorption/immunology
- Fetal Resorption/prevention & control
- Listeriosis/drug therapy
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Ovalbumin/genetics
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CXCR3/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR3/deficiency
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/physiology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- Virulence
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170
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Buferne M, Chasson L, Grange M, Mas A, Arnoux F, Bertuzzi M, Naquet P, Leserman L, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Auphan-Anezin N. IFNγ producing CD8 + T cells modified to resist major immune checkpoints induce regression of MHC class I-deficient melanomas. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e974959. [PMID: 25949872 PMCID: PMC4404920 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.974959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors with reduced expression of MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules may be unrecognized by tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and thus constitute a challenge for cancer immunotherapy. Here we monitored development of autochthonous melanomas in TiRP mice that develop tumors expressing a known tumor antigen as well as a red fluorescent protein (RFP) reporter knock in gene. The latter permits non-invasive monitoring of tumor growth by biofluorescence. One developing melanoma was deficient in cell surface expression of MHC-I, but MHC-I expression could be rescued by exposure of these cells to IFNγ. We show that CD8+ T cells specific for tumor antigen/MHC-I were efficient at inducing regression of the MHC-I-deficient melanoma, provided that the T cells were endowed with properties permitting their migration into the tumor and their efficient production of IFNγ. This was the case for CD8+ T cells transfected to express an active form of STAT5 (STAT5CA). The amount of IFNγ produced ex vivo from T cells present in tumors after adoptive transfer of the CD8+ T cells was correlated with an increase in surface expression of MHC-I molecules by the tumor cells. We also show that these CD8+ T cells expressed PD-1 and upregulated its ligand PDL-1 on melanoma cells within the tumor. Despite upregulation of this immunosuppressive pathway, efficient IFNγ production in the melanoma microenvironment was found associated with resistance of STAT5CA-expressing CD8+ T cells to inhibition both by PD-1/PDL-1 engagement and by TGFβ1, two main immune regulatory mechanisms hampering the efficiency of immunotherapy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Buferne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Magali Grange
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Amandine Mas
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Fanny Arnoux
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Mélanie Bertuzzi
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Philippe Naquet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Lee Leserman
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
| | - Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML); UM2 Aix-Marseille Université ; Marseille, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) ; Marseille; France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ; Marseille; France
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Hillen KM, Gather R, Enders A, Pircher H, Aichele P, Fisch P, Blumenthal B, Schamel WW, Straub T, Goodnow CC, Ehl S. T cell expansion is the limiting factor of virus control in mice with attenuated TCR signaling: implications for human immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2725-34. [PMID: 25672755 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Defining the minimal thresholds for effective antiviral T cell immunity is important for clinical decisions in immunodeficient patients. TCR signaling is critical for T cell development, activation, and effector functions. In this article, we analyzed which of these TCR-mediated processes is limiting for antiviral immunity in a mouse strain with reduced expression of SLP-76 (twp mice). Despite severe T cell activation defects in vitro, twp mice generated a normal proportion of antiviral effector T cells postinfection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Twp CD8(+) T cells showed impaired polyfunctional cytokine production, whereas cytotoxicity as the crucial antiviral effector function for LCMV control was normal. The main limiting factor in the antiviral response of twp mice was impaired T cell proliferation and survival, leading to a 5- to 10-fold reduction of antiviral T cells at the peak of the immune response. This was still sufficient to control infection with the LCMV Armstrong strain, but the more rapidly replicating LCMV-WE induced T cell exhaustion and viral persistence. Thus, under conditions of impaired TCR signaling, reduced T cell expansion was the limiting factor in antiviral immunity. These findings have implications for understanding antiviral immunity in patients with T cell deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Hillen
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Gather
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anselm Enders
- Ramaciotti Immunization Genomics Laboratory, Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Aichele
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paul Fisch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Britta Blumenthal
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Immunology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Acton 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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172
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Clouthier DL, Zhou AC, Wortzman ME, Luft O, Levy GA, Watts TH. GITR intrinsically sustains early type 1 and late follicular helper CD4 T cell accumulation to control a chronic viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004517. [PMID: 25590581 PMCID: PMC4295864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells are critical for control of persistent infections; however, the key signals that regulate CD4 T help during chronic infection remain incompletely defined. While several studies have addressed the role of inhibitory receptors and soluble factors such as PD-1 and IL-10, significantly less work has addressed the role of T cell co-stimulatory molecules during chronic viral infection. Here we show that during a persistent infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13, mice lacking the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor related protein (GITR) exhibit defective CD8 T cell accumulation, increased T cell exhaustion and impaired viral control. Differences in CD8 T cells and viral control between GITR+/+ and GITR-/- mice were lost when CD4 T cells were depleted. Moreover, mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, as well as transfer of LCMV epitope-specific CD4 or CD8 T cells, demonstrated that these effects of GITR are largely CD4 T cell-intrinsic. GITR is dispensable for initial CD4 T cell proliferation and differentiation, but supports the post-priming accumulation of IFNγ+IL-2+ Th1 cells, facilitating CD8 T cell expansion and early viral control. GITR-dependent phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB as well as phosphorylation of the downstream mTORC1 target, S6 ribosomal protein, were detected at day three post-infection (p.i.), and defects in CD4 T cell accumulation in GITR-deficient T cells were apparent starting at day five p.i. Consistently, we pinpoint IL-2-dependent CD4 T cell help for CD8 T cells to between days four and eight p.i. GITR also increases the ratio of T follicular helper to T follicular regulatory cells and thereby enhances LCMV-specific IgG production. Together, these findings identify a CD4 T cell-intrinsic role for GITR in sustaining early CD8 and late humoral responses to collectively promote control of chronic LCMV clone 13 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L. Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela C. Zhou
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Olga Luft
- University of Toronto Transplantation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary A. Levy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University of Toronto Transplantation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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173
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Inducible RNAi in vivo reveals that the transcription factor BATF is required to initiate but not maintain CD8+ T-cell effector differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:512-7. [PMID: 25548173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413291112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of effector CD8(+) T cells is critical for the development of protective responses to pathogens and for effective vaccines. In the first few hours after activation, naive CD8(+) T cells initiate a transcriptional program that leads to the formation of effector and memory T cells, but the regulation of this process is poorly understood. Investigating the role of specific transcription factors (TFs) in determining CD8(+) effector T-cell fate by gene knockdown with RNAi is challenging because naive T cells are refractory to transduction with viral vectors without extensive ex vivo stimulation, which obscures the earliest events in effector differentiation. To overcome this obstacle, we developed a novel strategy to test the function of genes in naive CD8(+) T cells in vivo by creating bone marrow chimera from hematopoietic progenitors transduced with an inducible shRNA construct. Following hematopoietic reconstitution, this approach allowed inducible in vivo gene knockdown in any cell type that developed from this transduced progenitor pool. We demonstrated that lentivirus-transduced progenitor cells could reconstitute normal hematopoiesis and develop into naive CD8(+) T cells that were indistinguishable from wild-type naive T cells. This experimental system enabled induction of efficient gene knockdown in vivo without subsequent manipulation. We applied this strategy to show that the TF BATF is essential for initial commitment of naive CD8(+) T cells to effector development but becomes dispensable by 72h. This approach makes possible the study of gene function in vivo in unperturbed cells of hematopoietic origin that are refractory to viral transduction.
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174
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Göbel C, Breitenbuecher F, Kalkavan H, Hähnel PS, Kasper S, Hoffarth S, Merches K, Schild H, Lang KS, Schuler M. Functional expression cloning identifies COX-2 as a suppressor of antigen-specific cancer immunity. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1568. [PMID: 25501829 PMCID: PMC4649842 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of immune surveillance and antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy equally depends on the activation of a sustained immune response targeting cancer antigens and the susceptibility of cancer cells to immune effector mechanisms. Using functional expression cloning and T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, we have identified cyclooxygenase 2/prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX-2) as resistance factor against the cytotoxicity induced by activated, antigen-specific T cells. Expressing COX-2, but not a catalytically inactive COX-2 mutant, increased the clonogenic survival of E1A-transformed murine cancer cells when cocultured with lymphocytes from St42Rag2−/− mice harboring a transgenic TCR directed against an E1A epitope. COX-2 expressing tumors established in immune-deficient mice were less susceptible to adoptive immunotherapy with TCR transgenic lymphocytes in vivo. Also, immune surveillance of COX-2-positive tumor cells in TCR transgenic mice was less efficient. The growth of murine MC-GP tumors, which show high endogenous COX-2 expression, in immunocompetent mice was effectively suppressed by treatment with a selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib. Mechanistically, COX-2 expression blunted the interferon-gamma release of antigen-specific T cells exposed to their respective cellular targets, and increased the expression of interleukin-4 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by tumor cells. Addition of interferon-gamma sensitized COX-2 expressing cancer cells to tumor suppression by antigen-specific T cells. In conclusion, COX-2, which is frequently induced in colorectal cancer, contributes to immune evasion and resistance to antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy by local suppression of T-cell effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Göbel
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - F Breitenbuecher
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - H Kalkavan
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany [2] Department of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - P S Hähnel
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - S Kasper
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - S Hoffarth
- Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - K Merches
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - H Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - K S Lang
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - M Schuler
- 1] Department of Medical Oncology, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany [2] German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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175
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Yuzefpolskiy Y, Baumann FM, Penny LA, Studzinski GP, Kalia V, Sarkar S. Vitamin D receptor signals regulate effector and memory CD8 T cell responses to infections in mice. J Nutr 2014; 144:2073-82. [PMID: 25320188 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.202895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with broad-ranging human disease sequelae such as bone disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, allergy, autoimmune disorders, diabetes, and infectious diseases. Disease risk and severity of a large proportion of the nonskeletal disorders heavily involve the cytotoxic cluster of differentiation (CD) 8 T lymphocyte (CTL) arm of cellular adaptive immunity. Considering the importance of vitamin D in CTL-dependent diseases, there is a critical need for systematic in-depth explorations into the role of vitamin D deficiency in generation and maintenance of CTL immunity during infections and vaccinations. OBJECTIVE With the use of wild-type (WT) vitamin D-sufficient mice and the vitamin D receptor knockout (Vdr(-/-)) mouse model of in vivo deficiency of vitamin D signaling, we systematically analyzed the impact of vitamin D deficiency on antigen-specific effector and memory CD8 T cell responses to acute viral and bacterial infections. METHODS WT and Vdr(-/-) mice were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, a natural mouse pathogen, and antigen-specific CTL responses were analyzed during priming, expansion, contraction, and memory phases. Magnitude, breadth, cytokine production, and localization of antiviral effector and memory CTLs to lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues were specifically assessed. RESULTS The absence of vitamin D signals led to 1) aberrant CD8 T cell effector differentiation (∼2-fold lower granzyme B and reduced B cell lymphoma 2; P ≤ 0.05) and enhanced contraction (∼15% increase; P ≤ 0.05) in antigen-specific CTLs; 2) a significantly restricted (P ≤ 0.05) breadth of the antigen-specific CD8 T cell effector and memory repertoire; and 3) preferential localization of effector (∼2.5-fold increase; P ≤ 0.01) and memory (∼5-fold increase; P ≤ 0.001) CD8 T cells to the lymph nodes compared to nonlymphoid tissues. CONCLUSION Our data show a previously unrecognized impact of vitamin D deficiency on the quantity, quality, breadth, and location of CD8 T cell immunity to acute viral and bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniy Yuzefpolskiy
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | - Florian M Baumann
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | - Laura A Penny
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Vandana Kalia
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; and
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176
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Staron MM, Gray SM, Marshall HD, Parish IA, Chen JH, Perry CJ, Cui G, Li MO, Kaech SM. The transcription factor FoxO1 sustains expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and survival of antiviral CD8(+) T cells during chronic infection. Immunity 2014; 41:802-14. [PMID: 25464856 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase B (also known as AKT) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) are central regulators of T cell differentiation, proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Here, we show that during chronic murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, activation of AKT and mTOR are impaired in antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), resulting in enhanced activity of the transcription factor FoxO1. Blockade of inhibitory receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in vivo increased mTOR activity in virus-specific CTLs, and its therapeutic effects were abrogated by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. FoxO1 functioned as a transcriptional activator of PD-1 that promoted the differentiation of terminally exhausted CTLs. Importantly, FoxO1-null CTLs failed to persist and control chronic viral infection. Collectively, this study shows that CTLs adapt to persistent infection through a positive feedback pathway (PD-1?FoxO1?PD-1) that functions to both desensitize virus-specific CTLs to antigen and support their survival during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Staron
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simon M Gray
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Heather D Marshall
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ian A Parish
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jonathan H Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Curtis J Perry
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Guoliang Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Susan M Kaech
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA.
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177
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Kim MT, Harty JT. Splenectomy Alters Distribution and Turnover but not Numbers or Protective Capacity of de novo Generated Memory CD8 T-Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:568. [PMID: 25414706 PMCID: PMC4222231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a highly compartmentalized lymphoid organ that allows for efficient antigen presentation and activation of immune responses. Additionally, the spleen itself functions to remove senescent red blood cells, filter bacteria, and sequester platelets. Splenectomy, commonly performed after blunt force trauma or splenomegaly, has been shown to increase risk of certain bacterial and parasitic infections years after removal of the spleen. Although previous studies report defects in memory B-cells and IgM titers in splenectomized patients, the effect of splenectomy on CD8 T-cell responses and memory CD8 T-cell function remains ill defined. Using TCR-transgenic P14 cells, we demonstrate that homeostatic proliferation and representation of pathogen-specific memory CD8 T-cells in the blood are enhanced in splenectomized compared to sham surgery mice. Surprisingly, despite the enhanced turnover, splx mice displayed no changes in total memory CD8 T-cell numbers nor impaired protection against lethal dose challenge with Listeria monocytogenes. Thus, our data suggest that memory CD8 T-cell maintenance and function remain intact in the absence of the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - John T Harty
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
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178
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Development of an immunologically tolerated combination of fluorescent proteins for in vivo two-photon imaging. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6664. [PMID: 25322934 PMCID: PMC4200419 DOI: 10.1038/srep06664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of fluorescent proteins (FPs) are routinely used for multi-parameter in vivo imaging experiments to visualize tagged proteins or cell populations of interest. Studies involving FPs are often limited by spectral overlap, toxicity, relative quantum efficiency, and the potential for immunological rejection upon transfer into a non-tolerant recipient. Here we evaluate the immunologic visibility of several commonly used FPs by the murine immune system and identify a spectrally compatible, immunologically tolerated combination of FPs well suited for in vivo two-photon imaging.
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179
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Anderson RJ, Tang CW, Daniels NJ, Compton BJ, Hayman CM, Johnston KA, Knight DA, Gasser O, Poyntz HC, Ferguson PM, Larsen DS, Ronchese F, Painter GF, Hermans IF. A self-adjuvanting vaccine induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes that suppress allergy. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:943-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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180
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Out-of-sequence signal 3 as a mechanism for virus-induced immune suppression of CD8 T cell responses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004357. [PMID: 25255454 PMCID: PMC4177909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are known to induce a transient state of immune suppression often associated with an inhibition of T cell proliferation in response to mitogen or cognate-antigen stimulation. Recently, virus-induced immune suppression has been linked to responses to type 1 interferon (IFN), a signal 3 cytokine that normally can augment the proliferation and differentiation of T cells exposed to antigen (signal 1) and co-stimulation (signal 2). However, pre-exposure of CD8 T cells to IFN-inducers such as viruses or poly(I∶C) prior to antigen signaling is inhibitory, indicating that the timing of IFN exposure is of essence. We show here that CD8 T cells pretreated with poly(I∶C) down-regulated the IFN receptor, up-regulated suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), and were refractory to IFNβ-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation. When exposed to a viral infection, these CD8 T cells behaved more like 2-signal than 3-signal T cells, showing defects in short lived effector cell differentiation, reduced effector function, delayed cell division, and reduced levels of survival proteins. This suggests that IFN-pretreated CD8 T cells are unable to receive the positive effects that type 1 IFN provides as a signal 3 cytokine when delivered later in the signaling process. This desensitization mechanism may partially explain why vaccines function poorly in virus-infected individuals.
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181
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Scalea JR, Torabi R, Tena A, Tasaki M, Gillon BC, Moran S, Cormack T, Villani V, Shimizu A, Sachs DH, Yamada K. The rejuvenating effects of leuprolide acetate on the aged baboon's thymus. Transpl Immunol 2014; 31:134-9. [PMID: 25240733 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that the juvenile thymus plays an essential role in tolerance induced by both renal transplantation and a short course of calcineurin inhibitors. Aged thymi have a decreased ability to induce tolerance. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) is known to pharmacologically rejuvenate the thymus in rodents. In order to develop a clinically applicable regimen of transplantation tolerance in adults, we sought to determine if thymic rejuvenation would occur with LHRH agonism in non-human primates. METHODS AND RESULTS Thymic rejuvenation was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology, as well as in-vitro cellular and molecular tests. Four aged male hamadryas baboons underwent subcutaneous injection of a 3-month depot of Lupron (11.25mg; LI) and were followed for 3 months. Thymi increased volumetrically by MRI. After LI, thymic cellularity markedly increased within the cortical and medullary thymus. Additionally, a significant increase in the CD4(+)/CD45RA(hi+) population in the peripheral blood occurred for 50 days after LI, and flow cytometry of thymic tissue revealed a large increase in the percentage of CD4(+)/CD8(+) cells. TREC assay corroborated enhancement in thymic function. CONCLUSION These data indicate that LI is associated with thymic rejuvenation in baboons, and further confirm that extrinsic factors play an important role in thymic rejuvenation in a non-human primate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Scalea
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Radbeh Torabi
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Aseda Tena
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Masayuki Tasaki
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Bradford C Gillon
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Shannon Moran
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Taylor Cormack
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Vincenzo Villani
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - David H Sachs
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
| | - Kazuhiko Yamada
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, United States
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Boudousquié C, Danilo M, Pousse L, Jeevan-Raj B, Angelov GS, Chennupati V, Zehn D, Held W. Differences in the transduction of canonical Wnt signals demarcate effector and memory CD8 T cells with distinct recall proliferation capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2784-91. [PMID: 25127860 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protection against reinfection is mediated by Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells, which display stem cell-like function. Because canonical Wnt (Wingless/Int1) signals critically regulate renewal versus differentiation of adult stem cells, we evaluated Wnt signal transduction in CD8 T cells during an immune response to acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Whereas naive CD8 T cells efficiently transduced Wnt signals, at the peak of the primary response to infection only a fraction of effector T cells retained signal transduction and the majority displayed strongly reduced Wnt activity. Reduced Wnt signaling was in part due to the downregulation of Tcf-1, one of the nuclear effectors of the pathway, and coincided with progress toward terminal differentiation. However, the correlation between low and high Wnt levels with short-lived and memory precursor effector cells, respectively, was incomplete. Adoptive transfer studies showed that low and high Wnt signaling did not influence cell survival but that Wnt high effectors yielded memory cells with enhanced proliferative potential and stronger protective capacity. Likewise, following adoptive transfer and rechallenge, memory cells with high Wnt levels displayed increased recall expansion, compared with memory cells with low Wnt signaling, which were preferentially effector-like memory cells, including tissue-resident memory cells. Thus, canonical Wnt signaling identifies CD8 T cells with enhanced proliferative potential in part independent of commonly used cell surface markers to discriminate effector and memory T cell subpopulations. Interventions that maintain Wnt signaling may thus improve the formation of functional CD8 T cell memory during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Boudousquié
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Danilo
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Pousse
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Georgi S Angelov
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vijaykumar Chennupati
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; and Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland;
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183
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Efficiency of dendritic cell vaccination against B16 melanoma depends on the immunization route. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105266. [PMID: 25121970 PMCID: PMC4133283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) presenting tumor antigens are crucial to induce potent T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. Therefore DC-based cancer vaccines have been established for therapy, however clinical outcomes are often poor and need improvement. Using a mouse model of B16 melanoma, we found that the route of preventive DC vaccination critically determined tumor control. While repeated DC vaccination did not show an impact of the route of DC application on the prevention of tumor growth, a single DC vaccination revealed that both the imprinting of skin homing receptors and an enhanced proliferation state of effector T cells was seen only upon intracutaneous but not intravenous or intraperitoneal immunization. Tumor growth was prevented only by intracutaneous DC vaccination. Our results indicate that under suboptimal conditions the route of DC vaccination crucially determines the efficiency of tumor defense. DC-based strategies for immunotherapy of cancer should take into account the immunization route in order to optimize tissue targeting of tumor antigen specific T cells.
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184
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Penaloza-MacMaster P, Kamphorst AO, Wieland A, Araki K, Iyer SS, West EE, O'Mara L, Yang S, Konieczny BT, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ, Rudensky AY, Ahmed R. Interplay between regulatory T cells and PD-1 in modulating T cell exhaustion and viral control during chronic LCMV infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:1905-18. [PMID: 25113973 PMCID: PMC4144726 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
T reg cells effectively maintain CD8 T cell exhaustion during chronic LCMV infection, but blockade of PD-1 is critical for elimination of infected cells. Regulatory T (T reg) cells are critical for preventing autoimmunity mediated by self-reactive T cells, but their role in modulating immune responses during chronic viral infection is not well defined. To address this question and to investigate a role for T reg cells in exhaustion of virus-specific CD8 T cells, we depleted T reg cells in mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). T reg cell ablation resulted in 10–100-fold expansion of functional LCMV-specific CD8 T cells. Rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells was dependent on cognate antigen, B7 costimulation, and conventional CD4 T cells. Despite the striking recovery of LCMV-specific CD8 T cell responses, T reg cell depletion failed to diminish viral load. Interestingly, T reg cell ablation triggered up-regulation of the molecule programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which upon binding PD-1 on T cells delivers inhibitory signals. Increased PD-L1 expression was observed especially on LCMV-infected cells, and combining T reg cell depletion with PD-L1 blockade resulted in a significant reduction in viral titers, which was more pronounced than that upon PD-L1 blockade alone. These results suggest that T reg cells effectively maintain CD8 T cell exhaustion, but blockade of the PD-1 inhibitory pathway is critical for elimination of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Penaloza-MacMaster
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alice O Kamphorst
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Andreas Wieland
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Koichi Araki
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Smita S Iyer
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Erin E West
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Leigh O'Mara
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shu Yang
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410013, China
| | - Bogumila T Konieczny
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Medical Oncology and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Medical Oncology and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, and Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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185
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The tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, A20) imposes a brake on antitumor activity of CD8 T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11115-20. [PMID: 25024217 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406259111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is central to inflammatory signaling and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Activation of the NF-κB pathway is tightly controlled by several negative feedback mechanisms, including A20, an ubiquitin-modifying enzyme encoded by the tnfaip3 gene. Mice with selective deletion of A20 in myeloid, dendritic, or B cells recapitulate some human inflammatory pathology. As we observed high expression of A20 transcripts in dysfunctional CD8 T cells in an autochthonous melanoma, we analyzed the role of A20 in regulation of CD8 T-cell functions, using mice in which A20 was selectively deleted in mature conventional T cells. These mice developed lymphadenopathy and some organ infiltration by T cells but no splenomegaly and no detectable pathology. A20-deleted CD8 T cells had increased sensitivity to antigen stimulation with production of large amounts of IL-2 and IFNγ, correlated with sustained nuclear expression of NF-κB components reticuloendotheliosis oncogene c-Rel and p65. Overexpression of A20 by retroviral transduction of CD8 T cells dampened their intratumor accumulation and antitumor activity. In contrast, relief from the A20 brake in NF-κB activation in adoptively transferred antitumor CD8 T cells led to improved control of melanoma growth. Tumor-infiltrating A20-deleted CD8 T cells had enhanced production of IFNγ and TNFα and reduced expression of the inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1. As manipulation of A20 expression in CD8 T cells did not result in pathologic manifestations in the mice, we propose it as a candidate to be targeted to increase antitumor efficiency of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy.
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186
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c-Myc-induced transcription factor AP4 is required for host protection mediated by CD8+ T cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:884-93. [PMID: 25029552 PMCID: PMC4139462 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although c-Myc is essential to establish a metabolically active and proliferative state in T cells after priming, its expression is transient. It remains unknown how T cell activation is maintained after c-Myc down-regulation. Here, we identify AP4 as the transcription factor that is induced by c-Myc and sustains activation of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Despite normal priming, AP4-deficient CD8+ T cells fail to continue transcription of a broad range of c-Myc-dependent targets. Mice lacking AP4 specifically in CD8+ T cells showed enhanced susceptibility to West Nile virus infection. Genome-wide analysis suggests that many activation-induced metabolic genes are shared targets of c-Myc and AP4. Thus, AP4 maintains c-Myc-initiated cellular activation programs in CD8+ T cells to control microbial infections.
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187
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Hosking MP, Flynn CT, Whitton JL. Antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells produce a single pulse of IFN-γ in vivo within hours of infection, but without antiviral effect. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1873-85. [PMID: 25015828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that naive CD8(+) T cells are unable to express most of their effector proteins until after at least one round of cell division has taken place. We have reassessed this issue in vivo and find that naive CD8(+) T cells mount Ag-specific responses within hours of infection, before proliferation has commenced. Newly activated naive Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells produce a rapid pulse of IFN-γ in vivo and begin to accumulate granzyme B and perforin. Later, in vivo cytolytic activity is detectable, coincident with the initiation of cell division. Despite the rapid development of these functional attributes, no antiviral effect was observed early during infection, even when the cells are present in numbers similar to those of virus-specific memory cells. The evolutionary reason for the pulse of IFN-γ synthesis by naive T cells is uncertain, but the lack of antiviral impact suggests that it may be regulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Hosking
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Claudia T Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - J Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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188
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Grusdat M, McIlwain DR, Xu HC, Pozdeev VI, Knievel J, Crome SQ, Robert-Tissot C, Dress RJ, Pandyra AA, Speiser DE, Lang E, Maney SK, Elford AR, Hamilton SR, Scheu S, Pfeffer K, Bode J, Mittrücker HW, Lohoff M, Huber M, Häussinger D, Ohashi PS, Mak TW, Lang KS, Lang PA. IRF4 and BATF are critical for CD8⁺ T-cell function following infection with LCMV. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1050-60. [PMID: 24531538 PMCID: PMC4207473 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T-cell functions are critical for preventing chronic viral infections by eliminating infected cells. For healthy immune responses, beneficial destruction of infected cells must be balanced against immunopathology resulting from collateral damage to tissues. These processes are regulated by factors controlling CD8(+) T-cell function, which are still incompletely understood. Here, we show that the interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and its cooperating binding partner B-cell-activating transcription factor (BATF) are necessary for sustained CD8(+) T-cell effector function. Although Irf4(-/-) CD8(+) T cells were initially capable of proliferation, IRF4 deficiency resulted in limited CD8(+) T-cell responses after infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Consequently, Irf4(-/-) mice established chronic infections, but were protected from fatal immunopathology. Absence of BATF also resulted in reduced CD8(+) T-cell function, limited immunopathology, and promotion of viral persistence. These data identify the transcription factors IRF4 and BATF as major regulators of antiviral cytotoxic T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grusdat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D R McIlwain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H C Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - V I Pozdeev
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Knievel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S Q Crome
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - C Robert-Tissot
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - R J Dress
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A A Pandyra
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - D E Speiser
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
- Clinical Tumor Biology & Immunotherapy Group, Department of Oncology and Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne HO-05/1552, Av. P.-Decker 4, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - S K Maney
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A R Elford
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - S R Hamilton
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - S Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - K Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Bode
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - H-W Mittrücker
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - M Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P S Ohashi
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - T W Mak
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network (UHN), University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C1
| | - K S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - P A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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189
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Lykken JM, DiLillo DJ, Weimer ET, Roser-Page S, Heise MT, Grayson JM, Weitzmann MN, Tedder TF. Acute and chronic B cell depletion disrupts CD4+ and CD8+ T cell homeostasis and expansion during acute viral infection in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:746-56. [PMID: 24928986 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
B cells provide humoral protection against pathogens and promote cellular immunity through diverse nonclassical effector functions. To assess B cell function in promoting T cell homeostasis, mature B cells were either acutely or chronically depleted in mice using CD20 mAb. Acute B cell depletion in either 2- or 4-mo-old mice significantly reduced spleen and lymph node CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell numbers, including naive, activated, and Foxp3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cell subsets. The numbers of IFN-γ- and TNF-α-producing T cells were also significantly reduced. Chronic B cell depletion for 6 mo in aged naive mice resulted in a 40-70% reduction in activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell numbers and 20-50% reductions in IFN-γ-producing T cells. Therefore, B cells were necessary for maintaining naive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell homeostasis for subsequent optimal T cell expansion in young and old mice. To determine the significance of this finding, a week of B cell depletion in 4-mo-old mice was followed by acute viral infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Armstrong. Despite their expansion, activated and cytokine-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell numbers were still significantly reduced 1 wk later. Moreover, viral peptide-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell numbers and effector cell development were significantly reduced in mice lacking B cells, whereas lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus titers were dramatically increased. Thus, T cell function is maintained in B cell-depleted mice, but B cells are required for optimal CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell homeostasis, activation, and effector development in vivo, particularly during responses to acute viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn M Lykken
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - David J DiLillo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Eric T Weimer
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Susanne Roser-Page
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033
| | - Mark T Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jason M Grayson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and
| | - M Neale Weitzmann
- Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Thomas F Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710;
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190
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Xu HC, Grusdat M, Pandyra AA, Polz R, Huang J, Sharma P, Deenen R, Köhrer K, Rahbar R, Diefenbach A, Gibbert K, Löhning M, Höcker L, Waibler Z, Häussinger D, Mak TW, Ohashi PS, Lang KS, Lang PA. Type I interferon protects antiviral CD8+ T cells from NK cell cytotoxicity. Immunity 2014; 40:949-60. [PMID: 24909887 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite development of new antiviral drugs, viral infections are still a major health problem. The most potent antiviral defense mechanism is the innate production of type I interferon (IFN-I), which not only limits virus replication but also promotes antiviral T cell immunity through mechanisms, which remain insufficiently studied. Using the murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus model system, we show here that IFN-I signaling on T cells prevented their rapid elimination in vivo. Microarray analyses uncovered that IFN-I triggered the expression of selected inhibitory NK-cell-receptor ligands. Consequently, T cell immunity of IFN-I receptor (IFNAR)-deficient T cells could be restored by NK cell depletion or in NK-cell-deficient hosts (Nfil3(-/-)). The elimination of Ifnar1(-/-) T cells was dependent on NK-cell-mediated perforin expression. In summary, we identified IFN-I as a key player regulating the protection of T cells against regulatory NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Melanie Grusdat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aleksandra A Pandyra
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Robin Polz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - René Deenen
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine-University, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Ramtin Rahbar
- Campell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gibbert
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Max Löhning
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Höcker
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Zoe Waibler
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tak W Mak
- Campell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Campell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network (UHN), 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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191
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Loss of the death receptor CD95 (Fas) expression by dendritic cells protects from a chronic viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8559-64. [PMID: 24912151 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401750111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections incapacitate adaptive immune responses by "exhausting" virus-specific T cells, inducing their deletion and reducing productive T-cell memory. Viral infection rapidly induces death receptor CD95 (Fas) expression by dendritic cells (DCs), making them susceptible to elimination by the immune response. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13, which normally establishes a chronic infection, is rapidly cleared in C57Black6/J mice with conditional deletion of Fas in DCs. The immune response to LCMV is characterized by an extended survival of virus-specific effector T cells. Moreover, transfer of Fas-negative DCs from noninfected mice to preinfected animals results in either complete clearance of the virus or a significant reduction of viral titers. Thus, DC-specific Fas expression plays a role in regulation of antiviral responses and suggests a strategy for stimulation of T cells in chronically infected animals and humans to achieve the clearance of persistent viruses.
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192
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Nayar R, Schutten E, Bautista B, Daniels K, Prince AL, Enos M, Brehm MA, Swain SL, Welsh RM, Berg LJ. Graded levels of IRF4 regulate CD8+ T cell differentiation and expansion, but not attrition, in response to acute virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5881-93. [PMID: 24835398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In response to acute virus infections, CD8(+) T cells differentiate to form a large population of short-lived effectors and a stable pool of long-lived memory cells. The characteristics of the CD8(+) T cell response are influenced by TCR affinity, Ag dose, and the inflammatory cytokine milieu dictated by the infection. To address the mechanism by which differences in TCR signal strength could regulate CD8(+) T cell differentiation, we investigated the transcription factor, IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). We show that IRF4 is transiently upregulated to differing levels in murine CD8(+) T cells, based on the strength of TCR signaling. In turn, IRF4 controls the magnitude of the CD8(+) T cell response to acute virus infection in a dose-dependent manner. Modest differences in IRF4 expression dramatically influence the numbers of short-lived effector cells at the peak of the infection, but have no impact on the kinetics of the infection or on the rate of T cell contraction. Furthermore, the expression of key transcription factors such as T cell factor 1 and Eomesodermin are highly sensitive to graded levels of IRF4. In contrast, T-bet expression is less dependent on IRF4 levels and is influenced by the nature of the infection. These data indicate that IRF4 is a key component that translates the strength of TCR signaling into a graded response of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ribhu Nayar
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Elizabeth Schutten
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Bianca Bautista
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Keith Daniels
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Amanda L Prince
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Megan Enos
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Raymond M Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655; and
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193
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Iwasaki M, Urata S, Cho Y, Ngo N, de la Torre JC. Cell entry of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus is restricted in myotubes. Virology 2014; 458-459:22-32. [PMID: 24928036 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In mice persistently infected since birth with the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis viurs, viral antigen and RNA are readily detected in most organs and cell types but remarkably absent in skeletal muscle. Here we report that mouse C2C12 myoblasts that are readily infected by LCMV, become highly refractory to LCMV infection upon their differentiation into myotubes. Myotube's resistance to LCMV was not due to an intracellular restriction of virus replication but rather an impaired cell entry mediated by the LCMV surface glycoprotein. Our findings provide an explanation for the observation that in LCMV carrier mice myotubes, which are constantly exposed to blood-containing virus, remain free of viral antigen and RNA despite myotubes express high levels of the LCMV receptor alpha dystroglycan and do not pose an intracellular blockade to LCMV multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shuzo Urata
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshitake Cho
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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194
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Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells Stimulate Hematopoietic Progenitors by Promoting Cytokine Release from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:460-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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195
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Dissanayake D, Murakami K, Tran MD, Elford AR, Millar DG, Ohashi PS. Peptide-pulsed dendritic cells have superior ability to induce immune-mediated tissue destruction compared to peptide with adjuvant. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92380. [PMID: 24647761 PMCID: PMC3960236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines for cancer immunotherapy are of interest but in general have not yet achieved the desired therapeutic efficacy in clinical trials. We present here a novel model to evaluate vaccine strategies by following tissue destruction in a transgenic model, where a defined antigen is expressed on pancreatic islets. We found that the transfer of syngeneic antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) resulted in autoimmune cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation that was not observed following vaccinations that were based on peptides and adjuvants. Importantly, the induction of diabetes by DC transfer is dependent upon the maturation of DCs prior to transfer. Furthermore, diabetes induction only occurred if DCs were pulsed with the immunodominant epitope in addition to at least one other peptide, suggesting greater cytolytic activity upon engagement of multiple T-cell specificities. While the tumor environment undoubtedly will be more complex than healthy tissue, the insights gained through this model provide useful information on variables that can affect CD8-mediated tissue cytolysis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Dissanayake
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiichi Murakami
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D. Tran
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisha R. Elford
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas G. Millar
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S. Ohashi
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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196
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Baca Jones C, Filippi C, Sachithanantham S, Rodriguez-Calvo T, Ehrhardt K, von Herrath M. Direct infection of dendritic cells during chronic viral infection suppresses antiviral T cell proliferation and induces IL-10 expression in CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90855. [PMID: 24613988 PMCID: PMC3948950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of systemic IL-10 have been associated with several chronic viral infections, including HCV, EBV, HCMV and LCMV. In the chronic LCMV infection model, both elevated IL-10 and enhanced infection of dendritic cells (DCs) are important for viral persistence. This report highlights the relationship between enhanced viral tropism for DCs and the induction of IL-10 in CD4 T cells, which we identify as the most frequent IL-10-expressing cell type in chronic LCMV infection. Here we report that infected CD8αneg DCs express elevated IL-10, induce IL-10 expression in LCMV specific CD4 T cells, and suppress LCMV-specific T cell proliferation. DCs exposed in vivo to persistent LCMV retain the capacity to stimulate CD4 T cell proliferation but induce IL-10 production by both polyclonal and LCMV-specific CD4 T cells. Our study delineates the unique effects of direct infection versus viral exposure on DCs. Collectively these data point to enhanced infection of DCs as a key trigger of the IL-10 induction cascade resulting in maintenance of elevated IL-10 expression in CD4 T cells and inhibition of LCMV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Baca Jones
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Christophe Filippi
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sowbarnika Sachithanantham
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Katrin Ehrhardt
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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197
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Lu P, Youngblood BA, Austin JW, Mohammed AUR, Butler R, Ahmed R, Boss JM. Blimp-1 represses CD8 T cell expression of PD-1 using a feed-forward transcriptional circuit during acute viral infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:515-27. [PMID: 24590765 PMCID: PMC3949569 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Blimp-1 represses PD-1 expression in effector CD8+ T cells during acute LCMV infection. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory immune receptor that regulates T cell function, yet the molecular events that control its expression are largely unknown. We show here that B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1)–deficient CD8 T cells fail to repress PD-1 during the early stages of CD8 T cell differentiation after acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain Armstrong. Blimp-1 represses PD-1 through a feed-forward repressive circuit by regulating PD-1 directly and by repressing NFATc1 expression, an activator of PD-1 expression. Blimp-1 binding induces a repressive chromatin structure at the PD-1 locus, leading to the eviction of NFATc1 from its site. These data place Blimp-1 at an important phase of the CD8 T cell effector response and provide a molecular mechanism for its repression of PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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198
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Crosby EJ, Goldschmidt MH, Wherry EJ, Scott P. Engagement of NKG2D on bystander memory CD8 T cells promotes increased immunopathology following Leishmania major infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003970. [PMID: 24586170 PMCID: PMC3937277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of adaptive immunity is the development of a long-term pathogen specific memory response. While persistent memory T cells certainly impact the immune response during a secondary challenge, their role in unrelated infections is less clear. To address this issue, we utilized lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Listeria monocytogenes immune mice to investigate whether bystander memory T cells influence Leishmania major infection. Despite similar parasite burdens, LCMV and Listeria immune mice exhibited a significant increase in leishmanial lesion size compared to mice infected with L. major alone. This increased lesion size was due to a severe inflammatory response, consisting not only of monocytes and neutrophils, but also significantly more CD8 T cells. Many of the CD8 T cells were LCMV specific and expressed gzmB and NKG2D, but unexpectedly expressed very little IFN-γ. Moreover, if CD8 T cells were depleted in LCMV immune mice prior to challenge with L. major, the increase in lesion size was lost. Strikingly, treating with NKG2D blocking antibodies abrogated the increased immunopathology observed in LCMV immune mice, showing that NKG2D engagement on LCMV specific memory CD8 T cells was required for the observed phenotype. These results indicate that bystander memory CD8 T cells can participate in an unrelated immune response and induce immunopathology through an NKG2D dependent mechanism without providing increased protection. Cutaneous leishmaniasis has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, from mild self-healing lesions to severe chronic infections. Differences in each individual's response are related to pathogen dose and the genetic and physiological status of the host, but exactly what causes the broad spectrum of disease is not well understood. Here we show that previous infection with a viral or bacterial pathogen led to increased immunopathology associated with L. major infection. This increase in immunopathology was not associated with any changes in parasite control and was characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory infiltrate into the site of infection. Ultimately, this increase in immunopathology was dependent on the presence of memory CD8 T cells from the previous infection and their expression of the NK cell receptor NKG2D, as depletion of these cells prior to infection with L. major or blockade of this receptor during infection ameliorated the disease. Our work suggests that the immunological history of a patient may be playing an underlying role in the pathology associated with leishmania infection and could be an important consideration for the understanding and treatment of this and other human diseases. This work also identifies the NKG2D pathway as a potential new target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika J. Crosby
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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199
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Sprent J. The power of dilution: using adoptive transfer to study TCR transgenic T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 191:5325-6. [PMID: 24244026 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sprent
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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200
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Nolz JC, Harty JT. IL-15 regulates memory CD8+ T cell O-glycan synthesis and affects trafficking. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1013-26. [PMID: 24509081 DOI: 10.1172/jci72039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory and naive CD8+ T cells exhibit distinct trafficking patterns. Specifically, memory but not naive CD8+ T cells are recruited to inflamed tissues in an antigen-independent manner. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate memory CD8+ T cell trafficking are largely unknown. Here, using murine models of infection and T cell transfer, we found that memory but not naive CD8+ T cells dynamically regulate expression of core 2 O-glycans, which interact with P- and E-selectins to modulate trafficking to inflamed tissues. Following infection, antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells strongly expressed core 2 O-glycans, but this glycosylation pattern was lost by most memory CD8+ T cells. After unrelated infection or inflammatory challenge, memory CD8+ T cells synthesized core 2 O-glycans independently of antigen restimulation. The presence of core 2 O-glycans subsequently directed these cells to inflamed tissue. Memory and naive CD8+ T cells exhibited the opposite pattern of epigenetic modifications at the Gcnt1 locus, which encodes the enzyme that initiates core 2 O-glycan synthesis. The open chromatin configuration in memory CD8+ T cells permitted de novo generation of core 2 O-glycans in a TCR-independent, but IL-15-dependent, manner. Thus, IL-15 stimulation promotes antigen-experienced memory CD8+ T cells to generate core 2 O-glycans, which subsequently localize them to inflamed tissues. These findings suggest that CD8+ memory T cell trafficking potentially can be manipulated to improve host defense and immunotherapy.
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