151
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Xu H, van Mechelen L, Henningsson F, Heyman B. Antigen Conjugated to Anti-CD23 Antibodies is Rapidly Transported to Splenic Follicles by Recirculating B Cells. Scand J Immunol 2014; 81:39-45. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Xu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - L. van Mechelen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - F. Henningsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - B. Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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152
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Ramon S, Baker SF, Sahler JM, Kim N, Feldsott EA, Serhan CN, Martínez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ, Phipps RP. The specialized proresolving mediator 17-HDHA enhances the antibody-mediated immune response against influenza virus: a new class of adjuvant? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:6031-40. [PMID: 25392529 PMCID: PMC4258475 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a critical global health concern. More efficacious vaccines are needed to protect against influenza virus, yet few adjuvants are approved for routine use. Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) are powerful endogenous bioactive regulators of inflammation, with great clinical translational properties. In this study, we investigated the ability of the SPM 17-HDHA to enhance the adaptive immune response using an OVA immunization model and a preclinical influenza vaccination mouse model. Our findings revealed that mice immunized with OVA plus 17-HDHA or with H1N1-derived HA protein plus 17-HDHA increased Ag-specific Ab titers. 17-HDHA increased the number of Ab-secreting cells in vitro and the number of HA-specific Ab-secreting cells present in the bone marrow. Importantly, the 17-HDHA-mediated increased Ab production was more protective against live pH1N1 influenza infection in mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the biological effects of ω-3-derived SPMs on the humoral immune response. These findings illustrate a previously unknown biological link between proresolution signals and the adaptive immune system. Furthermore, this work has important implications for the understanding of B cell biology, as well as the development of new potential vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesquile Ramon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Steven F Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Julie M Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Nina Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Eric A Feldsott
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642;
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153
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Suenaga F, Ueha S, Abe J, Kosugi-Kanaya M, Wang Y, Yokoyama A, Shono Y, Shand FHW, Morishita Y, Kunisawa J, Sato S, Kiyono H, Matsushima K. Loss of Lymph Node Fibroblastic Reticular Cells and High Endothelial Cells Is Associated with Humoral Immunodeficiency in Mouse Graft-versus-Host Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:398-406. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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154
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Bienkowska J, Allaire N, Thai A, Goyal J, Plavina T, Nirula A, Weaver M, Newman C, Petri M, Beckman E, Browning JL. Lymphotoxin-LIGHT pathway regulates the interferon signature in rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112545. [PMID: 25405351 PMCID: PMC4236099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of patients with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and lupus appear to be exposed continually to interferon (IFN) as evidenced by elevated expression of IFN induced genes in blood cells. In lupus, detection of endogenous chromatin complexes by the innate sensing machinery is the suspected driver for the IFN, but the actual mechanisms remain unknown in all of these diseases. We investigated in two randomized clinical trials the effects on RA patients of baminercept, a lymphotoxin-beta receptor-immunoglobulin fusion protein that blocks the lymphotoxin-αβ/LIGHT axis. Administration of baminercept led to a reduced RNA IFN signature in the blood of patients with elevated baseline signatures. Both RA and SLE patients with a high IFN signature were lymphopenic and lymphocyte counts increased following baminercept treatment of RA patients. These data demonstrate a coupling between the lymphotoxin-LIGHT system and IFN production in rheumatoid arthritis. IFN induced retention of lymphocytes within lymphoid tissues is a likely component of the lymphopenia observed in many autoimmune diseases. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00664716.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Bienkowska
- Translational Medicine, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Norm Allaire
- Translational Medicine, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alice Thai
- Translational Medicine, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jaya Goyal
- Translational Medicine, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Plavina
- Translational Medicine, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ajay Nirula
- Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Megan Weaver
- Global Clinical Operations, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Newman
- Global Clinical Operations, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michelle Petri
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Evan Beckman
- Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Browning
- Immunobiology, Biogen Idec, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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155
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Abstract
Cholesterol and components of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway have fundamental roles in all mammalian cells. Hydroxylated forms of cholesterol are now emerging as important regulators of immune function. This involves effects on the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and cell membrane properties, which can have antiviral and anti-inflammatory influences. In addition, a dihydroxylated form of cholesterol functions as an immune cell guidance cue by engaging the G protein-coupled receptor EBI2, and it is required for mounting adaptive immune responses. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of the closely related oxysterols 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, and the growing evidence that they have wide-ranging influences on innate and adaptive immunity.
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156
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Van Gorp H, Kuchmiy A, Van Hauwermeiren F, Lamkanfi M. NOD-like receptors interfacing the immune and reproductive systems. FEBS J 2014; 281:4568-82. [PMID: 25154302 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors (NOD-like receptors, NLRs) are intracellular proteins that are chiefly known for their critical functions in inflammatory responses and host defense against microbial pathogens. Several NLRs have been demonstrated to assemble inflammasomes or to engage transcriptional signaling cascades that result in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and bactericidal factors. In recent years, NLRs have also emerged as key regulators of early mammalian embryogenesis and reproduction. A subset of phylogenetically related NLRs represents a new class of maternal effect genes that are highly expressed in maturing oocytes and pre-implantation embryos. Mutations in several of these NLRs have been linked to hereditary reproductive defects and imprinting diseases. In this review, we discuss the expression profiles, the emerging functions and molecular mode of action of these NLRs with newly recognized roles at the interfaces of the immune and reproductive systems. In addition, we provide an overview of coding mutations in NLRs that have been associated with human reproductive diseases, and outline crucial outstanding questions in this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Van Gorp
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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157
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Cremasco V, Woodruff MC, Onder L, Cupovic J, Nieves-Bonilla JM, Schildberg FA, Chang J, Cremasco F, Harvey CJ, Wucherpfennig K, Ludewig B, Carroll MC, Turley SJ. B cell homeostasis and follicle confines are governed by fibroblastic reticular cells. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:973-81. [PMID: 25151489 PMCID: PMC4205585 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Naive B and T cells exist in discrete zones in lymph nodes. Turley and colleagues demonstrate that a distinct subset of fibroblastic reticular cells reside in B cell zones, where they sustain B cell survival by providing BAFF. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are known to inhabit T cell–rich areas of lymphoid organs, where they function to facilitate interactions between T cells and dendritic cells. However, in vivo manipulation of FRCs has been limited by a dearth of genetic tools that target this lineage. Here, using a mouse model to conditionally ablate FRCs, we demonstrated their indispensable role in antiviral T cell responses. Unexpectedly, loss of FRCs also attenuated humoral immunity due to impaired B cell viability and follicular organization. Follicle-resident FRCs established a favorable niche for B lymphocytes via production of the cytokine BAFF. Thus, our study indicates that adaptive immunity requires an intact FRC network and identifies a subset of FRCs that control B cell homeostasis and follicle identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Cremasco
- 1] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2]
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- 1] Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3]
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Janice M Nieves-Bonilla
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Chang
- 1] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Floriana Cremasco
- 1] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christopher J Harvey
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kai Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Carroll
- 1] Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannon J Turley
- 1] Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3]
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158
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Temchura V, Kalinin S, Nabi G, Tippler B, Niezold T, Uberla K. Divergence of primary cognate B- and T-cell proliferative responses to subcutaneous and intravenous immunization with virus-like particles. Viruses 2014; 6:3334-47. [PMID: 25153345 PMCID: PMC4147698 DOI: 10.3390/v6083334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major advantage of virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines against HIV is their structural identity to wild-type viruses, ensuring that antigen-specific B-cells encounter the envelope protein in its natural conformation. For the induction of affinity-matured antibodies, the B-cells must also obtain help from T-cells that are restricted by linear epitopes. Using B- and T-cell transgenic mouse models, we compared the efficacy of modified HIV-VLPs delivered by subcutaneous and intravenous immunization to stimulate primary B- and T-cell proliferative responses in different lymphoid organs. VLPs containing an influenza virus hemagglutinin epitope within the HIV-Gag protein induced comparable primary cognate T-cell proliferative responses in the draining lymph node and the spleen, irrespective of the delivery route. In contrast, after subcutaneous immunization with HIV-Gag VLPs containing hen egg lysozyme (HEL) on their surface, the proliferative response of transgenic HEL-specific B-cells was restricted to the draining lymph nodes, while intravenous VLP immunization primarily induced a B-cell proliferative response in the spleen. In vitro co-culture experiments further revealed that the presentation of VLP-associated surface antigens by dendritic cells to cognate B-cells is inefficient. This is consistent with a direct triggering of the B-cell proliferative response by the VLPs and suggests that HIV VLPs may indeed be suitable to directly promote the expansion of B-cells specific for conformational epitopes that are unique to functionally-active Env spikes on the virion. Further investigations are warranted to explore potential differences in the quality and protective potency of HIV-specific antibody responses induced by the two routes.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Administration, Intravenous
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muramidase/genetics
- Muramidase/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Temchura
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.
| | - Svetlana Kalinin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.
| | - Bettina Tippler
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.
| | - Thomas Niezold
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, D-44780, Germany.
| | - Klaus Uberla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, D-44780, Germany
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159
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Qi H, Kastenmüller W, Germain RN. Spatiotemporal basis of innate and adaptive immunity in secondary lymphoid tissue. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:141-67. [PMID: 25150013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites of both innate and adaptive host defense. Aside from the relatively static nonhematopoietic stromal elements and some macrophages and dendritic cells, most of the cells in these tissues are in constant movement, but the organs maintain a defined microanatomy with preferred locations for the bulk of T cells, B cells, and other lymphocytes and subsets of myeloid cells. Here we describe both the cell dynamics and spatial organization of lymph nodes and review how both physical features and molecular cues guide cell movement to optimize host defense. We emphasize the role of locality in improving the efficiency of a system requiring rare cells to find each other and interact productively through membrane-bound or short-range secreted mediators and highlight how changes in steady-state cell positioning during an infectious challenge contribute to rapid generation of productive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
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160
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Omidbakhsh R, Rajabli B, Nasoohi S, Khallaghi B, Mohamed Z, Naidu M, Ahmadiani A, Dargahi L. Fingolimod affects gene expression profile associated with LPS-induced memory impairment. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3687-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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161
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Zhang L, Ding Z, Xu H, Heyman B. Marginal zone B cells transport IgG3-immune complexes to splenic follicles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1681-9. [PMID: 25015822 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ag administered together with specific IgG3 induces a higher Ab response than Ag administered alone, an effect requiring the presence of complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1/2). In this study, we have investigated the fate of Ag, the development of germinal centers (GCs), and the Ab response after i.v. administration of IgG3 anti-trinitrophenyl (TNP) in complex with OVA-TNP. After 2 h, OVA-TNP was detected on marginal zone (MZ) B cells, and a substantial amount of Ag was detected in splenic follicles and colocalized with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs). After 10 d, the percentage of GCs and the IgG responses were markedly higher than in mice immunized with uncomplexed OVA-TNP. The effects of IgG3 were dependent on CR1/2 known to be expressed on B cells and FDCs. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we demonstrate that an optimal response to IgG3-Ag complexes requires that CR1/2 is expressed on both cell types. These data suggest that CR1/2(+) MZ B cells transport IgG3-Ag-C complexes from the MZ to the follicles, where they are captured by FDCs and induce GCs and IgG production. This pathway for initiating the transport of Ags into splenic follicles complements previously known B-cell dependent pathways where Ag is transported by 1) MZ B cells, binding large Ags-IgM-C complexes via CR1/2; 2) recirculating B cells, binding Ag via BCR; or 3) recirculating B cells, binding IgE-Ag complexes via the low-affinity receptor for IgE, CD23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Heyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
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162
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Kwissa M, Nakaya HI, Onlamoon N, Wrammert J, Villinger F, Perng GC, Yoksan S, Pattanapanyasat K, Chokephaibulkit K, Ahmed R, Pulendran B. Dengue virus infection induces expansion of a CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte population that stimulates plasmablast differentiation. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:115-27. [PMID: 24981333 PMCID: PMC4116428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection induces the expansion of plasmablasts, which produce antibodies that can neutralize DENV but also enhance disease upon secondary infection with another DENV serotype. To understand how these immune responses are generated, we used a systems biological approach to analyze immune responses to dengue in humans. Transcriptomic analysis of whole blood revealed that genes encoding proinflammatory mediators and type I interferon-related proteins were associated with high DENV levels during initial symptomatic disease. Additionally, CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes increased in the blood. Similarly, in a nonhuman primate model, DENV infection boosted CD14(+)CD16(+) monocyte numbers in the blood and lymph nodes. Upon DENV infection in vitro, monocytes upregulated CD16 and mediated differentiation of resting B cells to plasmablasts as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM secretion. These findings provide a detailed picture of innate responses to dengue and highlight a role for CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes in promoting plasmablast differentiation and anti-DENV antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kwissa
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nattawat Onlamoon
- Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Division of Pathology at Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Guey Chuen Perng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sutee Yoksan
- Insitute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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163
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Abstract
The main function of the lymphatic system is to control and maintain fluid homeostasis, lipid transport, and immune cell trafficking. In recent years, the pathological roles of lymphangiogenesis, the generation of new lymphatic vessels from preexisting ones, in inflammatory diseases and cancer progression are beginning to be elucidated. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid, mediates multiple cellular events, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and trafficking, and is now known as an important mediator of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we will discuss recent findings showing the emerging role of S1P in lymphangiogenesis, in inflammation, and in cancer.
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164
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Dellabona P, Abrignani S, Casorati G. iNKT-cell help to B cells: a cooperative job between innate and adaptive immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2230-7. [PMID: 24782127 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell help to B lymphocytes is one of the most important events in adaptive immune responses in health and disease. It is generally delivered by cognate CD4(+) T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells via both cell-to-cell contacts and soluble mediators, and it is essential for both the clonal expansion of antibody (Ab)-secreting B cells and memory B-cell formation. CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of innate-like T lymphocytes that rapidly respond to stimulation with specific lipid antigens (Ags) that are derived from infectious pathogens or stressed host cells. Activated iNKT cells produce a wide range of cytokines and upregulate costimulatory molecules that can promote activation of dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells. A decade ago, we discovered that iNKT cells can help B cells to proliferate and to produce IgG Abs in vitro and in vivo. This adjuvant-like function of Ag-activated iNKT cells provides a flexible set of helper mechanisms that expand the current paradigm of T-cell-B-cell interaction and highlights the potential of iNKT-cell targeting vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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165
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Dixon AM, Drake L, Hughes KT, Sargent E, Hunt D, Harton JA, Drake JR. Differential transmembrane domain GXXXG motif pairing impacts major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II structure. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11695-11703. [PMID: 24619409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.516997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules exhibit conformational heterogeneity, which influences their ability to stimulate CD4 T cells and drive immune responses. Previous studies suggest a role for the transmembrane domain of the class II αβ heterodimer in determining molecular structure and function. Our previous studies identified an MHC class II conformer that is marked by the Ia.2 epitope. These Ia.2(+) class II conformers are lipid raft-associated and able to drive both tyrosine kinase signaling and efficient antigen presentation to CD4 T cells. Here, we establish that the Ia.2(+) I-A(k) conformer is formed early in the class II biosynthetic pathway and that differential pairing of highly conserved transmembrane domain GXXXG dimerization motifs is responsible for formation of Ia.2(+) versus Ia.2(-) I-A(k) class II conformers and controlling lipid raft partitioning. These findings provide a molecular explanation for the formation of two distinct MHC class II conformers that differ in their inherent ability to signal and drive robust T cell activation, providing new insight into the role of MHC class II in regulating antigen-presenting cell-T cell interactions critical to the initiation and control of multiple aspects of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Drake
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Kelly T Hughes
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Elizabeth Sargent
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Danielle Hunt
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - Jonathan A Harton
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
| | - James R Drake
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208.
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166
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Kuka M, Iannacone M. The role of lymph node sinus macrophages in host defense. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1319:38-46. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology; Transplantation and Infectious Diseases; San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milan Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology; Transplantation and Infectious Diseases; San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milan Italy
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167
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Lämmermann T, Germain RN. The multiple faces of leukocyte interstitial migration. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:227-51. [PMID: 24573488 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal control of leukocyte dynamics within tissues is critical for successful innate and adaptive immune responses. Homeostatic trafficking and coordinated infiltration into and within sites of inflammation and infection rely on signaling in response to extracellular cues that in turn controls a variety of intracellular protein networks regulating leukocyte motility, migration, chemotaxis, positioning, and cell-cell interaction. In contrast to mesenchymal cells, leukocytes migrate in an amoeboid fashion by rapid cycles of actin polymerization and actomyosin contraction, and their migration in tissues is generally referred to as low adhesive and nonproteolytic. The interplay of actin network expansion, contraction, and adhesion shapes the exact mode of amoeboid migration, and in this review, we explore how leukocyte subsets potentially harness the same basic biomechanical mechanisms in a cell-type-specific manner. Most of our detailed understanding of these processes derives from in vitro migration studies in three-dimensional gels and confined spaces that mimic geometrical aspects of physiological tissues. We summarize these in vitro results and then critically compare them to data from intravital imaging of leukocyte interstitial migration in mouse tissues. We outline the technical challenges of obtaining conclusive mechanistic results from intravital studies, discuss leukocyte migration strategies in vivo, and present examples of mode switching during physiological interstitial migration. These findings are also placed in the context of leukocyte migration defects in primary immunodeficiencies. This overview of both in vitro and in vivo studies highlights recent progress in understanding the molecular and biophysical mechanisms that shape robust leukocyte migration responses in physiologically complex and heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lämmermann
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,
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168
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Humpert ML, Pinto D, Jarrossay D, Thelen M. CXCR7 influences the migration of B cells during maturation. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:694-705. [PMID: 24259140 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The atypical chemokine receptor CXCR7 binds the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL11. The receptor is widely expressed and was shown to tune CXCR12-induced responses of CXCR4. Here, the function of CXCR7 was examined at late stages of human B-cell maturation, when B cells differentiate into Ab-secreting plasmablasts. We identified two populations of CXCR7(+) cells in tonsillar lymphocytes, one being presumably memory B cells or early plasmablasts (FSC(low) CD19(+) CD38(mid) ) and the other being plasmablasts or early plasma cells (FSC(high) CD19(+) CD38(+) ). CXCR7 is expressed on CD19(+) CD27(+) memory B cells, on CD19(+) CD38(+) CD138(-) and intracellular immunoglobulin high plasmablasts, but not on CD19(+) CD138(+) icIg(high) plasma cells. The differential expression pattern suggests a potential contribution of the scavenger receptor in final B-cell maturation. On in vitro differentiating B cells, we found a marked inverse correlation between CXCR7 and CXCR5 cell surface levels, whereas expression of CXCR4 remained almost constant. Migration assays performed with tonsillar mononuclear cells or in vitro differentiated cells revealed that inhibition of CXCR7 markedly increases chemotaxis toward CXCL12, especially at late stages of B-cell maturation. Chemotaxis was attenuated in the presence of CXCR4 antagonists, confirming that migration is CXCR4 mediated. Our findings unequivocally demonstrate a novel role for CXCR7 in regulating the migration of plasmablasts during B-cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Luise Humpert
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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169
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Machtaler S, Choi K, Dang-Lawson M, Falk L, Pournia F, Naus CC, Matsuuchi L. The role of the gap junction protein connexin43 in B lymphocyte motility and migration. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1249-58. [PMID: 24486015 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The gap junction family of proteins is widely expressed in mammalian cells and form intercellular channels between adjacent cells, as well as hemichannels, for transport of molecules between the cell and the surrounding environment. In addition, gap junction proteins have recently been implicated as important for the regulation of cell adhesion and migration in a variety of cell types. The gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) regulates B lymphocyte adhesion, BCR- and LFA-1-mediated activation of the GTPase Rap1, and cytoskeletal rearrangements resulting in changes to cell shape and membrane spreading. We demonstrate here that the actin cytoskeleton is important for the distribution of Cx43 in the B cell plasma membrane and for other cell processes involving the cytoskeleton. Using shRNA knockdown of Cx43 in B lymphoma cells we show that Cx43 is also necessary for chemokine-mediated Rap 1 activation, motility, CXCL12-directed migration, and movement across an endothelial cell monolayer. These results demonstrate that in addition to its role in B cell spreading, Cx43 is an important regulator of B-cell motility and migration, processes essential for normal B-cell development and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Machtaler
- CELL and I(3) Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kate Choi
- CELL and I(3) Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - May Dang-Lawson
- CELL and I(3) Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Letitia Falk
- CELL and I(3) Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Farnaz Pournia
- CELL and I(3) Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christian C Naus
- CELL and I(3) Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Neuroscience Research Group, Life Sciences Institute, Dept of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Linda Matsuuchi
- CELL and I(3) Research Groups, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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170
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171
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Yuseff MI, Pierobon P, Reversat A, Lennon-Duménil AM. How B cells capture, process and present antigens: a crucial role for cell polarity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:475-86. [PMID: 23797063 DOI: 10.1038/nri3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B cells are key components of the adaptive immune response. Their differentiation into either specific memory B cells or antibody-secreting plasma cells is a consequence of activation steps that involve the processing and presentation of antigens. The engagement of B cell receptors by surface-tethered antigens leads to the formation of an immunological synapse that coordinates cell signalling events and that promotes antigen uptake for presentation on MHC class II molecules. In this Review, we discuss membrane trafficking and the associated molecular mechanisms that are involved in antigen extraction and processing at the B cell synapse, and we highlight how B cells use cell polarity to coordinate the complex events that ultimately lead to efficient humoral responses.
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172
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Aguzzi A, Kranich J, Krautler NJ. Follicular dendritic cells: origin, phenotype, and function in health and disease. Trends Immunol 2013; 35:105-13. [PMID: 24315719 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) were originally identified by their specific morphology and by their ability to trap immune-complexed antigen in B cell follicles. By virtue of the latter as well as the provision of chemokines, adhesion molecules, and trophic factors, FDCs participate in the shaping of B cell responses. Importantly, FDCs also supply tingible body macrophages (TBMs) with the eat-me-signaling molecule milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (Mfge8), thereby enabling the disposal of apoptotic B cells. Recent studies have provided fundamental insights into the multiple functions of FDCs in both physiological and pathophysiological contexts and into their origin. Here we review these findings, and discuss current concepts related to FDC histogenesis both in lymphoid organs and in inflammatory lymphoneogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nike Julia Krautler
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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173
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Giltiay NV, Chappell CP, Sun X, Kolhatkar N, Teal TH, Wiedeman AE, Kim J, Tanaka L, Buechler MB, Hamerman JA, Imanishi-Kari T, Clark EA, Elkon KB. Overexpression of TLR7 promotes cell-intrinsic expansion and autoantibody production by transitional T1 B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2773-89. [PMID: 24145511 PMCID: PMC3832927 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic expression of TLR7 results in the expansion and hyperactivation of T1 B cells in response to endogenous RNA complexes, leading to increased autoantibody production. Toll-like receptor (TLR), a ligand for single-stranded RNA, has been implicated in the development of pathogenic anti-RNA autoantibodies both in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients and in murine models of lupus. It is still unclear, however, where and how TLR7-mediated interactions affect the development of autoreactive B cells. We found that overexpression of TLR7 in transgenic mice (TLR7.1Tg) leads to marked alterations of transitional (T1) B cells, associated with their expansion and proliferation within the splenic red pulp (RP). This phenotype was intrinsic to the T1 subset of B cells and occurred independently of type 1 IFN signals. Overexpression of RNase in TLR7.1Tg mice significantly limited the expansion and proliferation of T1 cells, indicating that endogenous RNA complexes are driving their activation. TLR7.1Tg T1 cells were hyper-responsive to anti-IgM and TLR7 ligand stimulation in vitro and produced high concentrations of class-switched IgG2b and IgG2c, including anti-RNA antibodies. Our results demonstrate that initial TLR7 stimulation of B cells occurs at the T1 stage of differentiation in the splenic RP and suggest that dysregulation of TLR7 expression in T1 cells can result in production of autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Giltiay
- Department of Immunology and 2 Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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174
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Pierce SK, Liu W. Encoding immunological memory in the initiation of B-cell receptor signaling. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 78:231-7. [PMID: 24100585 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In one of the earliest events in the initiation of antigen-driven antibody responses, naïve, IgM-, and IgD-expressing B cells enter germinal centers where they irreversibly isotype switch to the expression of predominately IgG B-cell receptors (BCRs). The IgG-expressing B cells then undergo rounds of antigen-driven selection, ultimately exiting germinal centers as IgG-expressing memory B cells or plasma blast. This early switch from IgM to IgG begs the question: Of what advantage to the memory response is the B cell's expression of an IgG BCR? Despite convincing evidence that the expression of IgG BCRs is essential for antibody memory responses in vivo, the molecular basis of this requirement is only incompletely understood. Here we describe intrinsic features of IgG BCRs that endow memory B cells with the ability to rapidly and efficiently initiate signaling. Remarkably, efficient signaling is mediated through the cytoplasmic tail of the membrane IgG that binds to synapse associated protein 97, a member of a large family of proteins that are best studied for their role in regulating receptor signaling in neuronal synapses. These findings underscore an interesting parallel in the mechanisms at play in encoding immunological memory and memory in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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175
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Wilmore JR, Maue AC, Lefebvre JS, Haynes L, Rochford R. AcutePlasmodium chabaudiInfection Dampens Humoral Responses to a Secondary T-Dependent Antigen but Enhances Responses to a Secondary T-Independent Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4731-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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176
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Chen J, Yin H, Xu J, Wang Q, Edelblum KL, Sciammas R, Chong AS. Reversing endogenous alloreactive B cell GC responses with anti-CD154 or CTLA-4Ig. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2280-92. [PMID: 23855587 PMCID: PMC3797532 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alloantibodies mediate acute antibody-mediated rejection as well as chronic allograft rejection in clinical transplantation. To better understand the cellular dynamics driving antibody production, we focused on the activation and differentiation of alloreactive B cells in the draining lymph nodes and spleen following sensitization to allogeneic cells or hearts. We used a modified staining approach with a single MHC Class I tetramer (K(d)) bound to two different fluorochromes to discriminate between the Class I-binding and fluorochrome-streptavidin-binding B cells with a high degree of specificity and binding efficiency. By Day 7-8 postsensitization, there was a 1.5- to 3.2-fold increase in the total numbers of K(d) -binding B cells. Within this K(d) -binding B cell population, approximately half were IgD(low) , MHC Class II(high) and CD86(+), 30-45% expressed a germinal center (Fas(+) GL7(+)) phenotype and 3-12% were IRF4(hi) plasma cells. Remarkably, blockade with anti-CD40 or CTLA-4Ig, starting on Day 7 postimmunization for 1 or 4 weeks, completely dissolved established GCs and halted further development of the alloantibody response. Thus MHC Class I tetramers can specifically track the in vivo fate of endogenous, Class I-specific B cells and was used to demonstrate the ability of delayed treatment with anti-CD154 or CTLA-4Ig to halt established allo-B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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177
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Barrio L, Saez de Guinoa J, Carrasco YR. TLR4 Signaling Shapes B Cell Dynamics via MyD88-Dependent Pathways and Rac GTPases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3867-75. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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178
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Yates JL, Racine R, McBride KM, Winslow GM. T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells generated during bacterial infection are required for IgG responses to antigen challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1240-9. [PMID: 23804710 PMCID: PMC3720767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory has long considered to be harbored in B cells that express high-affinity class-switched IgG. IgM-positive memory B cells can also be generated following immunization, although their physiological role has been unclear. In this study, we show that bacterial infection elicited a relatively large population of IgM memory B cells that were uniquely identified by their surface expression of CD11c, CD73, and programmed death-ligand 2. The cells lacked expression of cell surface markers typically expressed by germinal center B cells, were CD138 negative, and did not secrete Ab ex vivo. The population was also largely quiescent and accumulated somatic mutations. The IgM memory B cells were located in the region of the splenic marginal zone and were not detected in blood or other secondary lymphoid organs. Generation of the memory cells was CD4 T cell dependent and required IL-21R signaling. In vivo depletion of the IgM memory B cells abrogated the IgG recall responses to specific Ag challenge, demonstrating that the cell population was required for humoral memory, and underwent class-switch recombination following Ag encounter. Our findings demonstrate that T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells can be elicited at high frequency and can play an important role in maintaining long-term immunity during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Rachael Racine
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithfield, TX 78957
| | - Gary M. Winslow
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
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179
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Song W, Liu C, Upadhyaya A. The pivotal position of the actin cytoskeleton in the initiation and regulation of B cell receptor activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:569-78. [PMID: 23886914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is a dynamic cellular network known for its function in cell morphology and motility. Recent studies using high resolution and real time imaging techniques have revealed that actin plays a critical role in signal transduction, primarily by modulating the dynamics and organization of membrane-associated receptors and signaling molecules. This review summarizes what we have learned so far about a regulatory niche of the actin cytoskeleton in the signal transduction of the B cell receptor (BCR). The activation of the BCR is initiated and regulated by a close coordination between the dynamics of surface BCRs and the cortical actin network. The actin cytoskeleton is involved in regulating the signaling threshold of the BCR to antigenic stimulation, the kinetics and amplification of BCR signaling activities, and the timing and kinetics of signaling downregulation. Actin exerts its regulatory function by controlling the kinetics, magnitude, subcellular location, and nature of BCR clustering and BCR signaling complex formation at every stage of signaling. The cortical actin network is remodeled by initial detachment from the plasma membrane, disassembly and subsequent reassembly into new actin structures in response to antigenic stimulation. Signaling responsive actin regulators translate BCR stimulatory and inhibitory signals into a series of actin remodeling events, which enhance signaling activation and down-regulation by modulating the lateral mobility and spatial organization of surface BCR. The mechanistic understanding of actin-mediated signaling regulation in B cells will help us explore B cell-specific manipulations of the actin cytoskeleton as treatments for B cell-mediated autoimmunity and B cell cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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180
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Saez de Guinoa J, Barrio L, Carrasco YR. Vinculin Arrests Motile B Cells by Stabilizing Integrin Clustering at the Immune Synapse. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2742-51. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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181
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Kato A, Hulse KE, Tan BK, Schleimer RP. B-lymphocyte lineage cells and the respiratory system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:933-57; quiz 958. [PMID: 23540615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive humoral immune responses in the airways are mediated by B cells and plasma cells that express highly evolved and specific receptors and produce immunoglobulins of most isotypes. In some cases, such as autoimmune diseases or inflammatory diseases caused by excessive exposure to foreign antigens, these same immune cells can cause disease by virtue of overly vigorous responses. This review discusses the generation, differentiation, signaling, activation, and recruitment pathways of B cells and plasma cells, with special emphasis on unique characteristics of subsets of these cells functioning within the respiratory system. The primary sensitization events that generate B cells responsible for effector responses throughout the airways usually occur in the upper airways, tonsils, and adenoid structures that make up the Waldeyer ring. On secondary exposure to antigen in the airways, antigen-processing dendritic cells migrate into secondary lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, that drain the upper and lower airways, and further B-cell expansion takes place at those sites. Antigen exposure in the upper or lower airways can also drive expansion of B-lineage cells in the airway mucosal tissue and lead to the formation of inducible lymphoid follicles or aggregates that can mediate local immunity or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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182
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B cell localization: regulation by EBI2 and its oxysterol ligand. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:336-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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183
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Yau IW, Cato MH, Jellusova J, Hurtado de Mendoza T, Brink R, Rickert RC. Censoring of self-reactive B cells by follicular dendritic cell-displayed self-antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1082-90. [PMID: 23817432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the secondary lymphoid organs, intimate contact with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) is required for B cell retention and Ag-driven selection during the germinal center response. However, selection of self-reactive B cells by Ag on FDCs has not been addressed. To this end, we generated a mouse model to conditionally express a membrane-bound self-antigen on FDCs and to monitor the fate of developing self-reactive B cells. In this article, we show that self-antigen displayed on FDCs mediates effective elimination of self-reactive B cells at the transitional stage. Notwithstanding, some self-reactive B cells persist beyond this checkpoint, showing evidence of Ag experience and intact proximal BCR signaling, but they are short-lived and unable to elicit T cell help. These results implicate FDCs as an important component of peripheral B cell tolerance that prevents the emergence of naive B cells capable of responding to sequestered self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene W Yau
- Program on Inflammatory Diseases, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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184
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Bachler BC, Humbert M, Lakhashe SK, Rasmussen RA, Ruprecht RM. Live-virus exposure of vaccine-protected macaques alters the anti-HIV-1 antibody repertoire in the absence of viremia. Retrovirology 2013; 10:63. [PMID: 23800339 PMCID: PMC3695773 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We addressed the question whether live-virus challenges could alter vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) responses in vaccinated rhesus macaques (RMs) that completely resisted repeated exposures to R5-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency viruses encoding heterologous HIV clade C envelopes (SHIV-Cs). RESULTS We examined the Ab responses in aviremic RMs that had been immunized with a multi-component protein vaccine (multimeric HIV-1 gp160, HIV-1 Tat and SIV Gag-Pol particles) and compared anti-Env plasma Ab titers before and after repeated live-virus exposures. Although no viremia was ever detected in these animals, they showed significant increases in anti-gp140 Ab titers after they had encountered live SHIVs. When we investigated the dynamics of anti-Env Ab titers during the immunization and challenge phases further, we detected the expected, vaccine-induced increases of Ab responses about two weeks after the last protein immunization. Remarkably, these titers kept rising during the repeated virus challenges, although no viremia resulted. In contrast, in vaccinated RMs that were not exposed to virus, anti-gp140 Ab titers declined after the peak seen two weeks after the last immunization. These data suggest boosting of pre-existing, vaccine-induced Ab responses as a consequence of repeated live-virus exposures. Next, we screened polyclonal plasma samples from two of the completely protected vaccinees by peptide phage display and designed a strategy that selects for recombinant phages recognized only by Abs present after - but not before - any SHIV challenge. With this "subtractive biopanning" approach, we isolated V3 mimotopes that were only recognized after the animals had been exposed to live virus. By detailed epitope mapping of such anti-V3 Ab responses, we showed that the challenges not only boosted pre-existing binding and neutralizing Ab titers, but also induced Abs targeting neo-antigens presented by the heterologous challenge virus. CONCLUSIONS Anti-Env Ab responses induced by recombinant protein vaccination were altered by the multiple, live SHIV challenges in vaccinees that had no detectable viral loads. These data may have implications for the interpretation of "vaccine only" responses in clinical vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Bachler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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185
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Naive B-cell trafficking is shaped by local chemokine availability and LFA-1–independent stromal interactions. Blood 2013; 121:4101-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-465336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
CXCR5, but not CXCR4 or CCR7, acts with LFA-1 to mediate random B-cell migration in the T-cell area and B-cell follicles. In contrast, stromal guidance during B-cell migration is LFA-1 independent and CXCR5 independent.
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186
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Yin L, Calvo-Calle JM, Cruz J, Newman FK, Frey SE, Ennis FA, Stern LJ. CD4+ T cells provide intermolecular help to generate robust antibody responses in vaccinia virus-vaccinated humans. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6023-33. [PMID: 23667112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with vaccinia virus elicits a protective Ab response that is almost completely CD4(+) T cell dependent. A recent study in a rodent model observed a deterministic linkage between Ab and CD4(+) T cell responses to particular vaccinia virus proteins suggesting that CD4(+) T cell help is preferentially provided to B cells with the same protein specificity (Sette et al. 2008. Immunity 28: 847-858). However, a causal linkage between Ab and CD4(+) T cell responses to vaccinia or any other large pathogen in humans has yet to be done. In this study, we measured the Ab and CD4(+) T cell responses against four vaccinia viral proteins (A27L, A33R, B5R, and L1R) known to be strongly targeted by humoral and cellular responses induced by vaccinia virus vaccination in 90 recently vaccinated and 7 long-term vaccinia-immunized human donors. Our data indicate that there is no direct linkage between Ab and CD4(+) T cell responses against each individual protein in both short-term and long-term immunized donors. Together with the observation that the presence of immune responses to these four proteins is linked together within donors, our data suggest that in vaccinia-immunized humans, individual viral proteins are not the primary recognition unit of CD4(+) T cell help for B cells. Therefore, we have for the first time, to our knowledge, shown evidence that CD4(+) T cells provide intermolecular (also known as noncognate or heterotypic) help to generate robust Ab responses against four vaccinia viral proteins in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liusong Yin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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187
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Finch DK, Ettinger R, Karnell JL, Herbst R, Sleeman MA. Effects of CXCL13 inhibition on lymphoid follicles in models of autoimmune disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:501-9. [PMID: 23517338 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL13 has a key role in secondary lymphoid tissue orchestration and lymphoid neogenesis. Transgenic mice deficient in CXCL13 or its receptor CXCR5 have severely impaired lymph node development, lack peritoneal B-lymphocytes and are deficient in circulating antibodies to common bacterial antigens. However, total circulating numbers of B-lymphocytes are slightly elevated and humoral responses to T-dependent or blood-borne antigens are relatively normal. Lymphoid neogenesis is an aberrant process that occurs in chronically inflamed tissue and provides a microenvironment supportive of pathogenic B-cell survival and activation. Here, we describe the impact of therapeutic dosing of a CXCL13 antibody in a mouse model of arthritis, and detail the contribution CXCL13 makes to lymphoid follicle microenvironment, without affecting humoral immune responses.
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188
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Arai S, Maehara N, Iwamura Y, Honda SI, Nakashima K, Kai T, Ogishi M, Morita K, Kurokawa J, Mori M, Motoi Y, Miyake K, Matsuhashi N, Yamamura KI, Ohara O, Shibuya A, Wakeland E, Li QZ, Miyazaki T. Obesity-Associated Autoantibody Production Requires AIM to Retain the Immunoglobulin M Immune Complex on Follicular Dendritic Cells. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1187-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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189
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Mattila PK, Feest C, Depoil D, Treanor B, Montaner B, Otipoby KL, Carter R, Justement LB, Bruckbauer A, Batista FD. The actin and tetraspanin networks organize receptor nanoclusters to regulate B cell receptor-mediated signaling. Immunity 2013; 38:461-74. [PMID: 23499492 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A key role is emerging for the cytoskeleton in coordinating receptor signaling, although the underlying molecular requirements remain unclear. Here we show that cytoskeleton disruption triggered signaling requiring not only the B cell receptor (BCR), but also the coreceptor CD19 and tetraspanin CD81, thus providing a mechanism for signal amplification upon surface-bound antigen stimulation. By using superresolution microscopy, we demonstrated that endogenous IgM, IgD, and CD19 exhibited distinct nanoscale organization within the plasma membrane of primary B cells. Upon stimulation, we detect a local convergence of receptors, although their global organization was not dramatically altered. Thus, we postulate that cytoskeleton reorganization releases BCR nanoclusters, which can interact with CD19 held in place by the tetraspanin network. These results not only suggest that receptor compartmentalization regulates antigen-induced activation but also imply a potential role for CD19 in mediating ligand-independent "tonic" BCR signaling necessary for B cell survival.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/immunology
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cytoskeleton/immunology
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoglobulin D/immunology
- Immunoglobulin D/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin M/immunology
- Immunoglobulin M/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Immunological
- Nanostructures
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Tetraspanin 28/genetics
- Tetraspanin 28/immunology
- Tetraspanin 28/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieta K Mattila
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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190
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Burton DR, Ahmed R, Barouch DH, Butera ST, Crotty S, Godzik A, Kaufmann DE, McElrath MJ, Nussenzweig MC, Pulendran B, Scanlan CN, Schief WR, Silvestri G, Streeck H, Walker BD, Walker LM, Ward AB, Wilson IA, Wyatt R. A Blueprint for HIV Vaccine Discovery. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:396-407. [PMID: 23084910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous attempts over many years to develop an HIV vaccine based on classical strategies, none has convincingly succeeded to date. A number of approaches are being pursued in the field, including building upon possible efficacy indicated by the recent RV144 clinical trial, which combined two HIV vaccines. Here, we argue for an approach based, in part, on understanding the HIV envelope spike and its interaction with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) at the molecular level and using this understanding to design immunogens as possible vaccines. BnAbs can protect against virus challenge in animal models, and many such antibodies have been isolated recently. We further propose that studies focused on how best to provide T cell help to B cells that produce bnAbs are crucial for optimal immunization strategies. The synthesis of rational immunogen design and immunization strategies, together with iterative improvements, offers great promise for advancing toward an HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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191
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Persistent Antigen and Germinal Center B Cells Sustain T Follicular Helper Cell Responses and Phenotype. Immunity 2013; 38:596-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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192
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Brewer JW. Phospholipids: "greasing the wheels" of humoral immunity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1831:642-51. [PMID: 23051607 PMCID: PMC3562403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are major structural components of all cellular membranes. In addition, certain phospholipids execute regulatory activities that affect cell behavior, function and fate in critically important physiological settings. The influence of phospholipids is especially obvious in the adaptive immune system, where these macromolecules mediate both intrinsic and extrinsic effects on B and T lymphocytes. This review article highlights the action of lysophospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate as a lymphocyte chemoattractant, the function of phosphatidylinositol phosphates as signaling conduits in lymphocytes and the role of phospholipids as raw materials for membrane assembly and organelle biogenesis in activated B lymphocytes. Special emphasis is placed on the means by which these three processes push humoral immune responses forward. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phospholipids and Phospholipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Brewer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, 5851 USA Drive North Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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193
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Abstract
Prion colonization of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) is a critical step preceding neuroinvasion in prion pathogenesis. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), which depend on both tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) and lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signaling for maintenance, are thought to be the primary sites of prion accumulation in SLOs. However, prion titers in RML-infected TNFR1 (-/-) lymph nodes and rates of neuroinvasion in TNFR1 (-/-) mice remain high despite the absence of mature FDCs. Recently, we discovered that TNFR1-independent prion accumulation in lymph nodes relies on LTβR signaling. Loss of LTβR signaling in TNFR1 (-/-) lymph nodes coincided with the de-differentiation of high endothelial venules (HEVs)-the primary sites of lymphocyte entry into lymph nodes. These findings suggest that HEVs are the sites through which prions initially invade lymph nodes from the bloodstream. Identification of HEVs as entry portals for prions clarifies a number of previous observations concerning peripheral prion pathogenesis. However, a number of questions still remain: What is the mechanism by which prions are taken up by HEVs? Which cells are responsible for delivering prions to lymph nodes? Are HEVs the main entry site for prions into lymph nodes or do alternative routes also exist? These questions and others are considered in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy O'Connor
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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194
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Innate B cell helpers reveal novel types of antibody responses. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:119-26. [PMID: 23334833 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses are classified according to whether B cells receive help from T cells--that is, whether they are thymus-dependent (TD) responses or thymus-independent (TI) responses. The latter can be elicited by microbial ligands (TI type 1) or by extensive crosslinking of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR; TI type 2). The hallmark of a TD response is the induction of germinal centers in which follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells) select B cells with somatically mutated high-affinity BCRs to become memory cells. Studies have shown that B cells can also receive innate TD help from natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and innate TI help from cells such as neutrophils but that the outcome of such help differs from conventional TD and TI responses. Here we update the classification of antibody responses to take into account these emerging types of B cell helpers.
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195
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Schroeder HW, Radbruch A, Berek C. B-cell development and differentiation. Clin Immunol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7234-3691-1.00031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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196
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Abstract
Rejection is the major barrier to successful transplantation and usually results from the integration of multiple mechanisms. Activation of elements of the innate immune system, triggered as a consequence of tissue injury sustained during cell isolation or organ retrieval as well as ischemia-reperfusion, will initiate and amplify the adaptive response. For cell mediated rejection, T cells require multiple signals for activation, the minimum being two signals; antigen recognition and costimulation. The majority of B cells require help from T cells to initiate alloantibody production. Antibodies reactive to donor HLA molecules, minor histocompatibility antigens, endothelial cells, red blood cells, or autoantigens can trigger or contribute to rejection early as well as late after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Wood
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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197
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Yi T, Wang X, Kelly LM, An J, Xu Y, Sailer AW, Gustafsson JA, Russell DW, Cyster JG. Oxysterol gradient generation by lymphoid stromal cells guides activated B cell movement during humoral responses. Immunity 2012; 37:535-48. [PMID: 22999953 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC) is a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor EBI2; however, the cellular sources of this oxysterol are undefined. 7α,25-OHC is synthesized from cholesterol by the stepwise actions of two enzymes, CH25H and CYP7B1, and is metabolized to a 3-oxo derivative by HSD3B7. We showed that all three enzymes control EBI2 ligand concentration in lymphoid tissues. Lymphoid stromal cells were the main CH25H- and CYP7B1-expressing cells required for positioning of B cells, and they also mediated 7α,25-OHC inactivation. CH25H and CYP7B1 were abundant at the follicle perimeter, whereas CH25H expression by follicular dendritic cells was repressed. CYP7B1, CH25H, and HSD3B7 deficiencies each resulted in defective T cell-dependent plasma cell responses. These findings establish that CYP7B1 and HSD3B7, as well as CH25H, have essential roles in controlling oxysterol production in lymphoid tissues, and they suggest that differential enzyme expression in stromal cell subsets establishes 7α,25-OHC gradients required for B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangsheng Yi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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198
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Irla M, Guenot J, Sealy G, Reith W, Imhof BA, Sergé A. Three-dimensional visualization of the mouse thymus organization in health and immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:586-96. [PMID: 23248258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoid organs exhibit complex structures tightly related to their function. Surprisingly, although the thymic medulla constitutes a specialized microenvironment dedicated to the induction of T cell tolerance, its three-dimensional topology remains largely elusive because it has been studied mainly in two dimensions using thymic sections. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an automated method for full organ reconstruction in three dimensions, allowing visualization of intact mouse lymphoid organs from a collection of immunolabeled slices. We validated full organ reconstruction in three dimensions by reconstructing the well-characterized structure of skin-draining lymph nodes, before revisiting the complex and poorly described corticomedullary organization of the thymus. Wild-type thymi contain ~200 small medullae that are connected to or separated from a major medullary compartment. In contrast, thymi of immunodeficient Rag2(-/-) mice exhibit only ~20 small, unconnected medullary islets. Upon total body irradiation, medullary complexity was partially reduced and then recovered upon bone marrow transplantation. This intricate topology presents fractal properties, resulting in a considerable corticomedullary area. This feature ensures short distances between cortex and medulla, hence efficient thymocyte migration, as assessed by mathematical models. Remarkably, this junction is enriched, particularly in neonates, in medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing the autoimmune regulator. The emergence of a major medullary compartment is induced by CD4(+) thymocytes via CD80/86 and lymphotoxin-α signals. This comprehensive three-dimensional view of the medulla emphasizes a complex topology favoring efficient interactions between developing T cells and autoimmune regulator-positive medullary thymic epithelial cells, a key process for central tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Irla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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199
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Le Roux D, Niedergang F. New insights into antigen encounter by B cells. Immunobiology 2012; 217:1285-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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200
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Giltiay NV, Chappell CP, Clark EA. B-cell selection and the development of autoantibodies. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14 Suppl 4:S1. [PMID: 23281837 PMCID: PMC3535718 DOI: 10.1186/ar3918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The clearest evidence that B cells play an important role in human autoimmunity is that immunotherapies that deplete B cells are very effective treatments for many autoimmune diseases. All people, healthy or ill, have autoreactive B cells, but not at the same frequency. A number of genes influence the level of these autoreactive B cells and whether they are eliminated or not during development at a central checkpoint in the bone marrow (BM) or at a later checkpoint in peripheral lymphoid tissues. These genes include those encoding proteins that regulate signaling through the B-cell receptor complex such as Btk and PTPN22, proteins that regulate innate signaling via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) such as MyD88 and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, as well as the gene encoding the activation-induced deaminase (AID) essential for B cells to undergo class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. Recent studies have revealed that TLR signaling elements and AID function not only in peripheral B cells to help mediate effective antibody responses to foreign antigens, but also in the BM to help remove autoreactive B-lineage cells at a very early point in B-cell development. Newly arising B cells that leave the BM and enter the blood and splenic red pulp can express both AID and TLR signaling elements like TLR7, and thus are fully equipped to respond rapidly to antigens (including autoantigens), to isotype class switch, and to undergo somatic hypermutation. These red pulp B cells may thus be an important source of autoantibody-producing cells arising particularly in extrafollicular sites, and indeed may be as significant a source of autoantibody-producing cells as B cells arising from germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Giltiay
- Department of Immunology, 1959 NE Pacific Street, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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