151
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Heterologous biosynthesis of triterpenoid dammarenediol-II in engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:603-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-2032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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152
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Zhan C, Li X, Zhao Z, Yang T, Wang X, Luo B, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Hu X. Comprehensive Analysis of the Triterpenoid Saponins Biosynthetic Pathway in Anemone flaccida by Transcriptome and Proteome Profiling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1094. [PMID: 27504115 PMCID: PMC4958654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemone flaccida Fr. Shmidt (Ranunculaceae), commonly known as 'Di Wu' in China, is a perennial herb with limited distribution. The rhizome of A. flaccida has long been used to treat arthritis as a tradition in China. Studies disclosed that the plant contains a rich source of triterpenoid saponins. However, little is known about triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis in A. flaccida. RESULTS In this study, we conducted the tandem transcriptome and proteome profiling of a non-model medicinal plant, A. flaccida. Using Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing and iTRAQ technique, a total of 46,962 high-quality unigenes were obtained with an average sequence length of 1,310 bp, along with 1473 unique proteins from A. flaccida. Among the A. flaccida transcripts, 36,617 (77.97%) showed significant similarity (E-value < 1e (-5)) to the known proteins in the public database. Of the total 46,962 unigenes, 36,617 open reading frame (ORFs) were predicted. By the fragments per kilobases per million reads (FPKM) statistics, 14,004 isoforms/unigenes were found to be upregulated, and 14,090 isoforms/unigenes were down-regulated in the rhizomes as compared to those in the leaves. Based on the bioinformatics analysis, all possible enzymes involved in the triterpenoid saponins biosynthetic pathway of A. flaccida were identified, including cytosolic mevalonate pathway (MVA) and the plastidial methylerythritol pathway (MEP). Additionally, a total of 126 putative cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and 32 putative UDP glycosyltransferases were selected as the candidates of triterpenoid saponins modifiers. Among them, four of them were annotated as the gene of CYP716A subfamily, the key enzyme in the oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, based on RNA-Seq and proteome analysis, as well as quantitative RT-PCR verification, the expression level of gene and protein committed to triterpenoids biosynthesis in the leaf versus the rhizome was compared. CONCLUSION A combination of the de novo transcriptome and proteome profiling based on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 sequencing platform and iTRAQ technique was shown to be a powerful method for the discovery of candidate genes, which encoded enzymes that were responsible for the biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites in a non-model plant. The transcriptome data of our study provides a very important resource for the understanding of the triterpenoid saponins biosynthesis of A. flaccida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansong Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Center for Plant Functional Components, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Center for Plant Functional Components, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
| | - Zeying Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
| | - Tewu Yang
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
| | - Xuekui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
| | - Biaobiao Luo
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Center for Plant Functional Components, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
| | - Qiyun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Center for Plant Functional Components, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
| | - Yanru Hu
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Center for Plant Functional Components, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
| | - Xuebo Hu
- Department of Medicinal Plant, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Center for Plant Functional Components, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center (Hubei) for Medicinal Plant Breeding and CultivationWuhan, China
- The Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center for Medicinal PlantsWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xuebo Hu,
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153
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Shin KC, Choi HY, Seo MJ, Oh DK. Compound K Production from Red Ginseng Extract by β-Glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus Supplemented with α-L-Arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145876. [PMID: 26710074 PMCID: PMC4692446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (C-K) is attracting a lot of interest because of its biological and pharmaceutical activities, including hepatoprotective, antitumor, anti-wrinkling, and anti-skin aging activities. C-K has been used as the principal ingredient in skin care products. For the effective application of ginseng extracts to the manufacture of cosmetics, the PPD-type ginsenosides in ginseng extracts should be converted to C-K by enzymatic conversion. For increased yield of C-K from the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides in red-ginseng extract (RGE), the α-L-arabinofuranoside-hydrolyzing α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CS-abf) was used along with the β-D-glucopyranoside/α-L-arabinopyranoside-hydrolyzing β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SS-bgly) because SS-bgly showed very low hydrolytic activity on the α-L-arabinofuranoside linkage in ginsenosides. The optimal reaction conditions for C-K production were as follows: pH 6.0, 80°C, 2 U/mL SS-bgly, 3 U/mL CS-abf, and 7.5 g/L PPD-type ginsenosides in RGE. Under these optimized conditions, SS-bgly supplemented with CS-abf produced 4.2 g/L C-K from 7.5 g/L PPD-type ginsenosides in 12 h without other ginsenosides, with a molar yield of 100% and a productivity of 348 mg/L/h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest concentration and productivity of C-K from ginseng extract ever published in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Seo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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154
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Liu XB, Liu M, Tao XY, Zhang ZX, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Metabolic engineering of Pichia pastoris for the production of dammarenediol-II. J Biotechnol 2015; 216:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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155
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Huang Z, Lin J, Cheng Z, Xu M, Huang X, Yang Z, Zheng J. Production of dammarane-type sapogenins in rice by expressing the dammarenediol-II synthase gene from Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 239:106-14. [PMID: 26398795 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the main active ingredients in Chinese medicinal ginseng; 2,3-oxidosqualene is a precursor metabolite to ginsenosides that is present in rice. Because rice lacks a key rate-limiting enzyme (dammarenediol-II synthase, DS), rice cannot synthesize dammarane-type ginsenosides. In this study, the ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Mey.) DS gene (GenBank: AB265170.1) was transformed into rice using agrobacterium, and 64 rice transgenic plants were produced. The Transfer-DNA (T-DNA) insertion sites in homozygous lines of the T2 generation were determined by using high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (hiTAIL-PCR) and differed in all tested lines. One to two copies of the T-DNA were present in each transformant, and real-time PCR and Western blotting showed that the transformed DS gene could be transcribed and highly expressed. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the dammarane-type sapogenin 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) content was 0.35-0.59 mg/g dw and the dammarane-type sapogenin 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) content was 0.23-0.43 mg/g dw in the transgenic rice. LC/MS analysis confirmed production of PPD and PPT. These results indicate that a new "ginseng rice" germplasm containing dammarane-type sapogenins has been successfully developed by transforming the ginseng DS gene into rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Juncheng Lin
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Zuxin Cheng
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Xinying Huang
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Jingui Zheng
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
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156
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Pathway mining-based integration of critical enzyme parts for de novo biosynthesis of steviolglycosides sweetener in Escherichia coli. Cell Res 2015; 26:258-61. [PMID: 26358188 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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157
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Wei W, Wang P, Wei Y, Liu Q, Yang C, Zhao G, Yue J, Yan X, Zhou Z. Characterization of Panax ginseng UDP-Glycosyltransferases Catalyzing Protopanaxatriol and Biosyntheses of Bioactive Ginsenosides F1 and Rh1 in Metabolically Engineered Yeasts. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1412-24. [PMID: 26032089 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main pharmacologically active natural compounds in ginseng (Panax ginseng), are mostly the glycosylated products of protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT). No uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT), which catalyzes PPT to produce PPT-type ginsenosides, has yet been reported. Here, we show that UGTPg1, which has been demonstrated to regio-specifically glycosylate the C20-OH of PPD, also specifically glycosylates the C20-OH of PPT to produce bioactive ginsenoside F1. We report the characterization of four novel UGT genes isolated from P. ginseng, sharing high deduced amino acid identity (>84%) with UGTPg1. We demonstrate that UGTPg100 specifically glycosylates the C6-OH of PPT to produce bioactive ginsenoside Rh1, and UGTPg101 catalyzes PPT to produce F1, followed by the generation of ginsenoside Rg1 from F1. However, UGTPg102 and UGTPg103 were found to have no detectable activity on PPT. Through structural modeling and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified several key amino acids of these UGTs that may play important roles in determining their activities and substrate regio-specificities. Moreover, we constructed yeast recombinants to biosynthesize F1 and Rh1 by introducing the genetically engineered PPT-producing pathway and UGTPg1 or UGTPg100. Our study reveals the possible biosynthetic pathways of PPT-type ginsenosides in Panax plants, and provides a sound manufacturing approach for bioactive PPT-type ginsenosides in yeast via synthetic biology strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qunfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chengshuai Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianmin Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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158
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Luo Y, Li BZ, Liu D, Zhang L, Chen Y, Jia B, Zeng BX, Zhao H, Yuan YJ. Engineered biosynthesis of natural products in heterologous hosts. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5265-90. [PMID: 25960127 PMCID: PMC4510016 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products produced by microorganisms and plants are a major resource of antibacterial and anticancer drugs as well as industrially useful compounds. However, the native producers often suffer from low productivity and titers. Here we summarize the recent applications of heterologous biosynthesis for the production of several important classes of natural products such as terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and polyketides. In addition, we will discuss the new tools and strategies at multi-scale levels including gene, pathway, genome and community levels for highly efficient heterologous biosynthesis of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
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159
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Zhao C, Xu T, Liang Y, Zhao S, Ren L, Wang Q, Dou B. Functional analysis of β-amyrin synthase gene in ginsenoside biosynthesis by RNA interference. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1307-15. [PMID: 25899218 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Down-regulation of β-amyrin synthase gene expression by RNA interference led to reduced levels of β-amyrin and oleanane-type ginsenoside as well as up-regulation of dammarane-type ginsenoside level. In the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides, β-amyrin synthase catalyzes the reaction from oxidosqualene to β-amyrin, the proposed aglycone of oleanane-type saponins. Here, RNAi was employed to evaluate the role of this gene in ginsenoside biosynthesis of Panax ginseng hairy roots. The results showed that RNAi-mediated down-regulation of this gene led to reduced levels of β-amyrin and oleanane-type ginsenoside Ro as well as increased level of total ginsenosides, indicating an important role of this gene in biosynthesis of ginsenoside. Expression of key genes involved in dammarane-type ginsenoside including genes of dammarenediol synthase and protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol synthases were up-regulated in RNAi lines. While expression of squalene synthase genes was not significantly changed, β-amyrin oxidase gene was down-regulated. This work will be helpful for further understanding ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Zhao
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
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160
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Seki H, Tamura K, Muranaka T. P450s and UGTs: Key Players in the Structural Diversity of Triterpenoid Saponins. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1463-71. [PMID: 25951908 PMCID: PMC7107090 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent spread of next-generation sequencing techniques has facilitated transcriptome analyses of non-model plants. As a result, many of the genes encoding enzymes related to the production of specialized metabolites have been identified. Compounds derived from 2,3-oxidosqualene (the common precursor of sterols, steroids and triterpenoids), a linear compound of 30 carbon atoms produced through the mevalonate pathway, are called triterpenes. These include essential sterols, which are structural components of biomembranes; steroids such as the plant hormones, brassinolides and the toxin in potatoes, solanine; as well as the structurally diverse triterpenoids. Triterpenoids containing one or more sugar moieties attached to triterpenoid aglycones are called triterpenoid saponins. Triterpenoid saponins have been shown to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancerogenic and antiviral effects. This review summarizes the recent progress in gene discovery and elucidates the biochemical functions of biosynthetic enzymes in triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis. Special focus is placed on key players in generating the structural diversity of triterpenoid saponins, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and the UDP-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Perspectives on further gene discovery and the use of biosynthetic genes for the microbial production of plant-derived triterpenoid saponins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Seki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Keita Tamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
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161
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Huang Z, Lin J, Cheng Z, Xu M, Guo M, Huang X, Yang Z, Zheng J. Production of oleanane-type sapogenin in transgenic rice via expression of β-amyrin synthase gene from Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:45. [PMID: 26033328 PMCID: PMC4450844 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. is a rare traditional Chinese herbal medicine that uses ginsenosides as its main active ingredient. Rice does not produce ginsenosides because it lacks a key rate-limiting enzyme (β-amyrin synthase, βAS); however, it produces a secondary metabolite, 2,3-oxidosqualene, which is a precursor for ginsenoside biosynthesis. RESULTS In the present study, the P. japonicus βAS gene was transformed into the rice cultivar 'Taijing 9' using an Agrobacterium-mediated approach, resulting in 68 rice transgenic plants of the T0 generation. Transfer-DNA (T-DNA) insertion sites in homozygous lines of the T2 generation were determined by using high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (hiTAIL-PCR) and were found to vary among the tested lines. Approximately 1-2 copies of the βAS gene were detected in transgenic rice plants. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses showed that the transformed βAS gene could be overexpressed and β-amyrin synthase could be expressed in rice. HPLC analysis showed that the concentration of oleanane-type sapogenin oleanolic acid in transgenic rice was 8.3-11.5 mg/100 g dw. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first report on the transformation of P. japonicus βAS gene into rice. We have successfully produced a new rice germplasm, "ginseng rice", which produces oleanane-type sapogenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China. .,Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Juncheng Lin
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Zuxin Cheng
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Mingshu Guo
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Xinying Huang
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Jingui Zheng
- Agricultural Product Quality Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, CangShan District, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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162
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Wang P, Wei Y, Fan Y, Liu Q, Wei W, Yang C, Zhang L, Zhao G, Yue J, Yan X, Zhou Z. Production of bioactive ginsenosides Rh2 and Rg3 by metabolically engineered yeasts. Metab Eng 2015; 29:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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163
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Dai L, Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Men Y, Zeng Y, Sun Y. Functional Characterization of Cucurbitadienol Synthase and Triterpene Glycosyltransferase Involved in Biosynthesis of Mogrosides from Siraitia grosvenorii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:1172-82. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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164
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Kim YJ, Zhang D, Yang DC. Biosynthesis and biotechnological production of ginsenosides. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:717-35. [PMID: 25747290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are essential for improving human health, and around 75% of the population in developing countries relies mainly on herb-based medicines for health care. As the king of herb plants, ginseng has been used for nearly 5,000 years in the oriental and recently in western medicines. Among the compounds studied in ginseng plants, ginsenosides have been shown to have multiple medical effects such as anti-oxidative, anti-aging, anti-cancer, adaptogenic and other health-improving activities. Ginsenosides belong to a group of triterpene saponins (also called ginseng saponins) that are found almost exclusively in Panax species and accumulated especially in the plant roots. In this review, we update the conserved and diversified pathway/enzyme biosynthesizing ginsenosides which have been presented. Particularly, we highlight recent milestone works on functional characterization of key genes dedicated to the production of ginsenosides, and their application in engineering plants and yeast cells for large-scale production of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea.
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165
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Rapid preparation of rare ginsenosides by acid transformation and their structure-activity relationships against cancer cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8598. [PMID: 25716943 PMCID: PMC4341195 DOI: 10.1038/srep08598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer activities of ginsenosides are widely reported. The structure-activity relationship of ginsenosides against cancer is not well elucidated because of the unavailability of these compounds. In this work, we developed a transformation method to rapidly produce rare dehydroxylated ginsenosides by acid treatment. The optimized temperature, time course, and concentration of formic acid were 120°C, 4 h and 0.01%, respectively. From 100 mg of Rh1, 8.3 mg of Rk3 and 18.7 mg of Rh4 can be produced by acid transformation. Similarly, from 100 mg of Rg3, 7.4 mg of Rk1 and 15.1 mg of Rg5 can be produced. From 100 mg of Rh2, 8.3 mg of Rk2 and 12.7 mg of Rh3 can be generated. Next, the structure-activity relationships of 23 ginsenosides were investigated by comparing their cytotoxic effects on six human cancer cells, including HCT-116, HepG2, MCF-7, Hela, PANC-1, and A549. The results showed that: (1) the cytotoxic effect of ginsenosides is inversely related to the sugar numbers; (2) sugar linkages rank as C-3 > C-6 > C-20; (3) the protopanaxadiol-type has higher activities; (4) having the double bond at the terminal C20-21 exhibits stronger activity than that at C20-22; and (5) 20(S)-ginsenosides show stronger effects than their 20(R)-stereoisomers.
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166
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Cao H, Nuruzzaman M, Xiu H, Huang J, Wu K, Chen X, Li J, Wang L, Jeong JH, Park SJ, Yang F, Luo J, Luo Z. Transcriptome analysis of methyl jasmonate-elicited Panax ginseng adventitious roots to discover putative ginsenoside biosynthesis and transport genes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3035-57. [PMID: 25642758 PMCID: PMC4346879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer belonging to the Araliaceae has long been used as an herbal medicine. Although public databases are presently available for this family, no methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicited transcriptomic information was previously reported on this species, with the exception of a few expressed sequence tags (ESTs) using the traditional Sanger method. Here, approximately 53 million clean reads of adventitious root transcriptome were separately filtered via Illumina HiSeq™2000 from two samples treated with MeJA (Pg-MeJA) and equal volumes of solvent, ethanol (Pg-Con). Jointly, a total of 71,095 all-unigenes from both samples were assembled and annotated, and based on sequence similarity search with known proteins, a total of 56,668 unigenes was obtained. Out of these annotated unigenes, 54,920 were assigned to the NCBI non-redundant protein (Nr) database, 35,448 to the Swiss-prot database, 43,051 to gene ontology (GO), and 19,986 to clusters of orthologous groups (COG). Searching in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway database indicated that 32,200 unigenes were mapped to 128 KEGG pathways. Moreover, we obtained several genes showing a wide range of expression levels. We also identified a total of 749 ginsenoside biosynthetic enzyme genes and 12 promising pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) genes related to ginsenoside transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Cao
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Mohammed Nuruzzaman
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Hao Xiu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jingjia Huang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Kunlu Wu
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jijia Li
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Ji-Hak Jeong
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Sun-Jin Park
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Junli Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Zhiyong Luo
- Molecular Biology Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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167
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Liang DM, Liu JH, Wu H, Wang BB, Zhu HJ, Qiao JJ. Glycosyltransferases: mechanisms and applications in natural product development. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:8350-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00600g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation reactions mainly catalyzed by glycosyltransferases (Gts) occur almost everywhere in the biosphere, and always play crucial roles in vital processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jia-Heng Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Bin-Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Hong-Ji Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jian-Jun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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168
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Yang XD, Yang YY, Ouyang DS, Yang GP. A review of biotransformation and pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K. Fitoterapia 2015; 100:208-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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169
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Jung SC, Kim W, Park SC, Jeong J, Park MK, Lim S, Lee Y, Im WT, Lee JH, Choi G, Kim SC. Two Ginseng UDP-Glycosyltransferases Synthesize Ginsenoside Rg3 and Rd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:2177-88. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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170
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Dai Z, Liu Y, Guo J, Huang L, Zhang X. Yeast synthetic biology for high-value metabolites. FEMS Yeast Res 2014; 15:1-11. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhubo Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin China
| | - Juan Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xueli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Tianjin China
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