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Abstract
Three-dimensional organoids have been widely used for developmental and disease modeling. Organoids are derived from both adult and pluripotent stem cells. Various types are available for mimicking almost all major organs and tissues in the mouse and human. While culture protocols for stepwise differentiation and long-term expansion are well established, methods for genetic manipulation in organoids still need further standardization. In this review, we summarized different methods for organoid genetics and provide the pros and cons of each method for designing an optimal strategy.
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152
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O'Carroll SJ, Cook WH, Young D. AAV Targeting of Glial Cell Types in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System and Relevance to Human Gene Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:618020. [PMID: 33505247 PMCID: PMC7829478 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.618020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different glial cell types are found throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), where they have important functions. These cell types are also involved in nervous system pathology, playing roles in neurodegenerative disease and following trauma in the brain and spinal cord (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), nerve degeneration and development of pain in peripheral nerves (Schwann cells, satellite cells), retinal diseases (Müller glia) and gut dysbiosis (enteric glia). These cell type have all been proposed as potential targets for treating these conditions. One approach to target these cell types is the use of gene therapy to modify gene expression. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have been shown to be safe and effective in targeting cells in the nervous system and have been used in a number of clinical trials. To date, a number of studies have tested the use of different AAV serotypes and cell-specific promoters to increase glial cell tropism and expression. However, true glial-cell specific targeting for a particular glial cell type remains elusive. This review provides an overview of research into developing glial specific gene therapy and discusses some of the issues that still need to be addressed to make glial cell gene therapy a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J O'Carroll
- Spinal Cord Injury Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William H Cook
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deborah Young
- Molecular Neurotherapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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153
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Dagur RS, New-Aaron M, Ganesan M, Wang W, Romanova S, Kidambi S, Kharbanda KK, Poluektova LY, Osna NA. Alcohol-and-HIV-Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction Regulates Extracellular Vesicles Secretion in Vitro and in Liver-Humanized Mice. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010029. [PMID: 33466299 PMCID: PMC7824801 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse is common in people living with HIV-1 and dramaticallyenhances the severity of HIV-induced liver damage by inducing oxidative stress and lysosomaldysfunction in the liver cells. We hypothesize that the increased release of extracellular vesicles(EVs) in hepatocytes and liver humanized mouse model is linked to lysosome dysfunction. METHODS The study was performed on primary human hepatocytes and human hepatoma RLWXP-GFP (Huh7.5 cells stably transfected with CYP2E1 and XPack-GFP) cells and validated on ethanol-fed liverhumanizedfumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah)-/-, Rag2-/-, common cytokine receptor gamma chainknockout (FRG-KO) mice. Cells and mice were infected with HIV-1ADA virus. RESULTS We observedan increase in the secretion of EVs associated with a decrease in lysosomal activity and expressionof lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1. Next-generation RNA sequencing of primary humanhepatocytes revealed 63 differentially expressed genes, with 13 downregulated and 50 upregulatedgenes in the alcohol-HIV-treated group. Upstream regulator analysis of differentially expressedgenes through Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified transcriptional regulators affecting downstreamgenes associated with increased oxidative stress, lysosomal associated disease, and function andEVs biogenesis. Our in vitro findings were corroborated by in vivo studies on human hepatocytetransplantedhumanized mice, indicating that intensive EVs' generation by human hepatocytes andtheir secretion to serum was associated with increased oxidative stress and reduction in lysosomalactivities triggered by HIV infection and ethanol diet. CONCLUSION HIV-and-ethanol-metabolisminducedEVs release is tightly controlled by lysosome status in hepatocytes and participates in thedevelopment of double-insult-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.N.-A.); (M.G.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (R.S.D.); (N.A.O.); Tel.: +1-402-995-4751 (R.S.D.); +1-402-995-3735 (N.A.O.); Fax: +1-402-449-0604 (R.S.D. & N.A.O.)
| | - Moses New-Aaron
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.N.-A.); (M.G.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Environmental, Agriculture and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68102, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.N.-A.); (M.G.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (W.W.); (L.Y.P.)
| | - Svetlana Romanova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.N.-A.); (M.G.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (W.W.); (L.Y.P.)
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.N.-A.); (M.G.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (R.S.D.); (N.A.O.); Tel.: +1-402-995-4751 (R.S.D.); +1-402-995-3735 (N.A.O.); Fax: +1-402-449-0604 (R.S.D. & N.A.O.)
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154
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Hammer H, Schmidt F, Marx-Stoelting P, Pötz O, Braeuning A. Cross-species analysis of hepatic cytochrome P450 and transport protein expression. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:117-133. [PMID: 33150952 PMCID: PMC7811513 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02939-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most drugs and xenobiotics are metabolized in the liver. Amongst others, different cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyze the metabolic conversion of foreign compounds, and various transport proteins are engaged in the excretion of metabolites from the hepatocytes. Inter-species and inter-individual differences in the hepatic levels and activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters result from genetic as well as from environmental factors, and play a decisive role in determining the pharmacokinetic properties of a compound in a given test system. To allow for a meaningful comparison of results from metabolism studies, it is, therefore, of utmost importance to know about the specific metabolic properties of the test systems, especially about the levels of metabolic enzymes such as the CYPs. Using a targeted proteomics approach, we, therefore, compared the hepatic levels of important CYP enzymes and transporters in different experimental systems in vivo and in vitro, namely Wistar rats, C57/Bl6 mice, mice humanized for the two xeno-sensing receptors PXR (pregnane-X-receptor) and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor), mice with human hepatocyte-repopulated livers, human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells, primary human hepatocytes, and human liver biopsies. In addition, the effects of xenobiotic inducers of drug metabolism on CYP enzymes and transporters were analyzed in selected systems. This study for the first time presents a comprehensive overview of similarities and differences in important drug metabolism-related proteins among the different experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hammer
- Signatope, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Signatope, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- Signatope, Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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155
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Ely A, Singh P, Smith TS, Arbuthnot P. In vitro transcribed mRNA for expression of designer nucleases: Advantages as a novel therapeutic for the management of chronic HBV infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 168:134-146. [PMID: 32485207 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a significant worldwide medical problem. While diseases caused by HIV infection, tuberculosis and malaria are on the decline, new cases of chronic hepatitis B are on the rise. Because often fatal complications of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are associated with chronic hepatitis B, the need for a cure is as urgent as ever. Currently licensed therapeutics fail to eradicate the virus and this is attributable to persistence of the viral replication intermediate comprising covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). Elimination or inactivation of the viral cccDNA is thus a goal of research aimed at hepatitis B cure. The ability to engineer nucleases that are capable of specific cleavage of a DNA sequence now provides the means to disable cccDNA permanently. The scientific literature is replete with many examples of using designer zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and RNA-guided endonucleases (RGENs) to inactivate HBV. However, important concerns about safety, dose control and efficient delivery need to be addressed before the technology is employed in a clinical setting. Use of in vitro transcribed mRNA to express therapeutic gene editors goes some way to overcoming these concerns. The labile nature of RNA limits off-target effects and enables dose control. Compatibility with hepatotropic non-viral vectors is convenient for the large scale preparation that will be required for advancing gene editing as a mode of curing chronic hepatitis B.
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156
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Colemonts-Vroninks H, Neuckermans J, Marcelis L, Claes P, Branson S, Casimir G, Goyens P, Martens GA, Vanhaecke T, De Kock J. Oxidative Stress, Glutathione Metabolism, and Liver Regeneration Pathways Are Activated in Hereditary Tyrosinemia Type 1 Mice upon Short-Term Nitisinone Discontinuation. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:E3. [PMID: 33375092 PMCID: PMC7822164 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an inherited condition in which the body is unable to break down the amino acid tyrosine due to mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, coding for the final enzyme of the tyrosine degradation pathway. As a consequence, HT1 patients accumulate toxic tyrosine derivatives causing severe liver damage. Since its introduction, the drug nitisinone (NTBC) has offered a life-saving treatment that inhibits the upstream enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPD), thereby preventing production of downstream toxic metabolites. However, HT1 patients under NTBC therapy remain unable to degrade tyrosine. To control the disease and side-effects of the drug, HT1 patients need to take NTBC as an adjunct to a lifelong tyrosine and phenylalanine restricted diet. As a consequence of this strict therapeutic regime, drug compliance issues can arise with significant influence on patient health. In this study, we investigated the molecular impact of short-term NTBC therapy discontinuation on liver tissue of Fah-deficient mice. We found that after seven days of NTBC withdrawal, molecular pathways related to oxidative stress, glutathione metabolism, and liver regeneration were mostly affected. More specifically, NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response and several toxicological gene classes related to reactive oxygen species metabolism were significantly modulated. We observed that the expression of several key glutathione metabolism related genes including Slc7a11 and Ggt1 was highly increased after short-term NTBC therapy deprivation. This stress response was associated with the transcriptional activation of several markers of liver progenitor cells including Atf3, Cyr61, Ddr1, Epcam, Elovl7, and Glis3, indicating a concreted activation of liver regeneration early after NTBC withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haaike Colemonts-Vroninks
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (H.C.-V.); (J.N.); (P.C.); (S.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Jessie Neuckermans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (H.C.-V.); (J.N.); (P.C.); (S.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Lionel Marcelis
- Laboratoire de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue J.J. Crocq 1-3, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; (L.M.); (G.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Paul Claes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (H.C.-V.); (J.N.); (P.C.); (S.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Steven Branson
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (H.C.-V.); (J.N.); (P.C.); (S.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Georges Casimir
- Laboratoire de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue J.J. Crocq 1-3, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; (L.M.); (G.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Philippe Goyens
- Laboratoire de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue J.J. Crocq 1-3, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; (L.M.); (G.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Geert A. Martens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, AZ Delta General Hospital, Deltalaan 1, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium;
- Center for Beta Cell Therapy in Diabetes, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (H.C.-V.); (J.N.); (P.C.); (S.B.); (T.V.)
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology (IVTD), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; (H.C.-V.); (J.N.); (P.C.); (S.B.); (T.V.)
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157
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Bailey AL, Kang LI, de Assis Barros D'Elia Zanella LGF, Silveira CGT, Ho YL, Foquet L, Bial G, McCune BT, Duarte-Neto AN, Thomas A, Raué HP, Byrnes K, Kallas EG, Slifka MK, Diamond MS. Consumptive coagulopathy of severe yellow fever occurs independently of hepatocellular tropism and massive hepatic injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32648-32656. [PMID: 33268494 PMCID: PMC7768776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014096117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a mosquito-transmitted viral disease that causes tens of thousands of deaths each year despite the long-standing deployment of an effective vaccine. In its most severe form, YF manifests as a hemorrhagic fever that causes severe damage to visceral organs. Although coagulopathy is a defining feature of severe YF in humans, the mechanism by which it develops remains uncertain. Hepatocytes are a major target of yellow fever virus (YFV) infection, and the coagulopathy in severe YF has long been attributed to massive hepatocyte infection and destruction that results in a defect in clotting factor synthesis. However, when we analyzed blood from Brazilian patients with severe YF, we found high concentrations of plasma D-dimer, a fibrin split product, suggestive of a concurrent consumptive process. To define the relationship between coagulopathy and hepatocellular tropism, we compared infection and disease in Fah-/-, Rag2-/-, and Il2rɣ-/- mice engrafted with human hepatocytes (hFRG mice) and rhesus macaques using a highly pathogenic African YFV strain. YFV infection of macaques and hFRG mice caused substantial hepatocyte infection, liver damage, and coagulopathy as defined by virological, clinical, and pathological criteria. However, only macaques developed a consumptive coagulopathy whereas YFV-infected hFRG mice did not. Thus, infection of cell types other than hepatocytes likely contributes to the consumptive coagulopathy associated with severe YF in primates and humans. These findings expand our understanding of viral hemorrhagic disease and associated coagulopathy and suggest directions for clinical management of severe YF cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
| | - Liang-I Kang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | | | - Cássia G T Silveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 01246 903
| | - Yeh-Li Ho
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 01246 903
| | | | - Greg Bial
- Yecuris Corporation, Tualatin, OR 97062
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Amaro Nunes Duarte-Neto
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 01246 903
| | - Archana Thomas
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Hans-Peter Raué
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Kathleen Byrnes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil 01246 903
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110;
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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158
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Plekhanov AN, Tovarshinov AI. [Liver regeneration: solved and problem issues]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2020:101-106. [PMID: 33210515 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia2020111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is known that liver is able to restore own dimensions and functional properties in response to various injuries. Despite extensive injuries, liver can preserve functional activity. Analysis of liver regeneration mechanisms allowed us to obtain significant results in the treatment of hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver failure. Liver regeneration processes substantiate the development of hepatocellular cancer following cirrhosis. Modern experimental and clinical data on liver regeneration, as well as current methods of stimulating this process are summarized in the manuscript. Despite significant advances in this issue, there are still many questions in scientific understanding of liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Plekhanov
- Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia.,Irkutsk Research Center of Surgery and Traumatology, Irkutsk, Russia
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159
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Autophagy and the Wnt signaling pathway: A focus on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118926. [PMID: 33316295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis and adaptation to various environmental conditions are importantly regulated by the sophisticated mechanism of autophagy and its crosstalk with Wnt signaling and other developmental pathways. Both autophagy and Wnt signaling are involved in embryogenesis and differentiation. Autophagy is responsible for degradation and recycling of cytosolic materials by directing them to lysosomes through the phagophore compartment. A dual feedback mechanism regulates the interface between autophagy and Wnt signaling pathways. During nutrient deprivation, β-catenin and Dishevelled (essential Wnt signaling proteins) are targeted for autophagic degradation by LC3. When Wnt signaling is activated, β-catenin acts as a corepressor of one of the autophagy proteins, p62. In contrast, another key Wnt signaling protein, GSK3β, negatively regulates the Wnt pathway and has been shown to induce autophagy by phosphorylation of the TSC complex. This article reviews the interplay between autophagy and Wnt signaling, describing how β-catenin functions as a key cellular integration point coordinating proliferation with autophagy, and it discusses the clinical importance of the crosstalk between these mechanisms.
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160
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Carlson-Stevermer J, Das A, Abdeen AA, Fiflis D, Grindel BI, Saxena S, Akcan T, Alam T, Kletzien H, Kohlenberg L, Goedland M, Dombroe MJ, Saha K. Design of efficacious somatic cell genome editing strategies for recessive and polygenic diseases. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6277. [PMID: 33293555 PMCID: PMC7722885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound heterozygous recessive or polygenic diseases could be addressed through gene correction of multiple alleles. However, targeting of multiple alleles using genome editors could lead to mixed genotypes and adverse events that amplify during tissue morphogenesis. Here we demonstrate that Cas9-ribonucleoprotein-based genome editors can correct two distinct mutant alleles within a single human cell precisely. Gene-corrected cells in an induced pluripotent stem cell model of Pompe disease expressed the corrected transcript from both corrected alleles, leading to enzymatic cross-correction of diseased cells. Using a quantitative in silico model for the in vivo delivery of genome editors into the developing human infant liver, we identify progenitor targeting, delivery efficiencies, and suppression of imprecise editing outcomes at the on-target site as key design parameters that control the efficacy of various therapeutic strategies. This work establishes that precise gene editing to correct multiple distinct gene variants could be highly efficacious if designed appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Carlson-Stevermer
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amritava Das
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amr A Abdeen
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Fiflis
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin I Grindel
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shivani Saxena
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tugce Akcan
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tausif Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Heidi Kletzien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lucille Kohlenberg
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Madelyn Goedland
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Micah J Dombroe
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Krishanu Saha
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Retina Research Foundation Kathryn and Latimer Murfee Chair, Madison, WI, USA.
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161
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Ito S, Kamimura H, Yamamoto Y, Chijiwa H, Okuzono T, Suemizu H, Yamazaki H. Human plasma concentration-time profiles of troglitazone and troglitazone sulfate simulated by in vivo experiments with chimeric mice with humanized livers and semi-physiological pharmacokinetic modeling. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:505-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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162
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CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected humanized mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 20:258-275. [PMID: 33473359 PMCID: PMC7803634 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem. New treatment approaches are needed because current treatments do not target covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the template for HBV replication, and rarely clear the virus. We harnessed adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors and CRISPR-Staphylococcus aureus (Sa)Cas9 to edit the HBV genome in liver-humanized FRG mice chronically infected with HBV and receiving entecavir. Gene editing was detected in livers of five of eight HBV-specific AAV-SaCas9-treated mice, but not control mice, and mice with detectable HBV gene editing showed higher levels of SaCas9 delivery to HBV+ human hepatocytes than those without gene editing. HBV-specific AAV-SaCas9 therapy significantly improved survival of human hepatocytes, showed a trend toward decreasing total liver HBV DNA and cccDNA, and was well tolerated. This work provides evidence for the feasibility and safety of in vivo gene editing for chronic HBV infections, and it suggests that with further optimization, this approach may offer a plausible way to treat or even cure chronic HBV infections.
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163
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He YT, Zhu XL, Li SF, Zhang BQ, Li Y, Wu Q, Zhang YL, Zhou YY, Li L, Qi YN, Bao J, Bu H. Creating rat hepatocyte organoid as an in vitro model for drug testing. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1184-1195. [PMID: 33178400 PMCID: PMC7596445 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i10.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver organoids have recently been applied as models for liver disease and drug screening, especially when combined with liver-on-a-chip technologies. Compared to hepatocyte-like cells, primary hepatocytes have high functionality but cannot maintain their function when cultured in vitro. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enhance hepatocyte function and maintain hepatocyte metabolism when co-cultured with hepatocytes. MSCs can help induced pluripotent stem cells to generate an organoid structure via the MSC-based traction force triggered by extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In this study, primary hepatocytes were co-cultured with MSCs on a liver-derived ECM to generate liver organoids within a short duration.
AIM To create hepatocyte organoids by co-culturing primary hepatocytes with MSCs on a porcine liver extracellular matrix (PLECM) gel.
METHODS Perfusion and enzymatic hydrolysis were used to form the PLECM gel. Rat hepatocytes and human MSCs were mixed and plated on pre-solidified PLECM gel in a 48-well plate for 48 h to generate organoids. Generated organoids were evaluated through hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, immuno-histological, and immunofluorescence staining, and quantitative PCR for alb, CYP450 gene markers, and urea cycle genes. Culture medium was collected to detect albumin (ALB) and urea production on days 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, and 20.
RESULTS The whole porcine liver was perfused and enzymatically hydrolyzed to form a PLECM gel. The structural components and basement membrane composition of the ECM, such as collagen type I, collagen type IV, fibronectin, and laminin, were demonstrated to be retained. Through interaction of human MSCs with the liver-derived ECM, primary hepatocytes and human MSCs assembled together into a 3D construction and generated primary hepatocyte organoids for 48 h. The mRNAs of the gene alb, the CYP450 gene markers cyp1a1, cyp1a2, and cyp3a2 as well as urea cycle genes arg-1, asl, ass-1, cps-1, nags were highly expressed in hepatocyte organoids. Long-term survival of the primary hepatocyte organoids, as well as stable functionality, was demonstrated via ALB and urea production in vitro.
CONCLUSION Our new method of creating primary hepatocyte organoids by co-culturing hepatocytes with MSCs on liver-derived ECM hydrogels could be used to develop models for liver disease and for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting He
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xing-Long Zhu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Fu Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bing-Qi Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yun-Lin Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ya-Na Qi
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ji Bao
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHC, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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164
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Hagiwara R, Oki Y, Matsumaru T, Ibayashi S, Kano K. Generation of metabolically functional hepatocyte-like cells from dedifferentiated fat cells by Foxa2, Hnf4a and Sall1 transduction. Genes Cells 2020; 25:811-824. [PMID: 33064855 PMCID: PMC7894465 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells have been identified to possess similar multipotency to mesenchymal stem cells, but a method for converting DFAT cells into hepatocytes was previously unknown. Here, using comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles, we have extracted three transcription factors, namely Foxa2, Hnf4a and Sall1 (FHS), that can convert DFAT cells into hepatocytes. Hepatogenic induction has converted FHS-infected DFAT cells into an epithelial-like morphological state and promoted the expression of hepatocyte-specific features. Furthermore, the DFAT-derived hepatocyte-like (D-Hep) cells catalyzed the detoxification of several compounds. These results indicate that the transduction of DFAT cells with three genes, which were extracted by comprehensive gene expression analysis, efficiently generated D-Hep cells with detoxification abilities similar to those of primary hepatocytes. Thus, D-Hep cells may be useful as a new cell source for surrogate hepatocytes and may be applied to drug discovery studies, such as hepatotoxicity screening and drug metabolism tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Hagiwara
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumaru
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shiho Ibayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kano
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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165
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Piccolo P, Rossi A, Brunetti-Pierri N. Liver-directed gene-based therapies for inborn errors of metabolism. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:229-240. [PMID: 32880494 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1817375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inborn errors of metabolism include several genetic disorders due to disruption of cellular biochemical reactions. Although individually rare, collectively they are a large and heterogenous group of diseases affecting a significant proportion of patients. Available treatments are often unsatisfactory. Liver-directed gene therapy has potential for treatment of several inborn errors of metabolism. While lentiviral vectors and lipid nanoparticle-mRNA have shown attractive features in preclinical studies and still have to be investigated in humans, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have shown clinical success in both preclinical and clinical trials for in vivo liver-directed gene therapy. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discussed the most relevant clinical applications and the challenges of liver-directed gene-based approaches for therapy of inborn errors of metabolism. EXPERT OPINION Challenges and prospects of clinical gene therapy trials and preclinical studies that are believed to have the greatest potential for clinical translation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Piccolo
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine , Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine , Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples , Naples, Italy
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166
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La QT, Ren B, Logan GJ, Cunningham SC, Khandekar N, Nassif NT, O’Brien BA, Alexander IE, Simpson AM. Use of a Hybrid Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Transposon System to Deliver the Insulin Gene to Diabetic NOD Mice. Cells 2020; 9:E2227. [PMID: 33023100 PMCID: PMC7600325 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we used a lentiviral vector to deliver furin-cleavable human insulin (INS-FUR) to the livers in several animal models of diabetes using intervallic infusion in full flow occlusion (FFO), with resultant reversal of diabetes, restoration of glucose tolerance and pancreatic transdifferentiation (PT), due to the expression of beta (β)-cell transcription factors (β-TFs). The present study aimed to determine whether we could similarly reverse diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse using an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) to deliver INS-FUR ± the β-TF Pdx1 to the livers of diabetic mice. The traditional AAV8, which provides episomal expression, and the hybrid AAV8/piggyBac that results in transgene integration were used. Diabetic mice that received AAV8-INS-FUR became hypoglycaemic with abnormal intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTTs). Expression of β-TFs was not detected in the livers. Reversal of diabetes was not achieved in mice that received AAV8-INS-FUR and AAV8-Pdx1 and IPGTTs were abnormal. Normoglycaemia and glucose tolerance were achieved in mice that received AAV8/piggyBac-INS-FUR/FFO. Definitive evidence of PT was not observed. This is the first in vivo study using the hybrid AAV8/piggyBac system to treat Type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, further development is required before the system can be used for gene therapy of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que T. La
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Binhai Ren
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Grant J. Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (G.J.L.); (S.C.C.); (N.K.); (I.E.A.)
| | - Sharon C. Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (G.J.L.); (S.C.C.); (N.K.); (I.E.A.)
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (G.J.L.); (S.C.C.); (N.K.); (I.E.A.)
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. O’Brien
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ian E. Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute and Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, 214 Hawkesbury Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (G.J.L.); (S.C.C.); (N.K.); (I.E.A.)
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ann M. Simpson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (Q.T.L.); (B.R.); (N.T.N.); (B.A.O.)
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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167
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Pek NMQ, Liu KJ, Nichane M, Ang LT. Controversies Surrounding the Origin of Hepatocytes in Adult Livers and the in Vitro Generation or Propagation of Hepatocytes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:273-290. [PMID: 32992051 PMCID: PMC7695885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells in the liver (known as hepatocytes) are high-performance engines of myriad metabolic functions and versatile responders to liver injury. As hepatocytes metabolize amino acids, alcohol, drugs, and other substrates, they produce and are exposed to a milieu of toxins and harmful byproducts that can damage themselves. In the healthy liver, hepatocytes generally divide slowly. However, after liver injury, hepatocytes can ramp up proliferation to regenerate the liver. Yet, on extensive injury, regeneration falters, and liver failure ensues. It is therefore critical to understand the mechanisms underlying liver regeneration and, in particular, which liver cells are mobilized during liver maintenance and repair. Controversies continue to surround the very existence of hepatic stem cells and, if they exist, their spatial location, multipotency, degree of contribution to regeneration, ploidy, and susceptibility to tumorigenesis. This review discusses these controversies. Finally, we highlight how insights into hepatocyte regeneration and biology in vivo can inform in vitro studies to propagate primary hepatocytes with liver regeneration-associated signals and to generate hepatocytes de novo from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lay Teng Ang
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Lay Teng Ang, PhD, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.
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168
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Abstract
Following injury, the liver's epithelial cells regenerate efficiently with rapid proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary cells. However, when proliferation of resident epithelial cells is impaired, alternative regeneration mechanisms can occur. Intricate lineage-tracing strategies and experimental models of regenerative stress have revealed a degree of plasticity between hepatocytes and biliary cells. New technologies such as single-cell omics, in combination with functional studies, will be instrumental to uncover the remaining unknowns in the field. In this review, we evaluate the experimental and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in the liver and how this influences the development of therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Gadd
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Niya Aleksieva
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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169
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Havlik LP, Simon KE, Smith JK, Klinc KA, Tse LV, Oh DK, Fanous MM, Meganck RM, Mietzsch M, Kleinschmidt J, Agbandje-McKenna M, Asokan A. Coevolution of Adeno-associated Virus Capsid Antigenicity and Tropism through a Structure-Guided Approach. J Virol 2020; 94:e00976-20. [PMID: 32669336 PMCID: PMC7495376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00976-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are composed of nonenveloped, icosahedral protein shells that can be adapted to package and deliver recombinant therapeutic DNA. Approaches to engineer recombinant capsids for gene therapy applications have focused on rational design or library-based approaches that can address one or two desirable attributes; however, there is an unmet need to comprehensively improve AAV vector properties. Such cannot be achieved by utilizing sequence data alone but requires harnessing the three-dimensional (3D) structural properties of AAV capsids. Here, we solve the structures of a natural AAV isolate complexed with antibodies using cryo-electron microscopy and harness this structural information to engineer AAV capsid libraries through saturation mutagenesis of different antigenic footprints. Each surface loop was evolved by infectious cycling in the presence of a helper adenovirus to yield a new AAV variant that then serves as a template for evolving the next surface loop. This stepwise process yielded a humanized AAV8 capsid (AAVhum.8) displaying nonnatural surface loops that simultaneously display tropism for human hepatocytes, increased gene transfer efficiency, and neutralizing antibody evasion. Specifically, AAVhum.8 can better evade neutralizing antisera from multiple species than AAV8. Further, AAVhum.8 displays robust transduction in a human liver xenograft mouse model with expanded tropism for both murine and human hepatocytes. This work supports the hypothesis that critical properties, such as AAV capsid antibody evasion and tropism, can be coevolved by combining rational design and library-based evolution for clinical gene therapy.IMPORTANCE Clinical gene therapy with recombinant AAV vectors has largely relied on natural capsid isolates. There is an unmet need to comprehensively improve AAV tissue tropism, transduction efficiency, and antibody evasion. Such cannot be achieved by utilizing capsid sequence data alone but requires harnessing the 3D structural properties of AAV capsids. Here, we combine rational design and library-based evolution to coevolve multiple, desirable properties onto AAV by harnessing 3D structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Patrick Havlik
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katherine E Simon
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Kennon Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kelli A Klinc
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel K Oh
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marco M Fanous
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rita M Meganck
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleinschmidt
- German Cancer Research Center, Research Program Infection and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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170
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Zou C, Vercauteren KO, Michailidis E, Kabbani M, Zoluthkin I, Quirk C, Chiriboga L, Yazicioglu M, Anguela XM, Meuleman P, High KA, Herzog RW, de Jong YP. Experimental Variables that Affect Human Hepatocyte AAV Transduction in Liver Chimeric Mice. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:189-198. [PMID: 32637450 PMCID: PMC7326722 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector serotypes vary in their ability to transduce hepatocytes from different species. Chimeric mouse models harboring human hepatocytes have shown translational promise for liver-directed gene therapies. However, many variables that influence human hepatocyte transduction and transgene expression in such models remain poorly defined. Here, we aimed to test whether three experimental conditions influence AAV transgene expression in immunodeficient, fumaryl-acetoactetate-hydrolase-deficient (Fah -/-) chimeric mice repopulated with primary human hepatocytes. We examined the effects of the murine liver injury cycle, human donor variability, and vector doses on hepatocyte transduction with various AAV serotypes expressing a green fluorescent protein (GFP). We determined that the timing of AAV vector challenge in the liver injury cycle resulted in up to 7-fold differences in the percentage of GFP expressing human hepatocytes. The GFP+ hepatocyte frequency varied 7-fold between human donors without, however, changing the relative transduction efficiency between serotypes for an individual donor. There was also a clear relationship between AAV vector doses and human hepatocyte transduction and transgene expression. We conclude that several experimental variables substantially affect human hepatocyte transduction in the Fah -/- chimera model, attention to which may improve reproducibility between findings from different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Zou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Koen O.A. Vercauteren
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eleftherios Michailidis
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammad Kabbani
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Irene Zoluthkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Corrine Quirk
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luis Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Roland W. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ype P. de Jong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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171
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Rumachik NG, Malaker SA, Poweleit N, Maynard LH, Adams CM, Leib RD, Cirolia G, Thomas D, Stamnes S, Holt K, Sinn P, May AP, Paulk NK. Methods Matter: Standard Production Platforms for Recombinant AAV Produce Chemically and Functionally Distinct Vectors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:98-118. [PMID: 32995354 PMCID: PMC7488757 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Different approaches are used in the production of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV). The two leading approaches are transiently transfected human HEK293 cells and live baculovirus infection of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells. Unexplained differences in vector performance have been seen clinically and preclinically. Thus, we performed a controlled comparative production analysis varying only the host cell species but maintaining all other parameters. We characterized differences with multiple analytical approaches: proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry, isoelectric focusing, cryo-EM (transmission electron cryomicroscopy), denaturation assays, genomic and epigenomic sequencing of packaged genomes, human cytokine profiling, and functional transduction assessments in vitro and in vivo, including in humanized liver mice. Using these approaches, we have made two major discoveries: (1) rAAV capsids have post-translational modifications (PTMs), including glycosylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation, and these differ between platforms; and (2) rAAV genomes are methylated during production, and these are also differentially deposited between platforms. Our data show that host cell protein impurities differ between platforms and can have their own PTMs, including potentially immunogenic N-linked glycans. Human-produced rAAVs are more potent than baculovirus-Sf9 vectors in various cell types in vitro (p < 0.05-0.0001), in various mouse tissues in vivo (p < 0.03-0.0001), and in human liver in vivo (p < 0.005). These differences may have clinical implications for rAAV receptor binding, trafficking, expression kinetics, expression durability, vector immunogenicity, as well as cost considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil G. Rumachik
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stacy A. Malaker
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nicole Poweleit
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lucy H. Maynard
- Genome Engineering, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryan D. Leib
- Vincent Coates Foundation Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giana Cirolia
- Genome Engineering, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dennis Thomas
- Cryo-EM Core Facility, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Susan Stamnes
- Viral Vector Core, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kathleen Holt
- Viral Vector Core, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Patrick Sinn
- Viral Vector Core, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew P. May
- Genome Engineering, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole K. Paulk
- Genome Engineering, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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172
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Yamasaki C, Ishida Y, Yanagi A, Yoshizane Y, Kojima Y, Ogawa Y, Kageyama Y, Iwasaki Y, Ishida S, Chayama K, Tateno C. Culture density contributes to hepatic functions of fresh human hepatocytes isolated from chimeric mice with humanized livers: Novel, long-term, functional two-dimensional in vitro tool for developing new drugs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237809. [PMID: 32915792 PMCID: PMC7485858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric mice with humanized livers are considered a useful animal model for predicting human (h-) drug metabolism and toxicity. In this study, the characteristics of fresh h-hepatocytes (cFHHs, PXB-cells®) isolated from chimeric mice (PXB-mice®) were evaluated in vitro to confirm their utility for drug development. cFHHs cultured at high density (2.13 × 105 cells/cm2) displayed stable production of h-albumin and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activities for at least 21 days. The mRNA expression levels of 10 of 13 CYP, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and transporters were maintained at >10% of the levels of freshly isolated cFHHs after 21 days. From 1 week, many bile canaliculi were observed between cFHHs, and the accumulation of the multidrug resistance-associated protein and bile salt export pump substrates in these bile canaliculi was clearly inhibited by cyclosporin A. Microarray analysis of cFHHs cultured at high density and at low density (0.53 × 105 cells/cm2) revealed that high density culture maintained high expressions of some transcription factors (HNF4α, PXR, and FXR) perhaps involved in the high CYP, UGT and transporter gene expressions of cFHHs. These results strongly suggest that cFHHs could be a novel in vitro tool for drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ami Yanagi
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yuha Kojima
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Ogawa
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yumiko Iwasaki
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiichi Ishida
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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173
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Vendrely KM, Kumar S, Li X, Vaughan AM. Humanized Mice and the Rebirth of Malaria Genetic Crosses. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:850-863. [PMID: 32891493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first experimental crosses carried out with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum played a key role in determining the genetic loci responsible for drug resistance, virulence, invasion, growth rate, and transmission. These crosses relied on splenectomized chimpanzees to complete the liver stage of the parasite's life cycle and the subsequent transition to asexual blood stage culture followed by cloning of recombinant progeny in vitro. Crosses can now be routinely carried out using human-liver-chimeric mice infused with human erythrocytes to generate hundreds of unique recombinant progeny for genetic linkage mapping, bulk segregant analysis, and high-throughput 'omics readouts. The high number of recombinant progeny should allow for unprecedented power and efficiency in the execution of a systems genetics approach to study P. falciparum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M Vendrely
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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174
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Zhu M, Li L, Lu T, Yoo H, Zhu J, Gopal P, Wang SC, Porempka MR, Rich NE, Kagan S, Odewole M, Renteria V, Waljee AK, Wang T, Singal AG, Yopp AC, Zhu H. Uncovering Biological Factors That Regulate Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth Using Patient-Derived Xenograft Assays. Hepatology 2020; 72:1085-1101. [PMID: 31899548 PMCID: PMC7332388 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several major factors limit our understanding of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, human HCCs are infrequently biopsied for diagnosis and thus are not often biologically interrogated. Second, HCC initiation and progression are strongly influenced by the cirrhotic microenvironment, and the exact contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic tumor factors are unclear. A powerful approach to examine the personalized biology of liver cancers and the influence of host tissues is with patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. In Asia, HCCs from patients with hepatitis B virus have been efficiently converted into PDXs, but few parallel efforts from the west have been reported. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a large-scale analysis, we implanted 93 HCCs and 8 cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) to systematically analyze host factors and to define an optimized platform for PDX development from both surgical and biopsy samples. NOD Scid IL-2Rγ-/- (NSG) mice that had undergone partial hepatectomy (PHx) represented the best combination of engraftability, growth, and passageability, but overall rates were low and indicative of a unique intrinsic biology for HCCs in the United States. PDX models preserved the histology and genetic features of parental tumors, and ultimately, eight models were usable for preclinical studies. Intriguingly, HCC PDXs were differentially sensitive to regorafenib and sorafenib, and CCA PDXs were also highly sensitive to regorafenib. CONCLUSIONS PDX models functionalize early and advanced stage HCCs and revealed unique biological features of liver cancers from the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tianshi Lu
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390, USA
| | - Hyesun Yoo
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction (MiCHAMP), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ji Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction (MiCHAMP), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Purva Gopal
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sam C. Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Matthew R. Porempka
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nicole E. Rich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sofia Kagan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mobolaji Odewole
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Veronica Renteria
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Akbar K. Waljee
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Michigan Medicine and Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction (MiCHAMP), Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390, USA
| | - Amit G. Singal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Adam C. Yopp
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Children’s Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Lead contact: Hao Zhu, , Phone: (214) 648-2850
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175
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Ren J, Yu D, Fu R, An P, Sun R, Wang Z, Guo R, Li H, Zhang Y, Li Z, Yang YG, Li W, Hai T, Hu Z. IL2RG-deficient minipigs generated via CRISPR/Cas9 technology support the growth of human melanoma-derived tumours. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12863. [PMID: 32871045 PMCID: PMC7574875 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Immunodeficient mice injected with human cancer cell lines have been used for human oncology studies and anti‐cancer drug trials for several decades. However, rodents are not ideal species for modelling human cancer because rodents are physiologically dissimilar to humans. Therefore, anti‐tumour drugs tested effective in rodents have a failure rate of 90% or higher in phase III clinical trials. Pigs are similar to humans in size, anatomy, physiology and drug metabolism rate, rendering them a desirable pre‐clinical animal model for assessing anti‐cancer drugs. However, xenogeneic immune rejection is a major barrier to the use of pigs as hosts for human tumours. Interleukin (IL)‐2 receptor γ (IL2RG), a common signalling subunit for multiple immune cytokines including IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐7, IL‐9, IL‐15 and IL‐21, is required for proper lymphoid development. Materials and Methods IL2RG−/Y pigs were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and examined for immunodeficiency and ability to support human oncogenesis. Results Compared to age‐matched wild‐type pigs, IL2RG−/Y pigs exhibited a severely impaired immune system as shown by lymphopenia, lymphoid organ atrophy, poor immunoglobulin function, and T‐ and NK‐cell deficiency. Human melanoma Mel888 cells generated tumours in IL2RG−/Y pigs but not in wild‐type littermates. The human tumours grew faster in IL2RG−/Y pigs than in nude mice. Conclusions Our results indicate that these pigs are promising hosts for modelling human cancer in vivo, which may aid in the discovery and development of anti‐cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei An
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Renren Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengzhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Runfa Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tang Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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176
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Schäfer C, Roobsoong W, Kangwanrangsan N, Bardelli M, Rawlinson TA, Dambrauskas N, Trakhimets O, Parthiban C, Goswami D, Reynolds LM, Kennedy SY, Flannery EL, Murphy SC, Sather DN, Draper SJ, Sattabongkot J, Mikolajczak SA, Kappe SHI. A Humanized Mouse Model for Plasmodium vivax to Test Interventions that Block Liver Stage to Blood Stage Transition and Blood Stage Infection. iScience 2020; 23:101381. [PMID: 32739836 PMCID: PMC7399188 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax remains vastly understudied, mainly due to the lack of suitable laboratory models. Here, we report a humanized mouse model to test interventions that block P. vivax parasite transition from liver stage infection to blood stage infection. Human liver-chimeric FRGN huHep mice infected with P. vivax sporozoites were infused with human reticulocytes, allowing transition of exo-erythrocytic merozoites to reticulocyte infection and development into all erythrocytic forms, including gametocytes, in vivo. In order to test the utility of this model for preclinical assessment of interventions, the invasion blocking potential of a monoclonal antibody targeting the essential interaction of the P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein with the Duffy antigen receptor was tested by passive immunization. This antibody inhibited invasion by over 95%, providing unprecedented in vivo evidence that PvDBP constitutes a promising blood stage vaccine candidate and proving our model highly suitable to test blood stage interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wanlapa Roobsoong
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Niwat Kangwanrangsan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | - Nicholas Dambrauskas
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Olesya Trakhimets
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chaitra Parthiban
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Debashree Goswami
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura M Reynolds
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Spencer Y Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erika L Flannery
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean C Murphy
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology and Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - D Noah Sather
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sebastian A Mikolajczak
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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177
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Burwitz BJ, Zhou Z, Li W. Animal models for the study of human hepatitis B and D virus infection: New insights and progress. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104898. [PMID: 32758525 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family and infects hepatocytes, leading to liver pathology in acutely and chronically infected individuals. Co-infection with Hepatitis D virus (HDV), which requires the surface proteins of HBV to replicate, can exacerbate this disease progression. Thus, the >250 million people living with chronic HBV infection, including 13 million co-infected with HDV, would significantly benefit from an effective and affordable curative treatment. Animal models are crucial to the development of innovative disease therapies, a paradigm repeated again and again throughout the fields of immunology, neurology, reproduction, and development. Unfortunately, HBV has a highly-restricted species tropism, infecting limited species including humans, chimpanzees, and treeshrews. The first experimentally controlled studies of HBV infection were following inoculation of human volunteers in 1942, which identified the transmissibility of hepatitis through serum transfer and led to the hypothesis that the etiological agent was viral. Subsequent research in chimpanzees (Desmyter et al., 1971; Lichter, 1969) and later in other species, such as the treeshrews (Walter et al., 1996; Yan et al., 1996), further confirmed the viral origin of hepatitis B. Shortly thereafter, HBV-like viral infections were identified in woodchucks (Summers et al., 1978; Werner et al., 1979) and ducks, and much of our understanding of HBV replication can be attributed to these important models. However, with the exodus of chimpanzees from research and the limited reagents and historical data for treeshrews and other understudied species, there remains an urgent need to identify physiologically relevant models of chronic HBV infection. While large strides have been made in generating such models, particularly over the past two decades, there is still no available model that faithfully recapitulates the immunity and pathogenesis of HBV infection. Here, we discuss recent advancements in the generation of murine and non-human primate (NHP) models of HBV/HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
| | - Zhongmin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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178
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Minniti ME, Pedrelli M, Vedin L, Delbès A, Denis RG, Öörni K, Sala C, Pirazzini C, Thiagarajan D, Nurmi HJ, Grompe M, Mills K, Garagnani P, Ellis EC, Strom SC, Luquet SH, Wilson EM, Bial J, Steffensen KR, Parini P. Insights From Liver-Humanized Mice on Cholesterol Lipoprotein Metabolism and LXR-Agonist Pharmacodynamics in Humans. Hepatology 2020; 72:656-670. [PMID: 31785104 PMCID: PMC7496592 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetically modified mice have been used extensively to study human disease. However, the data gained are not always translatable to humans because of major species differences. Liver-humanized mice (LHM) are considered a promising model to study human hepatic and systemic metabolism. Therefore, we aimed to further explore their lipoprotein metabolism and to characterize key hepatic species-related, physiological differences. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fah-/- , Rag2-/- , and Il2rg-/- knockout mice on the nonobese diabetic (FRGN) background were repopulated with primary human hepatocytes from different donors. Cholesterol lipoprotein profiles of LHM showed a human-like pattern, characterized by a high ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein, and dependency on the human donor. This pattern was determined by a higher level of apolipoprotein B100 in circulation, as a result of lower hepatic mRNA editing and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression, and higher levels of circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. As a consequence, LHM lipoproteins bind to human aortic proteoglycans in a pattern similar to human lipoproteins. Unexpectedly, cholesteryl ester transfer protein was not required to determine the human-like cholesterol lipoprotein profile. Moreover, LHM treated with GW3965 mimicked the negative lipid outcomes of the first human trial of liver X receptor stimulation (i.e., a dramatic increase of cholesterol and triglycerides in circulation). Innovatively, LHM allowed the characterization of these effects at a molecular level. CONCLUSIONS LHM represent an interesting translatable model of human hepatic and lipoprotein metabolism. Because several metabolic parameters displayed donor dependency, LHM may also be used in studies for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko E. Minniti
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Lise‐Lotte Vedin
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Anne‐Sophie Delbès
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Raphaël G.P. Denis
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Claudia Sala
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Divya Thiagarajan
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Research CenterKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Harri J. Nurmi
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland,Center of Excellence in Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiBiomedicum HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of PediatricsOregon Stem Cell CenterOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOR,Yecuris CorporationTualatinOR
| | - Kevin Mills
- Center for Inborn Errors of MetabolismUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, and “L. Galvani” Interdepartmental Research CenterUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Ewa C.S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention and TechnologyDivision of SurgeryKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of PathologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Serge H. Luquet
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | | | | | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of MedicineMetabolism UnitKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden,Patient Area Nephrology and Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection ThemeKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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179
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Goswami D, Betz W, Locham NK, Parthiban C, Brager C, Schäfer C, Camargo N, Nguyen T, Kennedy SY, Murphy SC, Vaughan AM, Kappe SH. A replication-competent late liver stage-attenuated human malaria parasite. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135589. [PMID: 32484795 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole-sporozoite vaccines engender sterilizing immunity against malaria in animal models and importantly, in humans. Gene editing allows for the removal of specific parasite genes, enabling generation of genetically attenuated parasite (GAP) strains for vaccination. Using rodent malaria parasites, we have previously shown that late liver stage-arresting replication-competent (LARC) GAPs confer superior protection when compared with early liver stage-arresting replication-deficient GAPs and radiation-attenuated sporozoites. However, generating a LARC GAP in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) has been challenging. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a likely unprecedented P. falciparum LARC GAP generated by targeted gene deletion of the Mei2 gene: P. falciparum mei2-. Robust exoerythrocytic schizogony with extensive cell growth and DNA replication was observed for P. falciparum mei2- liver stages in human liver-chimeric mice. However, P. falciparum mei2- liver stages failed to complete development and did not form infectious exoerythrocytic merozoites, thereby preventing their transition to asexual blood stage infection. Therefore, P. falciparum mei2- is a replication-competent, attenuated human malaria parasite strain with potentially increased potency, useful for vaccination to protect against P. falciparum malaria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Goswami
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - William Betz
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Navin K Locham
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Brager
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carola Schäfer
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nelly Camargo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Spencer Y Kennedy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Ashley M Vaughan
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stefan Hi Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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180
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Stripecke R, Münz C, Schuringa JJ, Bissig K, Soper B, Meeham T, Yao L, Di Santo JP, Brehm M, Rodriguez E, Wege AK, Bonnet D, Guionaud S, Howard KE, Kitchen S, Klein F, Saeb‐Parsy K, Sam J, Sharma AD, Trumpp A, Trusolino L, Bult C, Shultz L. Innovations, challenges, and minimal information for standardization of humanized mice. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e8662. [PMID: 32578942 PMCID: PMC7338801 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice xenotransplanted with human cells and/or expressing human gene products (also known as "humanized mice") recapitulate the human evolutionary specialization and diversity of genotypic and phenotypic traits. These models can provide a relevant in vivo context for understanding of human-specific physiology and pathologies. Humanized mice have advanced toward mainstream preclinical models and are now at the forefront of biomedical research. Here, we considered innovations and challenges regarding the reconstitution of human immunity and human tissues, modeling of human infections and cancer, and the use of humanized mice for testing drugs or regenerative therapy products. As the number of publications exploring different facets of humanized mouse models has steadily increased in past years, it is becoming evident that standardized reporting is needed in the field. Therefore, an international community-driven resource called "Minimal Information for Standardization of Humanized Mice" (MISHUM) has been created for the purpose of enhancing rigor and reproducibility of studies in the field. Within MISHUM, we propose comprehensive guidelines for reporting critical information generated using humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stripecke
- Regenerative Immune Therapies AppliedHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)Hannover RegionGermany
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral ImmunobiologyInstitute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jan Jacob Schuringa
- Department of HematologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Brehm
- University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMAUSA
| | | | - Anja Kathrin Wege
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsUniversity Cancer Center RegensburgRegensburgGermany
| | | | | | | | - Scott Kitchen
- University of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | | | - Amar Deep Sharma
- Regenerative Immune Therapies AppliedHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and CancerGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI‐STEM gGmbH)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of OncologyUniversity of Torino Medical SchoolTurinItaly
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO IRCCSCandioloItaly
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181
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Ehrlich A, Duche D, Ouedraogo G, Nahmias Y. Challenges and Opportunities in the Design of Liver-on-Chip Microdevices. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2020; 21:219-239. [PMID: 31167098 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-060418-052305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the central hub of xenobiotic metabolism and consequently the organ most prone to cosmetic- and drug-induced toxicity. Failure to detect liver toxicity or to assess compound clearance during product development is a major cause of postmarketing product withdrawal, with disastrous clinical and financial consequences. While small animals are still the preferred model in drug development, the recent ban on animal use in the European Union created a pressing need to develop precise and efficient tools to detect human liver toxicity during cosmetic development. This article includes a brief review of liver development, organization, and function and focuses on the state of the art of long-term cell culture, including hepatocyte cell sources, heterotypic cell-cell interactions, oxygen demands, and culture medium formulation. Finally, the article reviews emerging liver-on-chip devices and discusses the advantages and pitfalls of individual designs. The goal of this review is to provide a framework to design liver-on-chip devices and criteria with which to evaluate this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Ehrlich
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel Duche
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois 93600, France
| | | | - Yaakov Nahmias
- Grass Center for Bioengineering, Benin School of Computer Science and Engineering, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.,Tissue Dynamics Ltd., Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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182
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Doublecortin-like kinase 1 promotes hepatocyte clonogenicity and oncogenic programming via non-canonical β-catenin-dependent mechanism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10578. [PMID: 32601309 PMCID: PMC7324569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury is a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The molecular mechanisms that regulate the decision between normal injury repair and neoplastic initiation are unclear. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), a tumor stem cell marker, is induced during cirrhosis and HCC. Here, we demonstrate that DCLK1-overexpressing primary human hepatocytes formed spheroids in suspension cultures. Spheroids derived from DCLK1-overexpressing hepatoma cells showed high level expression of active β-catenin, α-fetoprotein, and SOX9, suggesting that DCLK1 overexpression induces clonogenicity and dedifferentiated phenotypes in hepatoma cells. DCLK1 overexpression in hepatoma cells also increased phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9. This was associated with an induction of a 48-kDa active β-catenin with a preserved hypophosphorylated N-terminus that interacted with nuclear TCF-4 resulting in luciferase reporter activity and cyclin D1 expression. DCLK1 downregulation inhibited 48-kDa β-catenin expression. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib did not block the 48-kDa β-catenin, instead, caused a threefold accumulation, suggesting a proteasome-independent mechanism. Liver tissues from patients with cirrhosis and HCC revealed epithelial co-staining of DCLK1 and active β-catenin, and cleaved E-cadherin. Repopulated DCLK1-overexpressing primary human hepatocytes in humanized FRG mouse livers demonstrated active β-catenin. In conclusion, DCLK1 regulates oncogenic signaling and clonogenicity of hepatocytes by a novel non-canonical/atypical β-catenin-dependent mechanism.
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183
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Abu Rmilah AA, Zhou W, Nyberg SL. Hormonal Contribution to Liver Regeneration. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2020; 4:315-338. [PMID: 32542223 PMCID: PMC7283948 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the molecular basis of liver regeneration will open new horizons for the development of novel therapies for chronic liver failure. Such therapies would solve the drawbacks associated with liver transplant, including the shortage of donor organs, long waitlist time, high medical costs, and lifelong use of immunosuppressive agents. Regeneration after partial hepatectomy has been studied in animal models, particularly fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase-deficient (FAH -/-) mice and pigs. The process of regeneration is distinctive, complex, and well coordinated, and it depends on the interplay among several signaling pathways (eg, nuclear factor κβ, Notch, Hippo), cytokines (eg, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6), and growth factors (eg, hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor), and other components. Furthermore, endocrinal hormones (eg, norepinephrine, growth hormone, insulin, thyroid hormones) also can influence the aforementioned pathways and factors. We believe that these endocrinal hormones are important hepatic mitogens that strongly induce and accelerate hepatocyte proliferation (regeneration) by directly and indirectly triggering the activity of the involved signaling pathways, cytokines, growth factors, and transcription factors. The subsequent induction of cyclins and associated cyclin-dependent kinase complexes allow hepatocytes to enter the cell cycle. In this review article, we comprehensively summarize the current knowledge regarding the roles and mechanisms of these hormones in liver regeneration. Articles used for this review were identified by searching MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from inception through June 1, 2019.
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Key Words
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- EGFR, EGF receptor
- ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- FAH, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
- GH, growth hormone
- Ghr-/-, growth hormone receptor gene knockout
- HGF, hepatocyte growth factor
- HNF, hepatocyte nuclear factor
- HPC, hepatic progenitor cell
- IGF, insulinlike growth factor
- IL, interleukin
- IR, insulin receptor
- InsP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
- JNK, JUN N-terminal kinase
- LDLT, living donor liver transplant
- LRP, low-density lipoprotein-related protein
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- NF-κβ, nuclear factor κβ
- NOS, nitric oxide synthase
- NTBC, 2-nitro-4-trifluoro-methyl-benzoyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PH, partial hepatectomy
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- PKB, protein kinase B
- PTU, 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- T3, triiodothyronine
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TR, thyroid receptor
- hESC, human embryonic stem cell
- hiPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cells
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhou
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,First Affiliated Hospital of China, Medical University, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shenyang, China
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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184
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Using the Patterned Microarray Culture to Obtain Gene-Editing Monoclonal Cells. Transplant Proc 2020; 52:1906-1909. [PMID: 32461005 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs are the first choice for xenotransplantation research, but there have been problems with monoclonal screening of edited cells before nuclear transfer. Our objective was to get a novel strategy to quickly obtain monoclonal cells with low damage by microarray and to produce efficient gene-editing monoclonal cells in batches. Micropattern array printing technology was introduced to limit only a single cell was adhered on a micropattern substrate, and after 4 days of culture, the single cell grew into a monoclonal cell sphere and then came off from the bottom of the petri dish automatically. After sequencing, the results showed that a single cell is confined to a micropattern and grows into a sphere of monoclonal cells.
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185
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Cabanes-Creus M, Westhaus A, Navarro RG, Baltazar G, Zhu E, Amaya AK, Liao SHY, Scott S, Sallard E, Dilworth KL, Rybicki A, Drouyer M, Hallwirth CV, Bennett A, Santilli G, Thrasher AJ, Agbandje-McKenna M, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Attenuation of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Binding Enhances In Vivo Transduction of Human Primary Hepatocytes with AAV2. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:1139-1154. [PMID: 32490035 PMCID: PMC7260615 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Use of the prototypical adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) capsid delivered unexpectedly modest efficacy in an early liver-targeted gene therapy trial for hemophilia B. This result is consistent with subsequent data generated in chimeric mouse-human livers showing that the AAV2 capsid transduces primary human hepatocytes in vivo with low efficiency. In contrast, novel variants generated by directed evolution in the same model, such as AAV-NP59, transduce primary human hepatocytes with high efficiency. While these empirical data have immense translational implications, the mechanisms underpinning this enhanced AAV capsid transduction performance in primary human hepatocytes are yet to be fully elucidated. Remarkably, AAV-NP59 differs from the prototypical AAV2 capsid by only 11 aa and can serve as a tool to study the correlation between capsid sequence/structure and vector function. Using two orthogonal vectorological approaches, we have determined that just 2 of the 11 changes present in AAV-NP59 (T503A and N596D) account for the enhanced transduction performance of this capsid variant in primary human hepatocytes in vivo, an effect that we have associated with attenuation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) binding affinity. In support of this hypothesis, we have identified, using directed evolution, two additional single amino acid substitution AAV2 variants, N496D and N582S, which are highly functional in vivo. Both substitution mutations reduce AAV2's affinity for HSPG. Finally, we have modulated the ability of AAV8, a highly murine-hepatotropic serotype, to interact with HSPG. The results support our hypothesis that enhanced HSPG binding can negatively affect the in vivo function of otherwise strongly hepatotropic variants and that modulation of the interaction with HSPG is critical to ensure maximum efficiency in vivo. The insights gained through this study can have powerful implications for studies into AAV biology and capsid development for preclinical and clinical applications targeting liver and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Erwan Sallard
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Dilworth
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Arkadiusz Rybicki
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute & The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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186
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Chemello K, Beeské S, Trang Tran TT, Blanchard V, Villard EF, Poirier B, Le Bail JC, Dargazanli G, Ho-Van-Guimbal S, Boulay D, Bergis O, Pruniaux MP, Croyal M, Janiak P, Guillot E, Lambert G. Lipoprotein(a) Cellular Uptake Ex Vivo and Hepatic Capture In Vivo Is Insensitive to PCSK9 Inhibition With Alirocumab. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2020; 5:549-557. [PMID: 32613143 PMCID: PMC7315184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modulating LDL receptor expression genetically (in familial hypercholesterolemia) or pharmacologically (using statins or the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab) does not alter the cellular uptake of Lp(a) in primary human lymphocytes. Lp(a) hepatic capture is not modulated by PCSK9 inhibition with alirocumab in liver-humanized mice. LDLR does not appear to play a significant role in mediating Lp(a) plasma clearance in vivo.
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is the most common genetically inherited risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Many aspects of Lp(a) metabolism remain unknown. We assessed the uptake of fluorescent Lp(a) in primary human lymphocytes as well as Lp(a) hepatic capture in a mouse model in which endogenous hepatocytes have been ablated and replaced with human ones. Modulation of LDLR expression with the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab did not alter the cellular or the hepatic uptake of Lp(a), demonstrating that the LDL receptor is not a major route for Lp(a) plasma clearance. These results have clinical implications because they underpin why statins are not efficient at reducing Lp(a).
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- AU, arbitrary unit
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FCR, fractional catabolic rate
- FRG, Fah(−/−)Rag2(−/−)Il2rg(−/−)
- HoFH, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDLR, low-density lipoprotein receptor
- Lp(a), lipoprotein(a)
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
- apoB100, apolipoprotein B100
- bodipy, boron dipyrromethene
- lipoprotein(a)
- liver-humanized mice
- low-density lipoprotein receptor
- proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
- rPCSK9, recombinant proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Chemello
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | | | | | - Valentin Blanchard
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mikaël Croyal
- Université de Nantes, CRNH Ouest, Inra UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Lambert
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Sainte Clotilde, France
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187
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Yap KK, Gerrand YW, Dingle AM, Yeoh GC, Morrison WA, Mitchell GM. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promote the differentiation and survival of mouse vascularised hepatobiliary organoids. Biomaterials 2020; 251:120091. [PMID: 32408048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The structural and physiological complexity of currently available liver organoids is limited, thereby reducing their relevance for drug studies, disease modelling, and regenerative therapy. In this study we combined mouse liver progenitor cells (LPCs) with mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) to generate hepatobiliary organoids with liver-specific vasculature. Organoids consisting of 5x103 cells were created from either LPCs, or a 1:1 combination of LPC/LSECs. LPC organoids demonstrated mild hepatobiliary differentiation in vitro with minimal morphological change; in contrast LPC/LSEC organoids developed clusters of polygonal hepatocyte-like cells and biliary ducts over a 7 day period. Hepatic (albumin, CPS1, CYP3A11) and biliary (GGT1) genes were significantly upregulated in LPC/LSEC organoids compared to LPC organoids over 7 days, as was albumin secretion. LPC/LSEC organoids also had significantly higher in vitro viability compared to LPC organoids. LPC and LPC/LSEC organoids were transplanted into vascularised chambers created in Fah-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- mice (50 LPC organoids, containing 2.5x105 LPCs, and 100 LPC/LSEC organoids, containing 2.5x105 LPCs). At 2 weeks, minimal LPCs survived in chambers with LPC organoids, but robust hepatobiliary ductular tissue was present in LPC/LSEC organoids. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a 115-fold increase in HNF4α+ cells in LPC/LSEC organoid chambers (17.26 ± 4.34 cells/mm2 vs 0.15 ± 0.15 cells/mm2, p = 0.018), and 42-fold increase in Sox9+ cells in LPC/LSEC organoid chambers (28.29 ± 6.05 cells/mm2 vs 0.67 ± 0.67 cells/mm2, p = 0.011). This study presents a novel method to develop vascularised hepatobiliary organoids, with both in vitro and in vivo results confirming that incorporating LSECs with LPCs into organoids significantly increases the differentiation of hepatobiliary tissue within organoids and their survival post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiryu K Yap
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Yi-Wen Gerrand
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron M Dingle
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - George C Yeoh
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research & Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne A Morrison
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geraldine M Mitchell
- O'Brien Institute, Department of St Vincent's Institute, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Catholic University, Victoria, Australia
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188
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Sugahara G, Ishida Y, Sun J, Tateno C, Saito T. Art of Making Artificial Liver: Depicting Human Liver Biology and Diseases in Mice. Semin Liver Dis 2020; 40:189-212. [PMID: 32074631 PMCID: PMC8629128 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in both bioengineering and cell biology of the liver led to the establishment of the first-generation humanized liver chimeric mouse (HLCM) model in 2001. The HLCM system was initially developed to satisfy the necessity for a convenient and physiologically representative small animal model for studies of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infection. Over the last two decades, the HLCM system has substantially evolved in quality, production capacity, and utility, thereby growing its versatility beyond the study of viral hepatitis. Hence, it has been increasingly employed for a variety of applications including, but not limited to, the investigation of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics and stem cell biology. To date, more than a dozen distinctive HLCM systems have been established, and each model system has similarities as well as unique characteristics, which are often perplexing for end-users. Thus, this review aims to summarize the history, evolution, advantages, and pitfalls of each model system with the goal of providing comprehensive information that is necessary for researchers to implement the ideal HLCM system for their purposes. Furthermore, this review article summarizes the contribution of HLCM and its derivatives to our mechanistic understanding of various human liver diseases, its potential for novel applications, and its current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Sugahara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jeffrey Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chise Tateno
- Research & Development Department, PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Los Angeles, California
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189
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Ploss A, Kapoor A. Animal Models of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036970. [PMID: 31843875 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important and underreported infectious disease, causing chronic infection in ∼71 million people worldwide. The limited host range of HCV, which robustly infects only humans and chimpanzees, has made studying this virus in vivo challenging and hampered the development of a desperately needed vaccine. The restrictions and ethical concerns surrounding biomedical research in chimpanzees has made the search for an animal model all the more important. In this review, we discuss different approaches that are being pursued toward creating small animal models for HCV infection. Although efforts to use a nonhuman primate species besides chimpanzees have proven challenging, important advances have been achieved in a variety of humanized mouse models. However, such models still fall short of the overarching goal to have an immunocompetent, inheritably susceptible in vivo platform in which the immunopathology of HCV could be studied and putative vaccines development. Alternatives to overcome this include virus adaptation, such as murine-tropic HCV strains, or the use of related hepaciviruses, of which many have been recently identified. Of the latter, the rodent/rat hepacivirus from Rattus norvegicus species-1 (RHV-rn1) holds promise as a surrogate virus in fully immunocompetent rats that can inform our understanding of the interaction between the immune response and viral outcomes (i.e., clearance vs. persistence). However, further characterization of these animal models is necessary before their use for gaining new insights into the immunopathogenesis of HCV and for conceptualizing HCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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190
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Trevisan M, Masi G, Palù G. Genome editing technologies to treat rare liver diseases. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:23. [PMID: 32258527 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver has a central role in protein and lipid metabolism, and diseases involving hepatocytes have often repercussions on multiple organs and systems. Hepatic disorders are frequently characterized by production of defective or non-functional proteins, and traditional gene therapy approaches have been attempted for years to restore adequate protein levels through delivery of transgenes. Recently, many different genome editing platforms have been developed aimed at correcting at DNA level the defects underlying the diseases. In this Review we discuss the latest applications of these tools applied to develop therapeutic strategies for rare liver disorders, in particular updating the literature with the most recent strategies relying on base editors technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Masi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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191
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Dao Thi VL, Wu X, Belote RL, Andreo U, Takacs CN, Fernandez JP, Vale-Silva LA, Prallet S, Decker CC, Fu RM, Qu B, Uryu K, Molina H, Saeed M, Steinmann E, Urban S, Singaraja RR, Schneider WM, Simon SM, Rice CM. Stem cell-derived polarized hepatocytes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1677. [PMID: 32245952 PMCID: PMC7125181 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15337-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) offer an attractive platform to study liver biology. Despite their numerous advantages, HLCs lack critical in vivo characteristics, including cell polarity. Here, we report a stem cell differentiation protocol that uses transwell filters to generate columnar polarized HLCs with clearly defined basolateral and apical membranes separated by tight junctions. We show that polarized HLCs secrete cargo directionally: Albumin, urea, and lipoproteins are secreted basolaterally, whereas bile acids are secreted apically. Further, we show that enterically transmitted hepatitis E virus (HEV) progeny particles are secreted basolaterally as quasi-enveloped particles and apically as naked virions, recapitulating essential steps of the natural infectious cycle in vivo. We also provide proof-of-concept that polarized HLCs can be used for pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies. This novel system provides a powerful tool to study hepatocyte biology, disease mechanisms, genetic variation, and drug metabolism in a more physiologically relevant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Schaller Research Group at Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Xianfang Wu
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rachel L Belote
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84105, USA
| | - Ursula Andreo
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constantin N Takacs
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Joseph P Fernandez
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Andre Vale-Silva
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, BIOQUANT, IPMB, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Prallet
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlotte C Decker
- Schaller Research Group at Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca M Fu
- Schaller Research Group at Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bingqian Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany
| | - Kunihiro Uryu
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany
| | - Roshni R Singaraja
- A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) Institute and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - William M Schneider
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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192
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Minor MM, Hollinger FB, McNees AL, Jung SY, Jain A, Hyser JM, Bissig KD, Slagle BL. Hepatitis B Virus HBx Protein Mediates the Degradation of Host Restriction Factors through the Cullin 4 DDB1 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex. Cells 2020; 9:E834. [PMID: 32235678 PMCID: PMC7226812 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) regulatory HBx protein is required for infection, and its binding to cellular damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) is critical for this function. DDB1 is an adaptor protein for the cullin 4A Really Interesting New Gene (RING) E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4) complex and functions by binding cellular DDB1 cullin associated factor (DCAF) receptor proteins that recruit substrates for ubiquitination and degradation. We compared the proteins found in the CRL4 complex immunoprecipitated from uninfected versus HBV-infected hepatocytes from human liver chimeric mice for insight into mechanisms by which HBV and the cell interact within the CRL4 complex. Consistent with its role as a viral DCAF, HBx was found in the HBV CRL4 complexes. In tissue culture transfection experiments, we showed that HBx expression led to decreased levels of known restriction factor structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 6 (SMC6) and putative restriction factors stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1, zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2), and proteasome activator subunit 4 (PSME4). Moreover, silencing of these proteins led to increased HBV replication in the HepG2-sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) infection model. We also identified cellular DCAF receptors in CRL4 complexes from humanized mice. Increasing amounts of HBx did not reveal competitive DCAF binding to cullin4 (CUL4)-DDB1 in plasmid-transfected cells. Our results suggest a model in which HBx benefits virus replication by directly or indirectly degrading multiple cellular restriction factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa M. Minor
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.M.M.); (F.B.H.); (A.L.M.); (J.M.H.)
| | - F. Blaine Hollinger
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.M.M.); (F.B.H.); (A.L.M.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Adrienne L. McNees
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.M.M.); (F.B.H.); (A.L.M.); (J.M.H.)
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antrix Jain
- Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.M.M.); (F.B.H.); (A.L.M.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Betty L. Slagle
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (M.M.M.); (F.B.H.); (A.L.M.); (J.M.H.)
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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193
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Tricot T, De Boeck J, Verfaillie C. Alternative Cell Sources for Liver Parenchyma Repopulation: Where Do We Stand? Cells 2020; 9:E566. [PMID: 32121068 PMCID: PMC7140465 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic liver failure is a highly prevalent medical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, the therapy is orthotopic liver transplantation. However, in some instances, chiefly in the setting of metabolic diseases, transplantation of individual cells, specifically functional hepatocytes, can be an acceptable alternative. The gold standard for this therapy is the use of primary human hepatocytes, isolated from livers that are not suitable for whole organ transplantations. Unfortunately, primary human hepatocytes are scarcely available, which has led to the evaluation of alternative sources of functional hepatocytes. In this review, we will compare the ability of most of these candidate alternative cell sources to engraft and repopulate the liver of preclinical animal models with the repopulation ability found with primary human hepatocytes. We will discuss the current shortcomings of the different cell types, and some of the next steps that we believe need to be taken to create alternative hepatocyte progeny capable of regenerating the failing liver.
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194
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Westhaus A, Cabanes-Creus M, Rybicki A, Baltazar G, Navarro RG, Zhu E, Drouyer M, Knight M, Albu RF, Ng BH, Kalajdzic P, Kwiatek M, Hsu K, Santilli G, Gold W, Kramer B, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. High-Throughput In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Screen of Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Based on Physical and Functional Transduction. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:575-589. [PMID: 32000541 PMCID: PMC7232709 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are quickly becoming the vectors of choice for therapeutic gene delivery. To date, hundreds of natural isolates and bioengineered variants have been reported. While factors such as high production titer and low immunoreactivity are important to consider, the ability to deliver the genetic payload (physical transduction) and to drive high transgene expression (functional transduction) remains the most important feature when selecting AAV variants for clinical applications. Reporter expression assays are the most commonly used methods for determining vector fitness. However, such approaches are time consuming and become impractical when evaluating a large number of variants. Limited access to primary human tissues or challenging model systems further complicates vector testing. To address this problem, convenient high-throughput methods based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) are being developed. To this end, we built an AAV Testing Kit that allows inherent flexibility in regard to number and type of AAV variants included, and is compatible with in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo applications. The Testing Kit presented here consists of a mix of 30 known AAVs where each variant encodes a CMV-eGFP cassette and a unique barcode in the 3′-untranslated region of the eGFP gene, allowing NGS-barcode analysis at both the DNA and RNA/cDNA levels. To validate the AAV Testing Kit, individually packaged barcoded variants were mixed at an equal ratio and used to transduce cells/tissues of interest. DNA and RNA/cDNA were extracted and subsequently analyzed by NGS to determine the physical/functional transduction efficiencies. We were able to assess the transduction efficiencies of immortalized cells, primary cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro, as well as in vivo transduction in naïve mice and a xenograft liver model. Importantly, while our data validated previously reported transduction characteristics of individual capsids, we also identified novel previously unknown tropisms for some AAV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Arkadiusz Rybicki
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Maddison Knight
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Razvan F Albu
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Boaz H Ng
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Predrag Kalajdzic
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Magdalena Kwiatek
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
| | - Kenneth Hsu
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Gold
- Molecular Neurobiology Research Lab, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Belinda Kramer
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Stem Cell & Organoid Facility and Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, , The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
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195
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Bettencourt P. Current Challenges in the Identification of Pre-Erythrocytic Malaria Vaccine Candidate Antigens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:190. [PMID: 32153565 PMCID: PMC7046804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium spp.-infected mosquitos inject sporozoites into the skin of a mammalian host during a blood meal. These enter the host's circulatory system and establish an infection in the liver. After a silent metamorphosis, merozoites invade the blood leading to the symptomatic and transmissible stages of malaria. The silent pre-erythrocytic malaria stage represents a bottleneck in the disease which is ideal to block progression to clinical malaria, through chemotherapeutic and immunoprophylactic interventions. RTS,S/AS01, the only malaria vaccine close to licensure, although with poor efficacy, blocks the sporozoite invasion mainly through the action of antibodies against the CSP protein, a major component of the pellicle of the sporozoite. Strikingly, sterile protection against malaria can be obtained through immunization with radiation-attenuated sporozoites, genetically attenuated sporozoites or through chemoprophylaxis with infectious sporozoites in animals and humans, but the deployability of sporozoite-based live vaccines pose tremendous challenges. The protection induced by sporozoites occurs in the pre-erythrocytic stages and is mediated mainly by antibodies against the sporozoite and CD8+ T cells against peptides presented by MHC class I molecules in infected hepatocytes. Thus, the identification of malaria antigens expressed in the sporozoite and liver-stage may provide new vaccine candidates to be included, alone or in combination, as recombinant protein-based, virus-like particles or sub-unit virally-vectored vaccines. Here I review the efforts being made to identify Plasmodium falciparum antigens expressed during liver-stage with focus on the development of parasite, hepatocyte, mouse models, and resulting rate of infection in order to identify new vaccine candidates and to improve the efficacy of the current vaccines. Finally, I propose new approaches for the identification of liver-stage antigens based on immunopeptidomics.
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196
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Ginn SL, Amaya AK, Liao SHY, Zhu E, Cunningham SC, Lee M, Hallwirth CV, Logan GJ, Tay SS, Cesare AJ, Pickett HA, Grompe M, Dilworth K, Lisowski L, Alexander IE. Efficient in vivo editing of OTC-deficient patient-derived primary human hepatocytes. JHEP Rep 2020; 2:100065. [PMID: 32039406 PMCID: PMC7005564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2019.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Genome editing technology has immense therapeutic potential and is likely to rapidly supplant contemporary gene addition approaches. Key advantages include the capacity to directly repair mutant loci with resultant recovery of physiological gene expression and maintenance of durable therapeutic effects in replicating cells. In this study, we aimed to repair a disease-causing point mutation in the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo at therapeutically relevant levels. Methods Editing reagents for precise CRISPR/SaCas9-mediated cleavage and homology-directed repair (HDR) of the human OTC locus were first evaluated against an OTC minigene cassette transposed into the mouse liver. The editing efficacy of these reagents was then tested on the native OTC locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes xenografted into the FRG (Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-) mouse liver. A highly human hepatotropic capsid (NP59) was used for adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer. Editing events were characterised using next-generation sequencing and restoration of OTC expression was evaluated using immunofluorescence. Results Following AAV-mediated delivery of editing reagents to patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo, OTC locus-specific cleavage was achieved at efficiencies of up to 72%. Importantly, successful editing was observed in up to 29% of OTC alleles at clinically relevant vector doses. No off-target editing events were observed at the top 10 in silico-predicted sites in the genome. Conclusions We report efficient single-nucleotide correction of a disease-causing mutation in the OTC locus in patient-derived primary human hepatocytes in vivo at levels that, if recapitulated in the clinic, would provide benefit for even the most therapeutically challenging liver disorders. Key challenges for clinical translation include the cell cycle dependence of classical HDR and mitigation of unintended on- and off-target editing events. Lay summary The ability to efficiently and safely correct disease-causing mutations remains the holy grail of gene therapy. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, efficient in vivo correction of a patient-specific disease-causing mutation in the OTC gene in primary human hepatocytes, using therapeutically relevant vector doses. We also highlight the challenges that need to be overcome for this technology to be translated into clinical practice. Therapeutically relevant levels of single-nucleotide repair of the human OTC locus were achieved in vivo. Single-nucleotide editing of primary human hepatocytes was facilitated by a highly hepatotropic bioengineered AAV capsid. A novel human minigene platform proved highly effective for evaluation of human liver-specific genome editing reagents.
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Key Words
- 7 NGS, next-generation sequencing
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CRISPR-Cas9
- FRG, Fah-/-Rag2-/-Il2rg-/-
- HDR, homology-directed repair
- ITR, inverted terminal repeats
- InDels, insertions and deletions
- LSP1, liver-specific promoter
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- NP59 capsid
- OTC deficiency
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PRE, mutant form of the Woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element
- RTA, Real Time Analysis
- SV40 pA, SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence
- SaCas9, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 nuclease
- TBG, human thyroxine binding globulin promoter
- U6, RNA polymerase III promoter for human U6 snRNA
- WT, wild-type
- genome editing
- homology-directed repair
- humanised FRG mice
- pA, bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal sequence
- primary human hepatocytes
- rAAV, recombinant adeno-associated virus
- recombinant AAV
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
- synthetic capsid
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anais K Amaya
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Sharon C Cunningham
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Michael Lee
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Hilda A Pickett
- Telomere Length Regulation Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Markus Grompe
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kimberley Dilworth
- Translational Vectorology Group and Vector & Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Group and Vector & Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulway, Poland
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
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197
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Sari G, Meester EJ, van der Zee LC, Wouters K, van Lennep JR, Peppelenbosch M, Boonstra A, Van der Heiden K, Mulder MMT, Vanwolleghem T. A mouse model of humanized liver shows a human-like lipid profile, but does not form atherosclerotic plaque after western type diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:510-515. [PMID: 32014257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models are a crucial and often used tool to provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of human atherosclerosis. However, mice profoundly differ from humans in lipoprotein synthesis and metabolism, key factors in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Mouse models often require genetic and dietary modifications to mimic human pathophysiology, shifting from a high-density lipoprotein to an low-density lipoprotein dominant lipoprotein profile. We examined the suitability of mice with a humanized liver as a model for lipoprotein studies and studies on plaque formation, given the central role of hepatocytes in lipoprotein synthesis and metabolism. Our results show a progressive humanization of the mouse liver and a humanized lipoprotein profile. However, no atherosclerotic plaque formation was observed in the studied time frame, despite presence of functional macrophages and application of a high cholesterol western-type diet. The humanized-liver mouse model therefore might require further modifications to induce atherosclerosis, yet seems a valuable model for in vivo studies on lipoprotein metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulce Sari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eric J Meester
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie C van der Zee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, MUMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanine R van Lennep
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kim Van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique M T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vanwolleghem
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
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198
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Expansion, in vivo-ex vivo cycling, and genetic manipulation of primary human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1678-1688. [PMID: 31915293 PMCID: PMC6983380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919035117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to study human liver disease is limited by available hepatocyte models. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and xenograft models suffer from limited availability, donor-to-donor variability, and high cost. Here we report two transformative advances. First, the alkaloid retrorsine improves humanization of the murine liver, which allows routine production of highly humanized mice and high-quality mouse-passaged PHH. Second, the ability to genetically modify PHH cultures and retransplant to create highly humanized mice with genetically altered grafts. When combined, these two advances open new frontiers for creating disease-specific PHH models and for performing genetic and other screens in PHH. Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are an essential tool for modeling drug metabolism and liver disease. However, variable plating efficiencies, short lifespan in culture, and resistance to genetic manipulation have limited their use. Here, we show that the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine improves PHH repopulation of chimeric mice on average 10-fold and rescues the ability of even poorly plateable donor hepatocytes to provide cells for subsequent ex vivo cultures. These mouse-passaged (mp) PHH cultures overcome the marked donor-to-donor variability of cryopreserved PHH and remain functional for months as demonstrated by metabolic assays and infection with hepatitis B virus and Plasmodium falciparum. mpPHH can be efficiently genetically modified in culture, mobilized, and then recultured as spheroids or retransplanted to create highly humanized mice that carry a genetically altered hepatocyte graft. Together, these advances provide flexible tools for the study of human liver disease and evaluation of hepatocyte-targeted gene therapy approaches.
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199
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Characterization and applications of chimeric mice with humanized livers for preclinical drug development. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:2. [PMID: 32206609 PMCID: PMC7081693 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have succeeded in stable mass production of chimeric PXB-mice, whose liver is repopulated by human hepatocytes at a ratio of more than 70%, and we are providing these mice to academia and pharmaceutical companies to support the development of new drugs or studies of liver function. Furthermore, we isolated human hepatocytes, called PXB-cells, from the chimeric mice, and provide them for clients weekly for in vitro studies. In this review, we summarize the existing characterizations of PXB-mice and PXB-cells and their present and future applications.
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200
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Song CQ, Jiang T, Richter M, Rhym LH, Koblan LW, Zafra MP, Schatoff EM, Doman JL, Cao Y, Dow LE, Zhu LJ, Anderson DG, Liu DR, Yin H, Xue W. Adenine base editing in an adult mouse model of tyrosinaemia. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:125-130. [PMID: 31740768 PMCID: PMC6986236 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to traditional CRISPR-Cas9 homology-directed repair, base editing can correct point mutations without supplying a DNA-repair template. Here we show in a mouse model of tyrosinaemia that hydrodynamic tail-vein injection of plasmid DNA encoding the adenine base editor (ABE) and a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) can correct an A>G splice-site mutation. ABE treatment partially restored splicing, generated fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH)-positive hepatocytes in the liver, and rescued weight loss in mice. We also generated FAH+ hepatocytes in the liver via lipid-nanoparticle-mediated delivery of a chemically modified sgRNA and an mRNA of a codon-optimized base editor that displayed higher base-editing efficiency than the standard ABEs. Our findings suggest that adenine base editing can be used for the correction of genetic diseases in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qing Song
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Tingting Jiang
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Richter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke H Rhym
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke W Koblan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Paz Zafra
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma M Schatoff
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-I MD-PhD program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan L Doman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yueying Cao
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Hao Yin
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wen Xue
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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