151
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Yan F, Wu Y, Liu H, Wu Y, Shen H, Li W. ATF3 is positively involved in particulate matter-induced airway inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2018; 287:113-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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152
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Plasma cell differentiation is controlled by multiple cell division-coupled epigenetic programs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1698. [PMID: 29703886 PMCID: PMC5923265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic loci associated with B cell differentiation that are subject to transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in vivo are not well defined, leaving a gap in our understanding of the development of humoral immune responses. Here, using an in vivo T cell independent B cell differentiation model, we define a cellular division-dependent cis-regulatory element road map using ATAC-seq. Chromatin accessibility changes correlate with gene expression and reveal the reprogramming of transcriptional networks and the genes they regulate at specific cell divisions. A subset of genes in naive B cells display accessible promoters in the absence of transcription and are marked by H3K27me3, an EZH2 catalyzed repressive modification. Such genes encode regulators of cell division and metabolism and include the essential plasma cell transcription factor Blimp-1. Chemical inhibition of EZH2 results in enhanced plasma cell formation, increased expression of the above gene set, and premature expression of Blimp-1 ex vivo. These data provide insights into cell-division coupled epigenetic and transcriptional processes that program plasma cells. During B cell differentiation, the role of different genomic loci in transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in vivo is not well defined. Here the authors use an in vivo B cell differentiation model to map cellular division-dependent cis-regulatory element road map with ATAC-seq.
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153
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Rosenbaum P, Tchitchek N, Joly C, Stimmer L, Hocini H, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Beignon AS, Chapon C, Levy Y, Le Grand R, Martinon F. Molecular and Cellular Dynamics in the Skin, the Lymph Nodes, and the Blood of the Immune Response to Intradermal Injection of Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:870. [PMID: 29922280 PMCID: PMC5996922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New vaccine design approaches would be greatly facilitated by a better understanding of the early systemic changes, and those that occur at the site of injection, responsible for the installation of a durable and oriented protective response. We performed a detailed characterization of very early infection and host response events following the intradermal administration of the modified vaccinia virus Ankara as a live attenuated vaccine model in non-human primates. Integrated analysis of the data obtained from in vivo imaging, histology, flow cytometry, multiplex cytokine, and transcriptomic analysis using tools derived from systems biology, such as co-expression networks, showed a strong early local and systemic inflammatory response that peaked at 24 h, which was then progressively replaced by an adaptive response during the installation of the host response to the vaccine. Granulocytes, macrophages, and monocytoid cells were massively recruited during the local innate response in association with local productions of GM-CSF, IL-1β, MIP1α, MIP1β, and TNFα. We also observed a rapid and transient granulocyte recruitment and the release of IL-6 and IL-1RA, followed by a persistent phase involving inflammatory monocytes. This systemic inflammation was confirmed by molecular signatures, such as upregulations of IL-6 and TNF pathways and acute phase response signaling. Such comprehensive approaches improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal orchestration of vaccine-elicited immune response, in a live-attenuated vaccine model, and thus contribute to rational vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Rosenbaum
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lev Stimmer
- CEA - INSERM, MIRCen, UMS27, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,INSERM U1169, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Hakim Hocini
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955, Henri Mondor Hospital, University of Paris East, Créteil, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France.,INSERM U955, Henri Mondor Hospital, University of Paris East, Créteil, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department, CEA - Université Paris Sud 11 - INSERM U1184, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
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154
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Dimitrova E, Caromile LA, Laubenbacher R, Shapiro LH. The innate immune response to ischemic injury: a multiscale modeling perspective. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:50. [PMID: 29631571 PMCID: PMC5891907 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Cell death as a result of ischemic injury triggers powerful mechanisms regulated by germline-encoded Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) with shared specificity that recognize invading pathogens and endogenous ligands released from dying cells, and as such are essential to human health. Alternatively, dysregulation of these mechanisms contributes to extreme inflammation, deleterious tissue damage and impaired healing in various diseases. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a prototypical family of PRRs that may be powerful anti-inflammatory targets if agents can be designed that antagonize their harmful effects while preserving host defense functions. This requires an understanding of the complex interactions and consequences of targeting the TLR-mediated pathways as well as technologies to analyze and interpret these, which will then allow the simulation of perturbations targeting specific pathway components, predict potential outcomes and identify safe and effective therapeutic targets. Results We constructed a multiscale mathematical model that spans the tissue and intracellular scales, and captures the consequences of targeting various regulatory components of injury-induced TLR4 signal transduction on potential pro-inflammatory or pro-healing outcomes. We applied known interactions to simulate how inactivation of specific regulatory nodes affects dynamics in the context of injury and to predict phenotypes of potential therapeutic interventions. We propose rules to link model behavior to qualitative estimates of pro-inflammatory signal activation, macrophage infiltration, production of reactive oxygen species and resolution. We tested the validity of the model by assessing its ability to reproduce published data not used in its construction. Conclusions These studies will enable us to form a conceptual framework focusing on TLR4-mediated ischemic repair to assess potential molecular targets that can be utilized therapeutically to improve efficacy and safety in treating ischemic/inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dimitrova
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Leslie A Caromile
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, 06030, CT, USA
| | - Reinhard Laubenbacher
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA. .,Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Linda H Shapiro
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, 06030, CT, USA.
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155
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Bambouskova M, Gorvel L, Lampropoulou V, Sergushichev A, Loginicheva E, Johnson K, Korenfeld D, Mathyer ME, Kim H, Huang LH, Duncan D, Bregman H, Keskin A, Santeford A, Apte RS, Sehgal R, Johnson B, Amarasinghe GK, Soares MP, Satoh T, Akira S, Hai T, de Guzman Strong C, Auclair K, Roddy TP, Biller SA, Jovanovic M, Klechevsky E, Stewart KM, Randolph GJ, Artyomov MN. Electrophilic properties of itaconate and derivatives regulate the IκBζ-ATF3 inflammatory axis. Nature 2018; 556:501-504. [PMID: 29670287 PMCID: PMC6037913 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic regulation has been recognized as a powerful principle guiding immune responses. Inflammatory macrophages undergo extensive metabolic rewiring 1 marked by the production of substantial amounts of itaconate, which has recently been described as an immunoregulatory metabolite 2 . Itaconate and its membrane-permeable derivative dimethyl itaconate (DI) selectively inhibit a subset of cytokines 2 , including IL-6 and IL-12 but not TNF. The major effects of itaconate on cellular metabolism during macrophage activation have been attributed to the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase2,3, yet this inhibition alone is not sufficient to account for the pronounced immunoregulatory effects observed in the case of DI. Furthermore, the regulatory pathway responsible for such selective effects of itaconate and DI on the inflammatory program has not been defined. Here we show that itaconate and DI induce electrophilic stress, react with glutathione and subsequently induce both Nrf2 (also known as NFE2L2)-dependent and -independent responses. We find that electrophilic stress can selectively regulate secondary, but not primary, transcriptional responses to toll-like receptor stimulation via inhibition of IκBζ protein induction. The regulation of IκBζ is independent of Nrf2, and we identify ATF3 as its key mediator. The inhibitory effect is conserved across species and cell types, and the in vivo administration of DI can ameliorate IL-17-IκBζ-driven skin pathology in a mouse model of psoriasis, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this regulatory pathway. Our results demonstrate that targeting the DI-IκBζ regulatory axis could be an important new strategy for the treatment of IL-17-IκBζ-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bambouskova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vicky Lampropoulou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ekaterina Loginicheva
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Daniel Korenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Mathyer
- Division of Dermatology, Center for Pharmacogenomics, Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Li-Hao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dustin Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Abdurrahman Keskin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Britney Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Takashi Satoh
- Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Host Defense, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsonwin Hai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cristina de Guzman Strong
- Division of Dermatology, Center for Pharmacogenomics, Center for the Study of Itch, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Marko Jovanovic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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156
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Kim MJ, Lee YJ, Yoon YS, Kim M, Choi JH, Kim HS, Kang JL. Apoptotic cells trigger the ABCA1/STAT6 pathway leading to PPAR-γ expression and activation in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:885-895. [PMID: 29603355 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2a0817-341rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) transcription factor activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ)-regulated gene expression in immune cells. We investigated proximal membrane signaling that was initiated in macrophages after exposure to apoptotic cells that led to enhanced PPAR-γ expression and activity, using specific siRNAs for ABCA1, STAT6, and PPAR-γ, or their antagonists. The interactions between mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages or RAW 264.7 cells and apoptotic Jurkat cells, but not viable cells, resulted in the induction of STAT6 phosphorylation as well as PPAR-γ expression and activation. Knockdown of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) after the transfection of macrophages with ABCA1-specific siRNAs reduced apoptotic cell-induced STAT6 phosphorylation as well as PPAR-γ mRNA and protein expression. ABCA1 knockdown also reduced apoptotic cell-induced liver X receptor α (LXR-α) mRNA and protein expression. Moreover, inhibition of STAT6 with specific siRNAs or the pharmacological inhibitor AS1517499AS reversed the induction of PPAR-γ, LXR-α, and ABCA1 by apoptotic Jurkat cells. PPAR-γ-specific siRNAs or the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 inhibited apoptotic cell-induced increases in LXR-α and ABCA1 mRNA and protein levels. Thus, these results indicate that apoptotic cells trigger the ABCA1/STAT6 pathway, leading to the activation of the PPAR-γ/LXR-α/ABCA1 pathway in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Joo Kim
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Lee
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-So Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minsuk Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Ha Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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157
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Cui H, Banerjee S, Guo S, Xie N, Liu G. IFN Regulatory Factor 2 Inhibits Expression of Glycolytic Genes and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Responses in Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3218-3230. [PMID: 29563175 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid initiation and timely resolution of inflammatory response in macrophages are synergistic events that are known to be equally critical to optimal host defense against pathogen infections. However, the regulation of these processes, in particular by a specific cellular metabolic program, has not been well understood. In this study, we found that IFN regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) underwent an early degradation in a proteasome-mediated pathway in LPS-treated mouse macrophages, followed by a later recovery of the expression via transactivation. We showed that IRF2 was anti-inflammatory in that knockdown of this protein promoted the production of LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators. Mechanistically, although IRF2 apparently did not target the proximal cytoplasmic signaling events upon LPS engagements, it inhibited HIF-1α-dependent expression of glycolytic genes and thereby cellular glycolysis, sequential events necessary for the IRF2 anti-inflammatory activity. We found that macrophages in endotoxin tolerant state demonstrated deficiency in LPS-augmented glycolysis, which was likely caused by failed downregulation of IRF2 and the ensuing upregulation of the glycolytic genes in these cells. In contrast to observations with LPS, knockdown of IRF2 decreased IL-4-induced macrophage alternative activation. The pro-IL-4 activity of IRF2 was dependent on KLF4, a key mediator of the alternative activation, which was transcriptionally induced by IRF2. In conclusion, our data suggest that IRF2 is an important regulator of the proinflammatory response in macrophages by controlling HIF-1α-dependent glycolytic gene expression and glycolysis. This study also indicates IRF2 as a novel therapeutic target to treat inflammatory disorders associated with dysregulations of macrophage activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Cui
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Sami Banerjee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Sijia Guo
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and.,Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300150, China
| | - Na Xie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294; and
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158
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Smith JA. Regulation of Cytokine Production by the Unfolded Protein Response; Implications for Infection and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:422. [PMID: 29556237 PMCID: PMC5844972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential cell function. To safeguard this process in the face of environmental threats and internal stressors, cells mount an evolutionarily conserved response known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Invading pathogens induce cellular stress that impacts protein folding, thus the UPR is well situated to sense danger and contribute to immune responses. Cytokines (inflammatory cytokines and interferons) critically mediate host defense against pathogens, but when aberrantly produced, may also drive pathologic inflammation. The UPR influences cytokine production on multiple levels, from stimulation of pattern recognition receptors, to modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, and the regulation of cytokine transcription factors. This review will focus on the mechanisms underlying cytokine regulation by the UPR, and the repercussions of this relationship for infection and autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. Interrogation of viral and bacterial infections has revealed increasing numbers of examples where pathogens induce or modulate the UPR and implicated UPR-modulated cytokines in host response. The flip side of this coin, the UPR/ER stress responses have been increasingly recognized in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Examples include monogenic disorders of ER function, diseases linked to misfolding protein (HLA-B27 and spondyloarthritis), diseases directly implicating UPR and autophagy genes (inflammatory bowel disease), and autoimmune diseases targeting highly secretory cells (e.g., diabetes). Given the burgeoning interest in pharmacologically targeting the UPR, greater discernment is needed regarding how the UPR regulates cytokine production during specific infections and autoimmune processes, and the relative place of this interaction in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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159
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Perego J, Mendes A, Bourbon C, Camosseto V, Combes A, Liu H, Manh TPV, Dalet A, Chasson L, Spinelli L, Bardin N, Chiche L, Santos MAS, Gatti E, Pierre P. Guanabenz inhibits TLR9 signaling through a pathway that is independent of eIF2α dephosphorylation by the GADD34/PP1c complex. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/514/eaam8104. [PMID: 29363586 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam8104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers or amplifies inflammatory signals and cytokine production in immune cells. Upon the resolution of ER stress, the inducible phosphatase 1 cofactor GADD34 promotes the dephosphorylation of the initiation factor eIF2α, thereby enabling protein translation to resume. Several aminoguanidine compounds, such as guanabenz, perturb the eIF2α phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle and protect different cell or tissue types from protein misfolding and degeneration. We investigated how pharmacological interference with the eIF2α pathway could be beneficial to treat autoinflammatory diseases dependent on proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs), the production of which is regulated by GADD34 in dendritic cells (DCs). In mouse and human DCs and B cells, guanabenz prevented the activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or DNA-immunoglobulin complexes in endosomes. In vivo, guanabenz protected mice from CpG oligonucleotide-dependent cytokine shock and decreased autoimmune symptom severity in a chemically induced model of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, we found that guanabenz exerted its inhibitory effect independently of GADD34 activity on eIF2α and instead decreased the abundance of CH25H, a cholesterol hydroxylase linked to antiviral immunity. Our results therefore suggest that guanabenz and similar compounds could be used to treat type I IFN-dependent pathologies and that CH25H could be a therapeutic target to control these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Perego
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Andreia Mendes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "Mistra," 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Clarisse Bourbon
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Voahirana Camosseto
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "Mistra," 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Alexis Combes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Hong Liu
- Sanofi, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thien-Phong Vu Manh
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Dalet
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Spinelli
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Bardin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Conception, 13005 Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, VRCM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Manuel A S Santos
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "Mistra," 13008 Marseille, France.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Aveiro Health Sciences Program University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Evelina Gatti
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France. .,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "Mistra," 13008 Marseille, France.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Aveiro Health Sciences Program University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Philippe Pierre
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), 13008 Marseille, France. .,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) CNRS "Mistra," 13008 Marseille, France.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (iBiMED) and Aveiro Health Sciences Program University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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160
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Lin H, Cheng CF. Activating transcription factor 3, an early cellular adaptive responder in ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. Tzu Chi Med J 2018; 30:61-65. [PMID: 29875584 PMCID: PMC5968744 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_37_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) may act in the immune system where an exaggerated inflammatory response is initiated. With the activation of the immune system, damage-associated molecular patterns migrate and adhere to the I/R region, consequently inducing multiorgan injury. Emerging data indicate that upon I/R, stress-inducible proteins, including activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), play essential roles in signaling during antiapoptotic, antimigration, and anti-inflammatory processes. Accumulating data suggest that ATF3 may be a potential target in I/R- or inflammation-induced organ dysfunction. This minireview focuses on the emerging evidence of the roles of ATF3 in multiple organs including the kidney, myocardium, and brain following I/R injury. In addition, this review addresses the role of ATF3 in chronic inflammation-induced pathophysiologies such as diabetes and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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161
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Goldstein I, Paakinaho V, Baek S, Sung MH, Hager GL. Synergistic gene expression during the acute phase response is characterized by transcription factor assisted loading. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1849. [PMID: 29185442 PMCID: PMC5707366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokines interleukin 1β and 6 (IL-1β, IL-6) mediate the acute phase response (APR). In liver, they regulate the secretion of acute phase proteins. Using RNA-seq in primary hepatocytes, we show that these cytokines regulate transcription in a bifurcated manner, leading to both synergistic and antagonistic gene expression. By mapping changes in enhancer landscape and transcription factor occupancy (using ChIP-seq), we show that synergistic gene induction is achieved by assisted loading of STAT3 on chromatin by NF-κB. With IL-6 treatment alone, STAT3 does not efficiently bind 20% of its coordinated binding sites. In the presence of IL-1β, NF-κB is activated, binds a subset of enhancers and primes their activity, as evidenced by increasing H3K27ac. This facilitates STAT3 binding and synergistic gene expression. Our findings reveal an enhancer-specific crosstalk whereby NF-κB enables STAT3 binding at some enhancers while perturbing it at others. This model reconciles seemingly contradictory reports of NF-κB-STAT3 crosstalk. The cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 mediate the systemic acute phase response (APR). Here, the authors provide evidence that these cytokines lead to both synergistic and antagonistic gene expression during APR; synergistic induction occurs by assisted loading of STAT3 on chromatin by NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Goldstein
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Ville Paakinaho
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Songjoon Baek
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Myong-Hee Sung
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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162
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Kim YB, Yoon YS, Choi YH, Park EM, Kang JL. Interaction of macrophages with apoptotic cells inhibits transdifferentiation and invasion of lung fibroblasts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112297-112312. [PMID: 29348826 PMCID: PMC5762511 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion of activated fibroblasts is a key mechanism of tissue fibrosis pathology. The recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells can induce the anti-fibrogenic programming of macrophages. We demonstrate that after interacting with apoptotic cells, macrophages secrete bioactive molecules that antagonize TGF-β1-induced increases in myofibroblast (fibroproliferative) phenotypic markers and reduce the enhanced invasive capacity of TGF-β1- or EGF-treated mouse lung fibroblasts (MLg). Furthermore, numerous treatment strategies prevented the anti-fibrotic effects of conditioned media, including transfection of macrophages with COX-2 or RhoA siRNAs or treatment of MLg cells with receptor antagonists for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGD2, or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Additionally, administration of apoptotic cells in vivo inhibited the bleomycin-mediated invasive capacity of primary fibroblasts, as well as adhesion and extracellular matrix protein mRNA expression. These data suggest that the anti-fibrogenic programming of macrophages by apoptotic cells can be used as a novel tool to control the progressive fibrotic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bae Kim
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Young-So Yoon
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
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163
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RNA-Seq revealed ATF3-regulated inflammation induced by silica. Toxicology 2017; 393:34-41. [PMID: 29102675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Millions of workers are exposed to dust containing silica. Chronic and over-exposure to silica will lead to silicosis, which is an irreversible and sometimes fatal lung disease. The disordered physiological processes of silicosis consist of accumulation of silica particles in the alveoli of the lung. Then, the ingestion of the silica particles by macrophages was followed by an inflammatory response. Up till now, the chest radiographs remain the key tool in diagnosing and assessing the extent of silicosis. However, concerns exist regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the technique. Therefore, there is still a need to develop a biomarker for silicosis for early detection of silicosis. METHOD In this study, RNA-Seq was applied to detect the gene expression changes when silica was exposed to macrophages at different time intervals. RNA-Seq provides a broader dynamic range, increased specificity and sensitivity, and easier detection of rare and low-abundance transcripts. Bioinformatics tools such as the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and Gene Functional Classification Tool and Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) were applied for data analysis. Quantitative PCR was used to validate the results. RESULTS Our results showed that regulation of transcription factors was the dominant activated pathway in early exposure of silica to macrophages, followed by inflammatory responses which were the main mechanisms in silicosis. One of the findings was the upregulation of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) during silica exposure. When ATF3 expression was inhibited by siRNA, the production of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF was further increased. CONCLUSION This indicated that ATF3 may be a potential early diagnostic biomarker for silicosis and ATF3 acts as a repressor in inflammatory responses induced by silica.
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164
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Tanaka A, To J, O'Brien B, Donnelly S, Lund M. Selection of reliable reference genes for the normalisation of gene expression levels following time course LPS stimulation of murine bone marrow derived macrophages. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:43. [PMID: 28974200 PMCID: PMC5627409 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-017-0223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages are key players in the initiation, perpetuation and regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. They largely perform these roles through modulation of the expression of genes, especially those encoding cytokines. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) are commonly used as a model macrophage population for the study of immune responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli, notably lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which may be pertinent to the human situation. Evaluation of the temporal responses of LPS stimulated macrophages is widely conducted via the measurement of gene expression levels by RT-qPCR. While providing a robust and sensitive measure of gene expression levels, RT-qPCR relies on the normalisation of gene expression data to a stably expressed reference gene. Generally, a normalisation gene(s) is selected from a list of “traditional” reference genes without validation of expression stability under the specific experimental conditions of the study. In the absence of such validation, and given that many studies use only a single reference gene, the reliability of data is questionable. Results The stability of expression levels of eight commonly used reference genes was assessed during the peak (6 h) and resolution (24 h) phases of the BMDM response to LPS. Further, this study identified two additional genes, which have not previously been described as reference genes, and the stability of their expression levels during the same phases of the inflammatory response were validated. Importantly, this study demonstrates that certain “traditional” reference genes are in fact regulated by LPS exposure, and, therefore, are not reliable candidates as their inclusion may compromise the accuracy of data interpretation. Testament to this, this study shows that the normalisation of gene expression data using an unstable reference gene greatly affects the experimental data obtained, and, therefore, the ultimate biological conclusions drawn. Conclusion This study reaffirms the importance of validating reference gene stability for individual experimental conditions. Given that gene expression levels in LPS stimulated macrophages is routinely used to infer biological phenomena that are of relevance to human conditions, verification of reference gene expression stability is crucial. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-017-0223-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Tanaka
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Joyce To
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn O'Brien
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,The Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Sheila Donnelly
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Lund
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
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165
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Madhumitha H, Mohan V, Babu S, Aravindhan V. TLR-induced secretion of novel cytokine IL-27 is defective in newly diagnosed type-2 diabetic subjects. Cytokine 2017; 104:65-71. [PMID: 28985996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the innate immune receptors, act as sentinels bridging both innate and adaptive arms of immunity. In the present study, we estimated TLR-induced secretion of IL-27, IL-12, IL-23, IL-8, IP-10, IL-17, IL-6 and TNF-α (by ELISA) and expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen- (Human Leukocyte Antigen - antigen D Related (HLA-DR), CD69, CD80 (also known asB7-1) (by flowcytometry) and Activating Transcription Factor 3(ATF3) (by qRT-PCR) in whole blood cultures of control and type-2 diabetic (both newly diagnosed/NDD and known/KDM) subjects. TLR-induced secretion of IL-27 was significantly reduced in the NDD group compared to the control (Normal Glucose Tolerance (NGT)) and KDM groups. On the other hand, the expression of CD80 was significantly upregulated in both the monocytes and B cells in KDM group. This was associated with increased T cell activation (CD3+CD69+HLA-DR+) with increased IL-17 and reduced TNF-α secretion in this group. Impaired TLR-induced IL-27 secretion and augmented expression of antigen presentation molecules result in chronic T cell activation which may fuel T cell-mediated inflammation in type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haridoss Madhumitha
- AU-KBC Research Centre, MIT Campus of Anna University, Chennai 600 044, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institute of Health-International Centre for Excellence in Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
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166
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Treuter E, Fan R, Huang Z, Jakobsson T, Venteclef N. Transcriptional repression in macrophages-basic mechanisms and alterations in metabolic inflammatory diseases. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:2959-2977. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED); Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED); Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition; Center for Innovative Medicine (CIMED); Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Tomas Jakobsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- UMR_S 1138 Cordeliers Research; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); Sorbonne Universités; Université Pierre et Marie-Curie; Paris France
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167
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Kaitu'u-Lino TJ, Brownfoot FC, Hastie R, Chand A, Cannon P, Deo M, Tuohey L, Whitehead C, Hannan NJ, Tong S. Activating Transcription Factor 3 Is Reduced in Preeclamptic Placentas and Negatively Regulates sFlt-1 (Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1), Soluble Endoglin, and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Placenta. Hypertension 2017; 70:1014-1024. [PMID: 28947613 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a major pregnancy complication associated with poor placental perfusion and placental hypoxia. Systemic and placental inflammation and elevated placental secretion of the antiangiogenic factors sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) and sEng (soluble endoglin) are hallmarks of preeclampsia, causing endothelial dysfunction and multiorgan injury. A molecule that links placental hypoxia, inflammation, and antiangiogenic factor release has not been described. ATF3 (activating transcription factor 3) is highly expressed in placenta. We assessed whether placental ATF3 is dysregulated in preterm preeclampsia, is altered by hypoxia, and regulates proinflammatory cytokine and antiangiogenic factor production. ATF3 mRNA and protein expression was significantly reduced in preterm preeclamptic placentas compared with gestation-matched controls. Hypoxia reduced ATF3 expression in primary cytotrophoblast and placental explants. Silencing ATF3 in primary cytotrophoblast increased proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6 [interleukin 6], TNF-α [tumor necrosis factor α]) and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) expression. In silico analysis identified an ATF3-binding site in the promoter of Flt-1 (the transcript from which sFlt-1 is produced). Silencing ATF3 increased sFlt-1 and sEng secretion from primary cytotrophoblast possibly by increasing Rab11a and Arf1, cargo proteins that facilitate exosomal release of sFlt-1. ATF3 knockout mice did not have a preeclampsia phenotype, suggesting that these pathways may be specific to humans (preeclampsia is a uniquely human condition). To conclude, we have shown that ATF3 is decreased in preeclamptic placentas and that this decrease is likely to occur after prolonged hypoxia. We show that ATF3 is a regulator of placental proinflammatory cytokines and antiangiogenic factors sFlt-1 and sEng. Therefore, reduced ATF3 may be centrally involved in the pathology of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu'uhevaha J Kaitu'u-Lino
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.).
| | - Fiona C Brownfoot
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
| | - Roxanne Hastie
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
| | - Ashwini Chand
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
| | - Ping Cannon
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
| | - Minh Deo
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
| | - Laura Tuohey
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
| | - Clare Whitehead
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
| | - Stephen Tong
- From the Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Victoria, Australia (T.J.K.-L., F.C.B., R.H., P.C., M.D., L.T., C.W., N.J.H., S.T.); and Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia (A.C.)
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168
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Identifying novel transcription factors involved in the inflammatory response by using binding site motif scanning in genomic regions defined by histone acetylation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184850. [PMID: 28922390 PMCID: PMC5602638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to pathogenic challenge is a complex, multi-staged process involving thousands of genes. While numerous transcription factors that act as master regulators of this response have been identified, the temporal complexity of gene expression changes in response to pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor stimulation strongly suggest that additional layers of regulation remain to be uncovered. The evolved pathogen response program in mammalian innate immune cells is understood to reflect a compromise between the probability of clearing the infection and the extent of tissue damage and inflammatory sequelae it causes. Because of that, a key challenge to delineating the regulators that control the temporal inflammatory response is that an innate immune regulator that may confer a selective advantage in the wild may be dispensable in the lab setting. In order to better understand the complete transcriptional response of primary macrophages to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we designed a method that integrates temporally resolved gene expression and chromatin-accessibility measurements from mouse macrophages. By correlating changes in transcription factor binding site motif enrichment scores, calculated within regions of accessible chromatin, with the average temporal expression profile of a gene cluster, we screened for transcriptional factors that regulate the cluster. We have validated our predictions of LPS-stimulated transcriptional regulators using ChIP-seq data for three transcription factors with experimentally confirmed functions in innate immunity. In addition, we predict a role in the macrophage LPS response for several novel transcription factors that have not previously been implicated in immune responses. This method is applicable to any experimental situation where temporal gene expression and chromatin-accessibility data are available.
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169
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Wang Z, He Y, Deng W, Lang L, Yang H, Jin B, Kolhe R, Ding HF, Zhang J, Hai T, Yan C. Atf3 deficiency promotes genome instability and spontaneous tumorigenesis in mice. Oncogene 2017; 37:18-27. [PMID: 28869597 PMCID: PMC6179156 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mice lacking genes involving in the DNA damage response (DDR) are often tumor prone owing to genome instability caused by oncogenic challenges. Previous studies demonstrate that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a common stress sensor, can activate the tumor suppressor p53 and regulate expression of p53 target genes upon DNA damage. However, whether ATF3 contributes to the maintenance of genome stability and tumor suppression remains unknown. Here we report that Atf3-deficient (Atf3-/-) mice developed spontaneous tumors, and died significantly earlier than wild-type (Atf3+/+) mice. Consistent with these results, Atf3-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) had more aberrant chromosomes and micronuclei, and were genetically unstable. Whereas we demonstrated that ATF3 activated p53 and promoted its pro-apoptotic activity in mouse thymi and small intestines, the chromosomal instability caused by Atf3 deficiency was largely dependent on the regulation of p53 by ATF3. Interestingly, loss of Atf3 also promoted spontaneous tumorigenesis in Trp53+/- mice, but did not affect tumor formation in Trp53-/- mice. Our results thus provide the first genetic evidence linking ATF3 to the suppression of the early development of cancer, and underscore the importance of ATF3 in the maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Y He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - W Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaboration Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Lang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H Yang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - B Jin
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - R Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - H-F Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - T Hai
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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170
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Fazio EN, Young CC, Toma J, Levy M, Berger KR, Johnson CL, Mehmood R, Swan P, Chu A, Cregan SP, Dilworth FJ, Howlett CJ, Pin CL. Activating transcription factor 3 promotes loss of the acinar cell phenotype in response to cerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2347-2359. [PMID: 28701342 PMCID: PMC5576899 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a debilitating disease of the exocrine pancreas that, under chronic conditions, is a major susceptibility factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although down-regulation of genes that promote the mature acinar cell fate is required to reduce injury associated with pancreatitis, the factors that promote this repression are unknown. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a key mediator of the unfolded protein response, a pathway rapidly activated during pancreatic insult. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing, we show that ATF3 is bound to the transcriptional regulatory regions of >30% of differentially expressed genes during the initiation of pancreatitis. Of importance, ATF3-dependent regulation of these genes was observed only upon induction of pancreatitis, with pathways involved in inflammation, acinar cell differentiation, and cell junctions being specifically targeted. Characterizing expression of transcription factors that affect acinar cell differentiation suggested that acinar cells lacking ATF3 maintain a mature cell phenotype during pancreatitis, a finding supported by maintenance of junctional proteins and polarity markers. As a result, Atf3-/- pancreatic tissue displayed increased tissue damage and inflammatory cell infiltration at early time points during injury but, at later time points, showed reduced acinar-to-duct cell metaplasia. Thus our results reveal a critical role for ATF3 as a key regulator of the acinar cell transcriptional response during injury and may provide a link between chronic pancreatitis and PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Fazio
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Claire C Young
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jelena Toma
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Michael Levy
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
| | - Kurt R Berger
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Charis L Johnson
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Patrick Swan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alphonse Chu
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Sean P Cregan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - F Jeffrey Dilworth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Christopher J Howlett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Christopher L Pin
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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171
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Jadhav K, Zhang Y. Activating transcription factor 3 in immune response and metabolic regulation. LIVER RESEARCH 2017; 1:96-102. [PMID: 29242753 PMCID: PMC5724780 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors. In response to stress stimuli, ATF3 forms dimers to activate or repress gene expression. Further, ATF3 modulates the immune response, atherogenesis, cell cycle, apoptosis, and glucose homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that ATF3 may also be involved in pathogenesis of other diseases. However, more studies are needed to determine the role of ATF3 in metabolic regulation.
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172
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Wang J, Cheng W, Wang Z, Xin L, Zhang W. ATF3 inhibits the inflammation induced by Mycoplasma pneumonia in vitro and in vivo. Pediatr Pulmonol 2017; 52:1163-1170. [PMID: 28440917 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.23705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) is a key regulator of inflammatory responses. We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of ATF3 on the inflammatory cytokines are induced by Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP). STUDY DESIGN RAW264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophages were exposed to various time with or without MP infection (3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h), and detect the expression of ATF3. Adenovirus-expression of ATF3 (Ad/ATF3) or Ad/βgal was transfected into cells which were exposed to MP for 48 h, RT-PCR and ELISA was used to evaluate the expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18. In addition, intravenous administration Ad/ATF3 or Ad/βgal into the mice, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines were detected using ELISA. ChIP assay was used to determine whether ATF3 can bind to the promoter of Early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1). Western blot was used to detect the expression of Egr-1 and Fyn. RESULTS ATF3 was increased at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h and the highest expression levels occurs in 6 h, there is no significant differences at 24 and 48 h compared with 0 h or CON group in RAW 264.7. Similar results were seen in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Overexpression of ATF3 resulted in the reduction of inflammatory cytokines. ChIP assay revealed that ATF3 can bind to the promoter of Egr-1. Overexpression of ATF3 inhibited the protein expression of Egr-1 and Fyn; conversely, ATF3-deficiency promoted the expression of Egr-1 and Fyn. Overexpression of Egr-1 reduced the anti-inflammatory action of ATF3. CONCLUSIONS ATF3 inhibit the expression and release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 induced by MP in vitro and in vivo, which is associated with its negative regulation of Egr-1/Fyn signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Lihong Xin
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- The Second Department of Respiration, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, P. R. China
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173
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ATF3 negatively regulates cellular antiviral signaling and autophagy in the absence of type I interferons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8789. [PMID: 28821775 PMCID: PMC5562757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stringent regulation of antiviral signaling and cellular autophagy is critical for the host response to virus infection. However, little is known how these cellular processes are regulated in the absence of type I interferon signaling. Here, we show that ATF3 is induced following Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, and regulates cellular antiviral and autophagy pathways in the absence of type I interferons in mouse neuronal cells. We have identified new targets of ATF3 and show that it binds to the promoter regions of Stat1, Irf9, Isg15 and Atg5 thereby inhibiting cellular antiviral signaling and autophagy. Consistent with these observations, ATF3-depleted cells showed enhanced antiviral responses and induction of robust autophagy. Furthermore, we show that JEV replication was significantly reduced in ATF3-depleted cells. Our findings identify ATF3 as a negative regulator of antiviral signaling and cellular autophagy in mammalian cells, and demonstrate its important role in JEV life cycle.
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174
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Jongstra-Bilen J, Zhang CX, Wisnicki T, Li MK, White-Alfred S, Ilaalagan R, Ferri DM, Deonarain A, Wan MH, Hyduk SJ, Cummins CL, Cybulsky MI. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Loading of Macrophages Downregulates TLR-Induced Proinflammatory Responses in a Gene-Specific and Temporal Manner through Transcriptional Control. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2149-2157. [PMID: 28784845 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a key risk factor for atherosclerosis and leads to the uptake of native and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by macrophages (Mϕs) and foam cell formation. Inflammatory processes accompany Mϕ foam cell formation in the artery wall, yet the relationship between Mϕ lipid loading and their response to inflammatory stimuli remains elusive. We investigated proinflammatory gene expression in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal Mϕs, bone marrow-derived Mϕs and dendritic cells, and RAW264.7 cells. Loading with oxLDL did not induce peritoneal Mϕ apoptosis or modulate basal-level expression of proinflammatory genes. Upon stimulation of TLR4, the rapid induction of IFN-β was inhibited in cells loaded with oxLDL, whereas the induction of other proinflammatory genes by TLR4 (LPS), TLR3 (polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid), TLR2 (Pam3CSK4), and TLR9 (CpG) remained comparable within the first 2 h. Subsequently, the expression of a subset of proinflammatory genes (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, CCL5) was reduced in oxLDL-loaded cells at the level of transcription. This phenomenon was partially dependent on NF erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) but not on nuclear liver X receptors α and β (LXRα,β), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). LPS-induced NF-κB reporter activity and intracellular signaling by NF-κB and MAPK pathways were comparable in oxLDL-loaded Mϕs, yet the binding of p65/RelA (the prototypic NF-κB family member) was reduced at IL-6 and CCL5 promoters. This study revealed that oxLDL loading of Mϕs negatively regulates transcription at late stages of TLR-induced proinflammatory gene expression and implicates epigenetic mechanisms such as histone deacetylase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Jongstra-Bilen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Cindy X Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Timothy Wisnicki
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Mengyi K Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Samantha White-Alfred
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ragave Ilaalagan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dario M Ferri
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Ashley Deonarain
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Mark H Wan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sharon J Hyduk
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Carolyn L Cummins
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Myron I Cybulsky
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
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175
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Early involvement of cellular stress and inflammatory signals in the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial kidney disease due to UMOD mutations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7383. [PMID: 28785050 PMCID: PMC5547146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (ADTKD) is an inherited disorder that causes progressive kidney damage and renal failure. Mutations in the UMOD gene, encoding uromodulin, lead to ADTKD-UMOD related. Uromodulin is a GPI-anchored protein exclusively produced by epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. It is released in the tubular lumen after proteolytic cleavage and represents the most abundant protein in human urine in physiological condition. We previously generated and characterized a transgenic mouse model expressing mutant uromodulin (Tg UmodC147W) that recapitulates the main features of ATDKD-UMOD. While several studies clearly demonstrated that mutated uromodulin accumulates in endoplasmic reticulum, the mechanisms that lead to renal damage are not fully understood. In our work, we used kidney transcriptional profiling to identify early events of pathogenesis in the kidneys of Tg UmodC147W mice. Our results demonstrate up-regulation of inflammation and fibrosis and down-regulation of lipid metabolism in young Tg UmodC147W mice, before any functional or histological evidence of kidney damage. We also show that pro-inflammatory signals precede fibrosis onset and are already present in the first week after birth. Early induction of inflammation is likely relevant for ADTKD-UMOD pathogenesis and related pathways can be envisaged as possible novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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176
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Kim JY, Park KJ, Hwang JY, Kim GH, Lee D, Lee YJ, Song EH, Yoo MG, Kim BJ, Suh YH, Roh GS, Gao B, Kim W, Kim WH. Activating transcription factor 3 is a target molecule linking hepatic steatosis to impaired glucose homeostasis. J Hepatol 2017; 67:349-359. [PMID: 28365312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) contributes to impaired glucose tolerance, leading to type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, the precise mechanisms and target molecules that are involved remain unclear. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is associated with β-cell dysfunction that is induced by severe stress signals in T2D. We aimed to explore the exact functional role of ATF3 as a mechanistic link between hepatic steatosis and T2D development. METHODS Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were utilized for animal experiments. An in vivo-jetPEI siRNA delivery system against ATF3 was used for loss-of-function experiments. We analyzed the baseline cross-sectional data derived from the biopsy-proven NAFLD registry (n=322). Human sera and liver tissues were obtained from 43 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and from seven healthy participants. RESULTS ATF3 was highly expressed in the livers of ZDF rats and in human participants with NAFLD and/or T2D. Insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis were associated with increased ATF3 expression and decreased fatty acid oxidation via mitochondrial dysfunction and were attenuated by in vivo ATF3 silencing. Knockdown of ATF3 also ameliorated glucose intolerance, impaired insulin action, and inflammatory responses in ZDF rats. In patients with NAFLD and/or T2D, a significant positive correlation was observed between hepatic ATF3 expression and surrogate markers of T2D, mitochondrial dysfunction, and macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Increased hepatic ATF3 expression is closely associated with hepatic steatosis and incident T2D; therefore, ATF3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD and hepatic steatosis-induced T2D. LAY SUMMARY Hepatic activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) may play an important role in oxidative stress-mediated hepatic steatosis and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in a Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat model and in human patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, ATF3 may be a useful biomarker for predicting the progression of NAFLD and the development of T2D. Furthermore, given the significant association between hepatic ATF3 expression and both hepatic steatosis and impaired glucose homeostasis, in vivo ATF3 silencing may be a potential central strategy for preventing and managing NAFLD and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- Division of Metabolic Disease, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Jae Park
- Division of Metabolic Disease, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea; Department of Anatomy and Cardiology, Chungbuk University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Hwang
- Division of Cardiovascular and Rare Disease, Center for Biomedical Science, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea; Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genomic Science, National Institute of Health, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Hee Kim
- Division of Metabolic Disease, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - DaeYeon Lee
- Division of Metabolic Disease, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jeong Lee
- Division of Metabolic Disease, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hyun Song
- Division of Metabolic Disease, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gyu Yoo
- Division of Metabolic Disease, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Jo Kim
- Division of Structural and Functional Genomics, Center for Genomic Science, National Institute of Health, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Suh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Ho Kim
- Division of Metabolic Disease, #187 Osong Saengmyeong2-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-700, Republic of Korea.
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177
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Jo K, Jung I, Moon JH, Kim S. Influence maximization in time bounded network identifies transcription factors regulating perturbed pathways. Bioinformatics 2017; 32:i128-i136. [PMID: 27307609 PMCID: PMC4908359 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: To understand the dynamic nature of the biological process, it is crucial to identify perturbed pathways in an altered environment and also to infer regulators that trigger the response. Current time-series analysis methods, however, are not powerful enough to identify perturbed pathways and regulators simultaneously. Widely used methods include methods to determine gene sets such as differentially expressed genes or gene clusters and these genes sets need to be further interpreted in terms of biological pathways using other tools. Most pathway analysis methods are not designed for time series data and they do not consider gene-gene influence on the time dimension. Results: In this article, we propose a novel time-series analysis method TimeTP for determining transcription factors (TFs) regulating pathway perturbation, which narrows the focus to perturbed sub-pathways and utilizes the gene regulatory network and protein–protein interaction network to locate TFs triggering the perturbation. TimeTP first identifies perturbed sub-pathways that propagate the expression changes along the time. Starting points of the perturbed sub-pathways are mapped into the network and the most influential TFs are determined by influence maximization technique. The analysis result is visually summarized in TF-Pathway map in time clock. TimeTP was applied to PIK3CA knock-in dataset and found significant sub-pathways and their regulators relevant to the PIP3 signaling pathway. Availability and Implementation: TimeTP is implemented in Python and available at http://biohealth.snu.ac.kr/software/TimeTP/. Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. Contact:sunkim.bioinfo@snu.ac.kr
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuri Jo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering
| | - Inuk Jung
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics
| | | | - Sun Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics Bioinformatics Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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178
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Abstract
Numerous environmental, physiological, and pathological insults disrupt protein-folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), referred to as ER stress. Eukaryotic cells evolved a set of intracellular signaling pathways, collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), to maintain a productive ER protein-folding environment through reprogramming gene transcription and mRNA translation. The UPR is largely dependent on transcription factors (TFs) that modulate expression of genes involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, including development, metabolism, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Here we summarize the current knowledge about these mechanisms, their impact on physiological/pathological processes, and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Choongchungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, 92307 USA
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179
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Sha H, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Wen Y, Wang Y. ATF3 promotes migration and M1/M2 polarization of macrophages by activating tenascin‑C via Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3641-3647. [PMID: 28714032 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different polarization states of macrophages, including the classically activated M1 phenotype and the alternatively activated M2 phenotype. These have different functions in the inflammation process. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a key transcriptional regulator that inhibits the inflammatory response. However, the effects of ATF3 on migration and anti‑inflammatory control mechanisms of macrophages have not been thoroughly investigated. The present study investigated the effect of ATF3 on macrophage migration and M1/M2 polarization. Results revealed that overexpression of ATF3 promoted macrophage migration and the expression of the M2 phenotype markers [cluster of differentiation (CD) 163, mannose receptor C type 1, arginase 1 and peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ] and inhibited expression of the M1 phenotype markers (monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, CD16 and tumor necrosis factor‑α), whereas knockdown of ATF3 resulted in a contrary effect. In addition, the wingless‑type MMTV integration site family member (Wnt)/β‑catenin signaling pathway was activated and the expression level of tenascin (TNC) was significantly upregulated by overexpression of ATF3. Additionally, inhibition of Wnt/β‑catenin signaling significantly attenuated the upregulatory effect of ATF3 on TNC. Finally, the effect of ATF3 on macrophage migration and markers of the M1 or M2 state was investigated using TNC‑specific siRNA. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that ATF3 promotes macrophage migration and reverses M1‑polarized macrophages to the M2 phenotype by upregulation of TNC via the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Dianzhong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Wen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Yucai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
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180
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Abstract
Studies that bridge innate immunity and various diseases are making rapid advances. Macrophages and dendritic cells play a leading role in innate immunity, using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense both pathogen invasion and danger signals. Among these PRRs, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a central role in the immune response by recognizing not only pathogen-associated molecular patterns from bacteria and viruses but also damage-associated molecular patterns from dying or injured cells. These TLR family molecules facilitate not only the elimination of pathogens but also the development of various disorders, including arteriosclerosis, cancer, and metabolic syndrome. TLRs activate signaling pathways that result in the production of cytokines, chemokines, and various inducible molecules associated with the immune response. Although most components of the innate immune signaling pathways, such as the TLR family and its downstream signaling, have been identified, the physiological roles of many TLR signal-inducible proteins remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that some TLR-inducible proteins are critical in the immune response and the development of various disorders. In this review, we focus on the TLR signaling pathways and the roles of some TLR-inducible proteins.
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181
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Ferris ST, Zakharov PN, Wan X, Calderon B, Artyomov MN, Unanue ER, Carrero JA. The islet-resident macrophage is in an inflammatory state and senses microbial products in blood. J Exp Med 2017. [PMID: 28630088 PMCID: PMC5551574 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferris et al. show that macrophages in pancreatic islets express a gene signature of activation consistent with barrier macrophages. Macrophages are poised to react to blood inflammatory stimuli. In NOD mice, an additional immune activation signature is observed as early as 3 wk of age. We examined the transcriptional profiles of macrophages that reside in the islets of Langerhans of 3-wk-old non-obese diabetic (NOD), NOD.Rag1−/−, and B6.g7 mice. Islet macrophages expressed an activation signature with high expression of Tnf, Il1b, and MHC-II at both the transcript and protein levels. These features are common with barrier macrophages of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, injection of lipopolysaccharide induced rapid inflammatory gene expression, indicating that blood stimulants are accessible to the macrophages and that these macrophages can sense them. In NOD mice, the autoimmune process imparted an increased inflammatory signature, including elevated expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors and an oxidative response. The elevated inflammatory signature indicates that the autoimmune program was active at the time of weaning. Thus, the macrophages of the islets of Langerhans are poised to mount an immune response even at steady state, while the presence of the adaptive immune system elevates their activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Ferris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Pavel N Zakharov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Xiaoxiao Wan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Boris Calderon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Emil R Unanue
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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182
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Müller S, Smatlik N, Burian M, Ghoreschi K, Röcken M, Yazdi AS. Differential induction of ATF3 and HO-1 in myeloid cells and keratinocytes via Dimethylfumarate or Cyclosporine A. J Dermatol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28633807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammatory skin diseases are characterized by controlled proliferation of keratinocytes. Here, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) might play a fundamental role. In these inflammatory diseases, proliferation is controlled and only rarely leads to cancer development which can be supported by an inflammatory microenvironment. ATF3 is a dual function protein as it suppresses pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-8, but also acts as a pro-oncogenic factor by the suppression of p53. We therefore analyzed ATF3 expression comparing myeloid cells with keratinocytes. OBJECTIVE To dissect the bi-modal role of ATF3 we pharmacologically induced ATF3 and analyzed its influence on cytokine expression and secretion in a cell type specific manner. METHODS Since inflammatory skin diseases can be treated systemically with Cyclosporin A or Dimethylfumarate we stimulated myeloid cells and primary human keratinocytes with these drugs and analyzed gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Cytokine secretion was measured by ELISA. RESULTS In the present study, we could show that ATF3 is induced in PBMCs by DMF and weakly by Ebselen, while CsA is the most prominent inducer of ATF3 in keratinocytes without enhancing HO-1 transcription. Further we could show that induction of stress by LPS treatment elevates IL-1β and IL-6 and weakly ATF3 transcription in PBMCs. While transcription of both cytokines is elevated, LPS treatment mediates IL-6 secretion with only little IL-1β secretion. Treatment with DMF dampens LPS-induced transcription. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results shed light into the different carcinogenic potential of CsA and DMF, which both target ATF3. Collectively our data demonstrate that CsA strongly induces pro-carcinogenic ATF3 in keratinocytes, whereas ATF3 induction by DMF in myeloid cells acts anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Müller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikola Smatlik
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Burian
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Liebermeisterstr. 25, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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183
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Kang W, Wang T, Hu Z, Liu F, Sun Y, Ge S. Metformin Inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide-Influenced Inflammatory Response in Human Gingival Fibroblasts via Regulating Activating Transcription Factor-3 Expression. J Periodontol 2017; 88:e169-e178. [PMID: 28548885 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic periodontitis, one of the most prevalent oral diseases, is associated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection and has profound effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2DM). Metformin, a well-known antidiabetic agent, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects on various cells. This study aims to investigate the role of metformin on LPS-influenced inflammatory response in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). METHODS Dose-dependent additive effects of metformin on LPS-influenced HGFs were detected. Cell-counting assay was used to determine effects of metformin and LPS on viability of HGFs. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were applied to detect levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in differently treated cells. Activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) small interfering (si)RNA transfection was used to determine the mechanism of metformin action, and the transfection efficiency was observed by fluorescence microscope. Effects of ATF3 knockdown were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Results showed that 5 μg/mL Pg LPS and 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM metformin exhibited no toxicity to HGFs, and metformin inhibited LPS-influenced IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α production in a dose-dependent manner. Metformin and LPS could synergistically facilitate ATF3 expression, and ATF3 knockdown abolished inhibitory effects of metformin on LPS-influenced inflammatory cytokine production in HGFs. CONCLUSION The present study confirms that metformin suppresses LPS-enhanced IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production in HGFs via increasing ATF3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University
| | - Ting Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University
| | - Zhekai Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Shandong University
| | - Yundong Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shandong University
| | - Shaohua Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University
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184
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Activating transcription factor 3 promotes spinal cord regeneration of adult zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:522-527. [PMID: 28522294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish is an excellent model to study the mechanisms underlying successful central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. Previous study shows that activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) promotes neurite outgrowth and is involved in optic nerve regeneration in zebrafish. Here, we used zebrafish model to investigate the role of ATF3 in regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and in situ hybridization revealed that ATF3 mRNA levels increased at 12 h and 6 d following SCI. Double labeled immunofluorescence showed that ATF3 expressed in motoneurons. Treatment of anti-sense ATF3 morpholino (MO) inhibited locomotor recovery and decreased axon regeneration of spinal cord injured zebrafish. Further, inhibition of ATF3 up-regulated the expression of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). These data suggest that ATF3 could promote locomotor recovery and axon regrowth in zebrafish SCI model possibly by regulating inflammatory response.
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185
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Nus M, Sage AP, Lu Y, Masters L, Lam BYH, Newland S, Weller S, Tsiantoulas D, Raffort J, Marcus D, Finigan A, Kitt L, Figg N, Schirmbeck R, Kneilling M, Yeo GSH, Binder CJ, de la Pompa JL, Mallat Z. Marginal zone B cells control the response of follicular helper T cells to a high-cholesterol diet. Nat Med 2017; 23:601-610. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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186
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Yosef N, Regev A. Writ large: Genomic dissection of the effect of cellular environment on immune response. Science 2017; 354:64-68. [PMID: 27846493 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf5453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system routinely respond to cues from their local environment and feed back to their surroundings through transient responses, choice of differentiation trajectories, plastic changes in cell state, and malleable adaptation to their tissue of residence. Genomic approaches have opened the way for comprehensive interrogation of such orchestrated responses. Focusing on genomic profiling of transcriptional and epigenetic cell states, we discuss how they are applied to investigate immune cells faced with various environmental cues. We highlight some of the emerging principles on the role of dense regulatory circuitry, epigenetic memory, cell type fluidity, and reuse of regulatory modules in achieving and maintaining appropriate responses to a changing environment. These provide a first step toward a systematic understanding of molecular circuits in complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Yosef
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Center for Computational Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. .,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Biology, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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187
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Cheng CS, Behar MS, Suryawanshi GW, Feldman KE, Spreafico R, Hoffmann A. Iterative Modeling Reveals Evidence of Sequential Transcriptional Control Mechanisms. Cell Syst 2017; 4:330-343.e5. [PMID: 28237795 PMCID: PMC5434763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial control of gene expression is presumed to be mediated by molecular interactions between coincident transcription factors (TFs). While information on the genome-wide locations of TFs is available, the genes they regulate and whether they function combinatorially often remain open questions. Here, we developed a mechanistic, rather than statistical, modeling approach to elucidate TF control logic from gene expression data. Applying this approach to hundreds of genes in 85 datasets measuring the transcriptional responses of murine fibroblasts and macrophages to cytokines and pathogens, we found that stimulus-responsive TFs generally function sequentially in logical OR gates or singly. Logical AND gates were found between NF-κB-responsive mRNA synthesis and MAPKp38-responsive control of mRNA half-life, but not between temporally coincident TFs. Our analyses identified the functional target genes of each of the pathogen-responsive TFs and prompt a revision of the conceptual underpinnings of combinatorial control of gene expression to include sequentially acting molecular mechanisms that govern mRNA synthesis and decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Cheng
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Marcelo S Behar
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio) and Molecular Biology Institute (MBI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Gajendra W Suryawanshi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio) and Molecular Biology Institute (MBI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Kristyn E Feldman
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio) and Molecular Biology Institute (MBI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Signaling Systems Laboratory, San Diego Center for Systems Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCBio) and Molecular Biology Institute (MBI), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
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188
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Zhou J, Edgar BA, Boutros M. ATF3 acts as a rheostat to control JNK signalling during intestinal regeneration. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14289. [PMID: 28272390 PMCID: PMC5344978 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial barrier function is maintained by coordination of cell proliferation and cell loss, whereas barrier dysfunction can lead to disease and organismal death. JNK signalling is a conserved stress signalling pathway activated by bacterial infection and tissue damage, often leading to apoptotic cell death and compensatory cell proliferation. Here we show that the stress inducible transcription factor ATF3 restricts JNK activity in the Drosophila midgut. ATF3 regulates JNK-dependent apoptosis and regeneration through the transcriptional regulation of the JNK antagonist, Raw. Enterocyte-specific ATF3 inactivation increases JNK activity and sensitivity to infection, a phenotype that can be rescued by Raw overexpression or JNK suppression. ATF3 depletion enhances intestinal regeneration triggered by infection, but does not compensate for the loss of enterocytes and ATF3-depleted flies succumb to infection due to intestinal barrier dysfunction. In sum, we provide a mechanism to explain how an ATF3-Raw module controls JNK signalling to maintain normal intestinal barrier function during acute infection. Stress response JNK signalling is important for cell death-induced regeneration. Here the authors show in adult Drosophila enterocytes that ATF3 regulates the expression of Raw, a JNK antagonist, to control intestinal regeneration and barrier function in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)-Center for Molecular Biology Heidelberg (ZMBH) Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division Signaling and Functional Genomics and Heidelberg University, Department for Cell and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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189
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Analysis of the human monocyte-derived macrophage transcriptome and response to lipopolysaccharide provides new insights into genetic aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006641. [PMID: 28263993 PMCID: PMC5358891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The FANTOM5 consortium utilised cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) to provide an unprecedented insight into transcriptional regulation in human cells and tissues. In the current study, we have used CAGE-based transcriptional profiling on an extended dense time course of the response of human monocyte-derived macrophages grown in macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We propose that this system provides a model for the differentiation and adaptation of monocytes entering the intestinal lamina propria. The response to LPS is shown to be a cascade of successive waves of transient gene expression extending over at least 48 hours, with hundreds of positive and negative regulatory loops. Promoter analysis using motif activity response analysis (MARA) identified some of the transcription factors likely to be responsible for the temporal profile of transcriptional activation. Each LPS-inducible locus was associated with multiple inducible enhancers, and in each case, transient eRNA transcription at multiple sites detected by CAGE preceded the appearance of promoter-associated transcripts. LPS-inducible long non-coding RNAs were commonly associated with clusters of inducible enhancers. We used these data to re-examine the hundreds of loci associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in genome-wide association studies. Loci associated with IBD were strongly and specifically (relative to rheumatoid arthritis and unrelated traits) enriched for promoters that were regulated in monocyte differentiation or activation. Amongst previously-identified IBD susceptibility loci, the vast majority contained at least one promoter that was regulated in CSF1-dependent monocyte-macrophage transitions and/or in response to LPS. On this basis, we concluded that IBD loci are strongly-enriched for monocyte-specific genes, and identified at least 134 additional candidate genes associated with IBD susceptibility from reanalysis of published GWA studies. We propose that dysregulation of monocyte adaptation to the environment of the gastrointestinal mucosa is the key process leading to inflammatory bowel disease. Macrophages are immune cells that form the first line of defense against pathogens, but also mediate tissue damage in inflammatory disease. Macrophages initiate inflammation by recognising and responding to components of bacterial cells. Macrophages of the wall of the gut are constantly replenished from the blood. Upon entering the intestine, newly-arrived cells modulate their response to stimuli derived from the bacteria in the wall of the gut. This process fails in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Both the major forms of IBD, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, run in families. The inheritance is complex, involving more than 200 different regions of the genome. We hypothesised that the genetic risk of IBD is associated specifically with altered regulation of genes that control the development of macrophages. In this study, we used the comprehensive transcriptome dataset produced by the FANTOM5 consortium to identify the sets of promoters and enhancers that are involved in adaptation of macrophages to the gut wall, their response to bacterial stimuli, and how their functions are integrated. A reanalysis of published genome-wide association data based upon regulated genes in monocytes as candidates strongly supports the view that susceptibility to IBD arises from a primary defect in macrophage differentiation.
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190
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Chen Z, Li S, Subramaniam S, Shyy JYJ, Chien S. Epigenetic Regulation: A New Frontier for Biomedical Engineers. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:195-219. [PMID: 28301736 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression in mammalian cells depends on the epigenetic status of the chromatin, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, promoter-enhancer interactions, and noncoding RNA-mediated regulation. The coordinated actions of these multifaceted regulations determine cell development, cell cycle regulation, cell state and fate, and the ultimate responses in health and disease. Therefore, studies of epigenetic modulations are critical for our understanding of gene regulation mechanisms at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ levels. The aim of this review is to provide biomedical engineers with an overview of the principles of epigenetics, methods of study, recent findings in epigenetic regulation in health and disease, and computational and sequencing tools for epigenetics analysis, with an emphasis on the cardiovascular system. This review concludes with the perspectives of the application of bioengineering to advance epigenetics and the utilization of epigenetics to translate bioengineering research into clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91016; .,Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - John Y-J Shyy
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; , .,Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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191
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Smith CK, Seto NL, Vivekanandan-Giri A, Yuan W, Playford MP, Manna Z, Hasni SA, Kuai R, Mehta NN, Schwendeman A, Pennathur S, Kaplan MJ. Lupus high-density lipoprotein induces proinflammatory responses in macrophages by binding lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 and failing to promote activating transcription factor 3 activity. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 76:602-611. [PMID: 27543414 PMCID: PMC6109980 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent evidence indicates that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) exerts vasculoprotective activities by promoting activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), leading to downregulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced inflammatory responses. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk not explained by the Framingham risk score. Recent studies have indicated oxidised HDL as a possible contributor. We investigated the potential mechanisms by which lupus HDL may lose its anti-inflammatory effects and promote immune dysregulation. METHODS Control macrophages were challenged with control and SLE HDL in vitro and examined for inflammatory markers by real-time qRT-PCR, confocal microscopy, ELISA and flow cytometry. Lupus-prone mice were treated with an HDL mimetic (ETC-642) in vivo and inflammatory cytokine levels measured by real-time qRT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS Compared with control HDL, SLE HDL activates NFκB, promotes inflammatory cytokine production and fails to block TLR-induced inflammation in control macrophages. This failure of lupus HDL to block inflammatory responses is due to an impaired ability to promote ATF3 synthesis and nuclear translocation. This inflammation is dependent on lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX1R) binding and rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 and 2 (ROCK1/2) kinase activity. HDL mimetic-treated lupus mice showed significant ATF3 induction and proinflammatory cytokine abrogation. CONCLUSIONS Lupus HDL promotes proinflammatory responses through NFκB activation and decreased ATF3 synthesis and activity in an LOX1R-dependent and ROCK1/2-dependent manner. HDL mimetics should be explored as potential therapies for inflammation and SLE cardiovascular risk.
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MESH Headings
- 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/pharmacology
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/biosynthesis
- Activating Transcription Factor 3/metabolism
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Amides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, HDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, HDL/pharmacology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Macrophages
- Mice
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class E/metabolism
- Sphingomyelins/pharmacology
- Spleen/cytology
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne K. Smith
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nickie L. Seto
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin P. Playford
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zerai Manna
- Lupus Clinical Research Program, Office of the Clinical Director, NIAMS/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarfaraz A. Hasni
- Lupus Clinical Research Program, Office of the Clinical Director, NIAMS/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rui Kuai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nehal N. Mehta
- Section of Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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192
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Effect of lipid-bound apolipoprotein A-I cysteine mutant on ATF3 in RAW264.7 cells. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160398. [PMID: 28093456 PMCID: PMC5291141 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a TLR-induced repressor that plays an important role in the inhibition of specific inflammatory signals. We previously constructed recombinant high density lipoproteins (rHDL) (including rHDLWT, rHDLM, rHDL228 and rHDL74) and found that rHDL74 had a strong anti-inflammatory ability. In the present study, we investigate the roles of recombinant apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) (rHDLWT) and its cysteine mutant HDLs (rHDLM, rHDL228 and rHDL74) on ATF3 function in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Our results showed that compared with the LPS group, rHDL74 can decrease the level of TNF-α and IL-6, whereas rHDL228 increases their expression levels. RT-PCR and Western blotting results showed that compared with the LPS group, rHDL74, rHDLWT and rHDLM can markedly increase the expression level of ATF3, whereas the level of ATF3 decreases in the rHDL228 group. In summary, the different anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the ApoA-I cysteine mutants might be associated with the regulation of ATF3 level.
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193
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TLR4/MD2 specific peptides stalled in vivo LPS-induced immune exacerbation. Biomaterials 2017; 126:49-60. [PMID: 28254693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is anticipated to control the pathogen-induced exaggerated immune response. However, effective TLR4 antagonists with scarce off-target effects are yet to be developed. To fill this void, we sought to design small peptide-inhibitors of the TLR4/MD2-LPS interaction. Here we report novel TLR4-antagonistic peptides (TAP), identified through phage display, endowed with the LPS-induced proinflammation inhibition, and confirmed in mice. TAPs-attributed TLR4-antagonism were initially evaluated through NF-κB inhibition in HEK-blue hTLR4 and RAW264.7 cells, and further reinforced by the downregulation of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases), NF-κB, interleukin 6, and suppression of the oxidative-stress products and iNOS in macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Among these, TAP2 specifically halted the TLR4, but not other TLRs signaling, which was further confirmed by the biophysical kinetic assay. Finally, TAP2 diminished LPS-elicited systemic cytokine response in vivo, suggesting that TAPs, specifically TAP2, have the potential to treat TLR4-mediated immune ailments.
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194
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Hamidzadeh K, Christensen SM, Dalby E, Chandrasekaran P, Mosser DM. Macrophages and the Recovery from Acute and Chronic Inflammation. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:567-592. [PMID: 27959619 PMCID: PMC5912892 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have devoted much attention to the diverse roles of macrophages and their contributions to tissue development, wound healing, and angiogenesis. What should not be lost in the discussions regarding the diverse biology of these cells is that when perturbed, macrophages are the primary contributors to potentially pathological inflammatory processes. Macrophages stand poised to rapidly produce large amounts of inflammatory cytokines in response to danger signals. The production of these cytokines can initiate a cascade of inflammatory mediator release that can lead to wholesale tissue destruction. The destructive inflammatory capability of macrophages is amplified by exposure to exogenous interferon-γ, which prolongs and heightens inflammatory responses. In simple terms, macrophages can thus be viewed as incendiary devices with hair triggers waiting to detonate. We have begun to ask questions about how these cells can be regulated to mitigate the collateral destruction associated with macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Hamidzadeh
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Stephen M Christensen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Elizabeth Dalby
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - Prabha Chandrasekaran
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742;
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195
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Rodríguez-Martínez JA, Reinke AW, Bhimsaria D, Keating AE, Ansari AZ. Combinatorial bZIP dimers display complex DNA-binding specificity landscapes. eLife 2017; 6:e19272. [PMID: 28186491 PMCID: PMC5349851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How transcription factor dimerization impacts DNA-binding specificity is poorly understood. Guided by protein dimerization properties, we examined DNA binding specificities of 270 human bZIP pairs. DNA interactomes of 80 heterodimers and 22 homodimers revealed that 72% of heterodimer motifs correspond to conjoined half-sites preferred by partnering monomers. Remarkably, the remaining motifs are composed of variably-spaced half-sites (12%) or 'emergent' sites (16%) that cannot be readily inferred from half-site preferences of partnering monomers. These binding sites were biochemically validated by EMSA-FRET analysis and validated in vivo by ChIP-seq data from human cell lines. Focusing on ATF3, we observed distinct cognate site preferences conferred by different bZIP partners, and demonstrated that genome-wide binding of ATF3 is best explained by considering many dimers in which it participates. Importantly, our compendium of bZIP-DNA interactomes predicted bZIP binding to 156 disease associated SNPs, of which only 20 were previously annotated with known bZIP motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron W Reinke
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Devesh Bhimsaria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Unites States
| | - Amy E Keating
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Aseem Z Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
- The Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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196
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Amatngalim GD, Schrumpf JA, Henic A, Dronkers E, Verhoosel RM, Ordonez SR, Haagsman HP, Fuentes ME, Sridhar S, Aarbiou J, Janssen RAJ, Lekkerkerker AN, Hiemstra PS. Antibacterial Defense of Human Airway Epithelial Cells from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients Induced by Acute Exposure to Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: Modulation by Cigarette Smoke. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:359-374. [PMID: 28171878 DOI: 10.1159/000455193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) are a central component of the antibacterial activity of airway epithelial cells. It has been proposed that a decrease in antibacterial lung defense contributes to an increased susceptibility to microbial infection in smokers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, whether reduced AMP expression in the epithelium contributes to this lower defense is largely unknown. We investigated the bacterial killing activity and expression of AMPs by air-liquid interface-cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients and non-COPD (ex-)smokers that were stimulated with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). In addition, the effect of cigarette smoke on AMP expression and the activation of signaling pathways was determined. COPD cell cultures displayed reduced antibacterial activity, whereas smoke exposure suppressed the NTHi-induced expression of AMPs and further increased IL-8 expression in COPD and non-COPD cultures. Moreover, smoke exposure impaired NTHi-induced activation of NF-κB, but not MAP-kinase signaling. Our findings demonstrate that the antibacterial activity of cultured airway epithelial cells induced by acute bacterial exposure was reduced in COPD and suppressed by cigarette smoke, whereas inflammatory responses persisted. These findings help to explain the imbalance between protective antibacterial and destructive inflammatory innate immune responses in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gimano D Amatngalim
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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197
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Wu YP, Cao C, Wu YF, Li M, Lai TW, Zhu C, Wang Y, Ying SM, Chen ZH, Shen HH, Li W. Activating transcription factor 3 represses cigarette smoke-induced IL6 and IL8 expression via suppressing NF-κB activation. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:17-24. [PMID: 28185985 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Airway and lung inflammation is a fundamental hallmark of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has been reported to negatively regulate many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, little is known about the impact of ATF3 on the inflammatory response of COPD. Since cigarette smoke (CS) is considered to be the most important risk factor in the etiology of COPD, we attempted to investigate the effects and molecular mechanisms of ATF3 in CS-induced inflammation. We observed an increase in the expression of ATF3 in the lung tissues of CS-exposed mice and CS extract (CSE)-treated human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells. In vitro results indicated that ATF3 inhibition significantly increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 8 (IL8) in CSE-stimulated HBE cells. Furthermore, in vivo data verified that CS induced inflammatory cell recruitment around the bronchus. In addition, neutrophil infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of CS-exposed Atf3-/- mice was markedly higher than in stimulated WT mice. Finally, ATF3 deficiency increased the in vitro and in vivo expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a positive mediator of inflammation. Thus, this study shows that ATF3 plays an important role in the negative regulation of CS-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression through downregulating NF-κB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yin-Fang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Wen Lai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song-Min Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Hao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Key site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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198
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Kwon IS, Kwak JH, Pyo S, Lee HW, Kim A, Schmitz FJ. Oscarellin, an Anthranilic Acid Derivative from a Philippine Sponge, Oscarella stillans, as an Inhibitor of Inflammatory Cytokines in Macrophages. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:149-155. [PMID: 28093915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new anthranilic acid derivative (1) was isolated from a Philippine sponge, Oscarella stillans (Bergquist and Kelly). The structure of compound 1, named oscarellin, was determined as 2-amino-3-(3'-aminopropoxy)benzoic acid from spectroscopic data and confirmed by synthesis. We examined the immunomodulating effect of compound 1 and its mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our data indicated that the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly reduced by the pretreatment of 1 (0.1-10 μM) for 2 h. In addition, compound 1 suppressed activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun NH2-termimal kinase (JNK), but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 1 abrogated LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activities, whereas the induction of activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) was increased. Taken together, our results suggest that compound 1 attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines via the suppression of JNK, ERK, AP-1, and NF-κB and the activation of the ATF-3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ii-Seul Kwon
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Kwak
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hee-Weon Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - AeRyon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Francis J Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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199
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Mortaz E, Adcock IM, Abedini A, Kiani A, Kazempour-Dizaji M, Movassaghi M, Garssen J. The role of pattern recognition receptors in lung sarcoidosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 808:44-48. [PMID: 28108375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. Infection, genetic factors, autoimmunity and an aberrant innate immune system have been explored as potential causes of sarcoidosis. The etiology of sarcoidosis remains unknown, and it is thought that it might be caused by an infectious agent in a genetically predisposed, susceptible host. Inflammation results from recognition of evolutionarily conserved structures of pathogens (Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and/or from reaction to tissue damage associated patterns (DAMPs) through recognition by a limited number of germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Due to the similar clinical and histopathological picture of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens such early secreted antigen (ESAT-6), heat shock proteins (Mtb-HSP), catalase-peroxidase (katG) enzyme and superoxide dismutase A peptide (sodA) have been often considered as factors in the etiopathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Potential non-TB-associated PAMPs include lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, bacterial DNA, viral DNA/RNA, chitin, flagellin, leucine-rich repeats (LRR), mannans in the yeast cell wall, and microbial HSPs. Furthermore, exogenous non-organic antigens such as metals, silica, pigments with/without aluminum in tattoos, pesticides, and pollen have been evoked as potential causes of sarcoidosis. Exposure of the airways to diverse infectious and non-infectious agents may be important in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. The current review provides and update on the role of PPRs and DAMPs in the pathogenesis of sarcoidsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Atefhe Abedini
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arda Kiani
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Kazempour-Dizaji
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Movassaghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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200
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Kim SJ, Cha JY, Kang HS, Lee JH, Lee JY, Park JH, Bae JH, Song DK, Im SS. Corosolic acid ameliorates acute inflammation through inhibition of IRAK-1 phosphorylation in macrophages. BMB Rep 2017; 49:276-81. [PMID: 26615974 PMCID: PMC5070707 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.5.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corosolic acid (CA), a triterpenoid compound isolated from Lagerstroemia speciosa L. (Banaba) leaves, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating phosphorylation of interleukin receptor- associated kinase (IRAK)-2 via the NF-κB cascade. However, the protective effect of CA against endotoxic shock has not been reported. LPS (200 ng/mL, 30 min) induced phosphorylation of IRAK-1 and treatment with CA (10 μM) significantly attenuated this effect. In addition, CA also reduced protein levels of NLRP3 and ASC which are the main components of the inflammasome in BMDMs. LPS-induced inflammasome assembly through activation of IRAK-1 was down-regulated by CA challenge. Treatment with Bay11-7082, an inhibitor of IκB-α, had no effect on CA-mediated inhibition of IRAK-1 activation, indicating that CA-mediated attenuation of IRAK-1 phosphorylation was independent of NF-κB signaling. These results demonstrate that CA ameliorates acute inflammation in mouse BMDMs and CA may be useful as a pharmacological agent to prevent acute inflammation. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(5): 276-281]
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jae Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Cha
- Department of Biochemistry, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gill Hospital, Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Hye Suk Kang
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Bae
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Korea
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